TC1 400

TC 1-400
BRIGADE AVIATION ELEMENT

HANDBOOK
APRIL 2006
DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.
HEADQUARTERS
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
This publication is available at
Army Knowledge Online (www.us.army.mil) and
General Dennis J. Reimer Training and Doctrine
Digital Library at (www.army.mil).
TC 1-400
Training Circular Headquarters

No. 1-400 Department of the Army
Washington, DC, 27 April 2006
BRIGADE AVIATION ELEMENT HANDBOOK
Contents
Page
PREFACE .............................................................................................................ix
Chapter 1 Organization, Missions, and Fundamentals .................................................. 1-1
Section I – General ........................................................................................... 1-1
Section II – Brigade Aviation Element Organization..................................... 1-2
Brigade Aviation Officer...................................................................................... 1-2
Brigade Aviation Element Plans Officer ............................................................. 1-3
Aviation Tactical Operations Officer ................................................................... 1-3
Aviation Operations Sergeant ............................................................................ 1-3
Aviation Operations Specialist............................................................................ 1-3
Section III – Aviation Liaison Officer Team.................................................... 1-4
Roles................................................................................................................... 1-4
Responsibilities................................................................................................... 1-4
Section IV – Fundamentals.............................................................................. 1-4
Brigade Aviation Element Training ..................................................................... 1-4
Required Equipment and Supplies..................................................................... 1-5
Brigade Aviation Element Reference Library ..................................................... 1-5
General Procedures/Coordination...................................................................... 1-5
Chapter 2 Army Aviation Organizations, Missions, and Fundamentals....................... 2-1
Brigade Types .................................................................................................... 2-1
Organization ....................................................................................................... 2-2
Brigade Missions ................................................................................................ 2-2
Section II – Combat Aviation Brigade ............................................................ 2-3
Organization ....................................................................................................... 2-3
Mission ............................................................................................................... 2-4
Fundamentals..................................................................................................... 2-4
Section III – Theater General Support Aviation Brigade .............................. 2-4
Organization ....................................................................................................... 2-4
Mission ............................................................................................................... 2-4
Fundamentals..................................................................................................... 2-5
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 i

TC 1-400
Section IV – Theater Assault Aviation Brigade..............................................2-5

Organization........................................................................................................2-5
Mission ................................................................................................................2-5
Fundamentals .....................................................................................................2-5
Section V – Army Special Operations Aviation Regiment ............................2-5
Organization........................................................................................................2-5
Mission ................................................................................................................2-6
Fundamentals .....................................................................................................2-6
Section VI – Attack Reconnaissance Battalions / Squadrons .....................2-7
Attack / Reconnaissance Unit Types ..................................................................2-7
Organization........................................................................................................2-7
Mission ................................................................................................................2-8
Section VII – Air Cavalry Squadron.................................................................2-8
Organization........................................................................................................2-8
Mission ................................................................................................................2-9
Section VIII – Assault Helicopter Battalion ..................................................2-10
Organization......................................................................................................2-10
Mission ..............................................................................................................2-11
Section IX – General Support Aviation Battalion.........................................2-11
Organization......................................................................................................2-11
Mission ..............................................................................................................2-13
Chapter 3 Reconnaissance/Security/Attack Operations ................................................3-1
Section I – General............................................................................................3-1
Section II – Allocating Forces..........................................................................3-1
Kiowa Warrior Roles ...........................................................................................3-2
Apache Longbow Roles ......................................................................................3-2
Section III – Reconnaissance Operations ......................................................3-3
Reconnaissance Techniques..............................................................................3-3
Fundamentals of Reconnaissance .....................................................................3-4
Actions on Contact..............................................................................................3-5
Forms of Reconnaissance ..................................................................................3-5
Section IV – Security Operations ..................................................................3-13
Fundamentals ...................................................................................................3-13
Planning Considerations ...................................................................................3-13
Forms of Security Operations ...........................................................................3-14
Air Assault and Air Movement Security ............................................................3-18
Convoy Security ................................................................................................3-21
Section V – Attack Missions ..........................................................................3-22
Forms of Attack .................................................................................................3-23
Types of Attack Missions ..................................................................................3-23
Attack Employment Methods ............................................................................3-26
Offensive Operations ........................................................................................3-26
Chapter 4 Air Assault and Air Movement Operations.....................................................4-1
Section I – General............................................................................................4-1
Division Staff Roles and Responsibilities............................................................4-1
ii TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Contents
Brigade Combat Team Roles and Responsibilities............................................ 4-1

Aviation Brigade Roles and Responsibilities...................................................... 4-2
Section II – Air Assault Planning .................................................................... 4-2
Planning Process Overview ............................................................................... 4-2
Planning Time Lines ........................................................................................... 4-2
The Reverse Planning Sequence....................................................................... 4-3
Ground Tactical Plan .......................................................................................... 4-4
Landing Plan....................................................................................................... 4-5
Air Movement Plan ............................................................................................. 4-7
Loading and Staging Plans (Pickup Zone Operations) ...................................... 4-8
Section III – Abort Criteria ............................................................................... 4-9
Section IV – Condition Setting ...................................................................... 4-11
Purpose of Condition Setting............................................................................ 4-11
Conditions Checks ........................................................................................... 4-12
Chapter 5 Aviation Support Operations .......................................................................... 5-1
Section I – Army Airborne Command and Control System ......................... 5-1
Section II – Casualty Evacuation/Medical Evacuation.................................. 5-1
Casualty Evacuation........................................................................................... 5-1
Medical Evacuation ............................................................................................ 5-2
Section III – Aerial Sustainment...................................................................... 5-7
Logistics.............................................................................................................. 5-7
Air Mission Coordination Meeting....................................................................... 5-8
Preparation ......................................................................................................... 5-9
Wet Hawk, Fat Hawk, and Fat Cow Operations................................................. 5-9
Downed Aircraft Recovery................................................................................ 5-10
Artillery Raid ..................................................................................................... 5-10
Aerial Mine Delivery.......................................................................................... 5-10
Chapter 6 Unmanned Aircraft System ............................................................................. 6-1
Unmanned Aircraft System Types...................................................................... 6-1
Organization ....................................................................................................... 6-1
Mission ............................................................................................................... 6-2
Fundamentals..................................................................................................... 6-2
Echelons of Support ........................................................................................... 6-3
Section II – RQ-1L IGNAT Organization ......................................................... 6-6
Organization ....................................................................................................... 6-6
Mission ............................................................................................................... 6-6
Fundamentals..................................................................................................... 6-6
Section III – RQ-5/MQ-5 Hunter Aerial Reconnaissance Company ............. 6-6
Organization ....................................................................................................... 6-6
Mission ............................................................................................................... 6-7
Fundamentals..................................................................................................... 6-7
Section IV – RQ-7 Shadow Aerial Reconnaissance Platoon ....................... 6-7
Organization ....................................................................................................... 6-7
Mission ............................................................................................................... 6-8
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 iii

TC 1-400
Fundamentals .....................................................................................................6-8
Section V – RQ-11 Raven Team.......................................................................6-8
Organization........................................................................................................6-8
Mission ................................................................................................................6-9
Fundamentals .....................................................................................................6-9
Section VI – Duty Descriptions and Responsibilities ...................................6-9
Chapter 7 Aviation Related Missions ...............................................................................7-1
Forward Arming and Refueling Point..................................................................7-1
Air Traffic Services ..............................................................................................7-1
Personnel Recovery............................................................................................7-2
Rear Area Operations .........................................................................................7-2
Homeland Security Missions...............................................................................7-2
Chapter 8 Predeployment/Deployment/Arrival In-Theater Operations .........................8-1
Section I – Predeployment ...............................................................................8-1
Planning and Preparation ...................................................................................8-1
Unit Movement Information.................................................................................8-2
Section II – Deployment ...................................................................................8-3
Loading ...............................................................................................................8-3
Sea or Air Transport............................................................................................8-4
Aviation Self-Deployment....................................................................................8-4
Transit .................................................................................................................8-5
Force Protection..................................................................................................8-5
Section III – Arrival and In-Theater Operations..............................................8-5
Task Organization...............................................................................................8-5
Force Protection..................................................................................................8-5
In-Theater Training .............................................................................................8-6
Chapter 9 Military Decisionmaking Process....................................................................9-1
Planning ..............................................................................................................9-1
Decide, Detect, Deliver, and Assess Methodology.............................................9-3
Commander’s Guidance .....................................................................................9-8
Course of Action Development ...........................................................................9-8
Essential Elements of Friendly Information ........................................................9-8
Commander’s Intent............................................................................................9-9
Chapter 10 Orders, Briefings, and Rehearsals................................................................10-1
Section I – Sample Order Development Process.........................................10-1
Warning Orders.................................................................................................10-2
Course of Action Development .........................................................................10-4
Air Movement Annex.........................................................................................10-4
Aviation Task Force Operations Order Evolution .............................................10-4
Section II – Planning Time Lines ...................................................................10-4
Parallel Planning ...............................................................................................10-4
Time Constrained Planning...............................................................................10-5
Hasty Air Assaults .............................................................................................10-6
Section III – Sample Meetings and Briefings Process ..............................10-10
Initial Planning Conference .............................................................................10-10
iv TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Contents
Air Mission Coordination Meeting................................................................... 10-10

Air Mission Brief.............................................................................................. 10-12
Aircrew Brief ................................................................................................... 10-13
Pickup Zone Update Brief .............................................................................. 10-14
Section IV – Rehearsals ............................................................................... 10-14
Pre-Execution Communication Exercise........................................................ 10-14
Mission Rehearsals ........................................................................................ 10-15
Chapter 11 Execution ........................................................................................................ 11-1
Section I – General ......................................................................................... 11-1
Location During Operations.............................................................................. 11-1
Locating at the Tactical Operation Center........................................................ 11-1
Locating with the Commander.......................................................................... 11-2
Section II – Battle Tracking ........................................................................... 11-2
Chapter 12 Redeployment/Reset ...................................................................................... 12-1
Redeployment .................................................................................................. 12-1
Reintegration .................................................................................................... 12-1
Reconstitution................................................................................................... 12-1
Retraining ......................................................................................................... 12-2
Lessons Learned .............................................................................................. 12-2
Appendix A Recommended Equipment and Supplies ......................................................A-1
Appendix B Mission Planning and Status Tracking Charts and Tools............................B-1
Appendix C Aviation Support of Ground Operations ........................................................C-1
Appendix D Warfighting Functions GO/NO-GO Brief Checklists.....................................D-1
Appendix E Army Helicopter Planning Factors and Characteristics............................... E-1
Appendix F Unmanned Aircraft System Characteristics and Planning Factors ............ F-1
Appendix G Air Assault Planning Tools and Charts..........................................................G-1
Appendix H Battle Command on the Move (Army Airborne Command and Control
System)..............................................................................................................H-1
Appendix I Suppression of Enemy Air Defense ................................................................ I-1
Appendix J Fire Support Quick Reference......................................................................... J-1
Appendix K Joint Air Attack Team Planning ......................................................................K-1
Appendix L Aviation Mission Planning System................................................................. L-1
Appendix M Tactical Airspace Integration System ........................................................... M-1
Appendix N Air Mission Planning Checklist.......................................................................N-1
Appendix O Air Mission Coordination Meeting ..................................................................O-1
Appendix P Air Mission Brief ............................................................................................... P-1
Appendix Q Aircrew Brief .....................................................................................................Q-1
Appendix R Risk Management .............................................................................................R-1
Glossary ...............................................................................................Glossary-1
References .......................................................................................References-1
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 v

TC 1-400
Index........................................................................................................... Index-1
Figures
Figure 2-1. Combat aviation brigade ...............................................................................2-3
Figure 2-2. Theater general support aviation brigade .....................................................2-4
Figure 2-3. Theater aviation assault brigade ...................................................................2-5
Figure 2-4. Army special operations aviation regiment ...................................................2-6
Figure 2-5. Attack reconnaissance battalion/squadron ...................................................2-7
Figure 2-6. Air cavalry squadron......................................................................................2-9
Figure 2-7. Assault helicopter battalion .........................................................................2-10
Figure 2-8. General support aviation battalion...............................................................2-12
Figure 3-1. Zone reconnaissance ....................................................................................3-6
Figure 3-2. Area reconnaissance.....................................................................................3-7
Figure 3-3. Figure LZ or PZ sketch ..................................................................................3-9
Figure 3-4. Route reconnaissance.................................................................................3-11
Figure 3-5. CCA briefing ................................................................................................3-25
Figure 4-1. Air assault planning time line.........................................................................4-3
Figure 6-1. Below BCT coverage.....................................................................................6-3
Figure 6-2. BCT to division coverage ..............................................................................6-4
Figure 6-3. Division and above LOS coverage ................................................................6-5
Figure 6-4. Division and above NLOS coverage .............................................................6-5
Figure 6-5. Aerial reconnaissance company ...................................................................6-7
Figure 6-6. Shadow platoon.............................................................................................6-8
Figure 6-7. Raven team ...................................................................................................6-9
Figure 9-1. Military decisionmaking process....................................................................9-2
Figure 10-1. Air assault planning and rehearsal time line .............................................10-3
Figure F-1. IGNAT AV......................................................................................................F-1
Figure F-2. Hunter AV ......................................................................................................F-2
Figure F-3. Shadow AV....................................................................................................F-5
Figure F-4. Shadow RQ-7B AV........................................................................................F-6
Figure F-5. Raven AV ......................................................................................................F-8
Figure G-1. Tadpole diagram.......................................................................................... G-4
Figure G-2. Generic LZ/PZ diagram card ....................................................................... G-5
Figure G-3. Sample PZ diagram ..................................................................................... G-6
Figure G-4. Sample LZ diagram ..................................................................................... G-7
Figure G-5. Sample operations kneeboard sketch ......................................................... G-8
Figure G-6. FARP diagram ........................................................................................... G-11
Figure H-1. A2C2S configuration .................................................................................... H-2
Figure H-2. A2C2S information flow ............................................................................... H-4
Figure M-1. TAIS vehicle ................................................................................................M-3
vi TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Contents
Tables
Table 3-1. Marking techniques for day and night PZs................................................... 3-20
Table 4-1. Air assault planning process .......................................................................... 4-2
Table 4-2. Air assault conditions check......................................................................... 4-12
Table 5-1. Nine-Line MEDEVAC request format............................................................. 5-5
Table 5-2. Resupply mission matrix ................................................................................ 5-8
Table 9-1. Munitions selection......................................................................................... 9-6
Table 10-1. Time constrained planning process ........................................................... 10-5
Table 10-2. AMB products........................................................................................... 10-13
Table 10-3. PZ update brief agenda............................................................................ 10-14
Table A-1. Brigade aviation element table of organization and equipment .................... A-1
Table A-2. Recommended brigade aviation element equipment and supplies............... A-2
Table B-1. Unit REDCON levels...................................................................................... B-1
Table B-2. Aircraft REDCON levels................................................................................. B-2
Table B-3. Scout/pathfinder insertion checklist ............................................................... B-3
Table B-4. Aircraft status ................................................................................................. B-5
Table B-5. Class III/IV forecast chart............................................................................... B-6
Table B-6. Airspace coordination measure request....................................................... B-6
Table B-7. Air mission request (Attack / Recon) ............................................................. B-6
Table B-8. Assault mission request................................................................................. B-7
Table B-6. Aviation activities (current) checklist.............................................................. B-8
Table B-7. Aviation activities (next 24 hours) checklist ................................................... B-8
Table B-8. A2C2 control measures ................................................................................. B-8
Table B-9. Laager site information checklist ................................................................... B-9
Table B-10. Multiple lifts briefing checklist .................................................................... B-10
Table B-11. Primary FARP status report....................................................................... B-12
Table B-12. FARP briefing checklist.............................................................................. B-13
Table B-13. Tactical missions checklist ........................................................................ B-13
Table B-14. Example of Raven (UAS) table.................................................................. B-14
Table B-15. Example of a Raven (UAS) mission .......................................................... B-15
Table B-16. Artillery munitions and characteristics ....................................................... B-16
Table B-17. Example of a BCT BAE battle rhythm time line ......................................... B-16
Table B-18. Logistics and support checklist.................................................................. B-18
Table B-22. Abbreviated list matrix ............................................................................... B-19
Table D-1. GO/NO-GO brief agenda...............................................................................D-1
Table D-2. Intelligence warfighting functions checklist ...................................................D-2
Table D-3. Maneuver warfighting functions checklist......................................................D-2
Table D-4. FS warfighting functions checklist .................................................................D-3
Table D-5. AD/airspace warfighting functions checklist ..................................................D-3
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 vii

TC 1-400
Table D-6. Mobility, countermobility, survivability warfighting functions checklist .......... D-4
Table D-7. CSS warfighting functions checklist .............................................................. D-4
Table D-8. C2 warfighting functions checklist................................................................. D-5
Table D-9. Recommendation checklist ........................................................................... D-5
Table E-1. AH-64 characteristics .................................................................................... E-2
Table E-2. OH-58 characteristics.................................................................................... E-3
Table E-3. UH-60 characteristics.................................................................................... E-4
Table E-4. CH-47 characteristics.................................................................................... E-5
Table E-5. Typical helicopter fuel expenditure rates and capacities .............................. E-5
Table E-6. Typical helicopter load capacities ................................................................. E-6
Table E-7. Typical planning weights for combat equipment and vehicles...................... E-6
Table E-8. Typical attack reconnaissance helicopter ordnance loads ........................... E-7
Table F-1. IGNAT data specifications..............................................................................F-2
Table F-2. RQ-5A data specifications..............................................................................F-3
Table F-3. OCONUS frequencies ....................................................................................F-3
Table F-4. CONUS frequencies .......................................................................................F-4
Table F-5. RQ-7A specifications ......................................................................................F-6
Table F-6. RQ-7B specifications ......................................................................................F-7
Table F-7. RQ-7 shadow frequency channels .................................................................F-7
Table F-8. Raven specifications.......................................................................................F-9
Table F-9. Raven frequency channels.............................................................................F-9
Table G-1. Air movement table ....................................................................................... G-2
Table G-1. Air movement (continuation)......................................................................... G-3
Table G-2. Route card .................................................................................................... G-9
Table G-3. Air assault execution checklist.................................................................... G-10
Table G-4. Chalk card................................................................................................... G-11
Table I-1. SEAD considerations........................................................................................I-3
Table I-2. Airspeed conversion chart ................................................................................I-5
Table J-1. Responsibilities of FA standard tactical missions........................................... J-4
Table M-1. Communications equipment .........................................................................M-4
Table N-1. Air mission planning checklist ....................................................................... N-1
Table O-1. AMCM agenda .............................................................................................. O-1
Table O-2. AMCM checklist ............................................................................................ O-2
Table P-1. AMB agenda.................................................................................................. P-1
Table P-2. AMB checklist................................................................................................ P-2
Table Q-1. Aircrew brief checklist ................................................................................... Q-1
Table R-1. Risk management steps integrated into the MDMP ..................................... R-1
viii TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Preface
Army training circular (TC) 1-400 is intended for all Army brigade aviation element (BAE)
personnel, brigade combat team (BCT) commanders, and their staffs. It is intended for use at brigade
level but may be adapted for use at ground maneuver battalion level.
The focus throughout this TC is how the BAE operates and how it supports the BCT. This TC
identifies coordination and information requirements necessary for effectively employing aviation
and aviation-related assets in the combined-arms team.
TC 1-400 provides as much information as possible without reprinting other doctrinal manuals. Its
intent is to provide considerations, lists, and checklists to assist the user in planning and executing
aviation operations in support of the BCT. The operational concepts are based on Army doctrine as
established in Army field manuals (FMs); thus, it cannot be read in isolation. To successfully use
information presented here, the reader must have an understanding of doctrinal concepts contained in
listed references within this TC.
The TC emphasizes force structure and enhanced operational capability provided by Army aviation
transformation which is ongoing and should be complete by 2008.
This TC applies to the Active Army, the Army National Guard (ARNG)/Army National Guard of the
United States (ARNGUS), the United Sates Army reserve (USAR) , and Army civilian employees of
the transformation force across the full range of military operations—peacetime military engagements
(PMEs), small scale contingencies (SSCs), and major theater war (MTW). TC 1-400 builds on the
collective knowledge and experience gained through recent operations, many exercises, and the
deliberate process of informed reasoning. This publication is rooted in time-tested principles and
fundamentals, while addressing new technologies and evolving responses to the diverse threats to
national security. It will also assist Army branch schools in teaching aviation operations. The
procedures described herein are intended as a guide and are not to be considered inflexible. Each
situation in combat must be resolved by an intelligent interpretation and application of the doctrine
set forth herein.
The appendixes included in TC 1-400 provide information in the following areas:
Appendix A, Recommended Equipment and Supplies.
Appendix B, Mission Planning and Status Tracking Charts and Tools.
Appendix C, Aviation Support of Ground Operations.
Appendix D, Warfighting Functions GO/NO-GO Brief Checklists.
Appendix E, Army Helicopter Planning Factors and Characteristics.
Appendix F, Unmanned Aircraft System Characteristics and Planning Factors.
Appendix G, Air Assault Planning Tools and Charts.
Appendix H, Battle Command on the Move (Army Airborne Command and Control System).
Appendix I, Suppression of Enemy Air Defense.
Appendix J, Fire Support Quick Reference.
Appendix K, Joint Air Attack Team Planning.
Appendix L, Aviation Mission Planning System.
Appendix M, Tactical Airspace Integration System.
Appendix N, Air Mission Planning Checklist.
Appendix O, Air Mission Coordination Meeting.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 ix

Preface
Appendix P, Air Mission Brief.

Appendix Q, Aircrew Brief.
Appendix R, Risk Management.
The proponent for this publication is the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command
(TRADOC). Send comments and recommended changes to United States Army Aviation Center
(USAAVNC). Using Department of the Army (DA) Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to
Publications and Blank Forms), send to Commander, USAAVNC, ATTN: ATZQ-TD-D, Fort
Rucker, Alabama 36362-5101; e-mail the Directorate of Training and Doctrine (DOTD) at
[email protected]. Other doctrinal information can be found on the internet at Army
Knowledge Online (AKO).
x TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Chapter 1
Brigade Aviation Element
Organization, Missions, and Fundamentals
As a part of Army transformation, each BCT will have a BAE. The structure and
doctrinal roles and functions of this new staff element are still being refined. The
genesis of the BAE concept is found in the history and practice of the air assault
(AASLT) division. For years, the AASLT division has had an aviation planning cell
dedicated to each of three ground maneuver brigades. Because of the close bond
formed between this special group of aviators and their infantry counterparts,
aviation is fully integrated into every operation. Many senior ground maneuver and
aviation leaders recognize the need for a dedicated aviation planning capability in
each BCT. The challenge is to provide BAE teams composed of well-rounded
aviators, who can coordinate and assist the BCT in using aviation across the broad
spectrum of aviation missions. Each member of the BAE must be an advocate for
aviation and the BCT.
SECTION I – GENERAL
1-1. The BAE is a planning and coordination cell whose major function is to incorporate aviation into the
ground commander’s scheme of maneuver. The BAE focuses on providing employment advice and initial
planning for aviation missions, unmanned aircraft systems (UASs), airspace planning and coordination,
and synchronization with the air liaison officer (ALO) and the effects coordinator (ECOORD). The BAE
also coordinates directly with the aviation brigade or the supporting aviation task force (TF) for detailed
mission planning.
1-2. The BAE does not take the place of aviation Contents
TF involvement in the planning process. It assists
Section I – General ....................................1-1
the BCT in aviation planning and provides the
Section II – Brigade Aviation Element
aviation brigade or the supporting aviation TF
Organization...............................................1-2
leadership with BCT mission information. It is
Section III – Aviation Liaison Officer
critical that aviation commanders and operations
Team ...........................................................1-4
officers (S3s) participate and lead aviation mission
Section IV – Fundamentals .......................1-4
planning in support of the BCT. Appendix N is an
air mission planning checklist.
1-3. The BAE is involved in the mission from receipt of the warning order (WARNO) from higher
through planning. This includes movement to the port of embarkation (POE); deployment; reception,
staging, onward movement, and integration (RSOI) into the force; the military decisionmaking process
(MDMP), combat operations; and redeployment, reintegration, reconstitution and retraining (R4).
1-4. The mission of the BAE is to provide—
z Integration and synchronization of aviation into the BCT’s scheme of maneuver.
z Employment advice and planning for attack reconnaissance elements, assault helicopters,
airborne command and control (C2) assets, heavy helicopters, medical evacuation (MEDEVAC)
helicopters, and UASs.
z Direct coordination with aviation brigade(s) and TF(s).
z Close integration/synchronization with BCT ALO and ECOORD.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 1-1

z Army airspace command and control (A2C2) planning, coordination, and airspace deconfliction
for combined arms and joint, interagency, and multinational (JIM) operations.
SECTION II – BRIGADE AVIATION ELEMENT ORGANIZATION

1-5. The BAE must possess the transportation and communications capabilities to operate from two
locations simultaneously. Additionally, the BAE must be manned and equipped for 24-hour operations.
BAE personnel include—
z One aviation branch major.
z One aviation branch captain.
z One aviation branch chief warrant officer three (CW3) tactical operations (TACOPS) officer.
z One aviation operations (15P), sergeant first class (SFC).
z One aviation operations (15P), staff sergeant (SSG).
z One aviation operations (15P), specialist (SPC).
BRIGADE AVIATION OFFICER

1-6. The primary duty of the brigade aviation officer (BAO) is to lead the BAE and integrate aviation into
ground scheme of maneuver. The BAO accomplishes this by close coordination with the BCT S3,
commander and BCT staff. The BAO is the aviation subject matter expert (SME) for the BCT commander
and S3. In this capacity, he or she is responsible for advising the BCT commander and staff on the status
and availability of aviation assets and their capabilities and limitations. The BAO recommends and helps
coordinate priorities and allocations of aviation assets, and helps determine the priorities for their
employment. Specifically, the BAO—
z Advises the BCT commander on employment of attack reconnaissance aviation
battalion/squadron (ARB/ARS), AHB, GSAB, and UAS assets, including—
Employing attack reconnaissance assets to support requests for hasty close combat attacks
(CCAs).
Integrating air ambulance company assets into the BCT MEDEVAC plan.
Employing aerial delivery Volcano mines and completing initial coordination with BCT
engineer for their requisition.
Allocating terrain and available BCT security.
z Integrates A2C2 requirements for the BCT and communicates any BCT airspace changes to
airspace users.
z Integrates and coordinates offensive information operations (IO) into aviation planning.
z Participates in the MDMP as a member of the BCT battle staff.
z Participates in the BCT targeting process, to include—
Developing the high-payoff target list (HPTL) with the ECOORD, intelligence officer (S2),
and S3.
Recommending which high-payoff targets (HPTs) are appropriate to employ aviation assets
against.
Recommending fire support coordinating measures (FSCMs) to support the aviation scheme
of maneuver.
Working with the ECOORD to coordinate joint suppression of enemy air defenses
(J-SEADs).
Working with the ECOORD, ALO, and air defense artillery (ADA) officer to plan for
suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) coincident with the employment of close air
support (CAS) and Army aviation.
z Participates in the BCT’s rehearsals, when appropriate.
1-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Chapter 1
1-7. The BAO works for the BCT commander and is an integral part of the BCT commander’s staff. The
BAO must also maintain a relationship with the aviation brigade commander/aviation TF commander and
staff. The BAO must ensure appropriate information is exchanged between the aviation brigade, the BCT,
and the rest of the BAE to facilitate smooth and timely aviation support.
BRIGADE AVIATION ELEMENT PLANS OFFICER

1-8. The BAE plans officer is an aviation captain and has the same duties and responsibilities as the
BAO. Through alternating shifts with the BAO, the BAE plans officer provides the BAE a 24-hour
capability. During surge operations, the BAO and the BAE plans officer may work the same shift to
maximize efforts.
AVIATION TACTICAL OPERATIONS OFFICER

1-9. The BAE TACOPS officer is a CW3 and has the following duties and responsibilities:
z Advises BAO/plans officer on Army aviation aircraft weapons system employment.
z Advises the BAO/plans officer on Army aviation survivability measures/ countermeasures
z Advises the BAO and BCT staff on appropriate aircraft survivability equipment (ASE)
techniques and procedures.
z Assists with airspace planning.
z Coordinates integration of joint assets for each major operation. (For information on joint air
attack team planning, see appendix K.)
z Conducts the ASE portion of the risk management process.
z Integrates the BCT operation plan (OPLAN) into the theater airspace structure.
z Manages the personnel recovery (PR) program.
z Integrates Army aviation into BCT PR operations and the BCT MEDEVAC plan.
1-10. The TACOPS officer should be rated in the highest-density aircraft employed by the BCT.
AVIATION OPERATIONS SERGEANT

1-11. The aviation operations sergeants (SFC and SSG), like the BAO and BAE plans officers, share the
following duties and responsibilities to provide 24-hour operational capability:
z Supervise the operation of the BAE.
z Determine and publishes the BAE shift schedule.
z Prepare for and supervises the movement of the BAE.
z Coordinate the integration of Army aviation into BCT PR operations and the BCT MEDEVAC
plan.
z Ensure maintenance and operability of BAE equipment and vehicles.
AVIATION OPERATIONS SPECIALIST

1-12. The aviation operations specialist has the following duties and responsibilities:
z Assists the BAO, BAE plans officer, TACOPS officer, and aviation operations sergeant.
z Operates automation and communications equipment such as—
AN/VRC-83 ultra high frequency (UHF)/very high frequency (VHF) secure HaveQuick
radio.
AN/VRC-100 high frequency (HF) communications system.
AN/FSQ-211 tactical airspace integration system (TAIS) airspace workstation (AWS).
z Disseminates aviation mission planning information via automated systems (see appendix L).
z Operates vehicles.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 1-3

SECTION III – AVIATION LIAISON OFFICER TEAM
ROLES
1-13. Although the BAE will conduct many of the functions traditionally performed by liaison officers
(LNOs), aviation LNO teams will remain a critical part of the process and must be staffed appropriately.
While the members of the BAE work directly for the BCT commander as permanent members of the staff,
aviation LNO teams represent the supporting aviation TF at a designated maneuver headquarters only for
the duration of a specific operation. If collocated with the BAE, the LNO team will normally work directly
for the BAO as a functioning addition to the BAE staff section. Effective employment of LNOs is
imperative for coordination and synchronization. Often aviation LNO teams will coordinate with the BAE
and then proceed to a supported ground maneuver battalion. An example would be an aviation LNO team
in support of an infantry battalion performing an AASLT to seize a key piece of terrain as a part of a
mechanized BCT scheme of maneuver.
RESPONSIBILITIES
1-14. Aviation LNOs must embody competence and credibility, and act as skillful representatives for their
respective aviation TFs. A commander must exercise extreme care in choosing the LNOs since the unit is
judged by their performance. The LNO must be capable of changing focus and approach depending on
location and who he or she is supporting at the time. Above all, the LNO must be knowledgeable and
project an ambitious attitude to the supported unit.
1-15. LNO teams maintain and provide current—
z Aviation unit locations.
z Aircraft/equipment status.
z Crew availability and fighter management cycle status.
z Class III/V status.
z Mission essential task list (METL) training status.
z Continuous updates to the aviation commander and staff on the BCT’s plan.
SECTION IV – FUNDAMENTALS
BRIGADE AVIATION ELEMENT TRAINING

1-16. The members of the BAE must possess a thorough knowledge of the operations, capabilities, and
limitations of the aviation brigade/aviation TF and the BCT. They should have completed professional
military education commensurate with their grade, before assignment to the position. This includes the
battle staff course for noncommissioned officers (NCOs) and ASE/electronic warfare (EW) course for the
TACOPS officer.
1-17. Specific training for BAE members is under development as of the writing of this TC; but, until that
training is established, at least one member of the BAE should attend the following courses. One or any
number of individuals may attend any or all of the recommended courses. They include—
z Joint Fire Power Course, Nellis Air Force Base (AFB).
z Joint Targeting School (6 weeks).
z Joint Aerospace Command and Control Course.
z Joint Personnel and Recovery Agency (JPRA) PR courses 101 and 301.
z Joint Air Tasking Order Process Course (JATOPC), Hurlbert Field.
1-4 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Chapter 1
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES

1-18. The table of organization and equipment (TOE) and a recommended list of supplies required to
operate the BAE is found in appendix A. This list is not necessarily all-inclusive.
BRIGADE AVIATION ELEMENT REFERENCE LIBRARY

1-19. The BAE reference library includes a number of publications that have been consolidated on
electronic media. The BAE reference library may be provided on CD by e-mailing a request to DOTD
([email protected]). A list of references can be found in the bibliography.
GENERAL PROCEDURES/COORDINATION
PRIOR TO DEPARTURE
1-20. Before coordinating BCT aviation support requirements with the supporting aviation unit, the BAE
must accomplish the following:
z Receive a briefing from the BCT S3 that outlines—
Unit(s) the aviation TF will be expected to support.
Points of contact (POCs) at supported units.
Callsign/frequency of supported units.
Supporting unit LNO linkup locations, if not already accomplished.
Type of support expected to be provided by the BCT.
BCT commander's intent for the mission or operation to be supported.
z Prepare a briefing for the supporting aviation S3/commander on how the BCT commander
envisions incorporating them into the BCT operations.
z Collect necessary equipment listed in the equipment section of the checklist and brief the driver.
z Confirm the aviation TF is aware the BAE member is coming and designate a meeting time
upon arrival.
EN ROUTE
1-21. En route to the supporting aviation unit, the BAE commander must —
z Establish/maintain communications with the aviation TF and the BCT.
z Obtain status (mission oriented protective posture [MOPP], threat condition [THREATCON],
and so forth) of the supporting aviation unit’s assembly area (AA) and request permission to
enter.
ARRIVAL
1-22. Upon arrival to the supporting aviation unit, the BAE staff must—
z Report to the aviation tactical operations center (TOC) and contact the operations officer or
commander.
z Camouflage the vehicle and living quarters (if planning to stay overnight).
z Ensure BAE members are on the headcount for meals with the headquarters and headquarters
company (HHC) commander (if appropriate).
z Contact the BCT and the aviation TF to receive a situation update.
z Provide a briefing to the aviation S3/commander on how the BCT commander envisions
incorporating them into the BCT’s operations.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 1-5

FOLLOW UP
1-23. Following the execution of an aviation mission, the BAE commander must—
z Debrief the BCT commander on the mission. The debrief must be specific and identify positive
events the BCT did as well as how aviation assets could have been used better.
z Debrief the aviation unit commander on the mission. The debrief must be specific and identify
positive things the aviation unit did as well as how they may have better supported the BCT.
z Complete a written after-action review (AAR) and maintain a copy at the BCT. A copy should
be offered to the supporting aviation unit for their records. Terms that lay blame on a unit or
individual should be avoided; the document should be used as a training tool.
1-6 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Chapter 2
Army Aviation Organizations, Missions, and Fundamentals
Aviation forces normally operate as part of the combined arms team integrated from
the BCT level to the theater level. Aviation is organized and equipped to support both
Army and JIM operations. The aviation brigade can employ other combined arms
elements conducting ground operations and operate semi-independently or as a part
of a joint force (see appendix C). Aviation conducts missions across the full spectrum
of operations. These operations range from stability and reconstruction to major
combat operations (MCO) by conducting close combat attack, mobile strike,
reconnaissance, security, air assault, air movement, command and control, air traffic
services, casualty evacuation, aerial MEDEVAC, personnel recovery, downed aircraft
recovery, aerial mine delivery and FARP operations.
Note. For the purposes of this TC, the term company includes troop, and the term battalion
includes squadron. The terms troop and squadron may be used when specifically discussing
ARSs or air cavalry squadrons (ACSs) or their respective subordinate units. This has been done
to improve readability.
Contents
Section I – General .................................... 2-1 Section V – Army Special Operations
Section II – Combat Aviation Brigade...... 2-3 Aviation Regiment .....................................2-5
Section III – Theater General Support Section VI – Attack Reconnaissance
Aviation Brigade........................................ 2-4 Battalions / Squadrons .............................2-7
Section IV – Theater Assault Aviation Section VII – Air Cavalry Squadron..........2-8
Brigade....................................................... 2-5 Section VIII – Assault Helicopter
Battalion ...................................................2-10
Section IX – General Support Aviation
Battalion ...................................................2-11
BRIGADE TYPES
2-1. The transformation force consists of four distinct types of aviation brigades:
z Combat aviation brigade (CAB).
z Theater general support aviation brigade (AVN BDE [GS]).
z Theater assault aviation brigade (AVN BDE [ASLT]).
z Army special operations aviation regiment (ARSOAR).
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 2-1

ORGANIZATION
2-2. Each brigade differs in both form and function with different capabilities and subordinate units. Each
brigade has an HHC, providing personnel and equipment for the C2 functions of the brigade and security
and defense of the command post (CP).
NEW TO THE AVIATION BRIGADE

2-3. The transformation aviation brigade differs from previous aviation brigade structures in that it
includes—
z An enhanced brigade headquarters capable of planning and conducting mobile strike operations.
z An organic aviation support brigade (ASB) with a headquarters and support company (HSC), a
distribution company, a network signal company, and an aviation support company (ASC).
z A general support aviation battalion (GSAB) with organic air traffic services (ATS) company,
an air ambulance company, and a heavy helicopter company.
z A forward support company (FSC) in each operational aviation battalion to provide maneuver
sustainment.
2-4. Aviation brigades assigned to echelons above division (EAD) are considered functional aviation
brigades. Functional brigades are more specialized, with limited battalions and airframes that permit them
to focus only on specific aviation support missions. These brigades do not contain attack/reconnaissance
helicopters.
2-5. Multifunctional brigades can perform all aviation missions with little or no external augmentation.
They contain a variety of battalions and different airframes allowing them to perform these missions and
operate at division level.
2-6. The numbers and types of subordinate battalions included in a specific brigade are based on the
aviation brigade's mission. Separate companies may be assigned, attached, or placed under operational
control (OPCON) to aviation brigades. However, this situation presents challenges for C2 as the brigade
staff must prepare plans and orders on the level of detail normally found at battalion level.
2-7. Subordinate battalions found in aviation brigades include—
z Attack reconnaissance squadron (ARS) with 30 observation helicopters OH-58Ds.
z Attack reconnaissance battalion (ARB) with 24 attack helicopters AH-64Ds.
z Assault helicopter battalion (AHB) with 30 utility helicopters UH-60s.
z General support aviation battalion (GSAB) with 8 utility helicopters UH-60s (5 C2 equipped),
12 cargo helicopters CH-47, and 12 MEDEVAC HH-60s.
z Aviation support battalion (ASB).
z Fixed Wing (FW) aviation battalion with 8 C-12 and 32 C-23 FW aircraft.
BRIGADE MISSIONS
2-8. Each aviation brigade is tailored for specific missions; each also accepts other organizations and
performs missions not necessarily defined in the TOE mission statement.
2-9. Aviation missions include—
z Reconnaissance.
z Security.
z Close combat attack.
z Mobile strike.
z Air assault.
z Air movement.
z Command and control.
2-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Chapter 2
z Aerial MEDEVAC.
z Casualty evacuation.
z Personnel recovery.
z Downed aircraft recovery.
z Aerial mine delivery.
z Air traffic services.
z FARP operations.
SECTION II – COMBAT AVIATION BRIGADE
ORGANIZATION
2-10. The combat aviation brigade (figure 2-1) has a headquarters and headquarters company (HHC), two
attack/reconnaissance battalions, an assault helicopter battalion, a general support aviation battalion, and an
aviation support battalion. The Warrior (formerly ERMP) UAS is scheduled to become part of the active
Army CAB with fielding dates to be determined. Initial plans call for a company sized unit with 12
unmanned aircraft.
Figure 2-1. Combat aviation brigade
2-11. All CABs are virtually identical with the exception of the attack / reconnaissance battalions:
z CAB (heavy): 2 x attack reconnaissance battalions (48 AH-64s)
z CAB (medium): 1 x attack reconnaissance battalion (24 AH-64s), 1 x attack reconnaissance
squadron (30 OH-58s)
z CAB (light): 2 x attack reconnaissance squadrons (60 OH-58s)
2-12. The CAB (medium) also includes a Pathfinder Company in the assault helicopter battalion.
2-13. National Guard CABs have two basic designs:
z One is identical to a CAB (heavy).
z The other design has 1 x attack helicopter battlion and 1 x security and support squadron.
2-14. The security and support squadron is a nondeployable unit designed to focus primarily on homeland
security operations, to include counterdrug missions, stability operations, humanitarian assistance, disaster
relief, civil disturbance, counterterrorism, and domestic support. The squadron contains 24 OH-58 A/Cs,
and when fielded, will be replaced by the light utility helicopter (LUH).
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 2-3

MISSION
2-15. The CABs TOE mission is to find, fix, and destroy enemy forces using maneuver to concentrate and
sustain combat power at the critical time and place, as an integrated member of the combined arms team.
The CAB destroys enemy forces using fire, maneuver, and shock effect. It is capable of conducting all
aviation missions.
FUNDAMENTALS
2-16. The CAB supports the division scheme of maneuver by facilitating ground maneuver through
aviation operations. Utility and heavy helicopters allow the brigade to move forces and materiel quickly
throughout the battlespace. Attack reconnaissance aircraft focus on providing quick-reaction fire support
(FS) through CCA to friendly maneuver forces in contact and mobile strikes against high-value targets
(HVTs).
SECTION III – THEATER GENERAL SUPPORT AVIATION BRIGADE
ORGANIZATION
2-17. An AVN BDE (GS) structure (figure 2-2) includes an HHC, a fixed wing aviation battalion, three
GSABs, and an ASB.
2-18. The ASB assigned to support this brigade differs from the standard ASB in that it has no support
capability for attack reconnaissance aircraft since those airframes are not assigned to the brigade.
2-19. Support aviation brigades contains a mixture of Active Army, RC, and NG elements. A majority, to
include the brigade headquarters, resides in the NG.
Figure 2-2. Theater general support aviation brigade
MISSION
2-20. The AVN BDE (GS) TOE mission is to plan, coordinate, and execute aviation operations to support
the theater. The brigade supports echelons above corps (EAC) organizations. Its principal focus is C2
support for theater operations, liaison among theater commands, and transportation support within the
theater. The brigade is capable of conducting all mission sets with the exception of reconnaissance,
security, close combat attack, mobile strike, aerial mine delivery, and air traffic services.
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Chapter 2
FUNDAMENTALS
2-21. The AVN BDE (GS) is designed to support the theater commander and theater-level units. The
brigade provides the EAC and theater command with C2 support and it provides subordinate units with
general support (GS) and MEDEVAC support. The FW battalion provides long-range transportation and
liaison capability.
SECTION IV – THEATER ASSAULT AVIATION BRIGADE
ORGANIZATION
2-22. The AVN BDE (ASLT) (figure 2-3) has a HHC, three assault helicopter battalions, one general
support helicopter battalion and one aviation support battalion.
Figure 2-3. Theater aviation assault brigade
MISSION
2-23. The AVN BDE (ASLT) principal mission focus is C2, AASLT, air movement, aerial delivery of
mines, aerial MEDEVAC, downed aircraft recovery and FARP operations. The AVN BDE (ASLT) TOE
mission is to plan, coordinate, synchronize, integrate, and execute maneuver support and maneuver
sustainment, supporting the corps’ and subordinate divisions’ scheme of maneuver. The brigade is capable
of conducting all mission sets with the exception of reconnaissance, security, close combat attack, mobile
strike, and air traffic services.
FUNDAMENTALS
2-24. The AVN BDE (ASLT) operates at corps level but may allocate elements to augment subordinate
divisions. Utility and heavy helicopter units transport combat personnel, supplies, and equipment
SECTION V – ARMY SPECIAL OPERATIONS AVIATION REGIMENT
ORGANIZATION
2-25. The Army special operations aviation regiment (ARSOAR) (see figure 2-4) consists of an HHC,
three battalions, separate forward-deployed companies, a special operations aviation training company
(SOATC), and a systems integration and maintenance office (SIMO). The ARSOAR rotary-wing aircraft
include the AH/MH-6, MH-60, MH-60 variant known as the defensive armed penetrator (DAP), and
MH 47. ARSOAR units are designed to plan, conduct, and support special operations missions unilaterally
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 2-5

or jointly in all theaters and at all levels of conflict. To accomplish this mission, ARSOAR units are task-
organized according to the unit they will support, the theater of operations, and expected missions.
ARSOAR task organizations are formed around one of the regiment's battalions.
Figure 2-4. Army special operations aviation regiment
MISSION
2-26. ARSOAR's mission is to plan, support, and conduct special air operations by covertly penetrating
hostile and denied airspace. ARSOAR supports special operations forces (SOF) conducting joint,
combined, interagency, and coalition operations in regional crises, major conflicts, or as directed by the
President and the Secretary of Defense. ARSOAR organizes, equips, trains, validates, sustains, and
employs assigned aviation units for the United States Army Special Operations Command.
FUNDAMENTALS
2-27. ARSOAR units are trained and equipped to infiltrate, resupply, and exfiltrate U.S. SOF and other
designated personnel. Training is tailored specifically to profiles supporting the SOF mission. Units prefer
to operate at night, using night vision goggles (NVG) or night vision systems (NVSs) and low-level flight
profiles. Training is conducted in all operational environments and terrain. Inherent in training is the ability
to operate from maritime platforms. Emphasis is placed on precise long-range navigation under adverse
weather conditions.
2-28. ARSOAR aircraft are modified to add the capability for aerial refueling and to enhance precise
navigation, secure communications, long-range flight performance, and increased weapons lethality. These
2-6 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Chapter 2
enhancements give ARSOAR the unique capability of taking advantage of adverse weather, limited
visibility, or low-cloud ceilings. These conditions provide concealment for air operations and help achieve
surprise.
2-29. Organic attack helicopter aircrews are specifically trained to provide CCA and terminal guidance for
precision munitions to support SOF.
SECTION VI – ATTACK RECONNAISSANCE BATTALIONS / SQUADRONS
ATTACK / RECONNAISSANCE UNIT TYPES

2-30. In the transformation force, there are three distinct types of attack reconnaissance units.
z Attack reconnaissance battalion (ARB) with 24 AH-64s.
z Attack reconnaissance squadron (ARS) with 30 OH-58s.
z Air cavalry squadron (ACS) with 8 AH-64s, 30 OH-58s, and 10 UH-60s.
MISSIONS
2-31. Missions performed (excluding ACS) are the following:
z Reconnaissance.
z Security.
z Close combat attack.
z Mobile strike.
ORGANIZATION
2-32. The attack reconnaissance battalion/squadron has an HHC, an FSC, three companies (with 8 AH-64
or 10 OH-58D each), and an aviation maintenance company (figure 2-5). It receives intermediate
maintenance support from the aviation brigade’s ASB. The battalion is dependent upon the aviation
brigade or division for A2C2, weather, legal, finance, FS, and specific personnel and administrative
services. (See FM 1-114, chapter 1 for additional details.)
Figure 2-5. Attack reconnaissance battalion/squadron
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 2-7

HEADQUARTERS AND HEADQUARTERS COMPANY / TROOP

2-33. The HHC provides personnel and equipment for the C2 functions of the battalion, and security and
defense of the CP. The HHC also provides unit level personnel service, UMT, logistical, and CBRN
support.
FORWARD SUPPORT COMPANY / TROOP

2-34. The FSC has a headquarters section, a distribution platoon, and a ground maintenance platoon. The
FSC provides field feeding, transportation, refueling, and ground maintenance support; and coordinates
with the ASB for additional support as required.
ATTACK RECONNAISSANCE COMPANY / TROOP

2-35. The attack reconnaissance company consists of a headquarters element and two attack
reconnaissance platoons with four AH-64 or five OH-58D aircraft.
AVIATION MAINTENANCE COMPANY / TROOP

2-36. The aviation maintenance company consists of a company headquarters, production control (PC) and
quality assurance (QA) sections, an aircraft maintenance platoon, and an aircraft component repair platoon
(CRP). The aviation maintenance company also provides necessary maneuver sustainment to operate
autonomously throughout the division battlespace.
MISSION
2-37. Reconnaissance operations are conducted to find or fix the threat, to assist in building and sharing
the common operational picture (COP), and to focus combat power at the decisive point at the right time.
Security operations provide reaction time, maneuver space, and protection to air to ground maneuver.
Enemy forces are destroyed through the use of aerial firepower, mobility, and shock effect. The battalion
participates in offensive, defensive, decisive, and shaping operations.
SECTION VII – AIR CAVALRY SQUADRON
ORGANIZATION
2-38. The ACS (figure 2-6) is equipped with 30 OH-58Ds, eight AH-64s, and 10 UH-60s. It has an HHT,
an FST, three air cavalry troops (ACT), one attack helicopter troop (ATKHT), an assault aviation troop
(ASLTHT), and an aviation maintenance troop.
2-39. The squadron is dependent on the Stryker brigade combat team (SBCT), division, or higher for
A2C2, weather, legal, finance, and sustainment functions.
2-8 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Chapter 2
Figure 2-6. Air cavalry squadron
HEADQUARTERS AND HEADQUARTERS TROOP

2-40. The HHT provides personnel and equipment for the C2 functions of the squadron, and security and
defense of the CP. The HHT also provides unit level personnel service support, UMT support, logistical
support, and CBRN support.
FORWARD SUPPORT TROOP

2-41. The FST has a headquarters section, a distribution platoon, and a ground maintenance platoon. The
FST provides field feeding, transportation, refueling, and ground maintenance support and coordinates
with the SBCT brigade support battalion (BSB) for additional support as required.
AIR CAVALRY TROOP

2-42. The three air cavalry troops (ACT) consist of a headquarters section and two attack reconnaissance
platoons of five OH-58D aircraft each.
ATTACK HELICOPTER TROOP

2-43. The ATKHT consists of a headquarters section and two attack helicopter platoons of four AH-64s
each.
ASSAULT HELICOPTER TROOP

2-44. The ASLTHT consists of a headquarters section, a GS platoon with seven UH-60 aircraft, and a C2
platoon with three UH-60s and two Army airborne command and control systems (A2C2Ss) mission kits.
AVIATION MAINTENANCE TROOP

2-45. The aviation maintenance troop consists of a troop headquarters, PC and QA sections, an aircraft
maintenance platoon, and an aircraft CRP. The aviation maintenance troop also provides necessary
maneuver sustainment to operate autonomously throughout the division battlespace.
AVIATION SUPPORT TROOP

2-46. The aviation support troop provides support to the squadron for maintenance functions normally
conducted by the aviation support battalion.
MISSION
2-47. The ACS is capable of conducting all aviation missions except command and control, air traffic
services, and aerial MEDEVAC.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 2-9

2-48. The ACS gathers information about the enemy and terrain, maintains surveillance, and provides
early warning of enemy contact. It provides reconnaissance, surveillance, and security of lines of
communications (LOCs) to enhance C2, and target acquisition (TA) for field artillery (FA), naval surface
fire support (NSFS), AHs, and CAS.
SECTION VIII – ASSAULT HELICOPTER BATTALION

2-49. In the transformation force, the fundamentals, mission, and organization of the AHB are relatively
the same regardless of whether it is part of a heavy, medium, or light CAB. The AHB’s primary role is to
plan, execute, and logistically support operations. The two basic tasks common to each AHB include
AASLT and sustainment. In the sustainment role, the AHB provides support to any ongoing AASLT
operation first, then to division. The AHB can also provide aircraft for GS missions when available. (See
FM 1-113, chapter 1 for additional details.)
ORGANIZATION
2-50. The assault helicopter battalion (figure 2-7) consists of a HHC, a FSC, three assault companies, and
an aviation maintenance company. The CAB (M) AHB also has a pathfinder company.
Figure 2-7. Assault helicopter battalion
HEADQUARTERS AND HEADQUARTERS COMPANY

support.
FORWARD SUPPORT COMPANY

2-52. The FSC consists of a headquarters section, a distribution platoon, and a ground maintenance
platoon. The FSC provides field feeding, transportation, refueling, and ground maintenance support; it
coordinates with the ASB for additional support as required.
PATHFINDER COMPANY
2-53. The pathfinder company is located in the CAB (M)’s AHB. It consists of a company headquarters, a
GS platoon with a medical section and two GS teams, a base radio station team, a direct support (DS)
platoon, and two DS teams.
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Chapter 2
ASSAULT COMPANY
2-54. The AHB has three assault companies. Each has a company headquarters section and two flight
platoons with five UH-60 aircraft each.
AVIATION MAINTENANCE COMPANY

2-55. The aviation maintenance company consists of a company headquarters section, PC and QA
sections, an aircraft maintenance platoon with two UH-60 repair sections, and an aircraft CRP with
powerplant, powertrain, structural, pneudraulics, and avionic/electrical sections that provide necessary
aviation unit level maintenance and battle damage assessment and repair (BDAR). The aviation
maintenance company provides necessary maneuver sustainment to operate autonomously throughout the
division battlespace. The aviation maintenance company also stores, maintains, and transports the AHB’s
organic aerial mine delivery operations (Volcano) systems.
MISSION
2-56. The primary missions of the AHB are conducting AASLT and air movement operations to extend
the tactical reach of the maneuver commander, negating effects of terrain, seizing key nodes, achieving
surprise, and isolating or dislocating enemy forces. The battalion also conducts numerous other missions,
including—
z Air assault.
z Air movement.
z Aerial mine delivery.
z FARP Operations (Wet Hawk, Fat Hawk)
SECTION IX – GENERAL SUPPORT AVIATION BATTALION

2-57. In the transformation force, the fundamentals, mission, and organization of the GSAB the same
regardless of whether it is part of a division, corps, or theater level aviation brigade.
ORGANIZATION
2-58. Each CAB has one GSAB. The AVN BDE (GS) has 3 GSABs and the AVN BDE (ASLT) has
one GSAB. At the theater echelons, GSABs are composed of primarily RC units.
2-59. Each CAB GSAB consists of a HHC, a forward support company, a command aviation company
(CAC), a heavy helicopter company, a MEDEVAC company, an ATS company, and an aviation
maintenance company (figure 2-8).
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 2-11

Figure 2-8. General support aviation battalion
HEADQUARTERS AND HEADQUARTERS COMPANY

support.
FORWARD SUPPORT COMPANY

2-61. The FSC has a headquarters section, a distribution platoon, and a ground maintenance platoon. The
FSC provides field feeding, transportation, refueling, and ground maintenance support; and coordinates
with the ASB for additional support as required.
COMMAND AVIATION COMPANY

2-62. The CAC consists of a company headquarters, one platoon with five UH-60 command and control
aircraft and four A2C2S mission kits, and one GS platoon with three UH-60 aircraft.
HEAVY HELICOPTER COMPANY

2-63. The heavy helicopter company consists of a company headquarters, and three flight platoons with
four CH-47 aircraft each.
MEDEVAC COMPANY
2-64. The MEDEVAC company consists of a company headquarters and four air ambulance platoons.
Each air ambulance platoon consists of three HH-60 aircraft and a platoon headquarters that can support
24-hour operations.
AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES COMPANY

2-65. The air traffic services (ATS) company consists of a company headquarters with a communication
and navigation maintenance section, a ground maintenance section, a terminal control platoon with a
tactical tower section and a ground control approach radar section, and an information services platoon
with two tactical tower teams and an airspace information center (AIC). The GSAB’s ATS company
supports the aviation brigade with one instrumented airfield with en route, terminal, and airspace
information services.
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Chapter 2
AVIATION MAINTENANCE COMPANY

2-66. The aviation maintenance company consists of a company headquarters, PC and QA sections, an
aircraft maintenance platoon with UH-60 and CH-47 repair sections and an aircraft CRP with powerplant,
powertrain, structural, pneudraulics, and avionic/electrical sections that provide aviation unit level field
maintenance, and BDAR. The aviation maintenance company also provides necessary maneuver
sustainment to operate autonomously throughout the division battlespace.
MISSION
2-67. The mission of the GSAB is to conduct general aviation support: airborne C2; air transport of
personnel, equipment, and supplies; aerial sustainment operations; AASLT operations support as required;
ATS; and MEDEVAC support throughout its AOR.
2-68. Missions performed include—
z Air assault.
z Air movement.
z Command and control.
z Aerial MEDEVAC.
z Personnel Recovery.
z Air traffic services.
z FARP operations.
2-69. Because of the CH-47’s characteristics, heavy helicopter units can perform two unique sub-
missions:
z High-altitude operations.
z Oversized, heavy, and special munitions movement.
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Chapter 3
Reconnaissance/Security/Attack Operations
This chapter addresses the missions and employment of attack reconnaissance

helicopter units. These organizations are highly versatile and can conduct a myriad of
reconnaissance, security, and attack missions. In addition attack reconnaissance
helicopters can perform special purpose operations such as urban, search, and
stability and reconstruction operations.
Note. For the purposes of this TC, the Contents

term company includes troop, and the
term battalion includes squadron. The Section I – General ....................................3-1
terms troop and squadron may be used Section II – Allocating Forces...................3-1
when specifically discussing an ARS or Section III – Reconnaissance
ACS or their respective subordinate units. Operations..................................................3-3
This has been done for readability Section IV – Security Operations ...........3-13
purposes. Section V – Attack Missions ...................3-22
3-1. The ARB and ARS are maneuver units that

can dominate, but not occupy, terrain for limited periods. ARBs and ARSs fulfill traditional attack as well
as cavalry responsibilities. Advanced sensors, communications equipment, and weaponry enable both
independent operations and operations in concert with ground or joint forces. Battalion missions include—
z Reconnaissance—the battalion conducts reconnaissance operations, obtaining information by
visual observation, fire, or other detection methods.
z Security—the battalion conducts security operations, providing maneuver space, gaining
reaction time, and protecting the supported commander's main body force.
z Attack—the battalion conducts independent or joint operations with other services in all phases
of operations and under adverse environmental conditions.
3-2. The ARB and ARS provide added and significant combat power that can be massed rapidly at the
time and place to decisively affect the outcome of any battle.
SECTION II – ALLOCATING FORCES

3-3. During the planning process, a 75 percent operational readiness (OR) rate for attack reconnaissance
aircraft should be assumed, although the actual percentage available at execution has been historically
higher. Attack reconnaissance aircraft should normally be employed as company elements. This technique
provides a good balance of capabilities in terms of aerial reconnaissance in the AO, and the ability to mass
fires and conduct attack reconnaissance helicopter operations in separate locations or to maintain a
continuous presence.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 3-1

3-4. Attack reconnaissance aircraft can be employed in two-ship teams if the requirement for continuous
presence outweighs the requirements for mass. The company is the lowest level for planning and
coordinating operations. During an AASLT, the attack reconnaissance elements provide security and
overwatch and are directly controlled by the air mission commander (AMC) until the AASLT is complete.
3-5. BCT planners must be aware of the fact that, when an aviation TF is attached to the BCT, they may
not have a full battalion of attack reconnaissance aircraft. Missions must be planned based on the resources
allocated, or additional resources must be requested.
KIOWA WARRIOR ROLES

3-6. The mast-mounted sight (MMS) allows the OH-58D to remain almost completely masked during
observation operations, while its small signature makes it difficult to detect and engage.
3-7. The planning airspeed is 90 knots and its combat radius, with a 10-minute station time and 20-
minute fuel reserve, is approximately 120 kilometers. The OH-58D cannot carry an auxiliary fuel tank to
extend its mission duration time. Precision effects are also degraded due to limited payload capacity.
3-8. The OH-58D is smaller and more maneuverable than an AH-64, giving it advantages in
deployability and operations in urban or confined areas. However, the OH-58D lacks a multidirectional
suppressive weapon system and thus, is less survivable than the AH-64. If AH-64s are available, the
OH-58D may be better suited to providing supporting fires, rather than direct fires, in CCA operations in
unrestricted terrain.
3-9. Depending on the target, an ARS tasked with an attack to destroy mission may have to commit more
aircraft than an ARB due to the OH-58D’s limited ordnance. Prior to launching on a mission, crews must
have a well-developed picture of the enemy situation and a high level of confidence that a known and
readily accessible enemy force will be in the engagement area (EA). Ammunition loads vary drastically
according the METT-TC.
APACHE LONGBOW ROLES

3-10. Although there are still two models of OH-58D airframes in the inventory (I and R), the difference is
not as drastic as that between the A and D (Longbow) models of the AH-64. The basic organization and
roles of the Longbow Apache (LBA) are discussed below. When assigned to an aviation battalion task
force (ABTF), the commander can task organize AH-64Ds with other assets (such as OH-58D, UH-60,
UAS, CH-47, and so forth) to maximize each system’s effect, while performing specific missions.
3-11. The AH-64D LBA provides the ARC and the ABTF with an increased capability over the AH-64A.
Part of that stems from the ability of the Longbow equipped unit to maintain a common tactical picture and
unprecedented SU. (For a detailed discussion of AH-64D operations, see FM 1-112 or FM 1-114 [both
FMs will be revised as FM 3-04.126].)
TASK ORGANIZATION
3-12. Task organization is based on METT-TC. The basic building block is the team. A team consists of
two or more aircraft operating together and providing mutual security. The ARC has eight AH-64D
aircraft, three AH-64Ds are equipped with fire control radar (labeled Delta with radar frequency
interferometer [DWI]) and five AH-64Ds are without fire control radar (labeled Delta without [DWO]).
Assuming a 75 percent OR rate, BCT should plan for six aircraft (2 DWIs and 4 DWOs). AH-64D
equipped units have a variety of task organization options. The most lethal is all AH-64Ds with radar.
Teams will normally be a mix of DWIs and DWOs, so each team can capitalize on fire control radar (FCR)
capabilities. Given the above, the ARC can task organize in two teams of three aircraft (one DWI and two
DWOs) each. It is possible for the battalion commander to authorize the unit to reconfigure a DWO AH-
64D to a DWI AH-64D by taking the required component parts from a not mission capable maintenance
(NMCM) DWI AH-64D. However, this is a time-consuming process and should not be attempted
regularly.
3-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Chapter 3
Pure With Radar Team

3-13. Units may task organize a pure DWI team for a specific mission (such as the lead element tasked to
destroy AD systems during an attack, movement to contact, reconnaissance, and security missions). With
this team mix, TA and mutual FS are enhanced. Numerous radar frequency interferometer (RFI) merged
targets can be fired upon very rapidly. All elements can pass radar frequency handovers (RFHOs) to
follow-on teams.
Pure Without Radar Team

3-14. Units may task organize a pure DWO team for a follow and support role in conjunction with other
DWI-equipped teams. Units might use this task organization when the enemy AD threat is low and to
reduce fratricide risks by using visual acquisition and designation of targets. Units may also task organize
pure DWO teams to support ground forces in close contact with the enemy. If available, AH-64As should
be given this type of mission to allow the DWI AH-64Ds to be employed on missions requiring that
capability.
SECTION III – RECONNAISSANCE OPERATIONS

3-15. Attack reconnaissance aircraft are employed to support the BCT commander’s scheme of maneuver
and significantly extend the battlespace of both the BCT and echelons above the BCT. Attack
reconnaissance aircraft assist in locating the threat, building and sharing the COP, enhancing force
protection, enabling freedom of movement, facilitating unobstructed movement for AASLT and aerial
mining missions, securing routes for aerial/ground resupply, and allowing the commander to focus combat
power at the decisive point and time. Sensor video recording capability can provide the BCT commander
excellent reconnaissance and battle damage assessment (BDA) information.
3-16. The organic weapons systems of attack reconnaissance aircraft enhance the synergy achieved
through the employment of external fires and effects that gives the BCT commander a robust
counterreconnaissance capability.
3-17. BCT commanders will frequently task the ARB to conduct reconnaissance to obtain information
about the activities and resources of the enemy, or about the meteorological, hydrographic, or geographic
characteristics of a particular area. The battalion may perform reconnaissance before, during, and after
other combat operations to provide updated/current combat information.
3-18. BCT commanders need real-time information during the execution of current operations to be
precise in the maneuver and application of combat power against the enemy. A major source of near real-
time information is the ARB, which is an intelligence source that can fight for information. Attack
reconnaissance aircraft have decisive advantages over other intelligence resources because they—
z Move quickly over inaccessible terrain to elevated positions of advantage.
z Use advanced, eyes-on, long-range sensors.
z Work through and counter enemy deception efforts better than any sensor system.
z Provide the fastest, most reliable means of assessing terrain the enemy is trying to configure to
the BCT commander’s advantage.
z Are not a passive source. Aircraft not only find the enemy but can further develop the situation
and force the enemy to reveal more information.
z Can more effectively disseminate information to commanders with an immediate need.
(See FM 3-90 and FM 17-95 for additional details.)
RECONNAISSANCE TECHNIQUES
3-19. Reconnaissance techniques are the basic methods of using available equipment and personnel to
accomplish reconnaissance tasks. These techniques fall into the broad categories of aerial, mounted (using
tanks or armored personnel carriers [APCs], and dismounted [on foot]). They are best used in combination
to meet the needs of the situation. Only information pertaining to the aerial techniques will be discussed
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 3-3

here. The BAE must have an understanding of all three and of how to interrogate available aviation assets
to best support the BCT.
3-20. Aerial reconnaissance is characterized by—
z Need for rapid reconnaissance.
z Integration of aerial reconnaissance assets with forward ground elements to accelerate
reconnaissance tempo and movement.
z Requirement to maintain reconnaissance over extended distances.
z Use of aircraft systems to acquire targets or reconnaissance objectives at maximum standoff
distance.
z Use of aircraft video imagery to acquire combat information.
z Low probability of effective AD threat.
3-21. The advantages of aerial reconnaissance are available firepower, maneuverability, advanced optics,
navigational aids (NAVAIDs), and communication capabilities. The disadvantage is the larger overall
signature and exposure of aircraft.
3-22. When conducting reconnaissance forward of ground elements, detailed coordination must take place
to reduce the potential for fratricide. Aviation units must be provided with updated ground maneuver
graphics to include FSCMs, limits of advance (LOAs), and lateral/rear boundaries. Conversely, it is critical
that the details of the aviation unit operations are passed to all ground elements, especially AD units, to
maintain a COP.
FUNDAMENTALS OF RECONNAISSANCE
3-23. The seven fundamentals of successful reconnaissance operations are—
z Ensure continuous reconnaissance.
z Do not keep reconnaissance assets in reserve.
z Orient on the reconnaissance objective. Commanders must stay focused on reaching the
reconnaissance objective regardless of what is encountered during the mission.
z Report all information rapidly and accurately. Negative reports may tell more than positive
reports or no reports at all.
z Retain freedom to maneuver. When a unit becomes decisively engaged, reconnaissance ceases.
z Gain and maintain enemy contact. Contact can be a surveillance sighting or engaging in close
combat. Once gained, contact is not lost unless ordered.
z Develop the situation rapidly. Attempt to determine enemy size, composition, dispositions, and
activities.
3-24. The following critical tasks for multidimensional reconnaissance are—
z Recognize threat and countermeasures (identify threat activities and recommend probable threat
courses of action [COAs]).
z Find all threats that can affect the mission.
z Establish and maintain contact with local civilian and military leadership.
z Identify key municipal infrastructure (utilities, sewage, water, and communications).
z Determine media activities.
z Understand the regional, local, and neighborhood situations.
z Clarify organizations and methods of operation for terrorists, trans-national groups, and ethnic
centers of power.
z Identify local population allegiances to factions, religious groups, or other organizations.
z Analyze the threat centers of influence to clarify the threat order of battle, centers of gravity, and
intentions.
3-4 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Chapter 3
z Reconnoiter specific terrain.

z Report all reconnaissance information.
ACTIONS ON CONTACT
3-25. The following tasks define actions on contact:
z Deploy and report. Deploy to a covered position that provides for observation and fields of fire.
A contact report is made immediately.
z Develop the situation. The threat is defined through use of direct and indirect fires. An element
is left in contact if required, and the unit continues on to the recon LOA.
z Choose a COA.
z Hasty attack if sufficient combat power is available (at least a company).
z Bypass, keeping a minimum force in contact with the bypassed enemy.
z Hasty defense, if bypass or hasty attack is not feasible.
z Recommend or execute a COA.
FORMS OF RECONNAISSANCE
3-26. Reconnaissance missions are divided into four forms—zone, area, route, and reconnaissance in
force. In most mission profiles, integration of ground and air reconnaissance provides mutual
reinforcement.
ZONE RECONNAISSANCE
3-27. A zone reconnaissance is conducted to obtain information concerning routes, obstacles (to include
CBRN contamination), terrain, and enemy forces within a zone defined by a line of departure (LD), LOA,
and lateral boundaries. The boundaries are restrictive, and permission is required for the team to extend
reconnaissance outside of them. Every route within the zone must be reconnoitered unless otherwise
directed. It is the most time-consuming of the reconnaissance missions.
Tasks
3-28. Zone reconnaissance tasks include—
z Find and report all enemy forces within the zone.
z Clear all enemy forces in the designated AO within the capability of the unit conducting
reconnaissance.
z Determine the trafficability of all terrain within the zone, including built-up areas.
z Locate and determine the extent of all contaminated areas in the zone.
z Evaluate and classify all bridges, defiles, overpasses, underpasses, and culverts in the zone.
z Locate any fords, crossing sites, or bypasses for existing and reinforcing obstacles (including
built-up areas) in the zone.
z Locate all obstacles and create lanes as specified in execution orders.
z Report the above information to the commander directing the zone reconnaissance, to include
providing a sketch map or overlay. (Figure 3-1 shows typical graphics for a zone
reconnaissance.)
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 3-5

Figure 3-1. Zone reconnaissance
Tactical Planning Considerations

3-29. At a minimum, the supported maneuver commander must provide the following—
z Zone boundaries.
z Departure time or completion time or both.
z When, where, and how to report the information.
z Type of unit or vehicles expected to use the zone, if applicable.
z Actions after completion of the mission.
z Specific instructions for actions on contact/engagement criteria.
Capabilities/Limitations
3-30. Without augmentation, the ARB does not have the organic capability of conducting a detailed zone
reconnaissance. For example, it cannot—
z Locate and determine the extent of all contaminated areas in the zone.
z Evaluate and classify all bridges, defiles, overpasses, underpasses, and culverts in the zone.
3-31. The ARB can conduct a hasty zone reconnaissance. The ARB leadership should be involved in the
planning process, and METT-TC must be considered to determine actual capability. (The following is
provided for planning purposes.) Without augmentation, an ARB can conduct a hasty zone reconnaissance,
terrain dependent, of an 8 to 10 kilometers-wide zone at an average rate of 10 kilometers per hour. Rate
depends on route complexity and desired detail.
3-32. When a company conducts a zone reconnaissance in nonrestrictive terrain, it can operate up to 10
kilometers forward of ground companies due to the quality of communications, TA capability of onboard
systems (OBSs), and aircraft armament. Close coordination and continuous communication between forces
is critical to reduce the risk of fratricide.
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Chapter 3
Brigade Aviation Element Planning Tasks

3-33. The BAE advises the BCT concerning capabilities and limitations of the ARB to provide information
described in the tactical task and tactical planning consideration sections described above. On the basis of
the level of detail required, suspected enemy forces in zone, and other factors of METT-TC, the BAE may,
for example, recommend the BCT augment the ARB with the following—
z Chemical section to locate and determine the extent of all contaminated areas in the zone.
z Engineers to evaluate and classify all bridges, defiles, overpasses, underpasses, and culverts.
z Ground maneuver force to help clear enemy forces.
AREA RECONNAISSANCE
3-34. An area reconnaissance is conducted to obtain detailed information about a specific area (town,
ridgeline, key terrain, choke point, and so forth). The particular area must be specifically defined and
thoroughly reconnoitered. Emphasis is normally placed on reaching the area quickly. Enemy forces are
normally avoided or bypassed. (See FM 3-90 and FM 17-95 for additional details.)
Tactical Tasks
3-35. The tasks for an area reconnaissance are also the same for a zone reconnaissance (see
paragraph 3-28, page 3-5 ). Figure 3-2 shows typical graphics for an area reconnaissance.
Figure 3-2. Area reconnaissance

3-36. At a minimum, the supported maneuver commander must provide the following:
z Area boundaries.
z Departure time or completion time or both.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 3-7

z Type of operation or mission planned for the area, if applicable.

3-37. The ARB leadership should be involved in the planning process and METT-TC must be considered
to determine actual capability. (The following is provided for planning purposes.) Without augmentation, a
company can reconnoiter up to two areas continuously or three routes simultaneously for limited periods.
Rate depends on the area complexity and desired detail.

3-38. The BAE must assist the BCT in providing the supporting aviation TF with information described in
the tactical task and tactical planning consideration sections described above. In addition to those items, the
following coordination and synchronization tasks should be considered by the BAE:
z Route to and from the area.
z Specific information to be gathered from the area.
z Chemical section to locate and determine the extent of all contaminated areas.
z FS elements able to range the area.
z Adjacent friendly forces.
LANDING ZONE OR PICKUP ZONE RECONNAISSANCE

3-39. Landing zone (LZ)/pickup zone (PZ) reconnaissance is a specific type of area reconnaissance
performed to determine the suitability for AASLT operations of a designated area. Principal concerns are
determining if an enemy force is present, whether it is in a position to bring direct fires on the LZ or PZ,
and evaluating the physical characteristics of the area. This reconnaissance is often performed as a subtask
during AASLT security missions.
Tactical Tasks
3-40. Reconnaissance elements evaluate and make recommendations on the following tactical
considerations:
z Whether the LZ or PZ will facilitate the unit’s ability to accomplish the mission.
z Whether the LZ or PZ meets the commander’s intent for distance from the objective.
z The force required to provide security during the assault.
3-41. Technical characteristics (utilizing the mnemonic code LONGLASSV) of the LZ or PZ include—
z Landing formations.
z Obstacles and hazards in the landing area and vicinity.
z Number and type of aircraft that the LZ or PZ can support.
z Ground slope of the landing area.
z Load suitability.
z Approach and departure directions.
z Size of the available landing area.
z Surface condition, including brown-out or white-out characteristics, of the landing area.
z Vulnerability.
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Chapter 3
3-42. If meteorological conditions observed during the reconnaissance are expected to be present during
the AASLT, reconnaissance elements assess the impact of—
z Ceiling and visibility.
z Density altitude.
z Winds.
3-43. Reconnaissance elements evaluating the LZ or PZ should create a sketch of the area with pertinent
information (figure 3-3).
Figure 3-3. Figure LZ or PZ sketch

z Area desired for use as a LZ/PZ.
z Requirement for alternate LZ/PZs.
z Time of the AASLT or air movement.
z Number and type of aircraft in each lift and the number of lifts.
z Information on the ground force’s objective and other actions after landing.
z Actions after completion of the mission (such as, security for the LZ/PZ).
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 3-9

3-45. Without augmentation, an ARB company can reconnoiter up to two LZ/PZs simultaneously. Rate
depends on area complexity and desired detail.

3-46. The BAE must assist the BCT in providing the supporting aviation TF with information described in
the tactical task and tactical planning consideration sections described above. In addition to those items, the
following coordination and synchronization tasks should be considered by the BAE:
z Route to and from the LZ/PZ.
z Engineers, pathfinders, or scouts to clear trees or debris from the LZ/PZ.
z Ground maneuver force to help clear enemy forces prior to the major AASLT.
z FS elements able to range the LZ/PZ for prepatory fires.
ROUTE RECONNAISSANCE
3-47. A route reconnaissance is conducted to obtain detailed information about a specific route and
adjacent terrain from which the threat could influence movement along the route. It focuses along a
specific LOC (such as a road, railway, air route, or cross-country mobility corridor). (See FM 3-90 and
FM 17-95 for additional details.)
Tactical Tasks
3-48. Route reconnaissance tasks are as follows:
z Find, report, and clear, within capabilities, all enemy forces that can influence movement along
the route.
z Determine the trafficability of the route; can it support the friendly force?
z Reconnoiter all terrain the enemy can use to dominate movement along the route (such as choke
points, ambush sites, PZ, LZ, and drop zones).
z Reconnoiter all built-up areas, contaminated areas, and lateral routes along the route.
z Evaluate and classify all bridges, defiles, overpasses, underpasses, and culverts along the route.
z Locate any fords, crossing sites, or bypasses for existing and reinforcing obstacles (including
built-up areas) along the route.
z Locate all obstacles and create lanes as specified in execution orders.
z Report the above route information to the headquarters initiating the route reconnaissance
mission, to include providing a sketch map or a route overlay. (Figure 3-4 shows typical
graphics for a route reconnaissance.)
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Chapter 3
Figure 3-4. Route reconnaissance

3-49. The supported maneuver commander must provide the following:
z Critical tasks to be accomplished by the reconnaissance team’s air and ground elements, when
used.
z Task organization. Any reinforcements, especially engineers, and their relationship to the troop
are identified, and supporting artillery relationships are defined.
z Start point (SP), release point (RP), and designation of the route.
z No earlier than (NET) departure time, no later than (NLT) completion time or both.
z Type of unit or vehicles expected to use the route, if applicable.
z Time of day or night the route is expected to be used.
z Any constraints or restrictions.
3-50. The ARB leadership should be involved in the planning process and METT-TC must be considered
to determine actual capability. (The following is provided for planning purposes.) Without augmentation,
an ARC can reconnoiter up to two routes continuously or three routes simultaneously for limited periods.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 3-11


3-51. The BAE assists the BCT by providing the supporting aviation TF with information described
previously in the tactical task and tactical planning consideration sections. Additionally, the following
coordination and synchronization tasks should be considered by the BAE:
z Chemical section to locate and determine the extent of all contaminated areas.
z FS elements able to range the area.
Air Route Reconnaissance

3-52. The principles of an air route reconnaissance are the same as for a ground route, but the areas of
interest are different. Aviation forces moving along an air route are primarily concerned with the location
of enemy forces, ease of navigation, suitability of landing sites and zones, and hazards to flight. Hazards to
flight include suspected enemy AD locations, mountainous areas, wires, large bodies of water, open
terrain, and other natural and manmade features.
RECONNAISSANCE IN FORCE
3-53. A reconnaissance in force is a deliberate combat operation designed to discover or test the enemy's
strength, dispositions, and reactions or to obtain other information. This operation is assigned to a larger-
than-company size force when this information cannot be gathered by other means. (See FM 3-90 and
FM 17-95 for additional details.)
Tactical Tasks
3-54. Reconnaissance in force tasks are—
z Penetrating the enemy’s security area and determining its size and depth.
z Determining the location and disposition of enemy main positions.
z Attacking enemy main positions and attempting to cause the enemy to react by using local
reserves or major counterattack forces, employing FS assets, adjusting positions, and employing
specific weapon systems.
z Determining weaknesses in the enemy’s dispositions to exploit.

z Area boundaries.
z Departure time, completion time or both.
z Type of operation or mission planned for the area, if applicable.

previously in the tactical task and tactical planning consideration sections. Additionally, the following
z Locate a forward arming and refueling point (FARP) as close as METT-TC possible to the
reconnaissance area.
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Chapter 3
z Establish bypass criteria, if contact is made.

z Provide lethal and nonlethal support.
SECTION IV – SECURITY OPERATIONS

3-57. Security operations provide reaction time and maneuver space for the BCT. These operations are
characterized by reconnaissance to reduce terrain and enemy unknowns, gaining and maintaining contact
with the enemy to ensure continuous information flow, as well as providing early and accurate reporting of
information to the protected force. Security operations are particularly valuable during early entry
operations when the COP is degraded or the dynamics of the battlefield change faster than expected.
3-58. An ARB or an aviation TF supporting the BCT can conduct security operations. Each can
accomplish screen, and with augmentation, guard and cover security operations. To act as the covering
force headquarters, the ARB will require ground elements and DS artillery. The combination of attack
reconnaissance aircraft and UASs enables commanders, at all levels, to quickly move or deploy interactive
and interpretive intelligence collectors over great distances to provide early warning, and gain and
disseminate a timely picture of the battlefield. These aircraft can quickly transition from a
reconnaissance/counterreconnaissance or security mission to an economy of force or attack mission
providing reaction time, maneuver space, and protection for air-ground operations. The ACS gives the
SBCT added flexibility in conducting operations throughout its entire AO. (See FM 3-90 and FM 17-95 for
additional details on security operations.)
FUNDAMENTALS
3-59. Successful security operations depend on properly applying five fundamentals, known by the
mnemonic MOPPP:
z Maintain enemy contact. This requires continuous visual contact with the ability to use direct
and indirect fires.
z Orient on the main body. The security force operates at a specified distance between the main
body and known or suspected enemy positions and must be prepared to move as the main body
maneuvers.
z Perform continuous and aggressive reconnaissance.
z Provide early and accurate warning. This step provides the main body commander with time and
information for retaining the tactical initiative.
z Provide reaction time and maneuver space. The security force operates as far ahead of the main
body as possible, consistent with METT-TC.
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
3-60. There are a number of general considerations when conducting security operations. These apply to
all forms of security operations but are most applicable to screen, guard, and cover missions. The following
list should be considered when planning security missions:
z Common security control measures.
z Force to be secured.
z Location and orientation of the security area.
z Initial observation post (OP) locations.
z Types of OPs.
z Time to establish the security force.
z Criteria for ending the security mission.
z Augmentation of security forces.
z Intelligence support to security operations.
z Special requirements or constraints.
z Fire planning.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 3-13

z Integration of ground and air operations.

z Planning the engineer effort.
z Reporting.
z Requesting CSS.
z Positioning of C2 and CSS assets.
FORMS OF SECURITY OPERATIONS

3-61. There are five forms of security operations—screen, guard, cover, area security, and local security.
SCREEN
3-62. The primary purpose of a screen is to provide early warning to the main body. Screen missions are
defensive in nature, largely accomplished by establishing a series of OPs and conducting patrols to ensure
adequate surveillance of the assigned sector. The screen provides the protected force with the least
protection of any security mission. Based on the higher commander’s intent and the screen’s capabilities,
security elements destroy enemy reconnaissance and may be tasked to impede and harass the enemy main
body with indirect or direct fires. (See FM 3-90 and FM 17-95 for additional details.)
Methods of Execution
3-63. There are two methods of executing a screen:
z Stationary screen. The screening force establishes OPs with overlapping fields of observation.
Patrols reconnoiter dead space (areas that cannot be observed from an OP).
z Moving screen. The screening force may use several methods to move the screen as the
protected force moves. Some of the methods available are—
Alternate bounds by operations.
Alternate bounds by units.
Successive bounds.
Continuous marching.
Tactical Tasks
3-64. Screen tasks include the following:
z Allow no enemy ground element to pass through the screen undetected and unreported.
z Maintain continuous surveillance of all avenues of approach larger than a designated size into
the area under all visibility conditions.
z Destroy or repel all enemy reconnaissance patrols within its capabilities.
z Locate the lead elements of each enemy advance guard and determine its direction of movement
in a defensive screen.
z Maintain contact with—
Enemy forces and report any activity in the AO.
The main body and any security forces operating on its flanks.
z Impede and harass the enemy within its capabilities while displacing.
3-65. Events causing displacement of a screen include—

z Relief on station/battle handover (BHO).
z Movement of the protection force.
z Enemy contact.
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Chapter 3

3-66. The ground maneuver unit must provide the following information to the screening force:
z General trace of the screen and the time the screen must be established.
z Width of the screen sector.
z Force being screened.
z Rear boundary of the screening force.
z Any special requirements (such as target areas of interest [TAIs] or named areas of interest
[NAIs] ) that the screening force must observe.

3-67. The BAE assists the BCT by providing the supporting aviation TF with information described above
in the tactical task and tactical planning consideration sections. Additionally, the following coordination
and synchronization tasks should be considered by the BAE:
z Coordinate contact points with adjacent security forces.
z Analyze the depth of the screen.
z Coordinate to establish a FS quick fire (QF) radio net.
z Analyze the impact of potential follow-on missions.
GUARD
3-68. A guard differs from a screen in that a guard force has enough combat power to defeat, cause the
withdrawal of, or fix the lead elements of an enemy ground force before it can engage the main body with
direct fire. Additionally, a guard force prevents enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the
main body. A guard force reconnoiters, attacks, defends, and delays as necessary to accomplish its mission.
A guard force normally operates within the range of main body FS weapons. The main body commander
assigns the guard mission when contact is expected or there is an exposed flank requiring greater
protection than a screen provides. (See FM 3-90 and FM 17-95 for additional details.)
Guard Operations
3-69. The three types of guard operations are—
z Advance guard.
z Flank guard.
z Rear guard.
3-70. A commander can assign a guard mission to protect either a stationary or a moving force.
Tactical Tasks
3-71. Guard tasks include the following:
z Destroy the enemy advance guard.
z Maintain contact with enemy forces and report activity in the AO.
z Maintain continuous surveillance of avenues of approach into the AO under all visibility
conditions.
z Impede and harass the enemy within its capabilities while displacing.
z Cause the enemy main body to deploy and then report its direction of travel.
z Allow no enemy ground element to pass through the security area undetected and unreported.
z Destroy or cause the withdrawal of all enemy reconnaissance patrols.
z Maintain contact with its main body and any other security forces operating on its flanks.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 3-15


3-72. The ground maneuver commander must provide the following information to the guard force:
z General trace of the guard and the time the guard must be established.
z AOR for the guard force.
z Force being secured and its concept of the operation.
z Rear boundary of the guard force.
z Any special requirements (such as TAIs or NAIs) that the guarding force must observe.
z Reinforcements for the guarding force.

z Coordinate contact points with adjacent security forces.
z Analyze the depth of the guard.
z Coordinate to establish a FS QF radio net.
z Synchronize the attack by fire (ABF)/support by fire (SBF) positions with the ground obstacle
plan.
z Recommend helicopter engagement criteria.
z Analyze the impact of potential follow-on missions.
COVER
3-74. A covering force accomplishes all the tasks of screening and guard forces. Additionally, a covering
force operates apart from the main body to develop the situation early and deceive, disorganize, and
destroy enemy forces. Unlike screening or guard forces, a covering force is tactically self-contained and
capable of operating independently of the main body. The aviation TF or ARB usually participates in
covering force operations as part of a larger force.
3-75. Whether the cover is for a stationary (defending) or moving (attacking) force, the various types of
cover missions, as well as knowledge of the terrain and enemy, dictate the specific task organization of the
covering force. (See FM 3-90 and FM 17-95 for additional details.)
Tactical Tasks
3-76. Offensive covering force tasks include—
z Performing zone reconnaissance along the main body’s axis of advance or within the AO.
z Clearing or bypassing enemy forces within the AO in accordance with bypass criteria.
z Denying the enemy information about the strength, composition, and objective of the main
body.
3-77. Tasks against a defending enemy include—
z Penetrating the enemy’s security area to locate enemy main defensive positions.
z Determining enemy strengths and dispositions.
z Locating gaps or weaknesses in the enemy’s defensive scheme.
z Defeating or repelling enemy forces as directed by the higher commander.
z Deceiving the enemy into thinking the main body has been committed and causing the enemy to
launch counterattacks prematurely.
z Fixing enemy forces to allow the main body to maneuver around enemy strengths or through
weaknesses.
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Chapter 3
3-78. In a meeting engagement, covering tasks include–

z Destroying enemy reconnaissance, the advance guard, and the lead elements of the main body.
z Determining the location of enemy assailable flanks.
z Fixing enemy forces to allow the main body to maneuver around its strengths or through its
weaknesses.
3-79. A defensive covering force emphasizes the following tasks:
z Preventing the main body from being surprised and becoming engaged by direct-fire weapons.
z Defeating enemy advance guard formations.
z Maintaining continuous surveillance of high-speed avenues of approach into the security area.
z Defeating all enemy reconnaissance formations before it can observe the main body.
z Causing the deployment of the enemy main body.
z Determining the size, strength, composition, and direction of the enemy’s main effort.
z Destroying, defeating, or attriting enemy forces within its capacity.
z Depriving the enemy of its FS and AD umbrellas or require it to displace them before it attacks
the main battle area (MBA).
z Deceiving the enemy about the location of main body and main defensive positions.
z Avoiding being bypassed.

3-80. Planning for covering force operations is like planning for guard operations. The ground maneuver
commander must provide the following information to the covering force:
z General trace of the guard and the time the guard must be established.
z AOR for the guard force.
z Force being secured and its concept of the operation.
z Rear boundary of the guard force.
z Any special requirements (such as TAIs or NAIs) that the guarding force must observe.
z Reinforcements for the guarding force.

3-81. The BAE assists the BCT by providing the supporting aviation TF with information described in the
tactical task and tactical planning consideration sections. Additionally, the following coordination and
synchronization tasks should be considered by the BAE:
z LOA for the offensive covering force.
z Follow-on missions in the MBA and deep battlespace.
z Joint operations conducted in the same AO.
z Providing reconstitution criteria.
AREA SECURITY
3-82. Area security operations may be offensive or defensive in nature. Area security includes
reconnaissance and security for designated personnel, airfields, unit convoys, facilities, main supply routes
(MSRs), LOC, equipment, and critical points. An area security force neutralizes or defeats enemy
operations in a specified area. It screens, reconnoiters, attacks, defends, and delays as necessary to
accomplish its mission. Area security operations focus on the enemy, the force being protected, or a
combination of the two. (See FM 3-90 and FM 17-95 for additional details.)
LOCAL SECURITY
3-83. Local security includes any local measure taken by units against enemy actions. It involves avoiding
detection by the enemy or deceiving the enemy about friendly positions and intentions. It also includes
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 3-17

finding any enemy forces in the immediate vicinity and knowing as much about their positions and
intentions as possible. (See FM 3-90 for additional details.)
Tactical Tasks
3-84. Units use both active and passive measures to provide local security. Active local security measures
include—
z Using OPs and patrols.
z Establishing specific levels of alert within the unit. The commander adjusts those levels based
on the factors of METT-TC.
z Establishing stand-to times. The unit standing operating procedure (SOP) should detail the unit’s
activities during the conduct of stand-to.
3-85. Passive local security measures include using—
z Camouflage.
z Movement control.
z Noise and light discipline.
z Proper communications procedures.
z Available ground sensors.
z Night vision devices (NVDs).
z Daylight sights to maintain surveillance over the area immediately around the unit.
3-86. While most aviation units can successfully employ all of the passive security measures, personnel
manning levels, operating tempo (OPTEMPO), and fighter management cycles make effectively employing
all of the active measures a challenge. The BAE should be aware of this fact and assist the aviation unit in
coordinating assistance from military police (MP), ground maneuver units, engineers and other assets.

z Analyze the impact of proposed missions and battle rhythm.
z Coordinate with local authorities to control indigenous forces operating in the area.
z Coordinate for MP support along known routes and suspected avenues of approach.
z Analyze the impact of the depth of the security area.
z Coordinate critical times of employment based on ground security/reconnaissance plan.
AIR ASSAULT AND AIR MOVEMENT SECURITY

3-88. The aviation and air assault task force commanders (AATFCs) integrate attack reconnaissance into
the scheme of maneuver to conduct reconnaissance, screening, or overwatch operations during all phases
of the AASLT/air movement operations. The successful execution of the operation is based upon a careful
analysis of the factors of METT-TC and a detailed, precise, reverse-planning sequence. Planning begins
with the ground tactical plan (GTP) and works backward to the staging plan. (See chapter 4 of this TC for
more details on the planning cycle.) Reverse planning is imperative, as each successive planning step
impacts the phase that precedes it. FM 1-113 contains a more detailed discussion of AASLT planning
considerations.
3-89. Typically, the ARB elements are employed in support of an AASLT approximately 48 hours before
H-hour (or D-2 where D-day/H-hour is the first AASLT aircraft into the LZ) to set conditions for the
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Chapter 3
AASLT. METT-TC will determine the actual length of time for condition setting before an AASLT. (See
FM 1-112 or FM 1-114 [both FMs will be revised as FM 3-04.126] and FM 1-113 for additional details.)
D-2
3-90. As part of setting conditions for an AASLT, the ARB conducts terrain-oriented aerial reconnaissance
on D-2. This reconnaissance is completed to accomplish the following—
z Destroy HPTs of opportunity.
z Confirm or deny the suitability of flight routes and LZs.
z Gain information on the ground routes from LZs to the objectives.
z Gain information on the objective area.
z Determine targets for SEAD missions.
z Assist in registration of artillery targets.
3-91. These actions will begin to confirm or deny the enemy template and contribute to selecting other
HPTs. The focus of D-2 operations is on reconnaissance and a shift to attack operations may require a
deliberate decision by the commander, usually to destroy an enemy force of great criticality.
3-92. Upon completion of the D-2 reconnaissance, the ARB provides its final reconnaissance products to
the AATFC. Typical products the air assault task force (AATF) can expect include—
z Surveillance tapes.
z LZ and key terrain sketches, route and objective area sketches.
z PhotoTelesis digital imagery.
z Aircrew debrief products.
D-1
3-93. D-1 operations are normally executed as a movement to contact with the purpose of setting the AD,
maneuver, fires, and intelligence conditions for the AASLT. In its operations, the ARB refines the
intelligence picture in the AO and attacks to destroy HPTs in zone to set conditions for D-day operations.
3-94. These operations are enemy force oriented to—
z Prevent the enemy from influencing movement along the air route(s).
z Establish forward passage lanes.
z Deny the enemy the ability to influence friendly forces in the vicinity of the objective(s).
z Prevent the enemy from surprising enemy forces vicinity the objective(s).
3-95. At the end of D-1 operations, enemy forces in the AO that can affect the AASLT should be
destroyed or located for targeting and attack before the AASLT.
D-DAY
3-96. On D-day, the focus of ARB operations is to finalize setting conditions for the AASLT, provide
security for the AASLT itself, and then close CS fires. After the initial lift is in the LZ, the focus shifts to
securing the airhead and/or providing supporting fires to the commander on the ground.
3-97. A typical pattern for attack reconnaissance helicopter operations on D-day begins with attacks to
destroy located/templated forces that can affect the AASLT to finalize setting conditions. This is normally
a company operation. This stage ends with the LZs confirmed clear and attack reconnaissance helicopters
in overwatch of the LZs. Typically, the lead company will conduct a BHO to a second company who will
perform the actual overwatch. This second company will overwatch the initial lift into each LZ and then
either push out beyond the airhead line into the security zone or provide close supporting fires to the
ground tactical commander (GTC). The third company usually cycles in to extend the duration of the
security zone mission and/or the supporting fires. The third company may also be held as a reserve.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 3-19

Staging Phase
3-98. Attack reconnaissance elements may conduct screening operations to provide early warning and
limited security while infantry companies form on or near the PZs. If enemy forces are close by, or contact
is likely, attack reconnaissance assets should be reinforced to increase their ability to repel enemy forces.
Loading Phase
3-99. Battalion elements may be tasked to reconnoiter PZs beyond the security areas established by ground
forces before the arrival of assault helicopters. Once the PZ is cleared, they may screen a vulnerable flank
or likely avenues of approach. Ground mechanized or armor companies are also well suited to help provide
security in both the staging and loading phases. Table 3-1 shows standard PZ markings for security
elements to reference.
Table 3-1. Marking techniques for day and night PZs
Position in PZ Daylight Marking Night Marking

PZ Entry Guide and sign Guide with 2 blue chemical lights
PZ Control M998 and VS-17 panel 2 green chemical lights on antenna
Aid Station M997 Steiner device
Chalk stage points PZ control party guides/signs Guide/blue chemical light per chalk
Lead touchdown point VS 17 panel, smoke Inverted Y, infrared (IR) flashlight
Chalk touchdown Soldier on knees with raised
IR chemical light per aircraft (A/C)
points rifle
Red chemical light ring around
Obstacles Notify pilots on radio
obstacle
Loads to be picked up Hook up team on loads Swinging IR chemical light per load
Air Movement Phase

3-100. Attack reconnaissance elements may be tasked to precede the AASLT element along the air route.
They can conduct route reconnaissance followed by area reconnaissance of the LZs, and possibly the
objective, depending on the factors of METT-TC. ARC elements penetrate the forward line of own troops
(FLOT) at a time interval dictated by the mission and conduct or assist with an aerial passage of lines.
Along the route, they locate any previously unknown enemy AD weapons and radar and suppress those
systems or develop a bypass route for the AASLT element. Attack reconnaissance elements may also
provide information on threats to flight, including natural and manmade obstacles. They may perform this
mission by a moving flank screen or by occupying battle positions (BPs) along the route. Attack
reconnaissance elements can also provide early warning of the enemy’s approach and can engage the
enemy with organic weapon systems or indirect fires. They may also be assigned responsibility for
coordinating the recovery of downed aircrews with other elements of the TF.
Landing Phase
3-101. Battalions can also be tasked to perform the same tasks during the landing phase as they do during
the staging and loading phases. They may occupy BPs to overwatch LZs and the objective.
3-102. If the LZs are hot, the AATFC may decide to delay, divert, or terminate the mission.
Aggressiveness by the AATFC and attack reconnaissance aviation may be the only way to set conditions to
eliminate resistance in the LZ. This requires close coordination between the AATFC and attack
reconnaissance aviation to avoid fratricide and to minimize risk to the aircrews. The AATFC must be
aware of the time that is required to clear the LZs and must adjust the mission accordingly.
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Chapter 3
Ground Tactical Phase

3-103. As the ground force moves forward and seizes its objective, the ARB may again be tasked to
support the GTP. These missions include area security for forward operating bases (FOBs) and FARPs,
reconnaissance of follow-on objectives, establishing screen lines, and conducting route reconnaissance and
security for LOCs. Throughout all missions, the attack reconnaissance unit is prepared to conduct
target/BHOs to other attack reconnaissance aviation elements, conduct CCAs, assist with C2, and provide
reconnaissance information and products.
FIRE SUPPORT
3-104. Planned fires along the route of flight protect aircraft against known or suspected enemy positions.
These fires must be intense and of a duration that destroys or suppresses enemy forces but does not
interfere with aircraft as they fly past specific locations. They are planned on areas and can be fired either
on a time schedule or on call. Fire plans cover PZs, LZs, flight routes, and suspected enemy avenues of
approach to LZs. FS plans include lethal and nonlethal J-SEAD and smoke. Plans ensure the friendly FS
elements do not use ordnance that obscures aircrew vision, especially during NVD missions. Appendix J
gives more information on FS.
PRIORITIZATION
3-105. While the ARB can perform many tasks in support of AASLT operations, it cannot perform many
tasks simultaneously. The AATFC must prioritize the tasks needed and select those that are essential.
Giving the ARB too many tasks simultaneously “dilutes” its effectiveness by forcing a piecemeal
commitment of the ARB.
3-106. Additionally, the AATFC must prioritize when he or she wants aircraft available to support
operations. Continuous presence can only be maintained for about 24 hours, forcing a sequential
employment of teams of two aircraft. The result is that, if asked to assume the attack mode, the ARB loses
the flexibility to mass.
3-107. For planning purposes, an attack reconnaissance helicopter company can perform no more than
one task at a time. Depending on the duration of a particular task, companies may be able to conduct two
tasks sequentially as long as they are related efforts (such as transitioning from LZ overwatch to airhead
security or close supporting fires). The limiting factor for conducting sequential tasks is crew endurance.
The battalion’s missions and the time allocated to accomplish them should be included when evaluating
planning considerations.
CONVOY SECURITY
3-108. Convoy security operations are conducted when insufficient friendly forces are available to
continuously secure LOCs in an AO. They may also be conducted with route security operations. A convoy
security force operates to the front, flanks, and rear of a convoy element moving along a designated route.
Convoy security operations are offensive in nature and orient on the force being protected. (See FM 3-90
and FM 17-95 for additional details.)
TACTICAL TASKS
3-109. A convoy security mission has certain critical tasks that guide planning and execution. To protect
a convoy, the security force must accomplish the following critical tasks:
z Reconnoiter the route the convoy will travel.
z Clear the route of obstacles or positions from which the enemy could influence movement along
the route.
z Provide early warning and prevent the enemy from impeding, harassing, containing, seizing, or
destroying the convoy.
3-110. The convoy security force is organized into three or four elements. These elements include—
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 3-21

z Reconnaissance element. The reconnaissance element performs tasks associated with zone and
route reconnaissance forward of the convoy.
z Screen element. The screen element provides early warning and security to the convoy’s flanks
and rear.
z Escort element. The escort element provides close-in protection to the convoy. It may also
provide a reaction force to assist in repelling or destroying enemy contact.
z Reaction force. The reaction force provides firepower and support to the elements above to
assist in developing the situation or conducting a hasty attack. It may also perform duties of the
escort element.
3-111. Convoy security operations are performed at a minimum by an ARC. ARCs are well suited to the
requirements of protecting a convoy because of their organic reconnaissance capability and combat power.
The company may be reinforced with engineers and MPs.

above in the tactical task and tactical planning consideration sections. Additionally, the following
z Coordinate convoy route (designation, limits and time of day to be used).
z Disseminate composition of convoy to include number of vehicles and crew-served weapons
systems available.
z Coordinate actions on contact.
z Coordinate graphic control measures with security force.
SECTION V – ATTACK MISSIONS

3-113. The capability of the ARB, coupled with Army and joint systems, provides the commander with
the capability to extend fires and effects to the maximum range of the commander’s organic and supporting
sensors. ARBs conduct attack operations in support of BCT, division, corps, and/or theater objectives.
Attack reconnaissance units also make an excellent reserve or quick reaction force for the supported
commander. The aviation brigade headquarters has the inherent staff planning experience to support
maneuver, the synchronization and integration of joint effects, and the ability to control mobile strike
operations. Appendix K has information on joint air attack team (JAAT) planning.
3-114. The ARB brings firepower, speed, and shock effect to the fight. ARB elements assigned to the
BCT provide the BCT commander a capability to reach beyond the commander’s organic indirect fire
capability. Attack reconnaissance aviation can also act as a counterattack force to block or destroy enemy
penetrations.
3-115. The battalion shapes the battlefield by assisting in finding, fixing, and engaging the enemy. When
early engagement of enemy forces is desired in a meeting engagement, attack reconnaissance units may be
employed to develop the situation until adequate ground forces can move into position to join the fight.
Attack operations can occur in either offensive or defensive schemes of maneuver, and either near or
independent of friendly forces.
3-116. A battalion attack mission is intended to accomplish at least one of the following attack mission
criteria:
z Destroy (kill at least 70 percent of the enemy force).
z Attrit (kill at least 30 to 70 percent of the enemy force).
z Disrupt (temporarily remove an enemy force from action or force them to lose the initiative).
z Deny terrain.
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Chapter 3
FORMS OF ATTACK
3-117. The two forms of attacks are hasty attack and deliberate attack. The major difference between the
two is the planning time available.
HASTY ATTACK
3-118. Hasty attacks may serve as a precursor to a deliberate attack or may result from unexpected enemy
contact. Hasty attacks occur most often during R&S operations, meeting engagements, and in response to
an enemy attack. In all cases, units conduct hasty attacks to rapidly develop the situation or overwhelm the
enemy before it can adequately respond. Units may conduct hasty attacks without the foreknowledge of the
location of EAs and BPs. Planners may not know the exact attack time, location, and threat, until shortly
before the mission. CCA battle drills, habitual training, and contingency plans based on probable enemy
actions and intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB) improve the success of hasty attacks.
DELIBERATE ATTACK
3-119. A deliberate attack is planned and carefully coordinated with all involved elements to provide
synchronization of combat power at the decision point (DP). The deliberate attack requires thorough
reconnaissance, evaluation of all available intelligence and relative combat strength, analysis of various
COAs, and other factors affecting the situation. To conduct a successful deliberate attack, the attack
reconnaissance unit must effectively integrate with the overall ground scheme of maneuver or the joint,
operational, or tactical plan to shape the enemy prior to ground force contact.
TYPES OF ATTACK MISSIONS

3-120. The two types of attack missions the ARB is tasked to perform are mobile strikes and CCA.
MOBILE STRIKE
3-121. A mobile strike combines ground based fires, attack aviation, unmanned systems, and joint assets
to mass effects for isolating and destroying key enemy forces and capabilities and shielding friendly forces
as they maneuver out of contact. A mobile strike is a shaping operation in support of a division or a BCT.
It may be focused in a deep area beyond the BCT’s AO, or it may be within the BCT’s AO but beyond the
reach of direct fire systems. The purpose of a mobile strike is to deny the enemy freedom of action, support
friendly maneuver, and destroy key enemy forces and capabilities.
3-122. ARBs conduct mobile strikes to—
z Isolate and destroy key enemy forces and capabilities.
z Shield friendly forces as they maneuver out of contact.
z Focus on key objectives and fleeting HVTs.
z Destroy enemy C2 elements, AD systems, long-range surface-to-surface missiles (SSMs) and
artillery.
z Reinforce ground forces.
CLOSE COMBAT ATTACK

3-123. CCAs are inherent in maneuver and have one purpose—to decide the outcome of battles and
engagements. They are carried out with direct-fire weapons and supported by indirect fire, CAS, and
nonlethal effects. CCAs defeat or destroy enemy forces or seize and retain ground. The range between
combatants may vary from several thousand meters to hand-to-hand combat. During CCA, attack
reconnaissance aircraft may engage targets that are near friendly forces, thereby requiring detailed
integration of fire and maneuver of ground and aviation forces. CCA is sometimes referred to as aviation
“over the shoulder” fires in support of ground forces. To achieve the desired effects and reduce the risk of
fratricide, air-ground integration must take place down to company, platoon, and team levels. Close-
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 3-23

combat engagements also require a higher training standard for aerial weapons delivery accuracy.
(FM 3-04.111 has additional information.)
3-124. For aviation units, CCA is defined as a hasty or deliberate attack in support of units engaged in
close combat during either offensive or defensive operations. During CCA, armed helicopters engage
enemy units with direct fires that impact near friendly forces. Targets may range from tens of meters to a
few thousand meters. CCA is coordinated and directed by a team, platoon, or company-level ground unit
using standardized CCA procedures/briefing.
3-125. The CCA briefing (figure 3-5) provides clear and concise information in a logical sequence
enabling aircrews to employ their weapons systems. It also provides appropriate control, thereby reducing
the risk of fratricide. (See FM 3-04.111 for additional information.)
3-24 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Chapter 3
Figure 3-5. CCA briefing
3-126. CCA tasks include—

z Conduct fire, maneuver, and tactical assault in close support of ground forces.
z Provide complementary fires and maneuver while taking advantage of terrain, stand off, and
ground forces for protection.
z Provide reinforcing fires.
z Continue development of dynamic situation.
z Extend the tactical reach of maneuver forces, particularly in urban and other complex terrain.
z Present the enemy with multiple/simultaneous dilemmas from which it cannot escape.
z Establish and control the OPTEMPO of the fight.
z Synchronize all available reconnaissance, security, and target acquisition (RSTA), fires
(Joint/Army), and maneuver on the enemy force.
z Provide extended acquisition range and lethality to the force after contact is made.
Note. Specific aviation forces are usually OPCON to specific ground forces (and vice versa) as
situation dictates.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 3-25

ATTACK EMPLOYMENT METHODS

3-127. Attack employment methods include the continuous attack, phased attack, and maximum
destruction, all of which vary by duration.
CONTINUOUS ATTACK
3-128. A continuous attack is planned to provide constant attack reconnaissance aviation assets onto a
target area for an extended timeframe. While one company is engaged in the battle, the other two
companies prepare to relieve the engaged company by positioning at the holding area (HA) or the FARP,
or maneuvering to the BP. This continuous attack method provides the commander with the most flexibility
as well as the most efficient operation of the FARP.
PHASED ATTACK
3-129. To exert increased initial firepower of the battalion on the enemy force, the battalion commander
employs one ARC to begin the attack and then quickly phases in the second ARC from a different BP. The
third ARC is phased into the fight when either of the other companies is low on fuel or ammunition. The
commander may choose to change this method of employment. For example, the commander may employ
one ARC to set up the fight and then exploit the attack with the other two companies.
MAXIMUM DESTRUCTION
3-130. To exert maximum combat power on the enemy force the battalion commander will employ the
maximum destruction method. To overwhelm the enemy force with massed fires, the battalion will attack
with all three companies simultaneously. While employing this method, it is important for the supported
commander to understand that the entire battalion will be out of the fight for 20 to 90 minutes at the
completion of the initial attack. The time away from the fight will be dependent on the distance to the
FARP and the time required for refueling and rearming after the initial engagement.
OFFENSIVE OPERATIONS
3-131. In the offense, the battalion attacks to isolate the objective, conducts reconnaissance, and
augments ground forces. Offensive operations fall into one of the following categories: movement to
contact, exploitation, and pursuit.
MOVEMENT TO CONTACT
3-132. Movement to contact is used to develop the situation and establish or regain contact with the
enemy. Attack reconnaissance assets perform the movement to contact like a zone reconnaissance with a
reconnaissance objective of finding the enemy force and developing the situation. Terrain reconnaissance
is conducted only as necessary to support locating the enemy. As a result, a movement to contact mission
proceeds much faster than a zone reconnaissance. The mission culminates in either termination or contact
with the enemy, at which point, the attack reconnaissance unit often conducts a hasty attack.
EXPLOITATION
3-133. Exploitation is an offensive operation that usually follows a successful attack and is designed to
disorganize the enemy in depth. The purpose is to aggressively exploit success at every turn, thus denying
the enemy the ability to reconstitute an effective defense by shifting forces or regaining the initiative
through counterattack. The commander designs the exploitation to maintain pressure on the enemy and
take advantage of its disorganization, shatter its will to resist, and seize decisive or key terrain.
3-134. Exploitation is the primary means of translating tactical success into operational advantage. It
reinforces enemy force disorganization and confusion in its C2 system caused by tactical defeat. It takes
3-26 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Chapter 3
advantage of reduced enemy capability to make permanent what would be only a temporary tactical effect.
Exploitation may be decisive.
3-135. One of the main concerns during exploitation is outrunning support. Timely relocation of FARPs
is critical to sustaining operations.
3-136. Pursuit is an offensive operation designed to catch or cut off a hostile force attempting to escape,
with the aim of destroying or capturing it. A pursuit operation generally begins when an enemy force
attempts to conduct retrograde operations. An aggressively executed pursuit leaves the enemy trapped,
unprepared, and unable to defend. Aggressive pursuit limits the enemy’s option to surrender or complete
destruction.
3-137. Characteristics of a pursuit operation include—
3-138. Rapid shifting of units.
z Continuous day and night movements.
z Hasty attacks.
z Containment of bypassed enemy forces.
z Large numbers of prisoners.
z A willingness to forego some synchronization to maintain contact with and pressure on a fleeing
enemy.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 3-27

Chapter 4
Air Assault and Air Movement Operations
This chapter discusses the mechanics of AASLT and air movement operations. The
primary difference between an AASLT and an air movement is the expected threat.
Air movements are conducted in a permissive environment, while AASLTs are
conducted when enemy contact is likely. Since the majority of the planning is the
same for both operations, this chapter will use the term air assault to address both air
assault and air movement operations. Where major differences exist, they are
discussed separately.
4-1. Aviation brigade utility and heavy helicopter assets provide the maneuver commander the ability to
sustain continuous offensive or defensive operations, and to conduct brigade level AASLTs. AASLT
operations extend the tactical reach of the maneuver commander, negate effects of terrain, seize key nodes,
attain the advantage of surprise, and dislocate or isolate the enemy. FARPs emplaced by lift aircraft and
ground assets enable aviation to support and sustain
operations throughout the AO. Additionally, heavy
lift helicopters are capable of transporting internal
Contents
and external cargo in a variety of configurations to Section I – General ....................................4-1
meet the CS and CSS requirements of both the BCT Section II – Air Assault Planning..............4-2
and the division. Detailed information on AASLT Section III – Abort Criteria.........................4-9
operations and planning is found in FM 1-113 and Section IV – Condition Setting ...............4-11
FM 90-4.
DIVISION STAFF ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

4-2. The division staff sets the conditions for the formation of an AATF. The division staff is responsible
for producing the task organization of the AATF and conducting the necessary mission analysis of the
MDMP. Additionally, an aviation brigade will be placed in a supporting relationship to the AATF. On
occasion, the aviation brigade may be assigned as the AATF headquarters for specific missions to include,
but not limited to, FOB seizure and FARP occupation. The commanding general (CG) is the approval
authority for the formation of the AATF.
BRIGADE COMBAT TEAM ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
4-3. The BCT is the foundation of the AASLT. The primary role of the AATFC and staff is to develop
the GTP. By utilizing the BAE and a supporting aviation brigade staff, the AATFC and staff have more
time to focus on the GTP and follow-on missions. The aviation brigade then focuses on the first four
phases of AASLT planning. It is essential that the AATFC provide the key tasks and commander’s intent.
The commander must relate how he or she wants to “weight” the ARS/ARB coverage and the level of
acceptable risk to the supporting aviation units.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 4-1

AVIATION BRIGADE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

4-4. For AASLT operations, an aviation brigade is normally placed in a supporting relationship to the
AATF and BCT. Through the use of the BAE and respective LNOs from the aviation brigade, concurrent
planning is conducted to support the AASLT. As opposed to having a specific aviation unit task organized
to the BCT, the aviation brigade’s role is to anticipate the needs of the AATFC and provide the necessary
aviation assets to support the mission of the AASLT. As the supporting commander, the aviation brigade
commander has the ability to direct aviation assets within the brigade or request augmentation from
division to provide a ready response to the needs of the AATFC.
SECTION II – AIR ASSAULT PLANNING
PLANNING PROCESS OVERVIEW

4-5. The AASLT planning process (table 4-1) mirrors the steps in the MDMP and incorporates parallel
actions necessary to provide the additional time and detailed planning required for successful air mission
execution. Each of these steps is discussed in more detail in chapter 10 of this TC to include the air mission
coordination meeting (AMCM), air mission brief (AMB), and the aircrew brief (AB). (See appendixes G,
O, Q, and R also.)
Table 4-1. Air assault planning process

Time MDMP Steps Air Assault Planning Steps
Receipt of mission
Mission analysis
COA development
COA analysis
COA comparison
COA approval AMCM
Orders production
Operation order (OPORD)
brief
AMB
AATF rehearsal
AB
AVN TF rehearsal
H-hour
PLANNING TIME LINES

DELIBERATE PLANNING
4-6. Because of their complexity, AASLT operations are deliberate. Ideally, the AATF receives 96 hours
or more, after the issuance of the order, to complete the planning for a BCT-sized AASLT. This is
especially important for forced entry operations. When time is available, units should use the time line
outlined in figure 4-1 below to develop the best possible plan. Each of these steps is discussed in more
4-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Chapter 4
detail along with planning in a time constrained environment and hasty AASLT planning in chapter 10 of
this TC.
Figure 4-1. Air assault planning time line
THE REVERSE PLANNING SEQUENCE

4-7. Successful AASLT execution is based on a careful analysis of METT-TC and detailed, precise
reverse planning. Five basic plans that comprise the reverse planning sequence (figure 4-2) are developed
for each AASLT operation. They are—
z The ground tactical plan.
z The landing plan.
z The air movement plan.
z The loading plan.
z The staging plan.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 4-3

Figure 4-2. Air assault planning stages
4-8. These plans are not developed independently. They are coordinated, developed, and refined
concurrently by both the AATF and aviation brigade staffs, making the best use of available time. The
GTP is normally developed first and is the basis from which the other four plans are derived.
4-9. Planning for AASLT operations requires time to plan, rehearse, and brief. To efficiently use the time
available, the AATF and aviation brigade use common troop leading procedures (TLP) and SOPs.
Standardizing operations between units conducting AASLT significantly enhances the units’ ability to
accomplish the mission.
4-10. Planning for AASLT operations is as detailed as time permits and should include completing written
orders and plans, as described in chapter 10 of this TC. Within time constraints, the AATFC must carefully
evaluate capabilities and limitations of the total force and develop a plan that ensures a high probability of
success. The planning time should abide by the “one-third/two-third rule” to ensure subordinates have
enough time to plan and rehearse. (See FM 90-4 and FM 1-113 for more details.)
GROUND TACTICAL PLAN

4-11. The AASLT ends and the GTP begins when the assaulted forces have cleared the LZ and the
assaulting helicopters have returned to the AA. The GTP ends upon completion of the ground forces
commander’s scheme of maneuver. Once the AASLT is complete, the BAE must shift its focus to
supporting the GTP.
4-12. In accordance with doctrine, tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP), and METT-TC, the GTC
determines the GTP. The plan includes the following components:
z Mission objectives.
z Primary/alternate LZs.
z Task organization.
z D-day/H-hour times.
z Forces required/available.
z Special equipment required (kick-off bundles).
z FS plan (including preparatory fires).
z Attack reconnaissance aviation missions.
z Means of identifying LZ(s).
z Landing formations.
z Offloading procedures.
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Chapter 4
4-13. The BAE plays an integral role during the entire MDMP. The role of the BAE during this phase is—
but is not limited to the following:
z Acts as SME on aviation capabilities and employment.
z Updates AATFC or GTC on aircraft status and availability.
z Establishes communication link to respective aviation LNOs to relay the GTP and BCT mission.
z Establishes communication link to the aviation brigade/TF commander about changes and
special mission requests.
z Establishes the AMB time line.
z Advises the pickup zone control officer (PZCO) on PZ setup.
z Assists in developing staging and loading plans.
z Briefs the AMC on the GTP.
LANDING PLAN
4-14. The landing plan begins when the assault helicopters cross the RP and ends when the assaulted
forces clear the LZ. Factors that must be considered when developing the landing plan include—
z Where to place the LZs.
z The number of LZs required.
z Integration of attack reconnaissance assets and indirect fires.
z LZ update procedures (Cherry/Ice call).
z The procedures required to divert to an alternate LZ and the impact diverting will have on the
GTP.
z Aircraft offloading techniques.
z Derigging loads techniques.
z Reaction to enemy contact.
WHERE TO LAND
4-15. The GTP drives the landing plan. In general, there are two types of landing plans: landing away from
the objective, or on the objective.
z Landing away from the objective. The intent when landing away from the objective (most
common method) is to arrive at the LZ prepared to move out quickly with tactical integrity, to
ensure rapid advance toward the objective and maximum force protection. The METT-TC
considerations for landing away from the objective are:
Mission–usually an enemy force-oriented mission.
Enemy–incomplete intelligence on enemy dispositions.
Terrain–there is incomplete intelligence on the terrain (especially LZs) or there is a lack of
acceptable LZs on/near the objective.
Troops available–conditions are not set or cannot be confirmed.
Time–time is not available to develop the situation.
Civilian–there is incomplete intelligence on the local civilian population.
z Landing on the objective. The intent when landing on the objective (less common method) is to
immediately, upon landing, establish continuous suppression of enemy forces while
aggressively assaulting to secure the objective. The METT-TC considerations for landing on the
objective are—
Mission–usually a terrain-oriented mission.
Enemy–precise intelligence on enemy disposition is known.
Terrain–precise intelligence is known on the terrain (especially LZs). There are good LZs
on/near the objective.
Troops available–conditions are set and verified.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 4-5

Time–time is critical to secure the objective.

Civilian–intelligence on the local civilian population is known and they are not a factor.
LANDING ZONES CONSIDERATIONS

4-16. The larger the number of LZs (such as for a brigade AASLT), the higher the risk and complexity of
the operation. Whether landing away from or on the objective, brigades should plan for one primary LZ
and one alternate LZ per maneuver battalion. This normally results in six different LZs for planning at the
brigade level. Touchdown points are often confused with LZs. A touchdown point is that point on the LZ
where the first chalk of any serial lands. LZs should all have different names and associated grids to further
avoid confusion. Additionally, a greater number of planned LZs increases the difficulty of setting
conditions at each LZ prior to landing. Only in a permissive environment, low-level conflict, if sufficient
assets are available to set the conditions at each LZ, or after careful analysis of the METT-TC situation,
should the AATFC plan for more than one primary and one alternate LZ per maneuver battalion.
4-17. The sequencing of forces into the LZ is critical. Each serial must be ready to execute the GTP from
either the primary or alternate LZ. At each of the battalion LZs, forces must land ready to fight. Forces
should be organized on the PZ, not the LZ. Using the following standards in prior planning will make this
possible:
z Fly and land in the order of march/order of assault.
z Ensure that each serial is able to fight as a team (combat loading).
z Provide guidance (radio and visual) to the helicopters as they are inbound to the LZ; use
pathfinders or scouts for en route guidance (at the RP) or on the LZ for terminal guidance.
Pathfinder or other qualified Soldiers from the assault force lead serial may also be used for
terminal guidance for subsequent serials inbound to LZ. Inbound guidance is not an option.
z Separate serials by a minimum of one minute or more, based on conditions.
z Land UH-60s at least 30 meters and CH-47s at least 35 meters out from the right or left tree line.
This is critical to the deconfliction of fires and flight routing.
Note. The term tree line is used throughout the TC to refer to the area providing the best cover
and concealment, and is a safe rushing distance from the aircraft. This area may be an actual tree
line, building, revetment or other terrain feature.
z Have aircraft land plus or minus 50 meters from the GTC’s intended landing point (as per the
AMB).
z Have aircraft land plus or minus 30 seconds from the air movement table (AMT) touchdown
time.
z Have aircraft land plus or minus 15 degrees from the planned landing heading.
z Ground forces can exit from one or both doors of the aircraft (METT-TC dependent).
z Ground forces offload aircraft within 30 seconds or less.
z Ground forces are in the tree line within 1 minute or less (after serial takeoff).
z Slingloads are landed and crews offloaded within 2 minutes or less.
z Vehicles are cleared from the LZ within 5 minutes of touchdown or less (this includes the 2
minutes of load landing and crew offload).
Note. Increase LZ size, as required, if serial time intervals are shorter between slingloads to
allow loads to clear LZ. This allows subsequent serials/aircraft to maneuver avoiding loads, if
the ground unit cannot move a load off the LZ quickly enough.
4-18. The LZ is where the ground and aviation forces separate. Landing is the critical moment in any
AASLT. Four UH-60’s will require at least a 240-meter 60-meter LZ/PZ (60 meters per UH-60) regardless
4-6 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Chapter 4
of the mission. These are minimum planning requirements. Blowing dust, obstacles, or other hazards
dictate larger PZs/LZs.
4-19. The assault force has the option to go out the left, right, or both doors. Whichever side(s) is planned,
touchdown points, troop door exit, troop movement, aircraft door gunnery, and supporting fires are tied to
that decision. Switching to the other side on the fly (an audible) can only occur with assured
communications and before aircraft cross the RP. Changes must be relayed to all chalk leaders.
AIR MOVEMENT PLAN

4-20. The air movement plan begins when the assault helicopters cross the SP and ends when they cross
the RP. Factors that must be considered when developing the air movement plan include—
z Air route selection and planning.
z Attack reconnaissance updates on the LZ.
z SEAD/JSEAD planning and coordination.
z AASLT security en route.
z FARP rotation.
z C2 procedures.
ROUTE PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS

4-21. Air movement involves flight operations from the PZ to LZ and back. The BAE should assist by
recommending the route; however, it must remember that the final designation and use of flight routes is a
command decision.
4-22. In executing the air movement, the AMC takes OPCON of all army aviation forces (assault, heavy,
and attack reconnaissance helicopters and MEDEVAC, UAS, and C2). The AMC controls all timing for
deconfliction. The AMC controls all en route fires, initiation and shifting of LZ preparatory fires.
4-23. Flight paths include flight routes, air corridors (with specified height and width), and flight axes
(specified width but not height). Both routes and corridors are commonly used. Flight axes are less
commonly used. When possible, plan for one-way flight traffic to mitigate risk. Designation of a two-way
flight route is reserved for the AATFC and should only be used for those highly unusual circumstances
where this risky measure might be necessary. Two-way flight routes are deconflicted by time and/or
altitude separation. To ensure simplicity and focus of available fires, an AASLT uses one ingress flight
route and a different egress flight route. Key elements of a one-way flight route include the following:
z Always plan alternate ingress and egress flight routes.
z Locate the SP 3 to 8 kilometers from the PZs. The flight route starts here.
z Locate the RP 3 to 8 kilometers from the LZs, primary and alternate. The flight route ends here.
z Use a prominent, designated terrain feature located along the flight route that facilitates
navigation, control of speed, and control of en route fires as air control points (ACPs).
z Ensure that no turn in the route exceeds 60 degrees if slingloads are involved.
z Ensure that routes are at least two kilometers wide.
z Ensure that heading to the RP is within 30 degrees of the LZ landing heading.
SUPPRESSION OF ENEMY AIR DEFENSE/JOINT-SUPPRESSION OF ENEMY AIR DEFENSE

PLANNING AND COORDINATION
4-24. In executing air movement, the AMC integrates flight routes based upon PZ and LZ locations and
avoids known or suspected enemy ADs. The BCT ECOORD plans lethal and nonlethal suppressive fires
on known or suspected enemy ADs that cannot be avoided. The AATFC must ensure that flight routes
support both the primary and alternate LZs. The BAE must reflect key SEAD events and countdown calls
on the AASLT execution checklist. SEAD/JSEAD planning and coordination is discussed in appendix I of
this TC.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 4-7

AIR ASSAULT SECURITY

4-25. AASLT security is conducted throughout the air movement phase. AASLT security is not
necessarily just an escort mission. The AASLT security process can be conducted sequentially,
simultaneously, or over a period of 24 to 72 hours before the start of the AASLT mission. This process is
determined early in the mission analysis phase and is a direct result of the BCT commander’s initial
guidance and key tasks.
4-26. Normally, just before the launch of the air movement phase, attack reconnaissance assets fly along
the route to conduct an AASLT security mission. This mission is much like a movement to contact.
Usually, one to two ARCs conduct the mission just before the assault aircraft launching for the air
movement. This allows another cursory look at the air routes and LZs and allows the attack reconnaissance
assets an opportunity to conduct a relief on station with elements already on station providing
reconnaissance.
4-27. The AASLT security force makes the final LZ update (Cherry/Ice) call as the assault forces are en
route to the LZ. Prior to assault forces landing on the LZ, AASLT security forces shift to an LZ overwatch
mission, ensuring they do conflict with the air routes entering or exiting the LZ. As the assault forces land
on the LZ, AASLT security forces move forward to the next phase line (PL) to conduct a screening
mission. Additionally, attack reconnaissance assets maintain the flexibility to execute on-call CCAs, as
needed.
4-28. Security assets must maintain communications with the FS elements for immediate suppression
missions.
LOADING AND STAGING PLANS (PICKUP ZONE OPERATIONS)

4-29. The loading and staging plans, although two separate plans, are incorporated into PZ operations.
This is a collaborative effort between infantry and aviation elements. A PZ run to standard is the first
essential step to any AASLT operation. Its success is paramount to the success on the LZ and the follow-on
GTP. Factors that must be considered when developing the loading and staging plans include defining
responsibilities for providing PZ control, crisis action teams, load inspection teams, hookup teams, security
forces, and PZ rehearsal schedules.
4-30. The UH-60 PZ is known as the light PZ, and the CH-47 PZ is known as the heavy PZ. Both PZs
stage and load troops and slingloaded vehicles, equipment, and supplies. During BCT level AASLTs, at
least one light PZ and one heavy PZ is designated.
4-31. Consider the following when selecting and setting up a PZ:
z Choose PZs by leader’s reconnaissance, aerial imagery, and updated maps.
z Consider security, size, and simplicity.
z Separate UH-60 (light) and CH-47 (heavy) PZs.
z Remove or mark obstacles.
z Consider dust and debris in the vicinity of individual loads and aircraft landing points.
z Consider cover when choosing troop entry and staging areas.
z Consider vehicle entry and staging routes/point for cover, and restrictive terrain.
z Request infantry, MP, and ADA support for security.
z Limit the depth of the PZ by establishing suitable vehicle placement locations (plan on a
standard 5 x UH-60 light serials and 4 x CH-47 heavy serials).
z Identify the location of light and heavy PZ control elements. Collocate the light or heavy PZ
control with the BCT PZ control when possible.
4-8 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Chapter 4
4-32. The PZ control element is responsible for all actions on its PZ. Some considerations include the
following:
z The control element should be emplaced where it can best C2 and overwatch PZ operations
(locate on high ground to maximize radio reception and visibility). Use Avenger forward-
looking infrared (FLIR) to overwatch night PZ operations.
z The element must ensure positive communications are established with the C2 aircraft (AATFC
and AMC) and each serial commander. Based on the size of the AASLT and distance from PZ
to LZ, the AATFC and AMC will use their own C2 aircraft, one in a restricted operations zone
(ROZ) around the PZ and one in a ROZ around the LZ and GTP objective. If line-of-site
communications (FM / UHF) is not possible, tactical satellite (TACSAT) should be the primary
means of communication.
z The element must understand and be ready to execute the bump plan.
z The element must employ the entire PZ chain of action/command.
z Generally, the supporting effort’s infantry battalion executive officer (XO) or RSTA squadron
XO is the light PZCO and may also be assisted by the assault helicopter LNO.
z Generally, the fires battalion’s XO is the heavy PZCO assisted by the fires battalion HSB
commander. The heavy PZCO may also be assisted by the heavy helicopter LNO.
z For a BCT level AASLT, the BCT executive officer is responsible for overall PZ operations and
directs the efforts of the light and heavy PZCOs. Typically, to assist in the operation, the
aviation brigade will collocate a TAC with the PZ control element(s).
z Brigade PZ control erects the PZ update tent and runs the PZ rehearsal assisted by the light and
heavy PZCOs and aviation LNOs.
z Brigade PZ control serves as the C2 node for all PZs. It locates where it can best C2 all forces.
z The element must stage CH-47D CASEVAC and spare aircraft on the heavy PZ. Stage spare,
C2, and MEDEVAC UH-60s as close as possible to BCT PZ control.
z The element must have one cargo truck (LMTV type) with necessary security for EPW
evacuation.
z FLA and trauma treatment team must be available to assist in CASEVAC from backhauling
aircraft and to facilitate MEDEVAC to a Level III treatment facility as necessary.
z The element must have one cargo truck (LMTV-type) configured for ground CASEVAC from
backhauling aircraft.
z The element must maintain PZ local security at all times.
4-33. The PZ rehearsal is conducted after the AMB and prior to the AASLT mission. The rehearsal is a
joint light/heavy PZ rehearsal run by the BCT executive officer and subordinate PZCOs in conjunction
with the aviation brigade. The intent is to have all personnel, involved in running the PZs, provide input
and suggestions on the execution. Everything will be rehearsed, from the set up to the clearing of the PZ.
Discussion will be centered on the following topics:
z Communications.
z Aircraft arrival.
z Staging.
z PZ update brief.
z Hookup and CAT teams.
z Actions for bump plan.
SECTION III – ABORT CRITERIA

4-34. The methodology used in executing an AASLT involves setting conditions, providing suppressive
fires immediately before and on landing, and continuously monitoring abort criteria from beginning to end.
The same criteria and process applies to most aviation missions, thus they can be adapted for use with other
missions.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 4-9

4-35. Abort criteria reflects a change of one or more conditions which seriously threatens mission success.
As such, they are the commander's critical information requirements (CCIR) relating to any ongoing
AASLT operation and require command consideration regarding mission continuation. It is important that
the AMB clearly defines abort criteria and the AATFC monitor them throughout the operation.
4-36. Planners establish proposed abort criteria to assist commanders in deciding when success of the
operation is no longer probable. The AATFC retains authority for abort decisions.
4-37. Given the continued advantage of using the primary LZ over the alternate, delaying (en route or at
PZ) is preferable to diverting. The AATFC must evaluate the risk of such a delay in light of time, fuel,
enemy, and other METT-TC considerations. If an abort criterion is “met,” a decision sequence is used prior
to aborting the mission. The three options are—
z Delay. If time is available to set the conditions, a mission will be delayed to correct a
circumstance that would otherwise abort a mission.
z Divert. If time is not available or a delay will not correct an abort criteria, the TF may execute a
divert contingency. Examples include using alternate flight routes, LZs, or objectives.
z Abort. If an abort criterion exists and a delay or diversion to the mission will not correct it, the
mission can be aborted by the AATFC.
4-38. There are two types of aborts:
z Lift. A lift is aborted when it reaches an aborting criterion. The mission itself is not aborted,
only that lift.
z Mission. A mission is aborted when an abort criterion exists for the entire mission, and the
AATFC decides to abort.
4-39. The following paragraphs discuss the six factors considered when determining abort criteria for
AASLT missions.
WEATHER
4-40. All AASLT operations have one thing in common; AASLT forces maneuver on the battlefield using
the firepower, mobility, and total integration of helicopter assets. Adverse weather conditions make flying
unsafe and degrade the effectiveness of the helicopters’ organic weapon systems. Ambient temperature
conditions also must be favorable for AH-64 aircraft to support the mission. Army regulation (AR) 95-1
sets the minimum weather conditions, stated as a ceiling and visibility, for certain types of helicopter
missions over certain types of terrain. Weather conditions must be at or above minimums for the entire
time aircraft are flying, and over the entire area in which they will operate, unless waived by the division
CG or higher due to criticality of a specific combat operation.
AIRCRAFT AVAILABILITY
4-41. The GTP for an AASLT operation depends on the rapid massing of combat power, at the critical
place and time, by helicopters. Aviation battalions set standard fully mission capable (FMC) rates for
planning purposes. If actual FMC rates fall below the planning figure, the AATF will be unable to build its
combat power as quickly as planned. Abort criteria, in terms of aircraft, are set to inform the AATFC when
overwhelming combat power may not be achieved.
TIME
4-42. Time refers most particularly to daylight and darkness. A significant advantage is gained over most
military forces in the world by operating at night. Unsophisticated AD systems rely on visual target
tracking and acquisition. Other types of combat power, such as AC-130 gunship support, are vulnerable
during daylight hours. Abort criteria, in terms of takeoff times, are set to ensure that aircraft are in hostile
territory under the cover of darkness. Abort criteria are also made to prevent long delays, which lead to
increased fatigue in Soldiers and may exceed the fighter management cycle of the pilots.
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Chapter 4
MISSION ESSENTIAL COMBAT POWER

4-43. AASLT mission planners use doctrine and experience to determine the minimum combat power,
including infantry, artillery, and attack reconnaissance helicopters as well as other assets necessary to
ensure mission success. Abort criteria are used to ensure that friendly forces have the required combat ratio
for the operation.
MISSION CRITICALITY
4-44. BCT AASLT operations are often conducted as part of a division or joint task force (JTF) attack.
Thus, the success of other units and future operations may depend on the seizing of the AASLT objective.
Therefore, some AASLT operations may proceed despite the presence of circumstances that would
normally abort the mission.
ENEMY
4-45. Certain types of enemy activity, especially along flight routes or in the vicinity of LZs or objectives,
may abort an AASLT mission. Abort criteria are usually stated in terms of the size or type of an enemy
unit, the type of enemy equipment, especially AD, and the proximity of the enemy to present or future
friendly locations.
SECTION IV – CONDITION SETTING
PURPOSE OF CONDITION SETTING

4-46. Conditions are set for all AASLT operations. Condition setting includes both lethal and nonlethal
systems against enemy forces and systems that can affect the air assaulting force. Normally, three days are
allocated for condition setting. The threat and ability to assess the impact of condition setting determines
the duration. The purpose of condition setting is to limit and/or mitigate risk to an acceptable level. The
same criteria and process apply to most aviation missions, thus they can be adapted for use with other
missions.
4-47. BCT commanders must have adequate information about their own units and those units working
with them. There must also be some assurance about terrain and weather and a varying degree of certainty
about the enemy. Once the BCT commander knows the situation (and can recognize what is also
unknown), the combined arms forces can be applied to conduct terrain reconnaissance, check weather, and
find and attack the enemy. Throughout this process, information must be verified and reverified so the
BCT can better understand the conditions discussed above as well as how their actions are affecting those
conditions.
4-48. Condition setting is a process that spans echelons from joint theater intelligence assets to an Apache
team. All levels of command are involved in setting conditions. Condition setting follows the decide,
detect, deliver, and assess (D3A) targeting process. In this iterative process of setting conditions,
unacceptable risks can be negated until final conditions are acceptable to launch the AASLT.
4-49. The exact conditions to be set are determined by METT-TC as is the degree of risk the commander is
willing to accept with regard to each condition. The process starts with a standard checklist as forces are
planned and applied to determine what is known and how specific actions will affect the equation. When
setting conditions, four factors should be kept in mind:
z The orderly process should not be mistaken for certainty of calculations and routes. Professional
judgment must be applied.
z Completing the checklist does not equal setting conditions. Once the information is known, it
must be used. Use the checklist as a periodic evaluation tool, not as a one-time “GO/NO-GO”
drill.
z BDA of enemy forces and capabilities is not easy. In weighing the validity of BDA projections,
it is important to balance confirmed intelligence against friendly combat power applied. More
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 4-11

combat power is usually a good hedge against uncertain BDA. In the end, BDA is too important
to leave to the S2/Assistant Chief of Staff–Intelligence (G2) community alone; the commander
must assume responsibility for making the final decision.
z Remember, each mission into hostile airspace is planned and resourced as a combined arms
combat operation.
CONDITIONS CHECKS
4-50. The conditions for the AASLT must continuously be checked. It is important to consider the latency
of the information when presenting it to the commander.
4-51. For a BCT AASLT, there is a series of division conditions checks as the preliminary operations
continue, and a supporting series of BCT conditions checks. These are conducted in the applicable CPs. All
warfighting functions staff members participate. Brigade and division LNOs attend each other’s conditions
checks, when possible in person, or by video teleconference (VTC)/conference call when necessary.
4-52. The final conditions check is held near the AATF’s PZ control CP. It always includes a review of the
latest friendly and enemy situation, and information on terrain and weather.
4-53. The standard conditions check slide set depicts the conditions that must be considered and evaluated,
if applicable, to launch an AASLT. A NO-GO condition indicates a situation that places the mission at an
extremely high potential of failure or is an excessive risk to Soldiers’ lives and equipment. Based on
METT-TC, other conditions should be included that are deemed to have significant impact on the mission.
4-54. Table 4-2 depicts the areas in which conditions must be set. Appendix D provides the detailed
checklist by warfighting functions for the GO/NO-GO decision.
Table 4-2. Air assault conditions

check
Condition Set: Yes/No
Weather
Warfighting function check
Intelligence
Maneuver
FS
Space
AD / airspace
Mobility / countermobility /
survivability
CSS
C2
Risk management
Recommendation
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Chapter 5
Aviation Support Operations
This chapter addresses lift aircraft combat and CS missions. In FF terms, these
missions are considered maneuver and maneuver support missions. A detailed
discussion of each is found in FM 1-113.
SECTION I – ARMY AIRBORNE COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEM

5-1. The A2C2S, a UH-60-based package, represents a significant enhancement to the commander’s
ability to C2 forces. The A2C2S has five operational roles. They include—
z BCOTM platform.
z Ground tactical command post (TAC CP).
z Jump TOC.
z Early entry CP.
Contents
z First responder during national disasters.
Section I – Airborne Command and
5-2. On-board communications linkages allow the Control........................................................5-1
commander to be continuously in contact with
Section II – Casualty
committed forces. This permits the commander to be Evacuation/Medical Evacuation ...............5-1
untethered to a static operations center, maintain
Section III – Aerial Sustainment ...............5-7
SU, issue and receive fragmentary orders
(FRAGOs) with graphics, synchronize fires and
maneuver, and extend the coverage throughout the entire battlespace. A2C2Ss are organic to the CAC of
the GSAB. Appendix H has more information on A2C2S, and a detailed discussion of A2C2S is found in
FM 3-04.111.
SECTION II – CASUALTY EVACUATION/MEDICAL EVACUATION
CASUALTY EVACUATION
5-3. CASEVAC is the use of standard mission aircraft to move the wounded when there are not enough
MEDEVAC assets. CASEVAC aircraft and crews—
z Do not include medical personnel or equipment.
z Are not able to provide en route medical care.
z Are not protected under the Geneva Convention.
5-4. Both MEDEVAC and CASEVAC are planned for every operation. The CH-47 can transport up to
24 litter patients, 31 ambulatory patients or some combination thereof. The UH-60 can carry four or six
litters, depending on seating configuration. Utility and heavy helicopter units conduct CASEVAC
operations when medical aircraft are insufficient or not readily available.
5-5. Evacuation of casualties is the responsibility of the health service support (HSS) system. Air
evacuation is the preferred method of evacuation of seriously wounded and ill Soldiers.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 5-1

MEDICAL EVACUATION
5-6. The aviation brigade’s GSAB has an organic air ambulance company consisting of a company
headquarters and four air ambulance platoons with three aircraft each. Air ambulance company assets can
collocate with HSS organizations, and the aviation TF or higher to provide air ambulance support
throughout the division AO.
5-7. MEDEVAC applies to both air and ground evacuation. All aeromedical evacuation capability is
housed in the aviation brigade and provides support to all theater, corps, and division subordinate units. It
is important to note that air ambulance assets are responsible for a multitude of implied tasks relative to the
continuum of health care with Title 10 of United States Code. These implied tasks include, but are not
limited to—
z Evacuation support to JIM operations.
z Transportation of blood and biologicals.
z Movement of key and essential medical personnel, equipment, and supplies.
z Support to civilian population when necessary.
5-8. The speed, range, flexibility, and versatility of aeromedical evacuation permits patients to be moved
directly to a medical treatment facility (MTF) best equipped to deal with their condition. The HH-60 is
used as the primary dedicated air ambulance and is equipped with medical personnel and equipment that
enables en route care of casualties.
MISSION
5-9. The primary mission of the air ambulance company is patient evacuation. The air ambulance
company also provides the following:
z Movement of medical personnel and equipment.
z Emergency movement of class VIII, including blood products and biologicals.
z PR support.
z Aerial NEO when directed by applicable commander/authority.
z MEDEVAC support both within the division and external to the division AOR in support of
Title 10 of United States Code taskings.
5-10. All MEDEVAC asset use is directed through the aviation brigade, GSAB, or TF TOC as appropriate.
Mission coordination between the theater medical command structure and the aviation brigade, GSAB, or
TF structure will be required for execution of MEDEVAC missions as it relates to the entire HSS
spectrum.
5-11. MEDEVAC missions require two authorizations:
z Mission authority. The validation of a medical requirement (casualty, blood/biologicals,
emergency medical resupply), establishment of medical priorities (urgent, urgent-surgical,
priority, and routine), and recommendation of mission platform (ground or air, if air then either
air ambulance or opportunity CASEVAC aircraft) must be in the form of a 9-line MEDEVAC
request. A medical officer approves the use of MEDEVAC aircraft for the mission based on
medical necessity and asset availability.
z Launch authority. The aviation commander considers the collective risk assessment of the
mission and determines final mission execution authority or launch authority. The operational
aspects related to the collective risk assessment include, but are not limited to, the following:
Threat.
Rules of engagement (ROE).
Weather.
Fighter management.
5-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Chapter 5
Escort requirements.
Overall tactical situation.
5-12. Aeromedical evacuation is a critical capability used across the breadth and depth of the battlefield.
Both mission approval authority and aircraft launch authority must be specified by the senior commander
with request procedures clearly understood by all subordinate units.
5-13. Recent conflicts indicate that extended distances from point of injury to MTF make en route patient
care more important than ever. Effectively trained and competent flight medics are essential for patient
stabilization/sustainment over extended distances. Recent conflicts have also indicated the need for armed
aerial escort, and often a trail aircraft, during MEDEVAC mission execution.
MEDICAL EVACUATION DURING AIR ASSAULT OPERATIONS
Planning Considerations
5-14. Planning considerations for MEDEVAC during AASLT operations include the following:
z The air ambulance platoon leader should brief the MEDEVAC plan at the AMCMs, AMBs and
HSS rehearsal.
z The AATFC’s casualty estimate drives how many MEDEVAC aircraft will support AASLTs.
z MEDEVAC aircraft are limited assets and should be scheduled and used accordingly.
z MEDEVAC aircraft should be staged to support an AASLT at the latest possible time (to keep
the crew on station for the longest amount of mission hours.) MEDEVAC aircraft should not be
placed in the ROZ too early.
z ROZs should only be used to expedite pickup of casualties in long distance AASLT (METT-
TC).
z MEDEVAC aircraft support short distance AASLT from the PZ or brigade support area (BSA).
z MEDEVAC routes to Level II or III health care facilities are briefed to all aircrews participating
in the AASLT because aircraft conducting the AASLT could be diverted to CASEVAC.
z Casualty collection point (CCP) locations are briefed during the AASLT rehearsal.
z It is necessary to maintain a FARP after the AASLT is completed. MEDEVAC aircraft will still
support follow-on ground tactical operations.
Execution
5-15. MEDEVAC and CASEVAC aircraft are normally OPCON to the AATF during AASLT operations.
When task organized to the BCT, MEDEVAC aircraft work for the aviation TF or the BAE when aviation
TF is not working for the BCT. The AATFC is normally the launch authority, although the AATFC may
release this authority to the AMC. The AMC controls the MEDEVAC operation to deconflict airspace. The
AMC clears all MEDEVAC/CASEVAC aircraft movements, to include launch and landings, using the air
battle net (ABN). (Launch authority may be retained by the AATFC, but the AMC is responsible for
execution.) A check should be made, over the combat aviation net (CAN)1, with the AMC before
committing MEDEVAC/CASEVAC aircraft into the operational area. MEDEVAC/CASEVAC is
requested over the CAN1 net for the duration of the AASLT operation, until the evacuation net is
established. This ensures good coordination of fires and airspace. A minimum of two flight/ground medics
should fly on each CASEVAC CH-47D (The medical company providing area support normally provides
these medics). The following are keys to a successful MEDEVAC or CASEVAC operation:
z Ensuring MEDEVAC or CASEVAC crews are available for AASLT orders, rehearsals, and
preparations.
z Sending MEDEVAC aircraft into secure PZs.
z Using lethal and nonlethal SEAD.
z Integrating attack reconnaissance aviation escort and/or PZ overwatch.
z Ensuring terminal guidance into the PZ.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 5-3

z Ensuring CCPs are planned at each LZ and annotated on the AMBs LZ diagrams.
z Ensuring MEDEVAC crews receive all AASLT OPORDs and aviation support from the AMC.
z Ensuring MEDEVAC can be called for the extraction of injured/downed aircrews, if PR aircraft
are unavailable.
z Requesting units mark, secure, and provide aid and litter teams at the PZs. Select LZs that are
level and clear of debris (wires, engineer tape, loose equipment) within a 50-meter radius.
Backhaul Planning
5-16. During AASLT planning, the AATF staff and AMC plan the combined use of aerial MEDEVAC
and CASEVAC. While assaulting aircraft may backhaul wounded from the PZ, the time required to load
and unload casualties could desynchronize the AMT. If possible, separate CASEVAC aircraft should be
used. While executing MEDEVAC or CASEVAC during the AASLT, this added factor will almost always
cause delays in AASLT flow unless spare aircraft are committed to replace backhaul (CASEVAC) aircraft
preventing delays of follow-on lifts. Commitment of spare aircraft limits the effect on insertion forces
seeing wounded Soldiers and bloodstains in aircraft.
Backhaul Procedure
5-17. The backhaul of casualties during AASLT operations requires the following procedures:
z Radio call goes to C2 aircraft on CAN1. The health service support officer (HSSO) relays the
request to AATFC. If the request is approved, the AMC will direct the next serial’s last 2
aircraft (per METT-TC), after dropping off personnel, to relocate to the LZ CCP to pick up
casualties.
z All backhauled casualties are taken to the PZ or FARP.
z Backhaul aircraft with casualties notify PZ control or FARP control that they are inbound with
casualties.
z The last serial of the final lift makes the final CASEVAC pick up of casualties, as required,
before the conclusion of the AASLT.
Landing Zone Marking
5-18. Following are the preferred methods of marking LZs:

z Day = smoke (do not pop until instructed), panel marker.
z Night = strobe or chemlight (blue/green not visible under aviation NVG).
5-19. Units should consider the following when marking the LZ:
z Keep vehicles and personnel, except signalman, clear of area until instructed otherwise by
aircrew. A well marked LZ and inexperienced signalman is better than a poorly marked LZ and
experienced signalman.
z Keep all other light sources away from LZ (they will shut down aviators’ NVG), unless
instructed otherwise by aircrew.
z Once aircraft is inbound, the crew makes an estimated time of arrival call. The person on the
radio at the site must have visual on the LZ to confirm the signal, if required, or to assist crew in
positioning.
z Once aircraft is landed, keep personnel away from the aircraft, while the medic comes to the
patient. The unit must provide personnel to assist in loading the patient on the aircraft (under
direction of the medic).
z Do not evacuate weapons and pyrotechnics (real-world casualties).
5-4 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Chapter 5
Medical Evacuation Request

5-20. Units use the MEDEVAC request format (table 5-1) for requesting support for both air and ground
ambulances and for requesting CASEVAC.
Table 5-1. Nine-Line MEDEVAC request format

Where/How Who
Line Item Explanation Reason
Obtained Provides
Map, global
positioning
Transmit the grid system
1. Location of Unit Tells aircrew where to
coordinates of the casualty (GPS), or
pickup site. leader. pickup casualties.
PZ. mission plan
OPORD.
Signal Radio
Transmit frequency/call
2. Radio operation telephone Tells aircrew who to
sign of radio at the LZ
frequency. instructions operator contact.
CCP/casualty PZ.
(SOI). (RTO).
Use brevity code to report
applicable info:
A=Urgent Medic,
3. Number of Tells the commander
B=Urgent-surgical Assessment combat life
casualties by controlling aircraft the
of casualties. saver, unit
precedence. C=Priority priority of the request.
leader.
D=Routine
E=Convenience
Use the applicable brevity
codes: Required so that
From Medic or
4. Special A-None equipment can be placed
evaluation of senior
equipment on board the evacuation
B-Hoist patient/ person
required. vehicle prior to the start
C-Extraction equipment situation. present.
of the mission.
D-Ventilator
Report casualties needing
litter versus ambulatory: Medic, Tells commander how
5. Number of
"Litter + Number Assessment combat many aircraft in what
casualties by
of casualties. lifesaver, configuration are
type. break, unit leader. required.
Ambulatory + Number"
N-No enemy troops on
area. Assists the evacuation
P-Possibly enemy troops in crew in assessing the
area (approach with Evaluation of situation and determining
6. Security of
caution). enemy Unit if assistance is required.
pickup site
contact leader. More definitive guidance
(wartime). E-Enemy troops in area around PZ. can be furnished to the
(approach with caution). evacuation vehicle while
X – Enemy troops in area it is en route.
(armed escort required).
Specific information about
patient wounds by type Medic or Assists evacuation
6. Security of
(gunshot or shrapnel). Evaluation of senior personnel in determining
pickup site
Report serious bleeding, patient. person treatment and special
(peacetime).
along with patient blood present. equipment needed.
type, if known.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 5-5

Table 5-1. Nine-Line MEDEVAC request format

Where/How Who
Line Item Explanation Reason
Obtained Provides
Assists the evacuation
crew in identifying the
Use the applicable brevity specific location of the
codes: pick up. Note that the
color of the panels or
A-Panels Based on Medic or
7. Method of smoke should not be
B-Pyrotechnic signal situation and senior
marking pickup transmitted until the
availability of person
site. C-Smoke signal evacuation vehicle
materials. present.
contacts the unit (just
D-None
prior to its arrival). For
E-Other security, the crew should
identify the color and the
unit should verify it.
The number of patients in
each category need not be Assists in planning for
transmitted. Send only the destination facilities and
applicable brevity codes: Medic or the need for guards. Unit
8. Patient
A-U.S. military senior requesting support
nationality and From patient
B-U.S. civilian person should ensure that there
status.
present is an English-speaking
C-Non-U.S. military representative at the
D-Non-U.S. civilian pickup site.
E-EPW
Include this line only when
applicable. Send the
9. CBRN applicable brevity codes: Assists in planning for the
Medic or
mission. (Determine
contamination C-Chemical senior
From situation which evacuation vehicle
(when person
B-Biological will accomplish the
applicable). present
R-Radiological mission and when).
N-Nuclear
Include details of terrain
features in and around Allows evacuation
proposed landing site. If personnel to assess
9. Terrain
possible, describe From area Personnel route/avenue of approach
description
relationship of site to survey at site into area. Of particular
(Peacetime).
prominent terrain feature importance if hoist
(lake, mountain, and operation is required.
tower).
In lines 3 and 5 of the MEDEVAC/CASEVAC request, use the word "break" between each category on
line 3, and between litter and ambulatory on line 5.
HEALTH SERVICE SUPPORT REHEARSAL

5-21. HSS requires its own distinct rehearsal to maximize success. This rehearsal is distinct from the CSS
rehearsal. The BCT or infantry battalion XO runs the HSS rehearsal. BCT participants include—
z BAO (may be the PZ control representative).
z Aviation TF representative.
z Air ambulance forward support medical team leader.
z Brigade adjutant (S1)/officer in charge (OIC).
z Brigade surgeon.
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Chapter 5
z Brigade fires and effects cell (FEC) representative or FA battalion representative.

z BSB logistics operations officer.
z BSB health services support officer.
z BSB medical company commander.
z BSB S2.
z BSB ground ambulance platoon leaders.
z Division medical operations center representative.
z Infantry battalion S1s.
z Infantry battalion medical platoon leaders.
5-22. The rehearsal of the HSS plan includes review of the enemy and friendly situation and C2
relationships. The crew rehearses communications, casualty collection and treatment, evacuation, and the
use and manning of MEDEVAC and CASEVAC aircraft for each phase of the AASLT operation using the
brigade AASLT execution checklist. Specific points covered include—
z A walk-through of casualty collection from point of injury to CCPs.
z Locations and markings of CCPs.
z Insertion of medical treatment teams.
z Proposed changeover codeword and timing for MEDEVAC requests to shift from CAN1 to the
forward medical support company evacuation net. This is planned for the conclusion of the
AASLT, but may have to occur earlier if METT-TC demands.
z Transmission of 4- versus 9-line MEDEVAC request format.
z Tracking of casualties and MEDEVAC/CASEVAC missions from the point of injury to MTF.
z Procedures for contacting, manning, and calling forward MEDEVAC/CASEVAC aircraft to
include linkup of attack reconnaissance escort and/or LZ overwatch.
z Airspace control, to include PZs, LZs, routes, and SEAD plans. If a ROZ orbit is planned, it will
be discussed here.
z Planned location and daytime/nighttime marking of the MEDEVAC pad located near the
forward support medical company.
z Post-air assault MEDEVAC/CASEVAC procedures.
z Communications exercise (COMMEX) plan and timings. MEDEVAC/CASEVAC
communications will be rehearsed using actual means.
z Litter exchange.
z Class VIII resupply.
SECTION III – AERIAL SUSTAINMENT
LOGISTICS
5-23. Mechanized and infantry BCTs have significantly different needs and requirements. The aviation TF
supporting the BCT provides aerial resupply, CSS, or maneuver sustainment based on METT-TC. The
BAE assists in this effort by providing information and requirements to the aviation TF as appropriate. The
discussion provided here focuses on aerial sustainment of infantry or forced entry BCTs.
BRIGADE LOGISTICS OPERATIONS

5-24. Aviation assets for logistics operations in support of the BCT must be built considering METT-TC
and the BCT resupply plan.
5-25. At the beginning of sustainment operations, the BSB support operations officer (SPO) receives
support requirements from the BCT logistics officer (S4). This occurs during the logistics meeting that
takes place the day before the actual resupply operation. The BCT S4 is responsible for consolidating and
prioritizing the support requirements from the subordinate battalion S4s.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 5-7

5-26. The SPO plans resupply missions for the entire BCT based on input from the BCT S4. The SPO
makes the ultimate decision on how best to resupply units based on the situation. The SPO coordinates
with BAE to ensure available aircraft are used in a manner that best supports the BCT commander’s plan.
LOGISTICS PAD
5-27. Some units establish a logistics helipad (LOGPAD) in the brigade or division support area (DSA).
The LOGPAD often serves as the focal point for aerial resupply missions where internal and external loads
can be picked up for delivery to units.
5-28. Battalion S4s direct their support platoon leaders to prepare supplies for slingload operations on the
BSB LOGPAD based on guidance from the BCT S4 and the SPO.
AIR MISSION COORDINATION MEETING

5-29. After support requirements have been identified, the SPO conducts an AMCM at the BSB TOC the
night before the planned aerial resupply. Attendees include—
z Aviation operations representatives (BAO, S3, or pilots).
z SPO.
z BCT S4.
z LOGPAD OIC.
z Battalion S4s.
z Support platoon leaders.
5-30. The SPO presents the AMB in five-paragraph OPORD format. The LOGPAD OIC provides a PZ
sketch of the LOGPAD to the aviation operations representative. The battalion S4s and support platoon
leaders also provide LZ sketches to the aviation operations representative for each LZ. The battalion S4s
coordinate with their battalion S3s for LZ security. The BSB SPO provides PZ and LZ times to the aviation
operations representatives.
5-31. The AMCM produces an operational resupply mission matrix (table 5-2) used to execute the
resupply missions. This table can be used as is or reconfigured as needed by the user.
Table 5-2. Resupply mission matrix

Unit ACFT Type Cargo Time PZ LZ Marks Freq Call Sign
5-32. Support platoon leaders ensure their resupply loads are prepared on the BSB LOGPAD using their
respective unit’s air items. When the resupply aircraft arrive in accordance with the operational matrix
coordinated the night before, battalion S4s take control of the hookup crews. The support platoon leaders
may fly in the lead aircraft during the resupply missions. This allows the support platoon leaders to
coordinate last minute changes at the load dropoff point due to changes in the tactical situation. It also
allows the support platoon leaders to coordinate directly with the combat trains and provide terminal
guidance to the pilots.
SKETCHES
5-33. At division and BCT level, LOGPAD sketches are developed by the main support battalion (MSB)
and BSB and distributed to the supporting aviation S3s for dissemination to their units. All sketches should
be kneeboard size and contain, at a minimum, the following information:
z Name.
z Lead touchdown coordinates.
5-8 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Chapter 5
z Markings (such as North American Treaty Organization [NATO] T, swinging chemlight,

flashlights with cones).
z PZ control location.
z Numbered pickup points (essential for C2).
z Call sign.
z PZ frequency (FM, frequency hop secure).
z PZ alternate frequency (FM, single channel unsecure).
z Emergency touchdown points.
z Approach/departure headings.
z Go-around direction.
5-34. A2C2 sketches are developed by both the sustainment brigade support operations section and
LOGPAD OICs. Sketches should be distributed to support aviation S3s for dissemination to their units.
Sketches are kneeboard size and contain a general concept of the flow of air traffic in and out of the DSA
and BSAs. These concepts must tie in with the division and BCT A2C2 plan.
PREPARATION
5-35. When possible, conduct a rehearsal of LOGPAD operations, which consists of an actual hook up,
load transport, and AAR. Also conduct a fuel spill rehearsal. This consists of a physical inventory of spill
kits, a class on spill procedures, and actual rehearsal of these procedures.
5-36. The supporting aviation unit provides aircraft and crews to conduct hookup training on the
LOGPAD for personnel who comprise hookup teams. The LOGPAD OICs have overall responsibility for
supervising this training.
5-37. The division LOGPAD operates in the DSA and should ideally accommodate four CH-47s
simultaneously. As always, safety is paramount; training, rehearsals, communications, coordination, and
NCO supervision must mitigate the inherent danger in LOGPAD operations. Consider the following items
when establishing a LOGPAD:
z Location to include road networks to and from.
z Security.
z Size. Is there enough usable space?
z Petroleum, oil and lubricants (POL) spill plan with berm for blivet filling and spill kits prepared.
z Can multiple loads be staged on each point?
z Aviation hazards in immediate vicinity (such as wires, poles/antennas, dust).
z Approach and departure headings (do not over-fly tents or TOCs).
z Trafficability of terrain in poor weather.
5-38. The tempo of resupply operations can dramatically impact combat operations. Aircraft use must be
optimized. The goal is to maximize the number of turns during each shift. This can only be accomplished
through coordination and training.
WET HAWK, FAT HAWK, AND FAT COW OPERATIONS

5-39. A Wet Hawk is a UH-60 that provides fuel to another aircraft from its own internal and external fuel
tanks via a micro-forward area refueling equipment (FARE) system. A Fat Hawk is a UH-60 that provides
both fuel and ammunition. A Fat Hawk crew can refuel and rearm four OH-58D aircraft in less than
15 minutes without slingloading fuel or ammunition. Normal operations consist of two external stores
support systems (ESSSs)-equipped UH-60 aircraft with full crew, three to four POL personnel, a combat
lifesaver/medic, security personnel, armament personnel, and armament and refuel equipment to support
the mission.
5-40. The CH-47’s ERFS, commonly known as Fat Cow, is a modular, interconnected system composed
of up to four 600-gallon noncrashworthy tanks, four electrically operated fuel pumps, and a vent system. It
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 5-9

mounts on the left side of the aircraft cargo area; exact placement depends on aircraft center-of-gravity
limits. This system provides up to 2,320 gallons to refuel other aircraft. (For a complete discussion of
FARP operations see FM 3-04.111.)
DOWNED AIRCRAFT RECOVERY

5-41. The BAE assists the supporting aviation TF in the planning and execution of DART operations in
the BCT’s AO. A discussion of PR operations, as well as aircraft recovery, evacuation, and BDA is found
in FM 3-04.111.
ARTILLERY RAID
5-42. The artillery raid is a high-risk, short-duration mission historically performed by forced entry
divisions. It is used to facilitate the attack of HPTs located beyond the range of current friendly artillery
positions and/or targets tactically “out of reach” of other available FS or maneuver systems. Detailed
planning, accurate fires of sufficient volume, and speed in execution are key to its success. Minimal
required equipment and personnel should be taken. The artillery raid is identical to an AASLT in terms of
planning and execution. The additional set of extraction of the FS element is normally conducted.
5-43. Both the M119 (105 mm) and the M198 (155 mm) howitzers can be transported in an artillery raid.
While the available aircraft may limit some of the configuration choices, the battery commander normally
determines the most suitable configuration based on METT-TC and in coordination with the artillery S3
and the AMC. Further information on artillery raids can be found in FM 1-113.
AERIAL MINE DELIVERY

5-44. Mine delivery operations are generally controlled at the division or corps level. Aerial mine delivery
is an assault helicopter mission that may be conducted by AHB assets at either level. The aviation brigade
has the capability, with proper coordination, to support a BCT or division mission anywhere in the AO.
Further information on aerial mine delivery can be found in FM 1-113.
5-10 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Chapter 6
Unmanned Aircraft System
Although the BAEs are not the primary/sole planners for UAS missions, they must
have a thorough understanding of how UAS operations support the BCT commanders
and their staffs as they plan, coordinate, and execute operations. UAS increase the SU
of commanders through intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR). Armed
UASs provide BCT commanders direct fire capabilities to execute the close fight and
influence shaping of the battlefield. UASs can perform enhanced targeting through
acquisition, detection, designation, suppression, and destruction of enemy targets as
well as BDA. Other UAS missions support the BCT commander by contributing to
the effective TACOPS of subordinate units. The Use of ground control stations
(GCSs) with common data links, remote video terminals (RVTs), portable GCSs, and
Army helicopter/A2C2S/unmanned aircraft (UA) teaming will enhance the COP and
therefore SU, helping to set the conditions for the current force and FF's success. For
more information on UASs, refer to FMI 3-04.155.
UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEM TYPES
Contents
Section I – General .................................... 6-1 Section IV – RQ-7 Shadow Aerial
Section II – RQ-1L IGNAT Organization... 6-6 Reconnaissance Platoon ..........................6-7
Section III – RQ-5/MQ-5 Hunter Aerial Section V – RQ-11 Raven Team................6-8
Reconnaissance Company....................... 6-6 Section VI – Duty Descriptions and
Responsibilities .........................................6-9
6-1. There are four different types of Army UASs:

z Improved-Gnat (IGNAT) (RQ-1L).
z Hunter (RQ-5/MQ-5).
z Shadow (RQ-7).
z Raven (RQ-11).
ORGANIZATION
6-2. Each UAS organization is diverse in form and function with different capabilities and limitations
based upon the specific echelon and the UASs they employ (see appendix F). Each UAS organization is
structured to effectively conduct reconnaissance, surveillance, TA, attack (when equipped), and BDA.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 6-1

MISSION
6-3. The primary mission of UASs is to perform aerial reconnaissance using an electro-optical (EO)/IR
mission payload. UASs are capable of locating and recognizing major enemy forces, moving vehicles,
weapons systems, and other targets that contrast with their surroundings. UASs that employ synthetic
aperture radar and ground moving target indicator (GMTI) sensors will have enhanced ability. In addition,
UASs are capable of locating and confirming the position of friendly forces and the presence of
noncombatant civilians. Conversely, it is difficult to visually locate well-camouflaged enemy forces that
blend in with their surroundings. UAS capabilities are enhanced when employed as part of an overall
collection plan integrated with and cued by other intelligence systems in a synchronized effort to support
the BCT’s needs.
6-4. Detailed UAS unit missions are listed below. Many secondary missions exist; some are dedicated
missions and others occur in conjunction with the primary reconnaissance, surveillance, and TA missions.
RECONNAISSANCE
6-5. Reconnaissance missions other than the standard route, zone, and area include—
z Intelligence gathering.
z Surveillance.
z BDA.
z CBRN detection (future capability).
z Mine detection (future capability).
ATTACK
6-6. Attack missions include—
z Direct attack (lethal and nonlethal) using onboard AV resources (when equipped).
z Designation of a target using onboard AV subsystem (when equipped).
UTILITY
6-7. Utility missions include—
z Signal processing and/or propagation (future capability).
z Delivery of supplies (emergency, long-range surveillance detachment [LRSD], SOF, and so
forth.) (future capability).
z PSYOP (leaflet drops, and so forth) (future capability).
z Meteorological surveys (future capability).
z Multimode (combination of two or more of the above) (future capability).
FUNDAMENTALS
6-8. UASs play an integral role in the accomplishment of each of the warfighting functions. The roles are
discussed in depth for each of the following in FMI 3-04.155—
z Intelligence.
z Maneuver.
z FS.
z AD.
z Mobility/countermobility/survivability.
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Chapter 6
z CSS.
z C2.
6-9. UASs organizations can operate under the following conditions—
z As a subordinate unit assigned, attached, OPCON, or tactical control (TACON) to another
service.
z Near ground forces.
z Day or night.
z Limited visibility.
z CBRN (avoid intentional contamination).
z In environments such as desert, mountainous terrain, rolling hills, dense forest, jungle, plains,
and urban areas.
z All operational environments (such as contiguous, noncontiguous, linear, nonlinear, and
asymmetrical).
ECHELONS OF SUPPORT
6-10. UAS provide three echelons of support that include below BCT, BCT, and division and above level.
BELOW BRIGADE COMBAT TEAM

6-11. UASs in this echelon, primarily the Raven, are characterized by close-range (less than 25
kilometers), short duration missions (1 to 2 hours), operating below the coordinating altitude and
thoroughly integrated with the ground forces normally in a DS role (figure 6-1).
Figure 6-1. Below BCT coverage
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 6-3

BRIGADE COMBAT TEAM - DIVISION

6-12. The RQ-7 Shadow is organic to the BCT. Increasing in complexity (GS and/or DS) with longer
duration (4+ hours) and range (less than 125 kilometers), the RQ-7 Shadow operates above the
coordinating altitude and provides coverage for multiple sectors and ground units (figure 6-2).
Figure 6-2. BCT to division coverage
DIVISION AND ABOVE

6-13. Medium-endurance (16+ hours), extended-range (200+ kilometers) UASs conduct operations at this
echelon similarly to the previous level. Primarily in a GS role, these larger platforms bring multiple
payloads (RQ-1L Army IGNAT) and strike capability (MQ-5B Hunter and RQ-1L Army IGNAT) to their
supported units. The pie shaped circles in figure 6-3 and figure 6-4 depict examples of the different data
links present; line of sight (LOS), and non-line of sight (NLOS) for the satellite communications
(SATCOM)/KuBand. The IGNAT is currently being upgraded with SATCOM capability.
6-4 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Chapter 6
Figure 6-3. Division and above LOS coverage
Figure 6-4. Division and above NLOS coverage
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 6-5

SECTION II – RQ-1L IGNAT ORGANIZATION
ORGANIZATION
6-14. The IGNAT organization has—
z Three UAs.
z Two antennas.
z One GCS.
z Ground support equipment.
MISSION
6-15. The mission of the IGNAT unit is to provide a real-time, responsive, day-and-night imagery
surveillance and reconnaissance capability to support SA, TA, and BDA.
FUNDAMENTALS
6-16. The IGNAT unit operates at the corps level but may be allocated to support a subordinate division’s
scheme of maneuver by facilitating ground maneuver operations. The IGNAT AV is deployed to conduct
R&S missions to protect friendly forces. The IGNAT unit can perform screen missions and participate in
guard or cover missions. The IGNAT AV is capable of moving quickly (160 knots dash speed) to provide
reconnaissance and security, and/or employ indirect fires. IGNAT can perform real-time BDA.
SECTION III – RQ-5/MQ-5 HUNTER AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE COMPANY
ORGANIZATION
6-17. The aerial reconnaissance company (figure 6-5) organization consists of—
z Forty-eight military (4/2/42) and five contractor logistic support (CLS) personnel.
z Headquarters platoon.
z Aerial reconnaissance support section.
z Two aerial reconnaissance platoons.
z Maintenance section (PC, armament personnel, and CLS).
z Six medium altitude long-endurance (MALE) UAs (currently MQ-5B Hunter).
z Three vehicle-mounted GCSs with trailer-mounted generators.
z Two GDTs.
z Two 5-ton trucks with trailers
z One 5-ton truck with crane and fuel trailer
z One 5-ton truck with tank and pump unit.
z Six high-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicles (HMMWV) and trailers.
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Chapter 6
Figure 6-5. Aerial reconnaissance company
MISSION
6-18. The mission of the aerial reconnaissance company is to provide a real-time, responsive, day-and-
night imagery surveillance and reconnaissance capability to support SU, TA, attack targets (autonomous
and/or remote engagements), and BDA.
FUNDAMENTALS
6-19. The aerial reconnaissance company operates at the corps level, but may be allocated to support a
subordinate unit’s scheme of maneuver by facilitating ground maneuver operations. Aerial reconnaissance
company UAs are deployed to conduct the same breadth of missions as the Shadow platoons. The
additional capability gained through armed UAs allows the company to perform screen missions and
participate in guard or cover missions either as an aerial fire controller or in the direct attack role.
6-20. The modular organization of the aerial reconnaissance company facilitates the integration of
nonstandard contractor-operated UASs (such as the RQ-1L IGNAT) or additional detachments of other
service UASs.
6-21. The aerial reconnaissance company is not capable of independent operations. It requires external
administrative and logistical (A&L) support and has minimal self-defense capability.
SECTION IV – RQ-7 SHADOW AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE PLATOON
ORGANIZATION
6-22. The aerial reconnaissance platoon consists of (figure 6-6)—
z Twenty-two military personnel (1/1/20).
z Maintenance section and CLS.
z Flight operations section.
z Four UAs (currently RQ-7 Shadow).
z Four RVTs.
z Two vehicle-mounted GCSs.
z Two personnel/equipment transport vehicles with one equipment trailer.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 6-7

z One vehicle-mounted air vehicle transport (AVT) with launcher trailer.

z Two tactical automated landing systems (TALSs).
z One vehicle-mounted mobile maintenance facility with maintenance trailer.
Figure 6-6. Shadow platoon
MISSION
6-23. The mission of the aerial reconnaissance platoon is to provide a real-time, responsive, day-and-night
imagery surveillance and reconnaissance capability to support SA, TA, and BDA to brigade and below
units.
FUNDAMENTALS
6-24. The aerial reconnaissance platoon operates at the brigade level (organized under squadron level
within the SBCT. but may be allocated to support a subordinate battalion. Shadow UASs are deployed to
conduct R&S missions to protect friendly forces. The aerial reconnaissance platoon can perform screen
missions and participate in guard or cover missions. The UAS provides reconnaissance and security and/or
employs indirect fires. UASs can perform near real-time BDA.
SECTION V – RQ-11 RAVEN TEAM
ORGANIZATION
6-25. A Raven team typically consists of (figure 6-7)—
z Two operators from the unit to which the equipment is assigned.
z Three UAs.
z Three payload types—
Three EO front and side look.
Two IR front look.
Two IR side look.
z One ground control unit (GCU).
z RVT.
z Batteries (single use and rechargeable).
z Carry/protective cases.
6-8 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Chapter 6
z Battery charger/power supply.

z Field maintenance kit.
z Spares and repair parts.
Figure 6-7. Raven team
MISSION
6-26. The mission of the Raven team is to provide R&S and remote monitoring, day-and-night imagery to
support SA and TA, and BDA.
FUNDAMENTALS
6-27. The Raven team operates at the company level. Raven UAs are deployed to conduct R&S missions
and convoy security to protect friendly forces. The Raven AV travels at 25 to 60 knots to provide
information on enemy location, disposition, activity, and/or employ indirect fires. Ravens can perform real
time BDA.
SECTION VI – DUTY DESCRIPTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

6-28. The personnel listed below perform crucial roles in the preparation, execution, and support of UAS
operations. Not all UAS units have all of the military occupational specialties (MOSs) listed below. (See
FMI 3-04.155 for a detailed description of each position.)
z Company commander.
z First sergeant (1SG).
z Platoon leader.
z UAS operations officer (MOS 350U/150U).
z AV operator (MOS 96U/15W).
z External pilot (RQ-5/MQ-5 Hunter only).
z Raven UAS operator (MOS nondescript).
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 6-9

Chapter 7
Aviation Related Missions
This chapter briefly discusses missions that directly relate to aviation operations.
While the BCT Commander will not request FARP or ATS operations, it is extremely
important for the BAE to ensure these missions are facilitated or support for other
missions such as reconnaissance or security could be adversely affected. The BAE
ensures that all aviation related missions are fused to support BCT operations.
FORWARD ARMING AND REFUELING POINT

7-1. Aviation FARPs are generally transitory and support specific mission objectives. The BAE assists
the aviation TF and the BCT by coordinating FARP locations and FARP task organizations according to
the nature and scope of the mission.
7-2. The quality of fuel used in ground vehicles does not have to meet the same standards as that used to
refuel aircraft. Any fueling systems used to refuel aviation aircraft must be certified for aviation service by
having a fuel sample validated. Each vehicle/system will submit a fuel sample to the class III bulk fuel
point to be sent to the petroleum field office laboratory for analysis. The certification of the system is valid
only for 30 days.
7-3. In addition to the laboratory test for solid contaminates, a local aqua-glow test must be conducted to
determine the amount of water in the fuel. An aqua-glow test must be conducted daily before refueling
aircraft and anytime filter elements or fuel sources are changed. The maximum allowable water
contamination is ten parts per million (ppm). For a comprehensive discussion of FARP operations, see
FM 3-04.111, appendix H.
AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES

7-4. ATS assets provide A2C2 and ATS support enabling commanders to orchestrate the air and ground
maneuver, lethal and nonlethal fires, and ADs to conduct decisive operations. ATS support is provided
through automated airspace planning and en route services, terminal control tower, precision recovery, and
airfield operations services throughout the BCT and division AO. These assets provide ATS and A2C2
support, through the TAIS, throughout the corps AO. TAIS is the A2C2 node of the Army battle command
system (ABCS). (For more information on TAIS, see appendix M.) A2C2 cells organic to the battle staff at
brigade and above will assist in deconflicting, synchronizing, and integrating all airspace requirements
throughout the joint battlespace, including UASs. A2C2 cells will develop and maintain a real-time single-
integrated air picture (SIAP) through multipath communications with all members of the air-ground team,
allowing unhindered simultaneous access to the airspace across the full spectrum of operations.
7-5. At the aviation brigade level the initial ATS capability is found in the GSAB of the aviation brigade.
The company will conduct terminal ATS operations, establish AICs as required, provide ATS at temporary
LZs and begin terminal instrument procedures (TERP).
7-6. The ATS company consists of a company headquarters with a communication and navigation
maintenance section and a ground maintenance section, a terminal control platoon with a tactical tower
section and a ground control approach radar section, and an information services platoon with two tactical
tower teams and an AIC. The GSAB’s ATS company supports the aviation brigade with one instrumented
airfield with en route, terminal, and airspace information services.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 7-1

Aviation Related Missions
PERSONNEL RECOVERY
7-7. Joint doctrine defines PR to include combat search and rescue (CSAR); search and rescue (SAR);
survival, evasion, resistance, and escape (SERE); and coordination of forcible recovery operations. All
component commanders are responsible for establishing and coordinating recovery operations. The corps
has additional communications linkages and detection capabilities, which may enable the rescue operation
to be performed more safely and efficiently within the constraints of METT-TC. The corps will then
augment subordinate elements with the required assets to accomplish the mission.
7-8. Corps PR operations are conducted primarily in support of their own operations (downed Army
aircrew recovery) and provide mutual PR support at both the intra- and inter-service levels as required.
Additionally, PR contingencies are incorporated into all mission plans. Special instructions (SPINS) are
issued for each plan and the brigade will prepare to generate PR support requests. (Further information can
be found in FM 3-04.111.)
REAR AREA OPERATIONS

7-9. Maneuver sustainment and support operations are normally conducted in rear areas. There may or
may not be ground maneuver forces in the rear area. Aviation units provide a flexible mix of capabilities to
effectively handle the full range of threats to the rear area. Attack reconnaissance and lift capabilities
provide agile, responsive support of rear area operations and may be performed by aviation units above the
BCT level.
HOMELAND SECURITY MISSIONS

7-10. Homeland security includes defense against terrorist threats or attacks and assistance to public
authorities and the populace during emergencies.
THREAT DEFENSE
7-11. Threat defense includes acting against terrorism, rebellion, foreign aggression, and serious civil
disturbance. These are likely to be conducted as joint operations because of potential targets, such as—
z Power projection capabilities.
z C2 systems.
z Population centers.
z Space-based systems.
z Information systems.
z Computer networks.
z Communications.
z Aerial and seaports of embarkation.
z Mobilization capabilities and facilities.
z Strategic military installations.
z Military energy sources.
z Key military transportation nodes.
z ISR capabilities.
HUMANITARIAN MISSIONS
7-12. Humanitarian missions include support of disaster relief, rescue of stranded personnel in a
nontactical environment, and disaster presence patrols. During these missions, the greatest threat may come
from the natural environment itself. Humanitarian missions should be conducted to the same detail as
tactical missions.
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Chapter 8
Predeployment/Deployment/Arrival In-Theater Operations
This chapter briefly discusses missions that directly relate to aviation operations.
While the BCT commander will not request FARP or ATS operations, it is extremely
important for the BAE to ensure these missions are facilitated or supported for other
missions such as reconnaissance or security could be adversely affected. The BAE
ensures that all aviation related missions are fused to support BCT operations.
SECTION I – PREDEPLOYMENT
8-1. The BAE must be ready to advise and assist the BCT staff in preparing aviation elements assigned to
the BCT for deployment. Within the BCT staff,
BAE personnel will be the only staff members who Contents
are familiar with the unique requirements necessary Section I – Predeployment........................8-1
to successfully deploy aviation assets.
Section II – Deployment ............................8-3
8-2. BAE personnel should coordinate with the Section III – Arrival and In-Theater
BCT unit movement officer (UMO) and the UMOs Operations..................................................8-5
of subordinate aviation elements. The BAO must
reinforce to the BCT logisticians that aircraft require
more preparation for transport than do most ground vehicles, so additional time is required to get aircraft
mission-ready both in preparing to load and after offloading at the point of debarkation (POD).
PLANNING AND PREPARATION

8-3. Successful movement depends on detailed planning, the pre-preparation of OPLANs, SOPs for
deployment by various methods, and the identification, training, and validation of deployment and load
teams.
8-4. Time permitting, advance parties are sent to both the POE and PODs upon receiving the WARNO.
This aides in preparation for embarkation and debarkation and provides C2 and intelligence.
8-5. An advance party is the first team of unit representatives sent to the theater of operations. Aviation
TF advance parties normally consist of the following:
z Key leaders.
z Instructor pilots (IPs).
z Maintenance test pilots (MTPs).
z Maintenance team.
z Reception team.
z Security force.
8-6. The advance party size depends on the deploying force. They will meet the main body personnel and
equipment upon arrival at the POD.
8-7. All aviation elements require local area orientations, test flights, or other requirements not executed
in advance as part of the RSOI process. If units are already present in the country, advance party personnel
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 8-1

should deploy as early as possible to train with those units. The advance party must be briefed on the
theater training requirements and the plan for execution, so it can identify and coordinate required external
support as necessary.
UNIT MOVEMENT INFORMATION

8-8. It is important to remember that aviation units have significant numbers of ground vehicles in
addition to aircraft, so planning must include the movement of these vehicles.
8-9. It is not advisable to move helicopters by rail. They should be ferried to the seaport of embarkation
(SPOE)/aerial port of embarkation (APOE) before loading onto aircraft or ships.
8-10. The UMO prepares and maintains unit movement plans. The UMO maintains contact with higher
headquarters and coordinates logistical support as well as other support activities related to unit movement.
The UMO is also responsible for updating and submitting unit movement data (UMD) as required by major
command-Army (MACOM) and ASCC. The UMO’s duties also include the following:
z Prepares and maintains the automated unit equipment list (AUEL) and other documentation
needed for unit movements.
z Supervises the preparation and execution of unit load plans.
z Maintains approved copies of all unit load plans.
z Establishes and trains the unit loading team.
z Ensures the unit has access to personnel authorized to certify hazardous materials (HAZMAT).
8-11. The following references discuss deployment actions and considerations:

z UMO deployment handbook reference 97-1, published by the United States Army
Transportation School. The handbook can be downloaded from
http://www.transchool.eustis.army.mil/UMOD/.
z FM 3-04.500 (FM 1-500), appendix H, deployment.
z FM 4-01.011 (FM 55-65).
8-12. Surface Deployment and Distribution Command Transportation Engineering Agency (SDDCTEA)
pamphlets provide specific guidance for preparation of equipment for movement. Download the following
pamphlets from http://www.tea.army.mil/pubs/deploy.asp :
z SDDCTEA Pamphlet 55-19.
z SDDCTEA 70-1.
z SDDCTEA 700-5.
8-13. Aircraft preparation, lifting, and tiedown must be completed according to appropriate preparation for
shipment manuals and specific loading instructions manuals for military aircraft (FW air shipments only).
Download the following technical manuals (TMs) from https://www.logsa.army.mil/etms/online.htm:
z TM 1-1520-Apache/Longbow.
z TM 1-1520-237-S (UH-60 A/L).
8-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Chapter 8
z TM 55-1520-238-S (AH-64A).
z TM 1-1520-248-S (OH-58D).
z TM 55-1520-241-S (CH-47D).
z TM 1-1520-252-S (MH-47E).
8-14. Not all contingencies for unit movement can be foreseen because of the wide range of missions and
world events that may occur. BCT staffs should be aware of battle plans and potential early entry COAs.
Initial plans to cover early entry contingencies should be prepared.
8-15. Unit movement personnel should be familiar with the POEs available to their organization and
mission requirements. Special needs and considerations should be addressed as early as possible for each
POE. Unit movement personnel should—
z Establish and periodically update telephone lists, POCs, and special requirements for likely
POEs.
z Conduct periodic leader’s reconnaissance of POEs. Personnel should include members of unit
load teams and advance party personnel.
z Identify advance party personnel and define duties. The BAE should be represented in the
advance party.
z Identify operations security (OPSEC) requirements during movement and embarkation
activities.
z Plan workspace for personnel during the embarkation phase (empty offices, borrowed tentage
from nondeploying units, and rented or borrowed trailers).
z Identify communications requirements (commercial lines, wire, radio, and cellular phone).
z Determine transportation requirements at POE for movement teams and key personnel
(borrowed vehicles and rental cars).
z Determine messing, billeting, MTF, refueling/defueling points, and special requirements for
weapons and ammunition.
SECTION II – DEPLOYMENT
8-16. Depending upon the situation at the POE, the BAE should advise the BCT commander to carefully
plan loading the aircraft along with other combat elements to phase forces into theater with the appropriate
mix for initial force protection or direct entry into combat operations.
8-17. When deploying into a theater where friendly forces are already in place, an advance party is sent to
prepare, receive, and train the unit.
LOADING
8-18. Combat loading is arranging personnel and stowing equipment and supplies in a manner designed to
conform to the anticipated tactical operation of the organization. Each individual item is stowed so that it
can be unloaded at the required time.
8-19. In most cases, the first equipment loaded is the last offloaded. Cargo personnel must carefully follow
guidance from the commander so, at the POD, the sequence of offloading follows the commander’s intent.
8-20. At the POE or APOE, the transport aircraft or vessel should be loaded in such a manner that the first
equipment to offload is that which will be needed most immediately by the unit. If deploying to an already
secure environment, it may be best that the first offload is the type of support equipment that will facilitate
the rapid and efficient offload of the remainder of the load. If unloading in an area that is not yet fully
secure, the first equipment offloaded is that which builds up combat power most rapidly.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 8-3

8-21. Particular attention to the task organization planned at the destination is required. Aviation elements
are likely to be among the first units into the fight and can provide sufficient ISR and security during the
buildup of the BCT force.
SEA OR AIR TRANSPORT

MOVEMENT
8-22. Upon receiving the order, units ferry their aircraft and move ground vehicles along preselected
routes to the POE. Units that can perform depot-level maintenance normally operate at these embarkation
points. As the units arrive, a dedicated depot support team assists in preparing the vehicles, equipment, and
aircraft for deployment. Preparation includes required maintenance and installation of ferry equipment.
8-23. Air and sea deployment modes terminate at the POD. Depot or ASB facilities should be available
there or elsewhere in the theater. Personnel at these facilities remove ferry equipment, install mission
equipment, and perform required maintenance and inspections to prepare the equipment for the mission.
Depot/ASB personnel also coordinate the immediate backhaul of designated support teams and ferry
equipment. On receipt of the deployment order, ASB commanders dispatch preselected facility teams.
Deployment headquarters staff members’ position command facilities at each termination site to facilitate
the integration of aircraft, vehicles, and personnel into the theater force structure.
TASK ORGANIZATION
8-24. According to the threat expected upon arrival (discussed in the next chapter), arriving elements are
task organized as appropriate for the mission to provide force protection as quickly as possible after the
offload. CSS efforts are prioritized to build combat-capable units and command, control, communications,
computers, and intelligence (C4I) architecture.
8-25. To reduce the risk of fratricide, the BAE obtains and provides information to subordinate aviation
units concentrating on—
z The composition and location of friendly forces and the battle plan.
z Theater-specific identification friend or foe (IFF) procedures.
AVIATION SELF-DEPLOYMENT
8-26. Self-deployment is an alternate method to rapidly move aircraft. AH-64, UH-60, HH-60, and CH-47
helicopters with auxiliary tanks can carry enough usable fuel to self-deploy to many locations.
8-27. The BAE should advise the BCT commanders against self-deployment over large bodies of water
except in an emergency or when other methods are not available because of the high operational risk. Units
with a METL, including overwater operations, are required to train for the overwater environment.
8-28. BAE should advise against deploying combat troops on self-deploying aircraft. Available space is
typically used to accommodate supplies, tools, parts, survival equipment, and limited support personnel
necessary to make the flights self-sustaining during the deployment.
8-29. Configuring some aircraft to self-deploy long distances may require alternate transport of some
weapons systems, equipment, and baggage. Maintenance and armament personnel must reconfigure these
aircraft before the unit can commit them to combat. (See FM 3-04.111, for additional information on self-
deployment.)
8-4 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Chapter 8
TRANSIT
8-30. If aviation assets are task organized under the BCT for deployment, the BAO should advise the
commander to direct aviation personnel to accompany and supervise helicopters at all times. A detachment
from the support aviation unit should be formed to accompany the aircraft as soon as the requirement is
identified.
8-31. The stress produced by transporting helicopters aboard ships and cargo aircraft is different from that
encountered during routine operations, and damage can occur in unexpected ways. The helicopters should
be inspected every few hours during transit and any concerns immediately addressed by unit and cargo
vessel personnel. The personnel operating the transport vessel cannot be expected to be familiar with the
special needs of transporting helicopters. A watch or guard roster from the accompanying detachment
should be established for this purpose. See appendix E for more on helicopter planning factors and
characteristics.
FORCE PROTECTION
8-32. Accompanying troops may require special training, the establishment of special ROE, cooperation
with other military elements, coordination with civilian security and law enforcement agencies, and
interagency coordination to defend themselves and their equipment.
8-33. Stops en route to the POD may require varying levels of alert. Troops escorting the equipment must
be alert and prepared for unexpected belligerent activity in areas that might usually be considered benign.
SECTION III – ARRIVAL AND IN-THEATER OPERATIONS
TASK ORGANIZATION
8-34. According to the intensity of conflict, arrival in the theater of operations can be as diverse as an
administrative offload in a benign environment or a forced entry airhead or beachhead.
8-35. Arriving elements should be task organized in a configuration that provides for the build up of
maximum combat power as early as possible during the offload. This means vehicles and aircraft are
loaded so as to allow offload in the order that will provide the rapid buildup of combat power most
effectively. CSS efforts are prioritized to build combat-capable units and C4I architecture.
FORCE PROTECTION
8-36. Aviation forces are particularly vulnerable during the buildup phase when the unit is not at full
strength and when aircraft and vehicles are not fully assembled for combat. The security plan must be
understood and executed from the moment the first unit arrives. The security plan should include passive
and active measures to combat air and ground threats. The BAE should advise the BCT commander to
augment aviation units with additional ground force personnel to increase security.
8-37. Aviation forces are often among the first units to arrive in theater. They may be required to provide
reconnaissance, security, and attack operations to secure a lodgment before more forces arrive in theater.
This situation may require aviation units to conduct immediate and continuous operations from offshore or
remote locations while the main body moves into the lodgment area. The BAE should ensure that
appropriate training for shipboard operations and water survival is accomplished, if operating from naval
vessels is part of the aviation METL.
8-38. To reduce the risk of fratricide, the BAE must obtain and disseminate the following information to
subordinate aviation units:
z The composition and location of friendly forces.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 8-5

z The battle plan.

z Theater-specific IFF procedures.
z Anticipated movement operations.
ARRIVAL IN-THEATER
8-39. The advance party conducts the following measures in preparation for the arrival of the main body:
z Establish telephone lists, POC, and special requirements for the POD.
z Identify OPSEC requirements for the theater.
z Locate workspace for personnel during the debarkation phase (empty offices, warehouses,
borrowed tentage from units already in country, and rented or borrowed trailers and other
equipment).
z Identify communications requirements and availability (commercial lines, wire, radio, secure
and unsecure internet, and cellular phone).
z Determine requirements for and obtain transportation at POD for movement teams and key
personnel (borrowed vehicles and rental cars).
z Locate mess, billeting, and MTFs, refueling/defueling points, and special requirements for
weapons and ammunition.
z Secure marshaling and AAs.
z Receive personnel as they arrive.
z Supervise offloading of vehicles, equipment, and accompanying supplies.
z Coordinate, prepare, receive, and provide local area orientation as applicable.
z Arrange for and accomplish test flights.
z Coordinate, prepare, and administer special training on the local area.
z Prepare for integration of the BCT into the tactical plan.
z Address any other requirements not executed in advance.
IN-THEATER TRAINING
8-40. If units are already present in the country, the advance party should deploy, as early as possible, to
train with those units. The advance party will identify and coordinate external support required for training
and execution of the plan. The BAE is an integral part of this coordination.
8-41. Many units that move from one environmental extreme to another need a period of adjustment to the
new climate. The BAE should anticipate this requirement and assist aviation unit commanders and S3s in
arranging training and conditioning to accelerate acclimation.
8-42. Special training for aircrews may be required, such as operating in desert, high altitude, cold
weather, overwater, or jungle environments. If special training cannot be accomplished before deployment,
it should be accomplished as quickly as possible thereafter. Special training requirements must be
identified, as early as possible before deployment or as part of home station training based on the unit
METL.
8-43. Most deployments will involve operating in a joint or multinational environment. Units arriving
early in theater may be able to schedule training with other services. Liaison elements from the supporting
aviation S3 shop should be designated to ensure smooth coordination. Special training for liaison personnel
may also be required.
8-6 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Chapter 8
REGIONAL COMBAT COMMAND COORDINATION

8-44. Regional combat command coordination begins as soon as the WARNO to deploy is received. Of
special interest to the BAE are airspace control considerations, FSCM, and coordination for PR.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 8-7

Chapter 9
Military Decisionmaking Process
This chapter stresses the necessity of using the MDMP process in planning. Because
of the decisive impact Army aviation has on most operations, BAE personnel should
be heavily involved in the decisionmaking process to incorporate aviation into the
BCT scheme of maneuver. This includes bringing subordinate aviation units into the
planning process as early as possible so they can begin their own parallel MDMP and
TLP.
PLANNING
BRIGADE COMBAT TEAM HEADQUARTERS
9-1. In addition to planning for the operational mission, the BAE must ensure that the countless details of
aviation operations are planned, coordinated, and rehearsed concurrently with OPLAN development.
Examples of ongoing preparation include—
z Task organization actions (such as unit movements or exchange of liaison personnel).
z A2C2 coordination.
z Theater air-ground system (TAGS), airspace control order (ACO), air tasking order (ATO), and
SPINS review.
z Rehearsal planning and execution.
z FARP movement, composition, and locations.
z Maintenance support for BAE equipment.
z PR plans and procedures.
z DART planning.
z Weather checks and analysis.
z Passage of lines planning.
z AD status.
z Weapons configurations and loads.
z Internal configuration of utility and cargo aircraft.
z Communications planning.
z Aircraft markings.
z ASE requirements and settings.
z IFF procedures and mode 4 settings.
MILITARY DECISIONMAKING PROCESS

9-2. To effectively plan and coordinate missions, the commander and staff follow MDMP.
9-3. Figure 9-1 below shows the steps involved in MDMP. For more aviation specific information, refer
to FM 3-04.111 and FM 5-0 for discussion of this process in detail.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 9-1

Figure 9-1. Military decisionmaking process
TIME REQUIRED TO PLAN

9-4. Planning time is critical for every type of military mission. While aviation units can move rapidly,
planning time is essential for coordination, clearing routes, mission briefings to Soldiers and leaders, and
unit SOP compliance. WARNOs maximize time available by allowing subordinate units to prepare for
pending action. Planning and operations are greatly simplified by SOPs that are understood, followed, and
internalized through training.
READINESS CONDITION LEVELS

9-5. A system of five readiness conditions (REDCONs) are used to alert units for combat operations or
movements. Units report their readiness to move by stating their REDCON. Additionally, mechanics,
medics, and others should use these codes to estimate when elements (injured personnel, combat vehicles,
supplies, and so forth) will be ready for combat. These levels are typically defined in each unit’s tactical
standing operating procedure (TACSOP). See appendix B for REDCON level definitions.
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Chapter 9
WARNING ORDER
9-6. A WARNO is a preliminary notice of an order or action that will follow. It is a planning directive
that describes the situation, allocates forces and resources, and establishes command relationships. It
provides other initial planning guidance and initiates subordinate unit mission planning. Planning and
coordination begin when the unit receives a notice of mission. Units may also begin to reconfigure or
reposition in support of the upcoming operation.
DECIDE, DETECT, DELIVER, AND ASSESS METHODOLOGY

9-7. D3A methodology facilitates the attack of the right target or objective with the right asset at the right
time. Principally developed for targeting, D3A applies to Army aviation in a slightly different manner.
Aviation flies manned aircraft (and coordinates for UAS and other support) to a target area to deliver
ordnance, and when required, conducts AASLTs to achieve the desired results. For aviation, D3A is much
more than targeting. The D3A process outlined in the following paragraphs offers a method for the BAE to
help the BCT commander make optimal use of the process.
DECIDE, DETECT, DELIVER, ASSESS USE

9-8. D3A is used in every aspect of mission planning. The unit's COA may be included in the
orders/directives from higher headquarters or it may fall squarely on the commander. D3A helps the
commander decide what to attack, how to acquire necessary enemy information, when best to attack, and
how to attack in a way that meets the higher commander's intent. Finally, it enables the commander to
know whether the guidance has been met. D3A is a dynamic process. It must continually be updated to
match the changing face of the battlefield.
9-9. An HVT is a target the enemy commander requires for the successful completion of the mission.
Enemy loss of HVTs should seriously degrade important enemy functions throughout the friendly
commander's area of interest.
9-10. A HPT is a target whose loss to the enemy will significantly contribute to the success of the friendly
COA. HPTs are those HVTs, identified through war-gaming that must be acquired and successfully
attacked for the success of the friendly commander's mission.
Decide
9-11. The decide function is the first step of the D3A process. It is based on current intelligence and helps
define further intelligence requirements. Targeting priorities must be addressed for each phase or critical
event of an operation. The products developed include the HPTL. The HPTL is a prioritized list containing
those targets whose loss to the enemy will contribute to the success of friendly COA. The list also includes
the main targets and those targets that protect it.
9-12. The HPTL indicates the prioritized targets to be acquired and attacked for each phase of the battle.
The number of target priorities should not be excessive. Too many priorities dilute intelligence collection,
acquisition, and attack efforts. The HPTL is used as a planning tool to determine attack guidance and to
refine the intelligence collection/ISR plan. This list may also indicate the commander's operational need for
BDA of the specific target and the time window for collecting and reporting it.
9-13. The decide function provides the overall focus and sets priorities for intelligence collection, target
selection standards (TSS), and attack planning. Even if orders dictate the AASLT target, the D3A process
can assist in planning SEAD and in dealing with subset targets en route and at the objective. Each phase or
critical event in an AASLT, for instance, requires planners to address targeting priorities. The decide
function should answer the following questions:
z What targets or objectives should be acquired and attacked?
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 9-3

z What is the priority for targets or objectives to be attacked?

z When and where are the targets or objectives likely to be found?
z What routes are required for Army aviation ingress and egress?
z Who or what can locate the targets?
z How accurately must the target location be known to the attack?
z What channels are needed to provide acquisition on a real-time basis?
9-14. The decide function is facilitated and supported by—
z The intelligence collection plan (which may include external assets such as Air Force, Navy, and
Marine assets) that answers the commander’s priority information requirements (PIR),
including those HPTs designated as PIR. At division level and below, an ISR plan supports the
intelligence collection plan (see FM 34-2-1).
z The TSS, which addresses target location accuracy or other specific criteria that must be met
before targets can be attacked.
z The attack guidance matrix that is approved by the commander and addresses which targets will
be attacked, how, when, and the desired effects.
Detect
9-15. The detect process finds the HPTs (critical enemy forces) that must be attacked to accomplish what
has been decided for each phase of an operation. TA assets and agencies execute the intelligence collection
plan and focus on specific areas of interest. Mobile HPTs must be detected and tracked to maintain a
current target location. Target tracking is inherent to detection and is executed throughout the collection
plan. Tracking priorities are based on the commander’s concept of the operation and targeting priorities.
The detect function should answer the following questions:
z What are the target descriptions and their size?
z Where are the targets?
z What objective must be secured?
z What DP should exist beyond which a target becomes a HPT?
z How long will the enemy stay in the desired target area once acquired?
z Do any ingress or egress routes have to be changed or modified?
9-16. The S2 is the main figure in directing the effort to detect the HPTs identified in the decide function.
The S2 determines accurate, identifiable, and timely requirements for collection systems. The detect
function involves locating HPTs accurately enough to engage them. It primarily entails executing the
intelligence collection plan.
Deliver
9-17. The deliver function of the process executes the attack guidance and supports the commander’s
battle plan after locating and identifying HPTs. Both tactical and technical decisions affect the selection of
the attack systems and the units to conduct the attack. The decisions are reflected in the staff’s earlier
development of the attack guidance matrix, schemes of maneuver, and FS plans for planned targets. The
decision to attack targets of opportunity follows the attack guidance. It is based on factors such as target
activity, dwell time, and payoff compared with other targets currently being processed for engagement. The
deliver function should answer the following questions:
z When should the target or objective be attacked?
z What is protecting the target and how will those targets be neutralized or destroyed?
z What is the desired effect/degree of damage?
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Chapter 9
z What attack system(s) (aviation, artillery, other service, lethal or nonlethal) should be used?
z What unit(s), including ground forces, will conduct the attack?
z What are the number and type of munitions to be employed?
z What is the response time of the attacking unit(s)?
9-18. The staff recommends and the commander approves attack guidance, distributing it via the attack
guidance matrix. The guidance should detail when and how the attack will be launched, the desired effects,
SPINS, and required BDA of the HPTL. The S3, ECOORD, or BAO recommends the attack system for
each target. All attack assets, including ground forces, should be considered. The attack should optimize
the capabilities of—
z Ground and SOF.
z Helicopters.
z Armed UASs.
z Indirect fire assets: artillery, mortars, NSFS.
z Combat air operations—CAS and air interdiction (AI).
z Countermobility—engineers and helicopter and artillery-delivered mines.
z ADA.
z Cruise missiles.
z EW.
z PSYOP.
z Civil affairs.
z Deception.
9-19. Attack criteria refer to the desired effects on the target or objective. The S3/ECOORD specifies
assault/attack criteria according to higher headquarters guidance. Attack criteria should be given in
quantifiable terms. Criteria may be expressed as a percentage of casualties, destroyed elements, TOT,
duration of fires, number of tubes or launchers, or allocation or application of assets. If ground forces are
required to achieve the desired effects, the staff must determine the size of the force, time on the ground,
extraction, and linkup plans. Additionally, the S3/ECOORD/BAO should identify accuracy or time
constraints, required coordination, limitations on amount or types of ammunition, use of ground forces, and
BDA requirements. For units working with attack reconnaissance helicopter elements, table 9-1 outlines
preferred weapons for anticipated targets.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 9-5

Table 9-1. Munitions selection

Preferred Munitions Type Targets
Missile, radar frequency (RF) Heavy armor, wheeled vehicles, helicopters, slow-moving
Hellfire FW aircraft, other hard targets. Used when minimizing
exposure is essential for survival.
Missile, semiactive laser (SAL) Heavy armor, bunkers, cave entrances, helicopters, slow-
Hellfire moving FW aircraft, other hard targets. Used when a good
LOS to target is available and to conserve RF missiles.
Missile, Blast Fragment Hellfire Naval craft, military operations on urbanized terrain (MOUT)
targets, heavy equipment, light armor, weapon caches, and
targets in a severe EO countermeasure environment.
Warhead has a delay fuse with lethal fragmentation and
incendiary pellets upon detonation.
Missile, Stinger Helicopters, slow-moving FW aircraft.
Cannon, 30 mm high Lightly armored targets, materiel and helicopters.
explosive, dual purpose
(HEDP)
Machine gun, .50-caliber ball Materiel and unarmored targets.
Machine gun, .50-caliber tracer Observation of trajectory, incendiary effect, and signaling.
Machine gun, .50-caliber, Light armor, concrete shelters, and similar bullet resistant
armor piercing targets.
Machine gun, .50-caliber, Hardened or armored targets to ignite flammable material.
incendiary
Machine gun, .50-caliber, Combined effects of armor piercing and incendiary rounds.
armor piercing incendiary
Machine gun, 7.62 mm ball Personnel and unarmored targets.
Machine gun, 7.62 mm tracer Observation of trajectory, incendiary effect, and signaling.
Machine gun, 7.62 mm armor Light armor, concrete shelters, and similar bullet resistant
piercing targets.
Rocket, high explosive (HE) Materiel, personnel, light armor, and wheeled vehicles.
Rocket, high explosive Light armor, wheeled vehicles, materiel, fighting positions,
multipurpose submunition and strong points.
(MPSM)
Rocket, flechette Personnel, unarmored vehicles, and helicopters.
Rocket, illumination Battlefield illumination, shut-down of enemy NVDs.
Rocket, white phosphorous Target marking, incendiary.

(smoke)
9-20. FM 3-09.32 provides risk estimates (danger close) for fixed- and rotary-winged aircraft-delivered
ordnance.
9-21. Especially with rockets and guns, aviation commanders must consider aircrew proficiency when
operating near ground units. FM 3-09.32 designates danger close range for Army aircraft systems as—
9-6 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Chapter 9
z Hellfire, 75 meters.
z Rockets, 175 meters.
z Guns, 150 meters.
WARNING
These estimates and the resultant danger close ranges are for
use in combat and are not minimum safe distances for peacetime
training use. The supported commander must accept
responsibility for the risk to friendly forces when targets are
inside the danger close range.
Assess
9-22. Combat assessment is the determination of the overall effectiveness of force employment during
military operations. Combat assessment has three major components:
z BDA.
z Munitions effectiveness assessment.
z Reattack recommendation.
9-23. BDA is the timely and accurate estimate of damage resulting from the application of military force.
BDA accomplishes the following:
z Provides commanders with snapshots of their effectiveness on the enemy and an estimate of the
enemy’s remaining combat effectiveness, capabilities, and intentions.
z Provides essential information for determining if a reattack is required.
9-24. Munitions effectiveness assessment is conducted concurrently with BDA. It is the basis of
recommendations for changes to increase the effectiveness of—
z Methodology.
z Tactics.
z Weapon system.
z Munitions.
z Weapon delivery parameters.
9-25. Reattack and other recommendations should address operational objectives relative to—
z Target.
z Target critical elements.
z Target systems.
z Enemy combat force strengths.
INTEGRATING THE DECIDE, DETECT, DELIVER, AND ASSESS PROCESS

9-26. The D3A process is integrated into the unit's MDMP. As the staff develops plans for future
operations, D3A methodology is used to cross-check and ensure the synchronization of the plan.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 9-7

MISSION ANALYSIS
9-27. During mission analysis, the S2 provides the HVT list that results from aviation brigade and higher
headquarters’ analysis of the enemy COAs. The HVT list details the capabilities and limitations of each
target. Additionally, each staff member reviews the assets available to acquire (detect), attack (deliver), or
assess targets.
COMMANDER’S GUIDANCE
9-28. The commander issues guidance following approval of the restated mission. This guidance provides
the staff an initial planning focus. The commander identifies the enemy COA considered most probable or
most dangerous, along with its associated HVTs. The commander also identifies an initial focus on targets
deemed critical to mission success. While issuing guidance on the scheme of maneuver, the commander
issues initial attack guidance, indicating the desired effect on targets. The commander also specifies when
and where on the battlefield he or she is willing to accept risk.
COURSE OF ACTION DEVELOPMENT

9-29. During the development of each COA, the staff determines the targets that, if successfully attacked,
would contribute to the success of the mission. Forces are arrayed to acquire and attack these tentative
HPTs to meet the commander's guidance.
COURSE OF ACTION ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON

9-30. The staff analyzes the COAs by risk assessment, war-gaming, and a comparison of the war-game
results. During war-gaming, the staff prioritizes the HPTs and determines which assets are available to
acquire the targets (this becomes the basis for the S2's ISR plan). The staff also determines which attack
mechanisms are available to achieve the desired effects on the target. TSS are determined to identify the
time and accuracy requirements necessary to destroy HPTs. Additionally, war-gaming establishes the
criteria for a successful attack, actions to achieve BDA, and reattack options. During COA comparison, the
staff can use the COA's ability to achieve the commander's attack guidance as a criterion. The results of the
war-gaming are reflected in the development of the initial targeting synchronization matrix.
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF FRIENDLY INFORMATION

9-31. Essential elements of friendly information (EEFI) are critical aspects of a friendly operation that, if
known by the enemy, would subsequently compromise, lead to failure, or limit success of the operation,
and so must be protected from enemy detection (FM 3-13).
9-32. EEFI are neither information requirements nor part of the CCIR. EEFI establish information to
protect, not to get information. EEFI are the critical aspects of a friendly force or operation that, if known
by the enemy, would subsequently compromise, lead to failure, or limit success of the operation, and must
be protected from enemy detection (FM 5-0). EEFI is information the commander does not want the enemy
to find out about the friendly force and answers the question, How can I (the commander) prevent the
enemy force from seeing and knowing me? For example, a commander may determine that if the enemy
discovers the movement of the friendly reserve, the operation is at risk. In this case, the location and
movement of the friendly reserve become EEFI. EEFI provide a basis for indirectly assessing the quality of
the enemy’s SU. If the enemy commander does not know an element of EEFI, it weakens the SU
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Chapter 9
COMMANDER’S INTENT
9-33. A clearly stated commander's intent, combined with specific CCIR, is fundamental to gain the
intelligence information needed for the unit to accomplish its missions. CCIR also provide the focus
required to understand critical information throughout the aviation brigade. Additionally, the commander
must provide guidance on how to protect the EEFI.
9-34. CCIR (FM 5-0 and FM 6-0) are elements of information required by commanders that directly affect
decisionmaking and dictate the successful execution of military operations. As part of the MDMP,
commanders visualize the battlefield and the fight. Information collected to answer the CCIR either
confirms the commander’s vision of the battlefield and fight or indicates the need to issue a FRAGO or
execute a branch or sequel.
9-35. CCIR result from the analysis of information requirements in the context of the mission and
commander’s intent. Commanders limit CCIR to a useable number (usually ten or less) for comprehension.
Commanders designate them to let their staffs and subordinates know what information they deem
necessary for decisionmaking. These are typically information requirements that help the commander
confirm their vision of the battlefield or identify significant deviations from it. CCIR must be focused
enough to generate relevant information. Unfocused requests, such as “I need to know if the enemy
moves,” may provide data but not much useable information. “I need to know when the enemy lead
brigade reaches NAI 2” or “I need to know if the multinational unit on our right flank advances beyond PL
Blue” are examples of CCIR specific enough to focus collection and information management (IM)
priorities.
9-36. CCIR are key elements of information commanders require to support decisions they anticipate.
CCIR also help screen the type and amount of information reported directly to the commander. CCIR
include PIR and friendly forces information requirements (FFIR), defined below:
z PIR are those intelligence requirements for which a commander has an anticipated and stated
priority in the commander’s task of planning and decisionmaking. PIR identify the information
the commander considers most important for decisionmaking. They concern both the enemy
(including the time available to the enemy) and the environment (terrain, weather, and some
civil considerations).
z FFIR are information the commander and staff need about the forces available for the operation.
FFIR consist of information on the mission, troops and support available, and time available for
friendly forces.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 9-9

Chapter 10
Orders, Briefings, and Rehearsals
The process of planning and preparing mission orders mirrors the steps in the MDMP
and incorporates parallel actions necessary to provide the additional time and detailed
planning required for successful air mission execution. To conduct a successful
mission, a concerted effort is coordinated between the BCT S3, aviation TF S3, BAO,
ALO, BCT ECOORD, and appropriate ground battalion S3/S2, reconnaissance
leaders, and selected aviators.
Immediately after receiving the Contents
mission, each BCT, heavy, forced Section I – Sample Order Development
entry, or light, conducts planning Process .................................................... 10-1
according to its SOP. FM 5-0 Section II – Planning Time lines............. 10-4
provides information pertaining to Section III – Sample Meetings and
planning and preparing mission Briefings Process .................................. 10-10
orders. The planning and rehearsal Section IV – Rehearsals ........................ 10-14
processes depicted in this chapter
pertain to an AASLT mission; it
can be modified to apply to any mission.
SECTION I – SAMPLE ORDER DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

10-1. The sequence of critical events in the planning process is depicted in figure 10-1. All time lines are
tied to the expected AASLT H-hour. Because aircrews must attend the briefings and rehearsals, the
aircrews’ fighter management cycle is a significant factor affecting the exact timing of events.
10-2. Ideally, the BCT will receive 96 hours to complete the planning for a brigade-sized AASLT. If
planning time is less, leaders should require their staffs to compress the time line up front to provide
aircrews with as much time as possible to plan for the mission.
10-3. The planning and orders preparation process is not linear. It is done at more than one location
simultaneously. The results of this parallel planning effort are shared among several headquarters nearly
simultaneously. The parallel planning process is discussed in detail later in this chapter.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 10-1

WARNING ORDERS
10-4. As soon as a new mission is received, the BCT S3 operations section issues a WARNO to the staff
allowing preparation and updating of staff estimates to begin. The WARNO is immediately shared with the
aviation TF. Proposed LZs are identified for the BCT AASLT, attack, or other operations, so coordinated
scout/ground reconnaissance insertions can be accomplished if required. (See table B-3, on page B-3, for a
sample scout/pathfinder insertion checklist.)
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Chapter 10
Figure 10-1. Air assault planning and rehearsal time line
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 10-3

10-5. Proposed LZs and ABF/SBF positions, and ingress and egress routes are identified by the brigade S3
and S2, and BAE using all available intelligence (such as map reconnaissance, satellite imagery, and
surveillance videos). Often the AATFC or the operations officer will be included in the initial planning
process.
10-6. At the supporting aviation unit, a tentative time line is established and factors affecting the mission
are considered. Fighter management measures are put into place as necessary, as well as possible
requirements for maintenance surges or relocation of units.
10-7. After the BCT mission analysis and the staff update their estimates, the BCT issues a second
WARNO along with the commander’s guidance.
COURSE OF ACTION DEVELOPMENT

10-8. To develop a course of action through issuing brigade combat team orders—
z Each COA is developed, war-gamed, and refined.
z A decision brief is conducted, the COA is selected, and a third more detailed WARNO is issued.
z The plan is then refined again. The aviation TF begins to draft the AMT, liaison with the ground
maneuver battalions increases, and the BCT OPORD is issued.
AIR MOVEMENT ANNEX

10-9. Certain AASLT planning information must be formally issued to the battalions before the AMCM.
This information is included in coordinating instructions of the brigade OPORD or in an air movement
annex to the OPORD/OPLAN.
z Tentative lift and serial composition (draft AMT).
z Suitable PZs and LZs.
z Tentative air routes.
z LZ imagery (if available).
z Any deviations from standard planning factors.
AVIATION TASK FORCE OPERATIONS ORDER EVOLUTION

10-10. After the subordinate units receive the OPORD, they issue another WARNO to their subordinate
elements and continue to improve their own COA development. Completed COAs are then back-briefed to
the BCT, and FRAGOs are issued as modifications to the OPORD become necessary.
SECTION II – PLANNING TIME LINES
PARALLEL PLANNING
10-11. Parallel planning begins immediately upon receipt of a mission involving an AASLT. All personnel
involved with AASLT planning conduct continuous coordination under the AATF S3, during COA
development to ensure AASLT considerations are factored into COA development. The BAE is a critical
part to the AATF staff planning process during mission analysis and COA development. The BAE must
anticipate information requirements of the aviation brigade and disseminate these requirements as soon as
possible. The following information is sent out with the WARNO to provide units the information required
for planning:
z Estimates of the size of the force to be air assaulted.
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Chapter 10
z Identified likely PZs and LZs. The focus should be narrowed to those PZs/LZs that support the
evolving brigade scheme of maneuver.
z AATFC’s intent on the number of lifts and general time line.
z Initial estimate on coverage requirements for ARB assets to be on station.
10-12. Aviation brigade and BCT staffs must receive and share—
z LZ acceptability verification using imagery, Apache/Kiowa Warrior video tapes, LZ sketches,
patrols, and higher headquarters intelligence. Additionally, the space support element can assist
in acquiring space-based imagery.
z Composition of assault, follow-on, and rear echelons by unit.
z Nomenclature of every vehicle/slingload to be flown. Verify weights and item availability for
heavy and light loads.
z Confirmed troop counts by serial for assault and follow-on echelons.
10-13. At a minimum, the air movement annex to OPORD/OPLAN must contain the following items:
z Tentative lift and serial composition (draft AMT).
z Suitable PZs and LZs.
z Tentative air routes.
z LZ imagery (if available).
z Any deviations from standard planning factors.
TIME CONSTRAINED PLANNING

10-14. Recent combat experience has shown that because of the fluid nature of operations, units have been
required to execute AASLTs with less than 96 hours from the time the operations order is issued.
Successful execution of an AASLT under time-constrained planning requires both parallel planning by all
levels of command and units that are habitually aligned. Table 10-1 provides a time line and method to
reduce the planning process.
Table 10-1. Time constrained planning process

Time MDMP Steps Air Assault Planning Steps
Receipt of mission
Mission analysis
COA development
COA analysis
COA comparison
COA approval AMCM
Orders production
OPORD brief AMB in conjunction with OPORD brief
AB
AATF rehearsal
AVN TF rehearsal
H-hour
10-15. Normally, parallel planning for AASLT operations begins as soon as the mission is received with
the supporting aviation battalions providing LNOs, or coordinating through the BAE to the AATF.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 10-5

Through continual coordination with the supporting aviation brigade, the BAE advises the AATF S3 on
any limitations of aircraft or crew availability that could affect COA development. Once the AATFC has
either provided a directed COA or approved a COA, the BAE immediately begins the AMCM.
10-16. By placing specific portions of the AMB in the AATF OPORD, it reduces the requirement to get
the command and staff together for a separate AMB while still providing all the necessary information.
Back briefs, ABs, and rehearsals are still conducted as described earlier. The specific portions of the AMB
required for inclusion in the OPORD brief are—
z Staging plan.
z Air movement plan.
z Landing plan.
z Attack reconnaissance coverage.
z Cherry/Ice (LZ is unusable/usable due to enemy force occupation) criteria.
z Weather decision.
z Risk assessment.
10-17. Based on the time available, the AATF XO adjusts the time line as required. The BAO should
remind the XO to take into consideration the ability of the supporting aviation unit to accomplish its tasks
within its fighter management cycle.
HASTY AIR ASSAULTS

10-18. This section standardizes responsibilities in planning and executing a hasty AASLT (planning and
execution occur during the same crew cycle). Hasty AASLTs typically are executed in response to a fluid
tactical situation. Generally, the planning time for a hasty AASLT is less than 8 hours from notification to
execution. The complexity of the detailed planning and coordination required for a BCT-level AASLT
precludes it from being executed as a hasty AASLT. Hasty AASLTs are normally infantry company and
platoon level AASLTs supported by some portion of the aviation TF.
RESPONSIBILITIES
10-19. Upon notification of the mission, the supporting aviation unit immediately executes a face-to-face
AMCM with the supported ground unit. The AMCM checklist found in appendix O, table O-2, serves as
the hasty AMCM checklist. It is completed during the AMCM and sent to higher headquarters for A2C2
deconfliction and approval.
10-20. The AMC is the assault aviation unit commander. The AMC collocates with the AATF S3 to assist
in planning. The AATFC is the ground battalion commander. The BCT commander normally retains
launch authority, but the AMC may delegate launch authority as necessary.
PROCEDURES
10-21. Upon notification of the mission, the aircraft package will be under TACON to the AATF. The
AATFC stages the aircraft based on METT-TC and the recommendation of the AMC and AATF S3. The
infantry and aviation units adjust personnel and aircraft REDCON levels based on the infantry battalion
commander’s METT-TC assessment. Because of the potential length of the mission and restricted amount
of flight time that crews are allocated while flying with NVG at night, aviation fighter management is a
concern and must be closely monitored.
10-22. If attack reconnaissance helicopter support is required for the mission, an attack reconnaissance
team leader must attend the AMCM and an attack reconnaissance team must be under TACON to the
AATFC for the duration of the AASLT.
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Chapter 10
10-23. Ideally, conditions have been set in the vicinity of the routes, FLOT, and objective area requiring
minimal or no SEAD.
PLANNING TASKS
Assault Aviation
10-24. The assault aviation unit completes the following planning tasks:
z Receives WARNO from higher headquarters.
z Directs activities to prepare company for AASLT operations.
z Issues WARNO and initial planning guidance to subordinates.
z Develops a plan to select aircrews and configure aircraft for mission requirements.
z Maintains contact/communications with supported unit and higher headquarters, ensuring
optimum reaction time to respond to mission changes.
z Ensures that designated representatives (or commander) attend AMCM and/or AMB, if
applicable.
Assault Battalion Operations Officer (or Aviation Task Force Operations Officer) and the
Infantry Battalion Operations Officer
10-25. The assault battalion S3 (or aviation TF S3) and the infantry battalion S3 complete the following
planning tasks:
z Coordinate all phases of the AASLT with the supported unit and higher headquarters.
z Develop AASLT plan and AMT.
z Advise AATFC on all aspects (capabilities/limitations) of available resources and help develop
mission plan.
z Provide information on number of mission aircraft as well as passenger and cargo capabilities.
z Select suitable PZs/LZs for loading and landing phases of the AASLT, if available. Select
primary LZ and alternates with available information.
z Select times for staging, loading, movement, and landing phases of the AASLT.
z Coordinate AASLT security and develop the FS plan to include attack reconnaissance helicopter
support, if available.
z Ensure higher headquarters obtains A2C2 control measures and integrate planned operation into
A2C2 system of the brigade and higher.
z Establish contact with supporting aviation units (attack reconnaissance), if employed, to finalize
the FS plan.
z Coordinate with ECOORD/attack elements to lift or shift fires as necessary.
z Develop the communications card for the mission.
z Develop kneeboard sketches.
z Brief scheme of maneuver to flight lead, if not already imbedded in planning process.
Effects Coordinator
10-26. The ECOORD develops an FS plan that includes coordination with attack reconnaissance
helicopter support.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 10-7

Brigade Aviation Officer

10-27. The BAO completes the following planning tasks:
z Ensures higher headquarters obtains A2C2 control measures and integrates the planned
operation into the A2C2 system of the brigade and higher.
z Coordinates with ECOORD and supporting attack reconnaissance aviation units to finalize the
FS plan.
z Coordinates with ECOORD/attack reconnaissance elements to lift or shift fires as necessary.
Communications-Electronic Officer
10-28. The AATF communications-electronic officer (S6) develops a communications card for the
mission.
Flight Lead
10-29. The flight lead completes the following planning tasks:
z Uses available intelligence to select flight routes that avoid known hazards and ADA locations.
z Selects primary and alternate flight routes and coordination points, and complies with PR plan.
z Receives thorough terrain analysis and available information from the S2.
z Plans mission to ensure aircraft survivability.
z Selects safest terrain flight techniques compatible with mission requirements.
z Conducts AB with company commander/platoon leader(s).
Infantry Battalion Task Force

10-30. The infantry battalion TF, with the assistance of an aviation LNO team, plans for and establishes
the following:
z Integration and fire control of direct and indirect fire assets (UH-60, AH-64, OH-58D, mortars,
and artillery) for the GTP.
z Communications between flight crews and transported unit signals and/or codes for alternate
door exit, alternate LZ landing, and location of the LZ (six-digit grid), if different from planned
location.
z Signals/markings used by ground forces (if already in the LZ) to designate friendly and enemy
forces.
z CASEVAC plan to include markings and position of aircraft and CCP.
z Downed aircraft procedures, to include "zeroing" of communications security (COMSEC)
equipment, location of first aid kits and fire extinguishers, and recovery plan.
z In-flight communications between chalks/serials, C2 aircraft, assault aircraft, and attack
reconnaissance aircraft, using organic assets and/or assets on the aircraft such as external
antenna.
z Establishes abort criteria for landing on the alternate LZ, changing the mission, and extracting
units in contact.
10-31. The supported unit S2 provides intelligence products to the supporting unit for air mission
planning.
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Chapter 10
PREPARATION AND COORDINATION TASKS

10-32. The assault helicopter commander or TF commander is the AMC. The commander is responsible
for aviation briefings to aviation leaders and crews.
10-33. The infantry battalion TF—
z Develops the bump plan and provides it to the aviation BAE or LNO.
z Establishes and maintains communications with fire support officers (FSOs).
z Ensures unit is in PZ posture in accordance with the mission plan.
EXECUTION TASKS
Staging
10-34. The following events occur as the aviation company/battalion conducts staging operations:
z Aircraft depart the AA and move over designated routes to PZ (if not collocated).
z Upon arrival at PZ, flight lead or AMC links up with ground commander at PZ Control.
z Company/battalion arrives at staging area at the time designated in AMT.
z Aircraft laager/park tactically and orient on the assigned security perimeter from GTC, as
required.
z AMC establishes contact with supported unit/LNO to get updated information and intelligence,
finalize route planning, and rehearse.
z Supported battalion S3 with aviation LNO and flight lead finalize LZs and routes.
z Supported battalion XO is the PZCO.
z Assault helicopter company conducts loading of supported unit and provides static load training
as time permits.
z Supported infantry company/battalion executes bump plan as required.
Air Assault
10-35. The assault and cargo helicopters conduct AASLT of the supported unit by—
z Inserting—
Pathfinders and ATS.
LRSDs.
Assault infantry elements.
z Executing false insertions.
z Repositioning artillery.
z Hauling internal and external loads of vehicles, ammunition, and supplies.
z Performing CASEVAC.
10-36. The ARB/ARS provide the following:

z Screen of forward, flanks, and rear, as necessary.
z Observation of NAIs and TAIs.
z Escort of assault and cargo helicopters.
z Objective and LZ preparatory fires.
z Overwatch of ground elements.
z CCAs in support of ground elements in contact.
z Assist with indirect fire observation and control.
z Defeat enemy counterattacks.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 10-9

FIRE CONTROL MEASURES/TASKS

10-37. During initial serial insertion, AATFC controls all fires. Attack reconnaissance aviation, FS, and
door gunners engage targets as planned in the initial order and AMB. Prior to the first serial arriving on the
LZ, weapons status is free in accordance with the fire plan and airspace coordinating measures (ACMs)
(restrictive fire areas [RFAs], no-fire areas [NFAs], and so forth).
10-38. Once troops are on the ground, the ground commander controls and clears all fires in and around
the LZ.
10-39. Status of all weapons on subsequent serials is "tight." Use of target designators, AN/PAQ-4 and
GCP-1A/B, is also "tight" with specific control by the ground commander.
10-40. Each chalk carries primary and alternate day/night markers to designate their position. Markers
must be visible to both ground and air observation. (Examples include VS-17 panel, smoke, glint tape, IR
strobe-lights, and meal, ready to eat (MRE) heaters, and so forth.)
SECTION III – SAMPLE MEETINGS AND BRIEFINGS PROCESS
INITIAL PLANNING CONFERENCE

10-41. Although not mandatory, before the AMCM a unit can elect to complete an initial planning
conference (IPC). The IPC is the first meeting between the ground maneuver unit and the aviation unit or
TF. The IPC takes place when the AATFC has a general idea of the intent and GTP scheme of maneuver.
During the IPC, each unit involved in the AASLT back-briefs task and purpose, general scheme of
maneuver, and task organization. The information gained in the IPC is used to develop the aviation
OPORD and AMB. (See FM 1-113 for additional information.)
AIR MISSION COORDINATION MEETING

10-42. The AMCM provides the conduit for coordination of operational information between ground and
aviation operations officers and key members of the BCT staff. The purpose of the AMCM is to complete
coordination between ground and aviation TFs.
10-43. The AMCM is a S3 level meeting that follows the development of the supported battalion’s GTP.
The AMCM is lead by the BAO with the aviation TF S3 present. It is chaired by the brigade S3; the S3
being the final arbitrator. The AMCM is scheduled to allow enough time for maneuver units to decide on
specific ground COAs based on the WARNO and the standard planning factors. Maneuver COAs should
have been previously approved by the AATFC at the back-brief.
10-44. At the AMCM, battalion S3's brief their GTPs. Specifically, battalion S3s show the composition of
combat power, by echelon, required to be delivered to each LZ. It is imperative that the subordinate S3s
attend this meeting with an 80 to 90 percent solution of their requirements.
10-45. The meeting is complete when the AHB LNOs know which loads go to which LZ and their
sequence, the ARB/ARS LNOs know air routes and ABF/SBF positions, and all have agreed on a tentative
AMT (with the start and end times of the first and last serial on the LZ). The BAE is the central figure in
coordinating this information. It is critical that the supported infantry unit and the assault planners attend
the AMCM ready to provide the required information to have an effective meeting.
10-46. The end result of the AMCM is a finalized air movement plan, landing plan, air routes, PZs, and
LZs.
10-47. The AMCM is the true “good idea cut-off point.” All changes must be approved by the BCT S3,
XO, or commander after the AMCM.
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Chapter 10
ATTENDEES
10-48. The attendees for AMCM are the—
z BAO.
z BCT S3.
z Battalion S3s from attack reconnaissance and/or assault supporting unit (as appropriate).
z BCT S2.
z BCT S6.
z BCT ECOORD.
z ALO.
z Flight lead(s).
z Air ambulance platoon leader.
z Scout/pathfinder team leaders (as appropriate).
z Ground battalion staff representative.
z Reconnaissance platoon leader (s).
AGENDA
10-49. Appendix O provides a sample AMCM agenda and checklist. The following personnel brief at the
AMCM:
Operations Officer
10-50. The BCT S3 briefs the following:
z Friendly situation.
z Higher mission and intent.
z Brigade mission and intent.
z Concept of the operation.
z Proposed LZs.
z Communication plan/reporting information (window, required information).
z False insertions/fire, false LZs (no predictable pattern) plan.
z Rehearsal schedule.
z Primary BCT TOC.
z Alternate assault aviation TOC.
Intelligence Officer
10-51. The BCT S2 briefs the following:
z Weather and light data from insertion to extraction + 24 hours.
z Terrain analysis (obstacles, key terrain, routes, LZs).
z Imagery, if available.
z HVTs.
z Recent enemy/civilian activity in the area.
z Expected enemy activity during insertion through extraction.
z Enemy capabilities (intelligence collection assets, weapons capabilities).
z Review draft R&S plan.
z PIR.
z NAIs.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 10-11

z Specific information requirements (SIR).

z Specific orders or requests (SORs).
z Time hack.
Brigade Aviation Officer

10-52. The BAO briefs the following:
z Aircraft package and time separation.
z Screen, guard, or cover lines.
z EAs.
z ABF and SBF positions.
z Routes and passage points (PPs).
z MEDEVAC/CASEVAC plan.
Effects Coordinator
10-53. The BCT ECOORD briefs the following:
z SEAD plan.
z FS assets available.
z Fire base requirements (fire base commander).
z Fire base location.
z HPTs.
z NFAs.
z RFAs.
Air Liaison Officer

10-54. The ALO briefs the following:
z Preplanned CAS.
z FW assets available.
z J-SEAD available.
AIR MISSION BRIEF

10-55. The AMB is the time when the parallel planning already accomplished comes together. The
supported unit briefs the AMC on the entire operation. (See appendix P of this manual for a sample AMB
format and checklist.)
10-56. The AMB is a coordinated staff effort. It is where the AATFC approves the AASLT plan. The
AMB is a focused adjunct to the BCT OPORD. It highlights AASLT requirements to the AATF’s aviation
and ground units. The term “AMB” is used to mean both the written product and the briefing itself.
10-57. The AMB should not be a working meeting. An OPORD should have already been published, so
the AMB is essentially a back-brief to the BCT commander. The AMB should focus on assault and attack
reconnaissance concepts, sequence of events, and why the staff developed the sequence for the mission.
The slightest change in serial separation, LZs, or other elements of the mission can significantly affect the
rest of the plan.
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Chapter 10
10-58. Changes to the mission after the AMB must be approved by the BCT commander. It is very
difficult to resynchronize the many different combat systems in the short time that remains between the
AMB and mission execution.
AIR MISSION BRIEF PRODUCTS

10-59. Ten basic documents form the backbone of the AMB (table 10-2). Examples of each are found in
appendix G.
Table 10-2. AMB products

Product Definition
Air Movement Table Regulates the sequence of flight operations from PZ to LZ
Tadpole Diagram Describes lift compositions. One is prepared for each lift.
Communications Card Is a consolidated summary of call-signs and nets.
Pickup Zone Diagram Graphically depicts the PZ. One is prepared for each PZ.
Landing Zone Graphically depicts the LZ. One is prepared for each LZ (primary and
Diagram alternate). Must be provided to all pilots.
Chalk Card Card normally handed to the pilot by the chalk leader as he enters
the helicopter. Purpose is too ensure coordination of LZ data.
Attack Help to counter the potential for fratricide during close support
Reconnaissance operations, and are included as enclosures to the AMB. Prepared by
Sketches each infantry battalion for each company-sized element in the TF.
Provided to the aviation S3 at the BCT rehearsal.
Route Cards Include the planning data for every ingress and egress route for the
operation.
Other Documents
10-60. The AASLT execution checklist and the mission checklist for AASLT operations permit brief
informative radio transmissions on crowded nets. An example execution checklist is included in appendix
G, although it will not be available at the AMB. A draft checklist will be available at the TF rehearsal with
the final version distributed before execution.
10-61. If the mission involves a FARP, sketches of each should be included as a document of the AMB
and should be in the kneeboard packet.
AIRCREW BRIEF
10-62. After AMC approval, the AB is conducted. Preferably, it occurs at a central location where all
aircrews can gather, but it may be necessary to have separate briefs at individual unit locations. Flight
crews must fully understand the mission and execution for the AASLT to be executed successfully. (See
appendix Q of this manual for a sample AB.)
10-63. The AB is a critical part of the AATF orders process. It covers the essential flight crew actions and
aviation planning necessary to successfully accomplish the mission. The AB may incorporate some or all
of the serial/pilot briefs (time permitting).
10-64. The AB may be conducted at the aviation TF level or the company level. While conducting the AB
at the TF level may ensure a level of standardization in the information given, it is often difficult to
effectively communicate mission information to such a large audience, especially at night in a field
location where noise and light discipline is required.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 10-13

10-65. The AB involves only aviation units and is analogous to any other unit order. The AMC is the final
arbitrator of this briefing. The BCT TF S3 attends as the maneuver unit representative.
PICKUP ZONE UPDATE BRIEF

10-66. The PZ update brief is the final assembly of key leaders before conducting the AASLT. It
disseminates the most current operational and intelligence information. This update is the final conditions
check. The AATFC, AMC, ground tactical commanders (GTCs), S3s, TF S2, and PZ OIC attend. When
possible, the PZ update brief is scheduled to begin after aircraft arrive so pilots can attend. At a minimum,
key aviation leaders attend. (See table 10-3 for the PZ update brief agenda.)
Table 10-3. PZ update brief agenda

Responsibility By Whom
Time line/agenda TF S3
Enemy situation update TF S2
Operations update TF S3
Airspace update TF S3
Attack reconnaissance products (tapes, Attack reconnaissance LNO
photos, imagery, sketches, debriefs
Routes
LZs
Objectives
Communications update TF S6
Final conditions check TF S3
Time hack (using Plugged or GPS) TF S6
Commander’s comments AATFC
10-67. Following the PZ update brief, the AATFC will execute a commander’s communications check.
This is a complete check, involving commanders and leaders of all systems and nets to be used during
execution of the AASLT. The AATFC and key leaders perform their communications checks from the C2
aircraft, while the aviation and ground forces use their organic communications systems.
SECTION IV – REHEARSALS
10-68. Rehearsals validate the plan. Air and ground units may conduct separate rehearsals for the
operation. Air and ground units will ultimately come together for a rehearsal of the AATF as a whole. As a
result of rehearsals, minor changes such as time line adjustments may occur, but major changes are not
likely. Units may issue a postrehearsal FRAGO to disseminate changes to the plan. Lastly, the execution
phase of the mission begins.
PRE-EXECUTION COMMUNICATION EXERCISE

10-69. The purpose of the COMMEX is to ensure that all communications systems within the brigade TF
are operational before starting an operation.
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Chapter 10
10-70. The BCT S6, in coordination with the BCT S3, publishes the window in which the COMMEX will
occur. This is normally a 5-hour window. Systems to be checked are specified. Normally, the following
systems and nets are exercised:
z FM command.
z FM operations and intelligence (O&I).
z FM A&L.
z ABN.
z Amplitude modulation (AM) command.
z AM O&I.
z TACSAT.
z CAN1.
z Mobile subscriber radio telephone (MSRT) (battalions to brigade).
z Digital nonsecure voice terminal (DNVT) (BSA to brigade TOC).
z UXC-7 facsimile (FAX).
z C2 aircraft.
z PZ control net.
z MEDEVAC. ( MEDEVAC requests can normally be made on any of the above nets.)
10-71. During the window published by the S6, all units will initiate calls on the specified
communications nets. Signal personnel will maintain a log to keep track of the systems/units that report.
The only exception to this reporting system is the FM command net. Battle captains in the BCT TOC will
initiate a “GUIDONS” call to quickly free up the net.
10-72. Any unit incapable of reporting within the specified window notifies the BCT S6 for assistance and
schedules an “alibi call” before the start of the operation.
MISSION REHEARSALS
10-73. The mission rehearsal for an AASLT is conducted sequentially by lifts beginning with the air
movement plan, then the landing plan and finally, the GTP. Its purpose is to ensure a common
understanding of the overall BCT effort. All commanders must know and understand the AATFC’s
mission and intent, and how their mission and intent supports it. This rehearsal may follow the OPORD
brief/AMB at the BCT, maneuver battalion, or it may be conducted separately by the aviation TF.
AVIATION TASK FORCE REHEARSAL

10-74. The aviation TF rehearsal is the culmination of the formal AASLT planning process. It is a
rehearsal of the entire AASLT mission. It begins with setting conditions for success and ends with the
commander’s expressed end state.
10-75. The rehearsal includes aircrews, the battle staff, and other key leaders. The focus centers on the
synchronization of all assets required to support and execute the AASLT. A discussion and demonstration
of likely contingencies are included in the rehearsal (such as DART operations, alternate route or LZ
activation, delays in the PZ and other delays suited to a particular mission).
10-76. It is critical that AASLT security forces from OPCON attack reconnaissance units are fully
represented at the rehearsal to demonstrate air route deconfliction, fire control measures, and locations of
expected ABF positions or BPs. Additionally, the BCT S3, BAO, and ECOORD, or their designated
representatives, attend the rehearsal to brief the ground tactical and FS plans.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 10-15

10-77. The aviation TF rehearsal significantly contributes to the SA of aircrews and other key leaders by
providing important risk reduction information significant to successful completion of a complex AASLT.
(See appendix R for more on risk management.)
10-78. Based on the mission time line, attack reconnaissance units may not be fully represented at the
rehearsal. Normally by this time, attack reconnaissance assets have started the condition setting phase of
the operation.
PICKUP ZONE REHEARSAL

10-79. The TF brigade XO runs the PZ rehearsal. At a minimum, all flight leads and serial commanders
flying the air mission, PZ OICs, and crisis action team noncommissioned officers in charge (NCOICs)
attend. The PZ rehearsal covers the staging and loading plans of the air assault. Much of the rehearsal
concentrates on the pilot’s and hookup teams' actions in and around the PZs. If not done on the actual
ground location with the correct loads, terrain models with wooden blocks to represent each load may be
used. Hookup teams, crisis action teams, the PZ control, and each chalk must also rehearse loading and
hookups, actions for frustrated loads, and emergency procedures. As with any rehearsal, maximum
participation improves execution.
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Chapter 11
Execution
During mission execution, the BAE monitors the mission as a team. To facilitate
proper BAE manning requirements, a time line for the operation must be clearly
established and each phase manned accordingly.
LOCATION DURING OPERATIONS

11-1. The BAO is positioned where he or she can
best support the accomplishment of the mission. Contents
According to the operation and resources available, Section I – General ..................................11-1
there are advantages to the BAO locating at the BCT Section II – Battle Tracking.....................11-2
TOC or accompanying the BCT commander. If the
BAO accompanies the commander, the aviation
plans officer or the TACOPS officer assumes BAE OIC duties at the TOC.
11-2. The BAO must be able to assist the BCT S3 or commander from anywhere on the battlefield. The
BAO must maneuver to an area where he or she can assess the risks and make adjustments by seeing,
hearing, and understanding what is occurring. This allows the BAO to best understand the situation without
losing the ability to help the BCT respond to changing situations.
11-3. When the BAO moves about the battlefield with the BCT S3 or commander and interacts with other
commanders and their staffs, the experiences help him or her mentally visualize current operations. This
permits the BAO to provide educated assessments on adjustments needed in current operations and
requirements for future operations, which help to achieve the commander’s desired intent. This assessment
process is continuous and led by focused information requirements. A direct link with the BCT operations
officer and the BCT commander helps the BAO provide adequate advice on aviation operations.
11-4. The BAO is a combat arms officer, trained in the employment of the combined arms team. The
commander relies on the BAO’s judgment not only in the employment of helicopters and UASs but in the
teaming of all weapons systems available to accomplish the mission.
LOCATING AT THE TACTICAL OPERATION CENTER

ADVANTAGES
11-5. When locating at the BCT TOC, the BAO has access to various communications packages allowing
him or her to stay informed and coordinate operations. The BAO has the assistance of the BAE staff as
well as immediate access to the rest of the BCT staff. Routine planning continues and emergency planning
can be accomplished when unforeseen situations arise.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 11-1

Execution
DISADVANTAGES
11-6. When located at the TOC, the BAO cannot see what the commander is seeing. The BAO is unable to
move from one critical location to the next and physically evaluate the situation hindering the BAO’s
ability to provide adequate advice to the commander on current operations.
LOCATING WITH THE COMMANDER

ADVANTAGES
11-7. An aircraft or vehicle carrying the commander will contain an A2C2 package. This permits many
communications links that would otherwise be unavailable. These aircraft or vehicles many not have room
for the BAO. If collocated, decisions requiring action from the commander may be made more quickly
because the BAO and commander can discuss them face to face.
11-8. The C2 aircraft or vehicle is normally placed in a position to view the action most important at the
time. When emphasis changes among locations in the battlespace, the commander has the option of moving
to the newly developing location to observe and influence the action. When the BAO is able to accompany
the commander, the BAO and the commander view operations from the same perspective.
DISADVANTAGES
11-9. Generally, there is a degradation of information flow available from other sources (such as
intelligence) and less availability of tools (such as the tactical internet [TI]). C2 aircraft and vehicles do not
always have systems access as sophisticated as that available in the TOC.
11-10. There is also less or slower access to those staff members, normally found in the BCT TOC, that
can assist and provide information.
SECTION II – BATTLE TRACKING

11-11. Battle tracking of all aviation assets and the weapons systems employed by aviators, including
artillery and joint systems, is vital. Additionally, maneuver locations and boundaries, and FSCMs must be
tracked. Aviation operations NCOs and specialists must be experts in the digital systems of the TOC.
Information that comes into the TOC must be passed from section to section in a rapid, smooth, and
unhindered manner. The BAE must request and receive regular updates from aviation elements attached to
or working for the BCT. This information is immediately available and accessible through the BAE
workstation within the BCT TOC.
11-12. The BAE must be aware of all aspects of the mission relating to employing aviation assets. Every
aspect of the mission must be tracked. This includes, but is not limited to—
z Arrival at marshaling areas.
z PZ arrival and departures.
z Execution of bump plans.
z Arrival on screen lines or OPs.
z Any enemy activity.
z Crossing FLOT or PLs.
z LZ arrival and departure.
z LZ hot or cold calls.
z Shift to alternate LZs.
z Arrival or departure at ABF and SBF positions.
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Chapter 11
z Commencing fires on targets in EAs by attack reconnaissance elements.

z Damage assessments on targets.
z BCT unit movements.
z Any change to control measures.
z Aviation fighter management cycle.
z Aircraft and aircrew status.
z FARP activity.
z FARP locations and status.
z MEDEVAC/CASEVAC plan.
11-13. Attendance at the appropriate air and ground rehearsals is important for BAE SU. During the
planning and rehearsal phase, the BAE must be involved. Lists of key functions to be tracked must be
carefully prepared and distributed for each operation.
.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 11-3

Chapter 12
Redeployment/Reset
Redeployment from recent operations in Iraq and Afghanistan have shown that the
BCT TF end of mission and return to home station is a major operation which must
be deliberately planned and well executed. Redeployment includes ending the
mission, returning home safely, and resetting the BCT to a trained and ready status.
The R4 model is discussed in this chapter. The discussion centers on the BCT with an
attached aviation TF.
REDEPLOYMENT
12-1. Redeployment begins when the BCT TF receives a change of mission to redeploy to home station.
Initially, the requirement will be to continue the current mission, perform a relief-in-place, and
concurrently plan the necessary ground and air movements back to the appropriate in-theater SPOEs and
APOEs.
12-2. Depending on the tactical situation, the BCT must assess and address training, personnel, and
equipment. Training may involve weapons proficiency, convoy rehearsals, and convoy live fire exercises.
Movement officers and hazardous materiel teams may need retraining/validation according to the amount
of time since deployment. Equipment must not only be accounted for but must arrive at specific locations
for load preparation and movement. LNO teams must be strategically placed to facilitate loading and
movement at SPOEs and APOEs.
12-3. The BAE must be aware of and track BCT redeployment requirements and incorporate aviation into
the planning and execution process. Aviation assets can provide convoy security and C2 for ground
movement. Aviation specific requirements for redeployment should be clearly articulated and coordinated
with the BCT. Aviation LNO teams should be included in advance party operations at the in-theater SPOE
and APOE.
REINTEGRATION
12-4. Reintegration is the initial return to home station. Personnel accountability and reorientation into the
home station environment are key parts of the reintegration process. The BAE should maintain SA of the
status of the aviation TF, and the BAE should participate in planning for reconstitution and retraining
during reintegration. Reintegration involves tracking the return of Soldiers and equipment and requires
continuous C2. The focus is on taking care of Soldiers and their families, and usually involves a substantial
block leave.
RECONSTITUTION
12-5. Reconstitution begins with arrival of equipment and completion of block leave. Reconstitution ends
with all equipment at 10/20 standards. For aviation, this requires a major maintenance effort. The BAE
should be aware of the aviation brigade reconstitution plan and the projected availability of units, aircraft,
and crews. During reconstitution, the BCT makes plans for retraining.
12-6. Reconstitution is a maintenance intensive recovery. It is a time to reestablish processes, systems,
procedures, and update SOPs and TTP. The intent is to reset both ground and air capabilities in preparation
for training.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 12-1

Redeployment/Reset
RETRAINING
12-7. At some point in the reconstitution phase, the BCT will be eager to begin training to regain an
operational/deployable capability. Aviation, being maintenance and equipment heavy, will tend to stay in
the reconstitution phase longer than other elements of the BCT. The BAE must articulate the supporting
aviation TF’s status, and should work with supporting aviation units to facilitate combined arms collective
training opportunities.
LESSONS LEARNED
12-8. Redeployment is not a stand-alone operation but a combination of continued daily tactical missions,
a relief-in-place, and a multitude of redeployment activities. Some examples of recent lessons learned
include—
z Stop loss/stop move works.
z Units should retain trained personnel.
z Units should train personnel with retainability.
z Place LNOs and C2 cells in key nodes.
z LNOs must be knowledgeable and aggressive.
z BCTs and aviation TFs may have insufficient personnel assets to simultaneously conduct
combat operations, relief-in-place, and redeployment.
z Aviation TFs must bring adequate force structure.
Units should prepare to have a stay behind team.
Units need continuity of leadership in the rear detachment.
Multiple modes of transportation through multiple locations require an extremely detailed
tracking system.
S4 and S3 must work hand in hand.
12-9. Key points are—
z Be prepared to balance combat operations, relief-in-place, and redeployment operations
simultaneously.
z Put the right LNO packages at the right locations.
z Get personnel and equipment tracking systems organized.
12-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Appendix A
Recommended Equipment and Supplies
The TOE and the list of supplies (table A-1 and table A-2) required to operate the
BAE are not necessarily all-inclusive. Each can be modified according to the BCT to
which the BAE is assigned and the geographic location in which they are operating.
Table A-1. Brigade aviation element table of organization and equipment

Item
A33020 Alarm: chemical agent, M22
A79381 Antenna group: OE-254/GRC
B67766 Binocular
C05541 Control receiver-transmitter
C41064 Command system: AN/USC-55A
C62375 Battery case
C68719 DR-8 ½ KM (WD-1 wire)
C78783 Automated mission planning system (AMPS)
C89480 Camouflage screening
D60801 TA-1042 DNVT
D78555 AN/CYZ-10 Data transfer device (DTD)
G42170 10 KW Generator
K47623 KY-99: MINTERM terminal
L63583 Light set chart field
N05482 Night vision goggle: AN/PVS-7B
P40750 Power supply: PP-6224/U
P49587 MSRT terminal enhanced position location reporting system (EPLRS)
R20684 Radiac set: AN/VDR-2
R30895 Radio set: AN/GRC-213
R31061 Radiac set:AN/UDR-13
R34974 Radio set: AN/GSQ-240A(C)
R59160 RL-39 Reel unit
R68044 AN/VRC-90F(C) Radio set
R81691 High frequency AN/VRC-100(V)1 radio set
T31872 Telephone wire with reel
T61494 M998 A1 HMMWV
T61630 Expanded capacity 4x4 W/E HMMWV
T95992 Trailer, cargo
V31211 Telephone set: TA-312/PT
V98788 Power supply vehicle: HYP-57/telecommunications security (TSEC)
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 A-1

Appendix A
Table A-1. Brigade aviation element table of organization and equipment

Item
XXX151 MT-2010 Transceiver
XXX852 Internet protocol phone
Z10018 Battlefield combat identification system (BCIS) transponder
Z36303 Iridium telephone
Z46135 Maneuver control system (MCS)
Z59863 Navigation set: GPS receiver
Table A-2. Recommended brigade aviation element equipment and supplies

Item
AN/PRC-117F SATCOM/UHF/VHF/FM
TACSAT
Maps and mapboard
Publications and references library
Organizational charts
Report forms
Unit overlays/graphics
Diagram of building/complex
Commercial telephone
STU-III secure telephone terminals
Phonebook
Commercial off the shelf laptop
Computer software packages (special software)
Printer
AMPS / JMPS / Falconview mission planning tools
Projector
Office supplies, and graphics tools (such as pens, paper, scissors, Post-it notes/icons, acetate,
towels, alcohol, tape, [DA Form 1594, Daily Staff Journal or Duty Officer’s Log])
Field desk/table
Storage (footlockers)
Map plotter (example: HP Design Jet 5000)
Plain language address designator (PLAD)
Global command and control system (GCCS) account
E-mail address
Laptop, projector, and plotter require commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) ruggedized cases.
The plotter requires maximum memory and GL2 cartridge for printing images.
A-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Appendix B
Mission Planning and Status Tracking Charts and Tools
The charts contained in this appendix are examples of TOC planning and operational
status tracking charts. These charts are not intended to replace real time data provided
by automated battle tracking systems. They are designed to consolidate and package
information and to reduce the time and effort the BAE expends in designing and
displaying commonly used charts. The information displayed on the charts in this
appendix is not intended to be directive or all inclusive; BAEs should adjust the
charts according to their needs. Also see FM 3-90.3 for more information.
SECTION I – SAMPLE PLANNING CHARTS

B-1. Table B-1 through table B-8 are
examples of planning charts.
Contents
SECTION I – Sample Planning Charts..... B-1
SECTION III – Sample Air-Ground
Integration Planning Charts................... B-15
Table B-1. Unit REDCON levels

Response
Level Personnel Equipment Units
Time
1/Purple Immediate All personnel alert, loaded, Vehicles loaded, Units ready to move
in march order in PZ secured, weapons immediately on
posture and ready to manned, and engines notification.
move. running. All equipment
loaded including
camouflage nets and
M8 alarms.
2/Red 30 minutes Fifty percent of personnel Listening posts Units ready to move
in “stand down” for mess, (LPs)/OPs and wire in 30 minutes.
rest, and maintenance. pulled, camouflage
Remainder of personnel nets taken down.
man vehicles, OPs, Vehicle PMCSs and
dismount points, weapons, aircraft inspections
and M8 alarms and completed.
monitor radios/phones.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 B-1

Appendix B
Table B-1. Unit REDCON levels

Response
Level Personnel Equipment Units
Time
3/Yellow 1 hour 50 percent of personnel in Camouflage nets, Units ready to move
“stand down” for mess, personal gear, stoves, in 1 hour.
rest and maintenance. cots, tents (except
Remainder of personnel TOC) stored and
man vehicles, Ops, loaded. LP/OPs out to
weapons, and monitor include chemical
radios/phones. agent alarms. Vehicle
PMCSs and aircraft
inspections
completed.
4/Amber 2 hours Two men per company on Tents, cots, Units ready to move
perimeter patrol. CP at camouflage nets, in 2 hours.
minimum manning. One radios with OE 254
man alert per vehicle, antenna, and M8A1
monitoring radios and alarms up.
manning turret weapons. Nonessential
Remainder of personnel in equipment uploaded.
“stand down” for mess,
rest and maintenance.
Vehicle drivers
immediately available.
5/Black More than 2 Normal operations. All equipment loaded Units dispersed &
hours and manned within 4 able to reach all
hours. personnel within 2
hours and PZ
posture within 4
hours.
Table B-2. Aircraft REDCON levels
Response Prep
Level Aircraft Engine APU* Avionics Weapons Communications
Time Time
1 Immediate OH-58 100 NA All on Standby Internal NA
AH64 percent
UH-60 revolutions
CH-47 per minute NA All on Initialized Internal NA
(RPM)
100
percent
RPM
15 OH-58 Set for start NA Off Off PRC 119 / 112 Pilots at
minutes AH-64 aircraft
2
UH-60 Internal
CH-47 Set for start On All on Off
B-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Table B-2. Aircraft REDCON levels
Response Prep
Level Aircraft Engine APU* Avionics Weapons Communications
Time Time
30 OH-58 Set for start NA Off Off PRC 119/ 112 Pilots on
minutes AH-64 standby
3
UH-60 PRC 119/ 112 with
CH-47 Set for start Off Off Off RTO
1 hour OH-58 NA NA Off Off Unit SOP Aircraft
AH-64 thru-
4 UH-60 NA Off Off Off Unit SOP flight,
CH-47 crews
briefed
2 hours OH-58 NA NA Off Off Unit SOP Aircraft
AH-64 thru-
CH-47 crews
briefed
More than OH-58 NA NA Off Off Unit SOP Aircraft
2 hours AH-64 thru-
CH-47 mission
planning
Note 1: Response time refers to departure from the tactical assembly area (TAA).
Note 2: REDCON 5 is a crew rest cycle with a mission planned and briefed.
Note 3: RECDON 6 is a crew rest cycle for future mission planning. OH-58/AH-64/UH-60/CH-47
*APU – auxiliary power unit
Table B-3. Scout/pathfinder insertion checklist

Topic Remarks
C2 Controlling headquarters for
-Insertion -Extraction
-Emergency extraction -Reporting
Aircraft package Based on # personnel (PAX*) and availability of A/C
Communication plan Primary Means: FM, HF, S/C TACSAT
-Pathfinder frequency: -Scout frequency:
-Scout frequency:
Alternate means:
-Pathfinder: -Scout frequency:
-Scout frequency:
Communication windows:
1.
2.
Flight route plan Developed by the BAE and/or flight leads and will include ACP
grids, RP and SP grids, ALT flight routes
En route security plan Developed by the attack Bn flight leads
SEAD plan/false LZ preparation Developed by the Bde ECOORD
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 B-3

Appendix B

Topic Remarks
False insertion points Grid(s):
Grid(s):
Pathfinder insertion points Primary grid(s):
Alternate grid(s):
Pathfinders tentative route to LZ SP grid:
and RP CP # 1:
CP # 2:
CP # 3:
CP # 4:
RP grid:
Scout insertion points Scout primary grid:
Scout alternate grid:
Scout primary grid:
Scout alternate grid:
Scout tentative route to objectives Scout 1
and NAIs SP grid: NAIs
CP # 1: -
CP # 2: -
CP # 3: -
CP # 4: -
RP grid:
Scout 2
SP grid: NAIs
CP # 1: -
CP # 2: -
CP # 3: -
CP # 4: -
RP grid:
NFAs Grids:
Radius (200 meters):
NLT Time for pathfinder/scouts to H-(designated time)
be in RP / NFAs
Attack aviation station times Time frames
Planned extraction points Grids:
-Pathfinders:
-Scouts:
-Scouts:
Emergency extraction points Grids:
-Pathfinders:
-Scouts:
-Scouts:
No Communication PZ Grid:
Signal:
B-4 TC 1-400 27 April 2006


Topic Remarks
PZ posture plan Time:
Grid to PZ location:
*PAX - passengers
Table B-4. Aircraft status

Aircraft Aircrews
A B C D E F G H I J
Losses
Flyable
Line On Since Replacement Day/
Type Auth Operational Auth NVG Total Next 24
# Hand Last UA A/C Rec’d Night Hours
stat
1 AH-1
2 N/A
3 AH-64
CH-
4
47D
5 EH-60
OH-
6
58C
OH-
7
58D
8 UH-1
UH-
9
60A
UH-
10
60C2
UH-
11
60L
UH-
12
60V
13-19 Other
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 B-5

Appendix B
Table B-5. Class III/IV forecast chart

On Hand 24 Hours 48 Hours 72 Hours
JP4
Diesel
MOGAS*
Hellfire
2.75-inch
30-mm
.50-cal
*MOGAS – motor gasoline
Table B-6. Airspace coordination measure request

An ACM request may contain the following information:
z DTG request submitted
z Measure type (ROZ, route, etc.)
z Requested name of route, ROZ, etc.
z Point of contact information of requesting unit
z Minimum altitude
z Maximum altitude
z Effective DTG
z Ending DTG
z System (AH-64, Shadow UAS, MLRS, etc)
z Grids of points identifying the measure
z Radius of Circle (if defined by single point)
z Width of route
z Purpose of ACM
z Additional Comments
Table B-7. Air mission request (Attack / Recon)

An air mission request may contain the following information:
z Supported unit info:
Date of request / Date of mission
Unit point of contact
Unit callsigns and frequencies
Summarized scheme of maneuver
Mission graphics (hard copy sent or give location on SIPR)
Target grid / area
Total number and type of friendly vehicles
B-6 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Table B-7. Air mission request (Attack / Recon)
Friendly unit markings

z Attack / Recon helicopter data:
Task and purpose
Arrival time on station
Expected duration of aviation support
Type / number of targets
Clearance of fires authority
Fire support during mission (location, call signs, FSCMs, etc.)
Route reconnaissance requirements
Airspace coordination measures affecting mission (ROZs, no fire areas, etc.)
Threat information
Table B-8. Assault mission request

An assault mission request may contain the following information:
z Task and purpose of aviation support
z Type of Airframe requested (UH-60 / CH-47)
z Requesting unit point of contact information
z Justification for flight
z VIP Code
z Proposed Itinerary
Date Time Group of mission
Pick-up site (PZ) grid / name
PZ Time
Drop-off site (LZ) grid / name
Expected delay times and location (PZ / LZ Ops)
Number of PAX (include name, SSN, weight)
Cargo information (description, size, weight, HAZMAT, etc.)
z Sling load requirements (describe type / weight and ensure load planning complete)
z Special requests and remarks
B-2. Table B-9 through table B-18 provide examples of mission tracking charts.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 B-7

Appendix B
Table B-9. Aviation activities (current) checklist

Mission Who What When Where Task Purpose Status
Attack
Lift
Recon
C2
UAV
CAS
JSTARS*
Coordination made
TF TF BN
with BCT units and DIV Flank ADA FSC FSC MP BRT Atk/Recon
1 2 3
higher
*JSTARS - joint surveillance target attack radar system
Table B-10. Aviation activities (next 24 hours) checklist

Attack
Lift
Recon
C2
UAS
CAS
JSTARS
Coordination
TF TF BN
made with BCT DIV Flank ADA FSC FSC MP BRT Atk/Recon
1 2 3
units and higher
Table B-11. A2C2 control measures

Air AA
Lift ACA*
Recon PZ
C2 LZ
UAV launch
and
recovery
B-8 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Table B-11. A2C2 control measures
ADA
weapon
control
status
Army AV
attack
position
FARP
Coordinatio
n made with FS TF TF BN FS BR Atk/Reco
DIV FLANK ADA MP
BCT units C 1 2 3 C T n
and higher
*ACA – airspace coordination area
Table B-12. Laager site information checklist
EN ROUTE TO LAAGER SITE
SP _________________________ WEAPONS STATUS_______________________

ROUTE _________________________________________________________________
ALT_______ A/S-G/S_______ FORM_______ DOORS_________ TURNS >60________
ALTERNATE ROUTE_______________________________________________________
RP _________________________ WEAPONS STATUS_______________________
LAAGER SITE_____________________
TIME ____________________________
NAME/GRID _______________________________/______________________________
DESCRIPTION ___________________________________________________________
ALT ____________________________________________________________________
SECURITY POSTURE______________________________________________________
LANDING DIRECTION ____________ FORM ______________ G/A _______________
OCCUPATION PLAN______________________________ SEQUENCE______________
HAZARDS _______________________________________________________________
REDCON STATUS_________________________________________________________
SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS (such as MSN UPDATE TIME & LOCATION)
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
APU CRANK TIME___________ COMMO CHECK__________ FREQUENCY_________

T/O TIME_______ HEADING_______ ALT_______ A/S-G/S_______ LIGHTING_______
FORMATION_______ ANGLE_______ SEPARATION_______ FUEL REQ’D_______
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 B-9

Appendix B
Table B-13. Multiple lifts briefing checklist
EN ROUTE TO PZ
SP ______________________ WEAPONS STATUS_______________________
ROUTE __________________________________________________________________
ALT_______ A/S-G/S_______ FORM_______ DOORS______TURNS >60__________
ALTERNATE ROUTE_______________________________________________________
RP ________________________WEAPONS STATUS________________________
PZ
NAME/GRID_________________________________/_____________________________
TIME ________________ FREQUENCY___________ CALL SIGN_________________
DESCRIPTION_____________________________________________________________
ALT PZ___________________________________________________________________
MARKINGS (FAR)_________________________(NEAR)___________________________
SECURITY POSTURE_______________________________________________________
LANDING DIR _____________ FORM _______________ G/A _______________________
HAZARDS ______________________ACTIONS ON CONTACT______________________
TROOPS LOAD ___________________________________________________________
AIRCRAFT ACL* _____________ CONFIG _______________ DOORS O/C___________
KEY PERSONNEL LOCATION ________________________________________________
PZ CONTROL LOCATION____________________________________________________
EXT LOADS TYPE___________WEIGHT___________INSPECTION SHEETS__________
FRUSTRATED LOAD PROCEDURES__________________________________________
APU CRANK TIME___________COMMO____________LOAD TIME_______________
FORMATION_______ANGLE_______ SEPARATION_______FUEL REQ’D_____________
TAKEOFF TIME _____________ HDG ___________ FORM _____________________
EN ROUTE TO LZ
SP _____________________________ WEAPONS STATUS______________________
ROUTE __________________________________________________________________
ALT_______ A/S-G/S__________ FORM_______ DOORS______ TURNS>60_________
ALTERNATE ROUTE________________________________________________________
DOOR GUN POSITIONS______________
HAZARDS ________________________________________________________________
FALSE INSERTIONS _______________________________________________________
RP ________________________ WEAPONS STATUS_______________________
LZ
NAME/GRID_____________________________/______________________________
TIME _______________ FREQUENCY________ CALL SIGN_____________________
DESCRIPTION_____________________________________________________________
ALT LZ___________________________________________________________________
MARKINGS (FAR)_______________________(NEAR)_____________________________
LANDING DIRECTION_________FORMATION_____________GA____________________
HAZARDS_____________________ ACTIONS ON CONTACT_______________________
ENEMY SITUATION_____________________ THREAT ORIENTATION_______________
WEAPONS STATUS_______ NO FIRE AREAS___________________________________
TROOPS OFFLOAD__________TROOPS ACTIONS AFTER OFFLOAD_______________
TAKEOFF SEQUENCE______________________________________________________
EGRESS ROUTE
SP _________________________WEAPONS STATUS_____________________________
ROUTE _________________________________________________________________
ALT_____ A/S-G/S_____ FORM______ DOORS_________ TURNS >60______________
ALTERNATE ROUTE________________________________________________________
RP ________________________WEAPONS STATUS____________________________
B-10 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Table B-13. Multiple lifts briefing checklist
EN ROUTE TO PZ
SP ______________________ WEAPONS STATUS_______________________
ROUTE __________________________________________________________________
ALT_______ A/S-G/S_______ FORM_______ DOORS______TURNS >60__________
ALTERNATE ROUTE_______________________________________________________
RP ________________________WEAPONS STATUS________________________
PZ
NAME/GRID_________________________________/_____________________________
TIME ________________ FREQUENCY___________ CALL SIGN_________________
DESCRIPTION_____________________________________________________________
ALT PZ___________________________________________________________________
MARKINGS (FAR)_________________________(NEAR)___________________________
LANDING DIR _____________ FORM _______________ G/A _______________________
HAZARDS ______________________ACTIONS ON CONTACT______________________
TROOPS LOAD ___________________________________________________________
AIRCRAFT ACL* _____________ CONFIG _______________ DOORS O/C___________
KEY PERSONNEL LOCATION ________________________________________________
PZ CONTROL LOCATION____________________________________________________
EXT LOADS TYPE___________WEIGHT___________INSPECTION SHEETS__________
FRUSTRATED LOAD PROCEDURES__________________________________________
APU CRANK TIME___________COMMO____________LOAD TIME_______________
FORMATION_______ANGLE_______ SEPARATION_______FUEL REQ’D_____________
TAKEOFF TIME _____________ HDG ___________ FORM _____________________
EN ROUTE TO LZ
SP _____________________________ WEAPONS STATUS______________________
ROUTE __________________________________________________________________
ALT_______ A/S-G/S__________ FORM_______ DOORS______ TURNS>60_________
ALTERNATE ROUTE________________________________________________________
DOOR GUN POSITIONS______________
HAZARDS ________________________________________________________________
FALSE INSERTIONS _______________________________________________________
RP ________________________ WEAPONS STATUS_______________________
LZ
NAME/GRID_____________________________/______________________________
TIME _______________ FREQUENCY________ CALL SIGN_____________________
DESCRIPTION_____________________________________________________________
ALT LZ___________________________________________________________________
MARKINGS (FAR)_______________________(NEAR)_____________________________
LANDING DIRECTION_________FORMATION_____________GA____________________
HAZARDS_____________________ ACTIONS ON CONTACT_______________________
ENEMY SITUATION_____________________ THREAT ORIENTATION_______________
WEAPONS STATUS_______ NO FIRE AREAS___________________________________
TROOPS OFFLOAD__________TROOPS ACTIONS AFTER OFFLOAD_______________
EGRESS ROUTE
SP _________________________WEAPONS STATUS_____________________________
ROUTE _________________________________________________________________
ALT_____ A/S-G/S_____ FORM______ DOORS_________ TURNS >60______________
ALTERNATE ROUTE________________________________________________________
RP ________________________WEAPONS STATUS____________________________
*ACL – allowable combat load
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 B-11

Appendix B
Table B-14. Primary FARP status report

Base FARP Active FARP Silent FARP
Personnel
Blivets
HEMTTs* (tanker)
HEMTTs (cargo)
JP4 (gallons)
Diesel (gallons)
MOGAS (gallons)
Hellfire PA79
2.75 HE H163
2.75 HE H164
2.75 Illum H180
2.75 MPSN N464
2.75 SMK* H519
30 mm B120
Chaff
.50-cal
*HEMMT – heavy expanded mobility tactical truck
*SMK - smoke
B-12 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Table B-15. FARP briefing checklist
ROUTE TO FARP
SP ______________________ WEAPONS STATUS_________________________
ROUTE _________________________________________________________________
ALT_______ A/S-G/S_______ FORM_______ DOORS________ TURNS >60________
ALTERNATE ROUTE_______________________________________________________
RP _________________________ WEAPONS STATUS_______________________
FARP
TIME _______________
NAME/GRID ______________________/__________________
DESCRIPTION (# OF PTS) ____________________________
MARKINGS ______________________________________________________________
LANDING DIRECTION ______________ FORM ________________ G/A_____________
NOZZLE TYPE______________________________
HAZARDS ______________________________________________________________
SIGNALS _______________________________________________________________
REPOSITION
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
HOLDING AREA/JOIN UP
LOCATION ___________________________________________________________
HEADING ____________
EGRESS ROUTE
SP ______________________ WEAPONS STATUS__________________________
ROUTE __________________________________________________________________
ALT_______ A/S-G/S_______ FORM________ DOORS_______TURNS>60___________
ALTERNATE ROUTE________________________________________________________
RP _________________________WEAPONS STATUS_________________________
Table B-16. Tactical missions checklist

AVN A/C POC
MSN# Date Mission Times Status POC # Remarks
Unit Type Name
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 B-13

Appendix B
Table B-17. Example of Raven (UAS) table

POC
Date Unit MSN# Task Zone Times Status Remarks POC #
Name
1st Monday
2nd Tuesday
B-14 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Table B-18. Example of a Raven (UAS) mission

Call Sign: BN, BCT, DIV, Date (Raven Missions)
Frequency:
1) ATC:
2) BN CMD:
3) Multiuser internet relay chat
(MIRC) channel/C/S:
Launch site:
Zone:
Recovery site: Same as launch
MSN altitudes: cruise specific fuel
consumption-700 mean sea level
(MSL)
Proposed MSN times:
1) Day flights:
0630 to 0730
1830 to 1930
2) Night flights:
2000 to 2100
Estimated time en route (ETE): 1
hour each flight
Checkpoints:
H-
A-
B-
C-
D-
E-
R-
Raven channel: (TBA)
Mission description:
POC / Ph#:
E-mail:
SECTION II – SAMPLE AIR-GROUND INTEGRATION PLANNING CHARTS

B-3. Table B-19 through B-22 provide examples of air-ground integration planning charts.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 B-15

Appendix B
Table B-19. Artillery munitions and characteristics

Asset Max Range Max Rate of Fire Sustained Rate Type Ammo
Meters (P/min) of Fire (P/min)
105 T M102 12,400 10 rounds (Rds) 3 Rds HEP-T, RAP,
15,400 (RAP) WP, APERS,
Gas, HE, ICM,
ILLUM, HC
155 T M198 22,400 4 Rds HE, ICM, WP,
30,000 (RAP) ILLUM, DPICM,
ADAM, RAP,
Nuke, Chem,
RAAM, CPHD
155 self 18,100 4 Rds 1 Rd Same as M198
propelled 23,500 (RAP)
MLRS 30,000 1.5 Rds per second 1 Rd per 4.5 DPICM, Chem
seconds
60 mm mortar 3,500 30 Rds/min for 4 mins 20 Rds HE, WP, ILLUM
81 mm mortar 4,700 30 Rds/min for 4 mins 8 Rds Same as 60-mm
107 mm mortar 6,800 18 Rds/min for 2 mins 3 Rds HE, WP, Chem,
ILLUM
ADAM – area denial artillery munition HEP-T – high explosive plastic tracer
APERS – antipersonnel ICM – improved conventional munition
Chem- chemical ILLUM – illumination
CPHD – copperhead RAAM – remote anti-armor munition
DPICM – dual purpose improved conventional munition RAP – improved rocket assisted projectile
HC – zinc oxide WP – white phosphorous
HE – high explosive
Table B-20. Example of a BCT BAE battle rhythm time line

Actions Required
Time line Other Actions that Occur
BAE Led
Concurrently
0100
0200
0300
0400
0500 Scrub admin
0600 BUB* slides due flight manifest
0700
Division Cdr’s update,
0800
Shift change
0900 Bde BUB
B-16 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Table B-20. Example of a BCT BAE battle rhythm time line

Actions Required
Time line Other Actions that Occur
BAE Led
Concurrently
1000
1100
1200 Raven requests due to division
1300
1400 Admin AMR* manifest due to division
1500
1600 Brigade fighter management update Scrub mission
1700 Division update tracker with
avn bde and
1800 division
1900 workbooks
2000 Shift change
2100 Scrub mission
2200 tracker Space-A
2300 manifesting
2400
0100
Additional Requirements:
Check TAIS hourly for system/data messages.
Check TAIS. Post changes to ACO, as required.
Scrub mission tracker with electronic and paper copies of submitted AMRs. Make changes as
necessary.
Post changes to AMRs and notify personnel, as required.
End of Month Requirements:
Save all data from the previous month to a CD. Upon confirmation that all data has been
recorded to the CD, delete all previous month data from hard drive.
Prepare all folders for the next month’s data.
Scrub the continuity book. Update outdated information with the most current changes.
*BUB – battle update brief
*AMR – air mission request
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 B-17

Appendix B
Table B-21. Logistics and support checklist
MSN AVN
Date Mission PAX Leg Times Status POC Name POC # Remarks
# Unit
B-18 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Table B-22. Abbreviated list matrix

Tasks Proponent field manuals (all items in this matrix are FMs)
3-0 3-04.113 3-04.126 3-07 3-90 4-0 5-0 6-0 7-0 17-95 34-130 90-4
Actions on contact X X
AASLT X X
Attack recon
employment X
BHL/BHO X X
CCIR X X
COA X
CSS X
Direct fire planning X
EA development X
EEFI X
Fire control X
Fire distribution X
IPB X
MDMP X
Movement
techniques X
Orders X
PR X
Recon
fundamentals X X X
Recon ops X X
Rehearsals X X X
Risk mgmt X
Screening X X
Security X X
Stability / support
ops X
TLP X
Training model X
Utility helicopter
ops X
Volcano X
Wargaming X
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 B-19

Appendix C
Aviation Support of Ground Operations
This appendix is designed to assist the BAE in making recommendations to the BCT
commander on the best doctrinal employment of aviation assets in support of the
BCT’s missions. It is divided into sections that include aviation support to heavy
(mechanized infantry and armor) division operations, and light (light infantry,
airborne, air assault) division operations. Once the BCT commander and S3 complete
their mission analysis, the BAE can refer to the BCT's mission in this appendix and
use the lists for possible doctrinal missions that each type of aviation asset can
perform in support of the BCT. These missions are defined by task and purpose.
These are not all-inclusive lists and serve to provide assistance. This appendix is not
designed to be the aviation brigade commander's smart book. Aviation brigades may
also conduct these types of missions directly for the division commander. In this case,
the BAEs need not concern themselves with these missions.
SECTION I – HEAVY DIVISION OFFENSE
MOVEMENT TO CONTACT
ATTACK RECONNAISSANCE HELICOPTERS
C-1. Missions the ARB (FM 1-112 or FM 1-114 [both FMs will be revised as FM 3-04.126] ) could
perform include, but are not limited to—
z Conducting—
Armed reconnaissance or Contents
reconnaissance in force to gain and SECTION I – Heavy Division Offense ...... C-1
maintain enemy contact.
SECTION II – Heavy Division Defense .... C-6
Route reconnaissance. Aircraft and SECTION III – Heavy Division Other
ground scouts work together for a Operations................................................. C-9
detailed reconnaissance. Aircraft SECTION IV – Light
working alone will accomplish the Infantry/Airborne/Air Assault Divisions
reconnaissance quicker but with less Offense .................................................... C-15
detail. SECTION V – Light
Guard operations. The battalion must Infantry/Airborne/Air Assault Divisions
be augmented with tanks or Bradleys. Defense.................................................... C-21
Screen operations while units SECTION VI – Light
consolidate on objectives. The Infantry/Airborne/Air Assault Divisions
battalion can provide security for an Other Operations .................................... C-26
assaulting force after it has reached
its objective. Attack reconnaissance
assets can provide early warning of enemy counterattack or routes of enemy withdrawal.
z Screening front, flank, or rear (counterreconnaissance).
z Augmenting and reinforcing ground scouts seeking enemy contact. This is especially effective
because of the AH-64's night capability.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 C-1

Appendix C
z Acting as a rapid reaction force (hasty attack) to develop the situation in a meeting engagement
or allowing for disengagement if the enemy is too strong for advance guard forces.
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
C-2. Missions the AHB could perform include, but are not limited to, conducting—
z Air assault to seize key terrain, disrupt the enemy's rear, or emplace LRSD/SOF.
z Air movement to emplace remote battlefield sensor system (REMBASS) to assist in NAI
observation, CASEVAC, or refuel-on-the-move (ROM).
z Countermobility operations with Volcano.
z C2, retransmission (RETRANS).
GENERAL SUPPORT HELICOPTERS
Command Aviation Company

C-3. Missions the CAC could perform include, but are not limited to, employing—
z Employing A2C2S platforms in support of the division command group, BCT, and aviation
brigade commanders’ C2 requirements.
z Employing Non-A2C2S aircraft for C2, GS, RETRANS, or CASEVAC.
Heavy Helicopter Company

C-4. Missions the HvyHC could perform include, but are not limited to, conducting—
z Air movements for general resupply, especially oversized, heavy, and special munitions, ROM,
and CASEVAC.
z Air assaults to seize key terrain, disrupt the enemy's rear, or emplace long-range surveillance
detachment (LRSD)/SOF.
Air Ambulance Company

C-5. Missions the air ambulance company (FM 8-10-26) could perform include, but are not limited to—
z Conducting MEDEVAC.
z Resupplying emergency class VIII.
z Transporting medical personnel and equipment, whole blood, and biologicals.
HASTY ATTACK
C-6. Missions the ARB (FM 1-112 or FM 1-114 [both FMs will be revised as FM 3-04.126]) could
z Conducting—
Flank or forward screen to provide early warning, maneuver space and reaction time for the
force conducting the hasty attack.
Route reconnaissance to prevent disruption of the movement.
Reconnaissance of enemy frontage and depth to locate routes around enemy position.
Reconnaissance to the rear of an enemy position to provide reports on enemy positions,
reserves, artillery, and control CAS and artillery fires.
Deception operations to prevent detection of the movement to contact force.
A mobile attack to separate echelons and preventing or disrupting counterattacks.
Air assault security to protect AATF.
C-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

z Acting as—
The BCT’s tactical combat force (TCF) for rear operations.
A reserve.
z Attacking the enemy's flanks and rear to develop the situation and diverting the enemy’s
attention. They can be used as either main or supporting attacks.
z Screening own flanks.
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
C-7. Missions the AHB (FM 1-113) could perform include, but are not limited to, conducting—
z Air movement to emplace REMBASS to assist in NAI observation, CASEVAC, or ROM.
z C2, RETRANS.

z A2C2S platforms in support of the division command group, BCT and aviation brigade
commanders’ C2 requirements.
z Non-A2C2S aircraft for C2, GS, RETRANS, or CASEVAC.

z Air movements for general resupply especially oversized, heavy, and special munitions, ROM,
and CASEVAC.

DELIBERATE ATTACK
z Conducting—
A deliberate attack into the enemy's flanks or rear to develop the situation, diverting the
enemy’s attention.
A mobile attack to separate echelons, preventing and disrupting counterattacks (main or
supporting attack).
Air assault security to protect AATF.
z Screening own flanks.
z Acting as a reserve.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 C-3

Appendix C
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
z C2, RETRANS.


z Air movement operations—
For general resupply especially oversized, heavy, and special munitions, ROM.
For CASEVAC.

EXPLOITATION
z Screening vulnerable own flanks or gaps when performing as part of a large force.
z Conducting air assault security to protect the AATF.
z Attacking—
Flanks and rear to maintain constant pressure on the defeated force.
Rear area C2 and CSS assets to ensure total defeat of the enemy force.
z Acting as reserve to blunt any counterattacks or providing the decisive blow by attacking to
destroy lucrative targets.
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
z Air assault to seize key terrain, disrupt the enemy's rear, gain and maintain momentum, or
emplace LRSD/SOF.
C-4 TC 1-400 27 April 2006


z C2, RETRANS.


C-19. Missions the HvyHC could perform include, but are not limited to—
z Conducting air movements operations for—
General resupply especially oversized, heavy, and special munitions rapidly to help maintain
momentum.
Air movement for CASEVAC.
z Air assaulting forces to seize key terrain (bridges, crossing sites) to help maintain momentum.

PURSUIT
z Screening—
Vulnerable own flanks or gaps when performing as part of a larger force.
Pursuing forces' flanks especially at night.
z Attacking—
To destroy, disrupt, or attrit counterattack or reserve forces.
To fix withdrawing forces.
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
z C2, RETRANS.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 C-5

Appendix C


z Conducting air movements—
For general resupply especially oversized, heavy, and special munitions rapidly to help
maintain momentum.
Air movement for CASEVAC.

SECTION II – HEAVY DIVISION DEFENSE
AREA DEFENSE
C-26. Missions the ARB (FM 1-112 or FM 1-114 [both FM’s will be revised as FM 3-04.126]) could
z Conducting—
Normal reconnaissance and security missions to provide information, reaction time, and
maneuver space for the BCT commander.
Hasty defensive operations and reconnaissance and screen missions.
More deliberate defensive operations when part of a covering force or guard mission (with
augmentation).
Economy of force for the BCT commander so the BCT commander can concentrate the
combat power in the decisive area. The ARB may defend in a sector, delay, counterattack, or
perform deception operations.
Mobile attack to destroy second echelon forces. This separates echelons and allows the BCT
to defend against one echelon at a time.
Reconnaissance, counterreconnaissance, and security especially at night.
z Attacking to fix enemy forces. This assists in defeat mechanisms.
z Screening ground movement during disengagement and ground force movement subsequent
positions.
C-6 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
z Air assault as a quick reaction force.
z Air movement to emplace REMBASS to assist in NAI observation, CASEVAC, or resupply.


C-29. Missions the HvyHC could perform include, but are not limited to, conducting air movements for—
z Personnel relief, general resupply especially oversized, heavy, special munitions.
z CASEVAC.

MOBILE DEFENSE
z Conducting—
Normal reconnaissance and security missions to provide information, reaction time, and
maneuver space for the BCT commander.
Hasty defense operations during reconnaissance and screen missions.
More deliberate defensive operations when part of a covering force or guard mission (with
augmentation).
Economy of force for the BCT commander so the BCT commander can concentrate the
combat power in the decisive area. The ARB may defend in a sector, delay, counterattack, or
perform deception operations.
Mobile attack to destroy second echelon forces. This separates echelons and allows the
ground force to defend against one echelon at a time.
z Attacking to fix enemy forces. This assists in defeat mechanisms or allows disengagement of
mobile defensive forces.
z Screening ground movement during disengagement and ground force movement to subsequent
positions.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 C-7

Appendix C
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
C-32. Missions the AHB (FM 1-113) could perform include, but are not limited to conducting—
z Air movement to emplace REMBASS to assist in NAI observation, CASEVAC, or resupply.


C-34. Missions the HvyHC could perform include, but are not limited to, conducting air movement
operations for—
z General resupply especially oversized, heavy, and special munitions, and conduct ROM.
z CASEVAC.

RETROGRADE OPERATIONS
z Screening forward, flanks, and rear during retrograde especially at night or during limited
visibility.
z Attacking an enemy force to divert its attention away from the retrograde operations.
z Acting as reserve during retrograde.
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
z Air movement operations to move MPs forward to man traffic control points, CASEVAC, or
resupply.
z Countermobility operations with Volcano (during a delay).
C-8 TC 1-400 27 April 2006



operations for—
z General resupply especially oversized, heavy, and special munitions.
z Fuel movement to ROM sites for forces conducting retrograde operations.
z CASEVAC.

SECTION III – HEAVY DIVISION OTHER OPERATIONS
RELIEF-IN-PLACE
z Facilitating movement for both the brigade assuming the battle and the brigade leaving the battle
to ensure movement into and out of the area is smooth.
z Screening forward or flanks during relief especially at night or during limited visibility to
provide early warning of an attack or during transfer of responsibility.
z Attacking an enemy force to divert its attention away from the relief.
z Acting as reserve during relief.
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
C-42. Missions the AHB (FM 1-113) could perform include, but are not limited to—
z Conducting air movement operations:
To move limited numbers of personnel and equipment into and out of relief positions.
For CASEVAC or resupply.
To move MPs forward/rearward to man traffic control points.
z Augmenting C2 by providing mobility for commanders.
z Conducting air assault of a quick reaction force.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 C-9

Appendix C


operations for—
z Personnel relief, general resupply especially oversized, heavy, and special munitions.
z CASEVAC.

PASSAGE OF LINES
z Conducting screen/overwatch of BHL.
z Attacking to disrupt enemy force to allow friendly forces to disengage.
z Acting as reserve force during passage of lines.
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
z Conducting air movement operations—
For CASEVAC or ROM.
To move MPs forward to man traffic control points.
z Conducting air assault of a quick reaction force or seizing key terrain.

C-10 TC 1-400 27 April 2006


C-49. Missions the HvyHC could perform include, but are not limited to, conducting air movements for
general resupply especially oversized, heavy, and special munitions.

BREAKOUT OF ENCIRCLED FORCES

z Screening the front or flanks during the breakout to give the moving commander early warning,
maneuver space and reaction time (especially at night).
z Attacking to—
Destroy enemy forces at the rupture point of the breakout.
Disrupt an enemy force and divert attention away from the rupture point. This is not the best
use of attack assets.
Disrupt enemy fighting against rear guard.
z Acting as a reserve force or attacking to support a reserve force (assets should not be located
with encircled forces due to vulnerability).
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
To move limited numbers of personnel and equipment into and out of the encircled forces.
z Conducting:
Air assault of a breakout or quick reaction force.
Countermobility operations with Volcano.

z A2C2S platforms in support of the division command group, BCT, and aviation brigade

For general resupply especially oversized, heavy, and special munitions.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 C-11

Appendix C
To move limited numbers of personnel and equipment into and out of relief positions.
For CASEVAC.

RIVER CROSSING OPERATIONS

z Screening—
Forward, especially for the initial assault force establishing the bridgehead.
Assault force crossing and far bank seizure.
z Facilitating movement around the marshalling area and on routes to the crossing site.
z Attacking deep to destroy, disrupt, or attrit forces defending the bridgehead.
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
For CASEVAC.
To resupply assault force with limited fuel and ammunition.
To move MPs forward to man traffic control points.
z Conducting air assault as a quick reaction force.


z Conducting air movement operations for—
General resupply especially oversized, heavy, and special munitions to resupply assault
force.
CASEVAC.
C-12 TC 1-400 27 April 2006


RESERVE OPERATIONS
z Acting as reserve by itself.
z Attacking to destroy enemy forces, reinforce, or blunt/block penetrations during enemy
counterattacks.
z Receiving contingency missions to conduct offensive operations like attack helicopters.
z Conducting zone or route reconnaissance of the attack axis for the reserve force.
z Overwatching/screening passage of lines.
z Pinpointing artillery fires to hide intentions of a reserve force.
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
z Air movement for CASEVAC or resupply.
z Air assault as a reserve or quick reaction force.

C-63. Missions the CAC could perform include, but are not limited to—
z Employing A2C2S platforms in support of the commander of the reserve forces’ C2
requirements.
z Providing mobility for commander of reserve forces to see the battlefield.
z Employing non-A2C2S aircraft for C2, GS, RETRANS, or CASEVAC.

operations for—
z General resupply especially oversized, heavy, and special munitions.
z CASEVAC.

27 April 2006 TC 1-400 C-13

Appendix C
REAR OPERATIONS
z Conducting—
Screens especially in vulnerable areas or likely LZs/DZs.
Zone, area, or route reconnaissance.
z Acting as TCF, if necessary.
z Attacking to destroy rear area level III threats.
z Overwatching MSRs to prevent ambush of supply vehicles.
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
z Air assault operations to provide mobility for TCF.
z Air movement operations to support other aviation assets involved in rear operations, resupply
and reconnaissance, and CASEVAC.

z Employing A2C2S platforms in support of the rear area commander’s C2 requirements.
z Providing mobility and C2 for the rear area operations commander.
z Employing non-A2C2S aircraft for GS, RETRANS, or CASEVAC.

z Air movement operations—
To support other aviation assets involved in rear operations.
z Air assault operations to provide mobility for TCF.

C-14 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

SECTION IV – LIGHT INFANTRY/AIRBORNE/AIR ASSAULT DIVISIONS

OFFENSE
HASTY ATTACK
z Conducting—
Route, zone, or area reconnaissance to provide the BCT commander with information on the
axis/zone of attack.
A reconnaissance in force to develop IPB and reduce uncertainties.
Deception operations to prevent the enemy from massing to defeat the main attack.
Mobile attacks against C2, logistics sites, moving forces, and artillery to separate echelons;
preventing and disrupting counterattacks.
z Screening forward, flanks and rear of the advancing force to provide early warning, reaction
time, and maneuver space in the event of an enemy counterattack.
z Covering or guarding forward, when augmented, to develop the situation or penetrate the
security and first echelon defenses of the enemy.
z Providing air assault security if an air assault is part of the BCT commander's plan. Providing air
route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in PZ/LZ areas.
z Overwatching assault objectives to prevent ambushes and traps.
z Acting as reserve.
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
z Providing air assaulting forces to—
Exploit the advantage gained during the movement to contact or to develop the situation.
Modify the original plan, either to reinforce a weakness or exploit an advantage.
To emplace FS/ADA assets to influence the battle.
To provide resupply (especially ammunition and water) to units in contact.
z Conducting C2, RETRANS.


27 April 2006 TC 1-400 C-15

Appendix C

To provide resupply (especially ammunition and water) to the units in contact.
For CASEVAC.
z Providing air assaulting forces to—
Exploit the advantage gained during the movement to contact or to develop the situation.
Modify the original plan, either to reinforce a weakness or exploit an advantage.

DELIBERATE ATTACK
z Conducting—
Route, zone or area reconnaissance to provide the BCT commander with information on the
zone of attack.
A reconnaissance in force to develop IPB and reduce uncertainties.
Deception operations to prevent the enemy from massing to defeat the main attack.
Mobile attack to separate echelons; preventing and disrupting counterattacks.
z Screening forward, flanks, and rear of the advancing force to provide early warning, reaction
z Covering or guarding forward when augmented to develop the situation or penetrate the security
and first echelon defenses of the enemy.
z Providing—
Air assault security if an air assault is part of the BCT commander's plan.
Air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in PZ/LZ areas.
z Attacking the enemy's flanks or rear to develop the situation, diverting its attention.
z Acting as reserve.
ASSAULT HELICOPTER
z Providing air assaulting forces—
To bypass main defenses to destroy artillery, C2, logistics, or seize key terrain.
Away from the enemy or into armor-restrictive terrain to conduct dismounted attacks against
mechanized forces.
To provide resupply (especially ammunition and water) to forces in contact.
C-16 TC 1-400 27 April 2006


C-78. Missions the CAC could perform include, but are not limited to employing—

For general resupply especially oversized, heavy, and special munitions (especially
ammunition and water) to the units in contact.
For emplacing FS/ADA assets to influence the battle.
For CASEVAC.
To bypass main defenses to destroy artillery, C2, logistics, or to seize key terrain.
Away from the enemy or into armor-restrictive terrain to conduct dismounted attacks against
mechanized forces.

EXPLOITATION
z Screening forward, flanks and rear of the advancing force to provide early warning, reaction
z Conducting a reconnaissance in force to develop IPB and reduce uncertainties.
z Providing—
Air assault security if part of the BCT commander's plan.
z Attacking—
Flanks and rear to maintain constant pressure on the defeated force.
Rear area, C2, and CSS assets to ensure total defeat of the enemy force.
z Acting as reserve to blunt any counterattacks or provide the decisive blow by attacking to
destroy lucrative targets.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 C-17

Appendix C
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
z Air assaulting forces to bypass main defenses to destroy artillery, C2, logistics, or to seize key
terrain to maintain the momentum.
For CASEVAC.


To provide resupply (especially ammunition and water) to the units in contact.
For CASEVAC.
z Air assaulting forces to bypass main defenses to destroy artillery, C2, logistics, or to seize key
terrain to maintain the momentum.

PURSUIT
C-86. Missions the ARB (FM 1-112 or FM 1-114 [both FMs will be revised as FM 3-04.126])) could
z Screening forward, flanks, and rear of the advancing force to provide early warning, reaction
z Conducting a reconnaissance in force to develop IPB and reduce uncertainties.
z Providing—
Air route reconnaissance and overwatch to protect the assets in the PZ/LZ areas.
C-18 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

z Attacking to—
Destroy, disrupt, or attrit counterattack or reserve forces.
Fix withdrawing forces.
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
z Providing air assaulting forces to bypass main defenses to destroy artillery, C2, logistics, or to
seize key terrain and act as the encircling force.
To provide resupply (especially ammunition and water) to forces in contact.
For CASEVAC.


For general resupply especially oversized, heavy, and special munitions (especially
ammunition and water) to the units in contact.
For CASEVAC.
z Providing air assaulting forces to bypass main defenses to destroy artillery, C2, logistics, or to
seize key terrain and act as the encircling force.

RAID
C-91. Missions the ARB (FM 1-112 or FM 1-114) could perform include, but are not limited to—
z Conducting air route reconnaissance for raiding aircraft.
z Providing—
Air assault security if an air assault is part of the force commander's plan.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 C-19

Appendix C
z Screening the objective area to provide early warning, reaction time, and maneuver space to the
force commander.
z Overwatching avenues of approach into the objective area.
z Attacking to destroy enemy in the objective area.
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
z Air assaulting forces to destroy enemy installations, communications facilities, logistics bases.
z Conducting air assault to withdraw forces in contact. This is a critical event in the raid.
To emplace FS/ADA assets. This may be the primary means of conducting the raid or may
be in support of the AATF.
For CASEVAC.

To emplace FS/ADA assets. This may be the primary means of conducting the raid or may
For CASEVAC.

To emplace FS/ADA assets. This may be the primary means of conducting the raid, or may

C-20 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

SECTION V – LIGHT INFANTRY/AIRBORNE/AIR ASSAULT DIVISIONS

DEFENSE
DEFEND AGAINST AN INFANTRY-HEAVY THREAT

z Screening forward, flanks, or rear to provide early warning, reaction time and maneuver space to
the BCT commander.
z Guarding forward or flank, when augmented, to protect a force that is preparing its defense.
z Covering, when augmented, to force the attacker to deploy and then defeat its reconnaissance
and first echelon forces.
z Attacking to—
Destroy C2, logistic, and artillery sites.
Deny enemy avenues of approach and MSRs.
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
To subsequent BPs to allow a defense in depth.
In the covering force area to allow disengagement from or prevent decisive engagement with
enemy forces.
To provide resupply (ammunition and water) to forces in contact.
For CASEVAC.


z Conducting air movements operations—
To provide resupply (ammunition and water) to the units in contact.
For CASEVAC.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 C-21

Appendix C

To subsequent BPs to allow a defense in depth.
In the covering force area to allow disengagement from or prevent decisive engagement with
enemy forces.

C-100. Missions the air ambulance company (FM 8-10-26) could perform include, but are not limited
to—
DEFEND AGAINST AN ARMOR-HEAVY THREAT

z Conducting—
Reconnaissance, counterreconnaissance, and security (especially at night).
A mobile attack to destroy second echelon forces. This separates echelons and allows the
ground force to defend against one echelon at a time.
Deception operations to divert enemy forces from the main attack.
z Screening—
Forward, flanks, or rear to provide early warning, reaction time, and maneuver space to the
force commander.
Ground movement during disengagement and ground force movement to subsequent
positions.
z Guarding forward or flank, when augmented, to protect a force that is preparing its defense.
z Covering, when augmented, to force the attacker to deploy and defeat its reconnaissance and
first echelon forces.
z Attacking to fix enemy forces. This assists in defeat mechanisms or allows disengagement of
mobile defensive forces.
z Providing—
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
To restrictive or urban terrain to defend in favorable terrain/areas.
To act as the rear area response force.
As part of a raid/counterattack.
To provide resupply (ammunition and water) to units in contact.
For CASEVAC.
z Emplacing minefields using the Volcano system (if available).
C-22 TC 1-400 27 April 2006



For CASEVAC.
z Air assaulting forces—
To restrictive or urban terrain to defend in favorable terrain/areas.
To act as the rear area response force.
As part of a raid/counterattack.

to—
ECONOMY OF FORCE
z Conducting all doctrinal operations (attack, delay, deny, overwatch, screen, and so forth). If
allocated to a unit conducting an economy of force, attack reconnaissance helicopters would be
the only FS means available to that commander.
z Providing—
Air assault security if an air assault is past of the BCT commander’s plan.
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
z Providing air assaulting—
Forces to likely avenues of approach and withdraw them to subsequent BPs before
decisively engaged.
Reserve forces to decisive points on the battlefield.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 C-23

Appendix C
For CASEVAC.


For CASEVAC.
Forces to likely avenues of approach and withdraw them to subsequent BPs before
decisively engaged.
Reserve forces to decisive points on the battlefield.

to—
DELAY
z Attacking to fix enemy forces. This assists in allowing disengagement of mobile defensive
forces.
z Screening ground movement during disengagement and ground force movement to subsequent
positions.
z Conducting—
Mobile attack to destroy second echelon forces—separates echelons and allows the ground
force to delay against one echelon at a time.
z Providing—
C-24 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
z Providing air assaulting forces to subsequent BPs before becoming decisively engaged (strip
alert).
For CASEVAC.
z Conducting—
Air assault/air movement to withdraw stay behind forces, if necessary.
C2, RETRANS.


For CASEVAC.
z Providing air assaulting forces to subsequent BPs before becoming decisively engaged (strip
alert).
z Conducting air assault/air movement to withdraw stay behind forces, if necessary.

to—
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 C-25

Appendix C
SECTION VI – LIGHT INFANTRY/AIRBORNE/AIR ASSAULT DIVISIONS

OTHER OPERATIONS
REINFORCE
z Providing—
z Conducting route, zone, or area reconnaissance to provide information on the terrain and enemy
to the BCT commander.
z Acting as reserve by itself, if necessary.
z Attacking to destroy enemy forces, reinforce, or blunt/block penetrations during enemy
counterattacks.
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
Reserve forces to the decisive point on the battlefield.
Additional antiarmor platoons where necessary.
z Conducting air movement—
To emplace FS assets to weight the main effort and influence the battle.


To emplace FS assets to weight the main effort and influence the battle.
z Air assaulting—
Reserve forces to the decisive point on the battlefield.
Additional antitank (AT) platoons where necessary.
C-26 TC 1-400 27 April 2006


to—
LINKUP
z Enhancing C2 links to ensure fratricide risks are reduced.
z Screening forward and flanks of lineup force to reduce uncertainties and make contact with the
stationary force.
z Providing—
z Attacking enemy forces to divert their attention away from the linkup.
z Acting as reserve during linkup.
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
z Providing mobility over enemy terrain to effect liaison between the linking units.
To provide resupply (ammunition and water) to forces in contact.
For CASEVAC.

z Employing—
A2C2S platforms in support of the division command group, BCT, and aviation brigade
Non-A2C2S aircraft for GS or CASEVAC.
z Aiding communications between the linking units (aerial retransmission).
z Providing aerial command, control, and communications (C3) platforms to allow commanders to
prevent fratricide between linking units.

27 April 2006 TC 1-400 C-27

Appendix C

For CASEVAC.

to—
RIVER CROSSING OPERATIONS

z Screening assault force crossing and far bank seizure.
z Attacking to destroy, disrupt, or attrit forces attacking bridgehead.
z Providing—
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
To seize key terrain to prevent enemy interference with the crossing operation.
To provide flank security or quick reaction force.
To secure the bridgehead.
z Conducting—
Air movement operations for CASEVAC.
C2, RETRANS.
z Non-A2C2S aircraft for C2, GS, RETRANS or CASEVAC.

For CASEVAC.
To seize key terrain to prevent enemy interference with the crossing operation.
C-28 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

To provide flank security.

To secure the bridgehead.

to—
REAR OPERATIONS
z Conducting zone, area, or route reconnaissance.
z Acting as TCF itself, if necessary. Attacking to destroy rear area level III threats.
z Overwatching MSRs to prevent ambush of supply vehicles.
z Providing—
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
z Air assaulting TCF to predetermined LZs to counter the rear area threat.
To place MPs in critical areas.
To emplace electronic sensors in unoccupied or difficult terrain.

z A2C2S platforms in support of the division command group, maneuver and aviation brigade
z Non-A2C2S aircraft for C2, GS, RETRANS or CASEVAC.

To place MPs in critical areas.
To emplace electronic sensors in unoccupied or difficult terrain.
For CASEVAC.
z Providing air assaulting TCF to predetermined LZs to counter the rear area threat.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 C-29

Appendix C

to—
OPERATIONS OTHER THAN WAR

z Conducting—
Reconnaissance operations to reduce uncertainties in the AO.
CCA in support of ground operation.
z Screening the forces AA to provide early warning of attacks.
z Enhancing C3I especially along critical routes (such as LOCs).
z Providing—
z Attacking to destroy enemy in the objective area. Especially effective with point weapons
systems to reduce collateral damage (tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided
[TOW]/Hellfire).
z Overwatching routes, MSRs, and air routes to facilitate ground and air movement.
z Denying enemy avenue of approach.
z Dominating key terrain around an objective area.
ASSAULT HELICOPTERS
z Air assaulting forces to conduct attacks against specific targets.
To emplace reconnaissance assets, including TOW vehicles due to their thermal sights
capability (TOW HMMWVs require at least UH-60L to lift).
To resupply remote OPs, checkpoints, and road blocks.
To remove damaged or destroyed equipment from objective areas.
z Supporting immediate reaction force for own security.
z Conducting—
Raids.
False air movements and air assaults to aid in the PSYOP campaign. Can also conduct leaflet
drops and speaker operations.
Air assault in support of NEO.
C2, RETRANS.
C-30 TC 1-400 27 April 2006


C-138. Missions the CAC could perform include, but are not limited to employing—
z Non-A2C2S aircraft for C2, GS, RETRANS, or CASEVAC

To emplace reconnaissance assets including TOW vehicles due to their thermal sight
capability.
To resupply remote OPs, check points, and road blocks.
To remove damaged or destroyed equipment from the objective areas.
For CASEVAC.
z Conducting—
Raids.
False air movements and air assaults to aid the PSYOP campaign. Can also conduct leaflet
drops and speaker operations.
Air assault in support of NEO.
z Providing air assaulting forces to conduct attacks against specific targets.
z Supporting immediate reaction force for security purposes.

to—
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 C-31

Appendix D
Warfighting Functions GO/NO-GO Brief Checklists
The BAE is an important staff element of the BCT and a major contributor to the
planning process. Table D-1 through table D-9 give checklists intended for use by
each warfighting functions representative during BCT aviation mission
planning/execution as job aids to assist in the GO/NO-GO decisionmaking process.
Table D-1. GO/NO-GO brief agenda

Agenda
Weather
Warfighting functions check
Intelligence
Maneuver
FS
AD/airspace
Mobility/countermobility/survivability
CSS
C2
Risk management
Recommendation
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 D-1

Appendix D
Table D-2. Intelligence warfighting functions checklist

GO NO-GO NA Conditions
Current weather and light data for AASLT/CAS
Post-AASLT weather
Suitability of LZs
Enemy command and control warfare (C2W) suppressed
Indirect fire in range of primary and alternate LZs
Direct fire in range of primary and alternate LZs
Wheel, mech or armor force, able to influence primary or
alternate LZs
Known FS assets within range of PRI and ALT LZs
Destroyed/SEAD fires planned on suspected locations
Known ADA systems capable of ranging flight routes and
LZs destroyed/SEAD fires planned on suspected LOCs
BDA confidence level
Eyes on key NAIs with communications to teams
Division priority of higher’s collection effort
Table D-3. Maneuver warfighting functions checklist

Aircraft (crew) ready
Forward friendly locations confirmed (LSRD and
pathfinders)
RPs marked
Unit in PZ posture
PR procedures specified
Alternate LZs designated and rehearsed
Attack recon aviation in overwatch of LZs
Higher and adjacent units notified of plan
Assets available to reinforce and support operations
EA prepared to support operations
Sufficient lift available to reinforce/support operations
C2W operations coordinated (OPSEC, PSYOP, EW,
deception, physical destruction)
Operation within ROE limitations
Anti-fratricide measures in place
Plan for COB
D-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Table D-4. FS warfighting functions checklist

J-SEAD & intelligence and electronic warfare (IEW)
coordination complete
FSCMs coordinated
Firing units in position ready to fire
Fire plan forwarded to supporting units
CAS coordinated/available
Appropriate communications established
PPs covered by indirect fires
Tactical air control party task organized
Air and naval gunfire liaison company (ANGLICO) task
organized
Fire plan rehearsed
Air assault/mobile strike ATO
Nonlethal SEAD covers critical portions of operations
Table D-5. AD/airspace warfighting functions checklist

Air routes / airspace control plan coordinated within
division / higher / adjacent
ACO / ATO approved by joint force air component
commander (JFACC)
Coordinate friendly and cross boundary AD locations and
coverage
Early warning coverage for artillery raids LZs
Joint tactical information distribution system (JTIDS)
located with assault forces
Short-range air defense (SHORAD) coverage for artillery
raids LZs
High to medium altitude air defense (HIMAD) coverage
for mobile strike operations
TMD coverage for mobile strike operations
Weapons control status-hold along air routes
Ingress/egress routes in ACO
Airborne warning and control system (AWACS)
coordination / link-up
Airspace user priorities
Airfield and FARP locations and status
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 D-3

Appendix D
Table D-6. Mobility, countermobility, survivability warfighting functions checklist

LZ obstacle clearing teams ready
Flight landing strip clearing team ready
Flight landing strip layout confirmed
Survivability assets planned
Airfield repair rackage ready for airdrop
LZ not contaminated
Obstacles/barrier plan in place for EA shaping
Countermobility assets in place to support
Decontamination assets available and coordinated
Table D-7. CSS warfighting functions checklist

FARP ready to support mission

Sufficient class III/V available to sustain the duration of
the mission
FARP zone:
- Fuel for _____ ARB turns of _____ aircraft
- Hellfires for _____ ARB turns (_____ missiles/turn)
TAA:
- _____ -Point consolidated FARP fully functional
jump FARP:
- _____ ARB turns ammo
- _____ ARB/AHB turns fuel prepared for slingload
Availability of alternate FARP
Availability of other supply classes

MEDEVAC/CASEVAC package:
- _____ x HH-60
- _____ x UH-60
- _____ x CH-47
D-4 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Table D-8. C2 warfighting functions checklist

Seats-out risk management completed and approved
Alternate CP in PZ posture
Redundant C2 A/C available (at least _____ of _____)
TACSAT
UHF/HF
Retransmit in place
Forced entry system (FES) programmed early entry
Air mission brief checklist completed
Operations schedule complete (as applies)
LNO teams to higher and adjacent units

Media plan in place
Rehearsals complete
Communication rehearsals conducted (C2 A/C
rehearsals)
Table D-9. Recommendation checklist

GO NO-GO NA Warfighting Functions Summary
Intelligence
Maneuver
FS
AD/airspace
Mobility/countermobility/survivability
CSS
C2
Operational risk assessment
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 D-5

Appendix E
Army Helicopter Planning Factors and Characteristics
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
E-1. The following definitions and explanations apply to the information in this appendix.
DETECTION
E-2. The ability to classify a target as having military interest.
RECOGNITION
E-3. The ability to classify a target by category (such as wheeled, APC/infantry fighting vehicle [IFV],
AD, or artillery).
IDENTIFICATION
E-4. The ability to determine the actual type of vehicle (such as M1 Abrams, Shika antiaircraft gun
system [ZSU] 23-4, Boyevaya Maschina Piekhoty infantry fighting vehicle (BMP)-2, M-109).
INFRARED CROSSOVER
E-5. FLIR detects the difference in the emission of heat objects. On a hot day, the ground may reflect or
emit more heat than the suspected target. In this case, the environment will be “hot” and the target will be
“cool.” As the air cools at night, the target may lose or emit heat at a slower rate than the surrounding
environment. At some point the emission of heat from both the target and the surrounding environment
may be equal. This is IR crossover and makes target acquisition/detection difficult to impossible. IR
crossover occurs most often when the environment is damp/wet. This is because the water in the air creates
a buffer in the emissivity of objects. This limitation is present in all systems that use FLIR for TA.
ATTACK HELICOPTER-64 CHARACTERISTICS

E-6. This section addresses considerations for employment of the Longbow Apache (table E-1). It also
explains the basics of Longbow Apache warfighting—the building blocks of how the Longbow Apache is
employed in combat. Exploiting its new capabilities requires the review and modification of operational
concepts and tactics, and integration with other warfighting functions. New concepts for target
management and employment must be used. These new concepts are essential to exploit the system
capabilities and fully capitalize on the potential effectiveness and lethality of the Longbow Apache attack
unit.
SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
E-7. The AH-64D Longbow Apache gives the ARC and the ABTF with an increased capability over the
AH-64A. Part of that stems from the Longbow company's ability to maintain a CTP and unprecedented
SA.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 E-1

Appendix E
FIRE CONTROL RADAR

E-8. Central to the capabilities of the Longbow Apache is its FCR. The Longbow system consists of an
integrated FCR, along with a RFI. The FCR enables Longbow Apache helicopters to detect, classify,
prioritize, and engage targets with RF Hellfire missiles without visually acquiring the target. Since LOS to
the target is not mandatory, Longbow Apache crews may also employ the RF Hellfire missile during
periods of poor visibility when laser, optical, and FLIR sensors are degraded. The RFI can detect and
identify radar systems and display targeting information on the same screen as the information from the
FCR. The FCR will not identify friend or foe other than air defense unit (ADU) weapons which are
identifiable by their distinctive radar signatures detected by the RFI system.
Table E-1. AH-64 characteristics

Armament:
Missile range (Hellfire): 8000 m
Rocket range (Hydra 70): 6600 to 9000 m
Gun range (30 mm API, HEI): 3000 m
Optics:
TADS/day TV (low light, daytime): detection 10+ km
Recognition 8 to 10 km
Identification 5 to 7 km
TADS/FLIR (day, night, weather):
Detection 10+km
Identification 90 to 1200 m (condition dependent)
Navigation equipment:
Heading attitude reference system (combination of inertial navigation and Doppler
navigation); can slave TADS to a grid the operator inputs.
Flight characteristics:
Max speed (level): 164 kts
Normal cruise speed: 100 kts
Additional capabilities:
Aircraft can be configured with an external 230 gallon fuel tank to extend its range on attack
missions or with up to four 230 gallon fuel tanks for ferrying/self-deployment missions.
Limitations:
Threat ID; IR crossover; weather may inhibit Hellfire engagements (seeker must be able to
“see” the laser designated spot); overwater operations severely degrade navigation system;
pilot night vision system (PNVS) cannot detect wires or other small obstacles.
OBSERVATION HELICOPTER-58D CHARACTERISTICS

E-9. This section addresses considerations for employment of the Kiowa Warrior (table E-2).
E-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Table E-2. OH-58 characteristics

Armament:
Missile range (Hellfire): 8000 m
Missile range (ATA Stinger): 5000 m
Rocket range (Hydra 70): 7000 m
Gun range (.50 cal):

1600 m
Optics - MMS:
Thermal imaging system (TIS):
Detection 10+ km
Identification 3 km
Television sensor (TVS):
Detection 8+ km
Recognition 7 km
Identification 4 to 6 km
Laser range finder/designator:
Maximum ranging distance 9.99 km
Lasing a known point will update the navigation system.
Maximum designating distance limited only by TlS/TVS.
Pilots use AN/AVS-6 to fly the aircraft at night
Embedded Global Inertial (EGI) system in Romeo model aircraft or attitude and heading
reference system (AHRS)
Can slave MMS to grid input by operator.
Normal cruise speed: 80 kts
Aircraft is equipped with airborne target handover system. This system takes targeting
data from the AHRS and MMS and transmits it digitally (secure or unsecure) to tactical
fire direction system (TACFIRE).
Limitations:
Threat ID; IR crossover; weather may inhibit Hellfire engagements (seeker must be able
to see the laser designated spot.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 E-3

Appendix E
UTILITY HELICOPTER-60 CHARACTERISTICS

E-10. This section addresses considerations for employment of the Blackhawk helicopter (table E-3).
Table E-3. UH-60 characteristics

Armament:
2 x M60D (7.62 MGs) (self protection only)
Optics:
Doppler navigation set or GPS
Normal cruise speed: 120 to 145 kts.
With external slingloads: 90 kts.
The ESSS allows configuration for extended operations without refueling (5+ hours) (2 X
230 gallon fuel tanks). The ESSS also allows configuration for ferry and self-deployment
flights (4 X 230 gallon fuel tanks).
The enhanced C2 console provides the maneuver commander with an airborne platform
which can support 6 secure FM radios, 1 HF radio, 2 VHF radios, and 2 UHF radios.
Can be configured with the Volcano mine dispensing system. Requires 8 hours to install.
Capable of inserting and extracting troops with FRIES/SPIES.
Limitations:
Use of the ESSS for fuel limits access to the cabin doors for troops and bulky cargo or
litters. It also greatly decreases the payload.
UH-60A cannot sling-load a TOW HMMWV.
Cruise speed is greatly decreased by light, bulky sling-loads (less than 80 kts).
E-4 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

CHINOOK HELICOPTER-47 CHARACTERISTICS

E-11. This section addresses considerations for employment of the Chinook helicopter (table E-4).
Table E-4. CH-47 characteristics

Armament:
2 M60D 7.62 MGs (self protection only)
Optics:
Doppler navigation set or GPS
Normal cruise speed: 120 to 145 kts
The aircraft can be configured with additional fuel for either mobile FARE system (Fat Cow)
or for ferrying/self-deployment missions.
Aircraft has an internal load winch to ease loading of properly configured cargo.
The CH-47D can sling-load virtually any piece of equipment in the light infantry, airborne or
air assault divisions.
Limitations:
Cruise speed is greatly decreased by light, bulky sling-loads (less than 80 kts).
TYPICAL FUEL EXPENDITURE RATES AND CAPACITIES

E-12. Table E-5 depicts typical rates of fuel expenditures per helicopter and fuel capacities without
additional tanks.
Table E-5. Typical helicopter fuel expenditure rates and capacities

Average Gallons
Helicopter Fuel Capacity
Per Hour
AH-64 175 370
OH-58D 44 112
OH-58D (armed) 110 112
UH-60 178 362
CH-47 514 1030
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 E-5

Appendix E
STANDARD LOAD CAPACITIES

E-13. The BAE should have a copy of the standard operator manuals (-10s) for each type of helicopter.
Although an aircraft may be capable of carrying more than is indicated on these lists, safety, loading
procedures, space limitations and other factors play a great part in determining authorized loads for each
helicopter. Environmental conditions and configuration constraints affect the allowable cargo load (ACL)
for each aircraft. This information must be updated and obtained from each unit periodically or when there
is an obvious change. (See table E-6 and table E-7 for load capacities and planning weights.)
Table E-6. Typical helicopter load capacities

Empty Weight Plus
Type Max Gross Weight Max Slingload
Crew & Fuel
UH-60A 14,000 lbs 22,000 lbs 8,000 lbs
UH-60L 14,250 lbs 23,000 lbs 9,000 lbs
CH-47D 30,000 lbs 50,000 lbs 26,000 lbs
Table E-7. Typical planning weights for combat equipment and vehicles
Vehicle/Equipment Weight in Pounds
M998 HMMWV 7,535
M996 TOW HMMWV 8,095
M149 Water buffalo (empty) 2,540
(loaded) 6,060
M101A1 ¾ ton trailer (empty) 1,350
(loaded) 2,850
500 gallon fuel drum (empty) 275
(full) JP 3,625
M102 105 mm Howitzer 3,360
M114A1 155 mm Howitzer 15,200
M167 Vulcan (towed) 3,260
A22 bag (loaded) 2,200
Conex, steel (empty) 2,140
Conex, aluminum (empty) 1,560
Conex (either) max load 6,500
E-6 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Table E-7. Typical planning weights for combat equipment and vehicles
Vehicle/Equipment Weight in Pounds
Scamp crane 14,600
One mil-van 4,710
Electronic shop with wheels 3,940
Tool set, shop with wheels 3,030
Shop, portable, aircraft maintenance (empty) 4,220
(loaded) 5,425
M1008 pick-up (empty) 5,900
(loaded) 8,800
JD-550 Dozer 16,800
ATTACK RECONNAISSANCE AIRCRAFT MUNITIONS LOADS

E-14. As with the assault and GSAB helicopter units, the BAO must coordinate with attack reconnaissance
helicopter units to determine standard munitions and fuel loads for those types of assets. (See table E-8 for
typical attack reconnaissance helicopter ordnance loads.)
Table E-8. Typical attack reconnaissance helicopter ordnance loads
Aircraft Gun 2.75-inch Rockets Missiles
AH-64 (Standard) 1200 38 8 Hellfire

AH-64 (Heavy) 1200 - 16 Hellfire
OH-58D 500 7
OH-58D 14
OH-58D 500 2 ATAS*
OH-58D 4 Hellfire
*ATAS – air-to-air stinger
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 E-7

Appendix F
Unmanned Aircraft System Characteristics and Planning
Factors
UAS units are located throughout the Army from platoon to corps. UAS presents the
commander and staff with a new system that has the potential to be used in almost
any mission profile. The lessons learned through UAS missions will establish the
future use of these systems within the Army. (For more information see
FMI 3-04.155.)
SECTION I – RQ-1L IGNAT
USE Contents
SECTION I – RQ-1L IGNAT ....................... F-1
F-1. Originally designed to perform tactical surveillance at
altitudes up to 25,000 feet, the IGNAT (figure F-1) has been SECTION II – RQ-5/MQ-5 Hunter.............. F-2
reconfigured with a turbocharged engine to increase its operating SECTION III – RQ-7 Shadow .................... F-5
altitude to 30,500 feet with an endurance of up to 48 hours. SECTION IV – RQ-11 Raven ..................... F-7
Figure F-1. IGNAT AV
SPECIFICATIONS
F-2. Data given by several sources show slight variations, so detailed system related questions should be
directed to the Project Manager, UAS at Redstone Arsenal, Alabama. Data for the IGNAT (table F-1)—
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 F-1

Appendix F
Table F-1. IGNAT data specifications

Wing Span 42 ft 2.4 in
Weight 1,550 pounds (lbs)
Range 2,780 km
Airspeed 160 kts max
Ceiling 30,000 ft
Endurance 48 hours
Launch / Recovery Improved runway
SECTION II – RQ-5/MQ-5 HUNTER
USE
F-3. Hunters (figure F-2) have been deployed in Macedonia, in support of NATO forces in Kosovo. In
the first three months of Operation Allied Force (OAF), Hunters flew over 600 flight hours per 30-day
period, providing imagery and real-time data. The Hunters operated in relay with two UAs airborne
simultaneously for each mission.
Figure F-2. Hunter AV
F-4. An extended center wing version of the Hunter gives longer endurance and higher (up to 20,000
feet) altitude tactical missions. The Hunter is capable of carrying and employing the Viper Strike/Brilliant
antitank munitions (VS/BAT) weapon.
SPECIFICATIONS
F-5. Data for RQ-5A (BQM-155A) (table F-2)—
F-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Unmanned Aircraft System Characteristics and Planning Factors
Table F-2. RQ-5A data specifications

RQ-5A Specifications
Wing Span 29 ft
Weight 1,600 lbs
Range 125 km radius (LOS data link)
Airspeed 70 kts loiter, 90 kts cruise, 106 kts dash
Altitude 15,000 ft
Endurance 10 to 12 hours
Payload(s) EO / IR, airborne data relay and attack
Launch / Recovery Unimproved runway (paved or dirt). Runway
length depends on air density and location
surface. Up to a 1200 ft runway may be
required for takeoff. The distance may be cut
to 600 ft for a landing area.
FREQUENCY MANAGEMENT
F-6. Frequency management is a critical aspect of mission planning. Frequency planning notes include—
z Each channel has fixed frequencies assigned for the uplink and downlink.
z Each flight requires two primary channels and one backup channel.
z For relay operations, one AV must be assigned “A” channels and the other AV must be assigned
“B” channels.
OUTSIDE CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES FREQUENCIES

F-7. Outside the continental United States (OCONUS) frequencies (table F-3) include—
Table F-3. OCONUS frequencies

OCONUS Primary (MHz)
Channel Uplink Frequency Downlink Frequency
A 1 5250 5555
2 5252 5580
3 5254 5605
4 5256 5630
5 5258 5655
6 5260 5680
7 5262 5705
B 8 5785 5445
9 5778 5420
10 5771 5395
11 5764 5370
12 5757 5345
13 5750 5320
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 F-3

Appendix F
Table F-3. OCONUS frequencies

14 5743 5295
OCONUS Backup (MHz)
A 15 5274 5716
16 5276 5718
17 5278 5720
B 18 5726 5284
19 5724 5282
20 5722 5280
CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES FREQUENCIES

F-8. Continental United States (CONUS) frequencies (table F-4) include—
Table F-4. CONUS frequencies

CONUS Primary (MHz)
A 1 4415 4755
2 4422 4780
3 4429 4805
4 4436 4830
5 4443 4855
6 4450 4880
7 4457 4905
B 8 4985 4645
9 4978 4620
10 4971 4595
11 4964 4570
12 4957 4545
13 4950 4520
14 4953 4495
CONUS Backup (MHz)
A 15 4474 4916
16 4476 4918
17 4478 4920
B 18 4926 4484
19 4924 4482
20 4922 4480
F-9. All channels must be from an "A" group or "B" group. "A" and “B" groups cannot be mixed.
F-4 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

SECTION III – RQ-7 SHADOW

F-10. The RQ-7A (figure F-3) is constructed using the same twin-boom pusher design used in several
other battlefield UASs, like the RQ-5 Hunter and the RQ-2 Pioneer (United States Navy [USN]). It has a
nonretractable tricycle landing gear. The RQ-7A AV is launched using a hydraulic/pneumatic launcher and
recovered on a runway by the TALS. A RQ-7 system consists of four RQ-7A UAs and two GCSs from
which the operators have full control over the UAs and their sensors. Both LOS and NLOS data links are
given for command uplink and sensor data downlink. The RQ-7 can be equipped with a GPS based
navigation system for fully autonomous operations. The RQ-7's tasks include day/night reconnaissance,
surveillance, TA, and BDA. The primary mission payload for the initial (Block 1) RQ-7A production
vehicles is an Israel Aircraft Industries (IAI) Tamam plug-in optronic payload (POP) EO/IR sensor turret.
Block 2 vehicles are projected to use an improved Wescam EO/IR sensor. Other payloads are also under
consideration, including a synthetic aperture radar/moving target indicator (MTI) unit. In FY 2007,
available sensors will include a laser rangefinder/designator (LRF/D). To date, fifteen systems have been
delivered. The current fielding plan is one Shadow platoon per BCT.
Figure F-3. Shadow AV
F-11. The RQ-7B (figure F-4) has larger wings with a more efficient airfoil and increased fuel capacity
allowing an endurance of more than 6 hours. Additionally, the vehicle has an enlarged tail, upgraded
avionics (including an improved flight controller with an inertial measurement unit [IMU] and increased
computing power), and new payload options. The RQ-7B is also fitted with the Army's tactical common
data link (TCDL).
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 F-5

Appendix F
Figure F-4. Shadow RQ-7B AV
USE
F-12. The RQ-7A Shadow passed 10,000 flight hours and 2,500 sorties during Operation Iraqi Freedom
(OIF). The Shadow’s EO/IR payload is capable of producing color video during daylight operations and
black and white thermal images at night. This imagery provides commanders with near real-time SA-day or
night, while being virtually undetectable in urban areas or other areas with ambient noise. This system can
spot ambush sites or insurgents planting improvised explosive devices (IEDs). These capabilities allow the
Shadow unit to support conventional combat operations and raids, provide TA, followup BDA, perform
counter mortar operations, and assist with search and rescue operations.
SPECIFICATIONS
F-13. Table F-5 gives data for the RQ-7A.
Table F-5. RQ-7A specifications

Wing Span 13 ft
Weight 350 lbs
Range 125 km, further limited to 50 km (LOS data link) with a single GCU
Airspeed 70 kts loiter, 70 kts cruise, 105 kts dash
Altitude 15,000 ft MSL
Endurance 5 hours
Payload(s) EO / IR sensors
Launch / Recovery Hydraulic rail launch distance 30 ft. Arrested landing in 200 ft.
TCDL No
Laser Designation No
F-6 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

F-14. Table F-6 gives data for the RQ-7B.
Table F-6. RQ-7B specifications

Wing Span 14 ft
Weight 380 lbs
Range 125 km further limited to 50 km (LOS data link)
with a single GCU
Airspeed 60 kts loiter, 70 kts cruise, 105 kts dash.
Altitude 15,000 ft MSL
Endurance 5 hours
Launch / Recovery Hydraulic rail launch distance 30 ft. Arrested
landing in 200 ft.
TCDL Yes
Laser Designation Yes in 2006
FREQUENCY CHANNELS
F-15. The frequency channels for the video receiver, primary transceiver, and secondary transceiver
(table F-7) are listed below.
Table F-7. RQ-7 shadow frequency channels

Interface Frequency Range
Video Receiver 4.4 to 4.95 GHz (CONUS)
5.25 to 5.85 GHz (OCONUS)
Primary Transceiver 2.4 to 2.485 MHz
Secondary Transceiver 340 to 400 MHz
SECTION IV – RQ-11 RAVEN

F-16. In 2006, the Army will decide which UAS will become the Army’s small unmanned aerial vehicle
(SUAV) system; the Raven (figure F-5) is one system that is under consideration.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 F-7

Appendix F
Figure F-5. Raven AV
F-17. Most missions are flown at 100 to 300 feet above ground level (AGL). The system can be flown
actively or through set waypoints with either a daylight or IR camera, allowing both day and night
operations. Design features include the use of the military standard Py Code GPS and a rechargeable
battery. Disposable batteries are an option; but due to the potentially large quantity required, this may not
be practicable. The majority of missions are flown with a lithium ion battery pack that can be recharged
through a variety of sources, including the 28-volt direct current (DC) outlet on a HMMWV. Depending on
the battery used, mission time can range from 60 to 90 minutes. Two recent additions to the Raven system
include a Panasonic Toughbook computer to accompany the GCU as well as a Sony Handycam video
camera. The computer uses Falconview joint mapping software to provide the overlay of the video image
over a five-color map display. The video camera allows the recording of Raven imagery for additional
analysis or exploitation at a later time.
USE
F-18. The Raven is a man-portable, hand-launched SUAV system that is designed for R&S and remote
monitoring. The Raven can be launched and recovered in minutes without special equipment utilizing
unprepared terrain. It can be either remotely controlled from the GCU or fly completely autonomous
missions using GPS waypoint navigation. The AV can be ordered to immediately return to its launch point
by pressing a single command button.
SPECIFICATIONS
F-19. Table F-8 gives data for Raven.
F-8 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Table F-8. Raven specifications

Raven Specifications
Power Batteries
Single use Lithium (LiSO2)
Rechargeable Lithium ion
Wing Span 4.5 ft
Weight
AV 4 lbs (12 lbs with carrying case)
GCU 17 lbs
Range 8 to 12 km
Airspeed 23 kts loiter, 34 kts cruise, 60 kts dash.
Altitude 150 to 1,000 ft AGL
Endurance 90 minutes (lithium – single use)
60 minutes (lithium ion – rechargeable)
Launch / Recovery Hand launched/auto land recovery on
soft, unimproved surface
Crew Two MOS nonspecific Soldiers
FREQUENCY CHANNELS
F-20. The frequency channel uplink and downlink (table F-9) are listed below.
Table F-9. Raven frequency channels

Channel Uplink (MHz) Downlink (MHz)
1 395.0 1787.5
2 395.05 1810.0
3 395.1 1840.0
4 394.95 1760.0
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 F-9

Appendix G
Air Assault Planning Tools and Charts
G-1. Ten basic documents form the backbone for air assault planning and execution. They include the
following:
z The AMT (table G-1) is used to regulate the sequence of flight operations from PZ to LZ.
(Please note that the table has been split into two parts due to the amount of information
provided.)
z The tadpole diagram (figure G-1) describes lift compositions. Prepare a separate diagram for
each lift.
z The PZ diagram graphically depicts the pickup zone. Prepare a separate diagram for each PZ.
Figure G-2 gives an example of a blank PZ card, and figure G-3 gives an example of a
completed PZ card.
z The LZ diagram graphically depicts the landing zone. Prepare a separate diagram for each LZ.
Figure G-2 gives an example of a blank LZ card, and figure G-4 gives an example of a
completed LZ card.
z A sample operations kneeboard sketch (figure G-5) provided by each infantry battalion S3
describes the scheme of maneuver. These concept sketches are given to the aviation S3 at the
BCT rehearsal. Each pilot carries an operations kneeboard sketch to provide SA and counter the
potential for fratricide during close combat operations. These sketches are also included as
enclosures to the AMB.
z Route cards (table G-2) depict ingress and egress route on the AASLT.
z The air assault execution checklist (table G-3) permits brief, informative radio transmissions on
crowded nets. A draft checklist will be available at the TF rehearsal, with the final version
distributed before mission execution.
z The communications card is an all inclusive summary of call-signs and nets (example not
given).
z A sketch of any FARP (figure G-6) or laager area/site (equivalent to a LZ diagram) involved in
the mission should be included as a document of the AMB and should be in the kneeboard
packet given to each pilot.
z The chalk card (table G-4) is normally placed on a 3x5 inch index card and handed to the pilot
by the chalk leader as the pilot enters the helicopter. This serves as a contract between the pilot
and the chalk of Soldiers to ensure coordination of LZ data. In case the chalk lands in a
different LZ, the pilot will write the grid of the new LZ and hand the 3x5 card back to the chalk
leader before the Soldiers exit the helicopter.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 G-1

Appendix G
Table G-1. Air movement table

Due to the amount of columns needed to complete this table, it has been broken into two parts.
Line Avn Lifted Lift Serial Chalk PZ PZ Takeoff SP Continued
# Unit Unit # (5) (6) (7) Arr/ Time Time below.
(4) Load (9) (10) Continuation
(1) (2) (3)
begins with
Time
RP Time
(8)
1 B/4-101 B/320 1 1 1-5 Oak H-2:21 H-2:12 H-2:10
Kingsman Guns 19:13 19:22 19:24
2 C/7-101 B/320 1 2 6-9 Oak H-2:15 H-2:02 H-2:00
Outlaw Guns 19:19 19:32 19:34
3 C/7-101 B/320 1 3 10-13 Oak H-2:05 H-1:52 H-1:50
Outlaw 19:29 19:42 19:44
4 B/4-101 3-187 2 1 1-5 Oak H-0:24 H-0:15 H-0:13

Kingsman Rifle 21:10 21:19 21:21
5 A/4-101 3-187 2 2 6-10 Oak H-0:22 H-0:13 H-0:11
Vulture Rifle 21:12 21:21 21:23
6 B/4-101 3-187 2 3 11-15 Oak H-0:20 H-0:11 H-0:09
Kingsman Rifle 21:14 21:23 21:25
7 C/7-101 3-187 2 4 16-19 Oak H-0:17 H-0:04 H-0:02
Outlaw Rifle 21:17 21:30 21:32
8 C/7-101 1-187 2 5 20-23 Oak H-0:15 H-0:02 H+0:04
Outlaw Rifle 21:19 21:37 21:39
G-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Table G-1. Air movement (continuation)

AMT RP LZ LZ LZ LZ Routes (16) Load (17) Remarks
begins Time (12) Time Hdg Form Ingress Egress PAX Sling (18)
here (13) (14) (15)
(11)
again.
Continued Pintai See
H-2:02 H-2:00 155 TRL Mercury Pulsar 8 Refuel
l Tadpole
from SP
19:32 19:35
Time
Pintai See
l Tadpole
19:42 19:45
Pintai See
l Tadpole
19:52 19:55
See
H-0:03 Oriole H-0:00 180 TRL Mercury Pulsar C 11
Tadpole
21:31 21:35
See
Tadpole
21:33 21:37
See
Tadpole
21:35 21:39
See
H-0:07 Oriole H-0:11 180 TRL Mercury Pulsar C
Tadpole
21:42 21:46
See
H-0:14 Oriole H-0:18 180 TRL Mercury Pulsar C
Tadpole
21:49 21:53
Notes for air movement table (table I-1):
1. Line #: Given to provide quick reference with brevity. Numbered sequentially.
2. Aviation Unit: Aviation unit conducting that event. Depicted as units designation over call sign to save space.
3. Lifted Unit: Unit being lifted/air assaulted. If more than one unit in the load, use unit with most assets in the load.
Depicted as units designation over call sign to save space.
4. Lift: Is a group of serials which make 1 complete turn out to & back from the AO. Numbered sequentially.
5. Serial: Is a group of the same type of aircraft; the capacity of the smallest LZ determines the number of aircraft in
each serial.
6. Chalk: Each aircraft / equals one load. Numbers UH-60 and CH-47 chalk separately.
7. PZ: Name of the PZ where chalks pick up the loads.
8. PZ Arrival / Load Time: Time the troops get on the aircraft or when the aircraft starts to hookup the load.
9. Takeoff Time: Time the aircraft lifts off the PZ.
10. SP Time: Time the aircraft hit the SP (BAE-determined point about 3-8 km from the PZ).
11. RP Time: Time the aircraft hit the RP (BAE-determined point about 3-8 km from the LZ).
12. LZ: Landing Zone name and location determined by the lifted unit’s GTP.
13. LZ Time: Time that the serial lands in the LZ.
14. LZ Hdg: Compass heading the serial will landing. Should be converted to and shown in magnetic heading for the
aircraft.
15. LZ Form: Landing formation, normally trail.
16. Routes: Primary ingress and egress routes for the mission.
17. Load: PAX and slingload configuration. Refer to the tadpole diagram to save space on this page.
18. Remarks: Used by the BAE to provide additional remarks (such as scheduled delays due refuel, or any other
uncommon serial characteristics).
G-2. The tadpole diagram (figure G-1) consists of the following items:
z (1) Lift: Indicates a group of serials which make 1 complete turn out to & back from the AO.
Numbered sequentially.
z (2) Serial: Refers to a group of the same type of aircraft; the capacity of the smallest LZ
determines the number of aircraft in each serial.
z (3) Chalk: Refers to a complete load and the transporting aircraft. Numbers UH-60 and CH-47
chalk separately.
z (4) PZ name: Indicates name of the PZ where chalks pick up the loads.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 G-3

Appendix G
z (5) T/O time: Designates the time the chalk(s) depart the PZ. Time is given in mission H-hour
sequence and may also be given in local or Zulu time.
z (6) Code word: Refers to a brevity code word passed over a designated radio net to verify an
event occurrence. Use a separate brevity code word for each event.
z (7) Serial load: Depicts each chalk load. A separate “tadpole” figure is drawn to represent each
helicopter in the chalk. Tadpoles drawn head to tail give a better visual depiction of how the
chalk will look when on the ground in the PZ/LZ. The unit designation and number of PAX is
listed inside the tadpole figure. In a legend create a list of each type cargo load (if applicable)
and assign it with an alphabetic designation. Place the corresponding alphabetic designation in
the box(s) below each tadpole. A UH-60 helicopter has one cargo hook hence one box
designating a load, CH-47 helicopters have two cargo hooks hence two boxes designating a
load.
z (8) R/P Code word: Refers to a brevity code word as in number 6.
z (9) LZ name: Lists the name of the LZ in which the load is dropped off.
z (10) LZ time: Designates the time the chalk(s) load at the LZ. Time is given in mission H-hour
sequence and may also be given in local or Zulu time.
Figure G-1. Tadpole diagram
G-4 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

LZ / PZ Name Grid Elevation
Formation Freq / C / S Entry / Exit /

Left / Right / Rear
Direction Go Around Alternate
Markings Hazards Weapons

Near / Far Left / Right / Rear
Load Fuel Remarks
Figure G-2. Generic LZ/PZ diagram card
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 G-5

Appendix G
Figure G-3. Sample PZ diagram
G-6 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Figure G-4. Sample LZ diagram
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 G-7

Appendix G
Figure G-5. Sample operations kneeboard sketch
G-8 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Table G-2. Route card

TDH* Card 1b: Ingress (heavy)
Route Mercury
MVAR 1.3 degrees
ACP Grid Magnetic ETA Distance A/S Remarks
(MAG) (km) (knots)
Heading
PZ DR Square Field
Oak 2915
6185
SP DR 349 0 + 01:47 3.3 60 Power line
2855 0 + 01:47 3.3 Intersection
6513
1 DR 354 0 + 01:08 2.8 80 Road Intersection
2830 0 + 02:55 6.1
6790
2 DR 068 0 + 02:01 5.0 80 Pond
3295 0 + 04:56 11.1
6965
3 DR 103 0 + 02:11 5.4 80 River Bend
3815 0 + 07:07 16.5
6834
RP DR 171 0 + 02:45 6.8 80 Road Bend
3908 0 + 09:52 23.3
6165
LZ DR 182 0 + 02:40 4.0 60 FP 40A
Gameball 3890 0 + 12:32 27.3
5770
*TDH – time, distance, and heading.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 G-9

Appendix G
Table G-3. Air assault execution checklist

Line Time Event M/X NET From To Code Word
# H/Local
10 8 + 00:00 Initial wx call M BDE Rakkasan All
1305:00 CDM TOC
15 4 + 00:00 Intel update / final
1705:00 wx call
20 3 + 20:00 C2 Aircraft arrives M CAN2 Warlord Wings BAE Adkinsville
1745:00 at PZ
25 3 + 00:00 TM3 Pathfinders M CAN1 Punnisher 6 Wings 6 Akron
1805:00 at RP/NFA for LZ
Cobra
30 3 + 00:00 2-101 Atk on M CAN1 Warrior 6 Rakkasan 6 Albany
1805:00 Station
35 2 + 55:00 MEDEVAC M CAN1 Dust-Off 44 Wings 6 Ashville
1812:00 arrives at PZ
40 2 + 35:00 Cdr’s M All (BDE Rakkasan 6 All See
1810:00 communications CMD communication
check CAN1 & card
2, ABN)
45 2 + 50:00 PZ posture
1815:00
50 Event Delay in H-hour X CAN1 Rakkasan 6 All Bear + # of
minutes delayed
55 2 + 38:08 Lift 1, Serial 1 at M ABN, Kingsman 13 Wings 6 / Augusta
1826:08 SP for LZ CAN1 / Wings 5 Rakkasan 6
COBRA (3-320
FA ADVON)
(5xuh60)
50 Event Request X CAN1 Anyone Wings 6 Initial 4 lines
MEDEVAC needing
assistance
60 Event Frustrated chalk X CAN1 PZ Control Rakkasan 6 Coyote + lift +
serial + chalk
65 Event Switch to BDE X CAN1 Rakkasan 6 All Lion
CMD Net
Notes:
1. Line #: Given to provide quick reference. Initially numbered sequentially by five, to leave space to add events (1 to 4).
2. Time: Time event is scheduled to be initiated. Given in mission H-hour sequence and in local or Zulu time.
3. Event: Description of event to be accomplished.
4. M/X: Designates where an event is a scheduled mission (M) or exceptional (X) event.
5. Net: Radio net on which the event communications are executed.
6. From: Who initiates the event communications call.
7. To: Who receives the event communications call.
8. Code Word: A brevity code word passed over a designated radio net to verify an event occurrence. Use a separate brevity
code word for each event.
G-10 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Figure G-6. FARP diagram
Table G-4. Chalk card
LZ NAME_____________________________________
LZ
GRID______________________________________
REMARKS:
SKETCH OF LZ:
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 G-11

Appendix H
Battle Command on the Move (Army Airborne Command
and Control System)
The A2C2S is a UH-60 based C2 system that serves as an airborne tactical CP.
Through its onboard MCS, all source analysis system (ASAS), advanced field
artillery tactical data system (AFATDS), air and missile defense workstation
(AMDWS), combat service support control system (CSSCS), and Force XXI Battle
Command Brigade and Below (FBCB2), A2C2S provides continuous battlefield SA.
It also is the source of digital information for nondigitized aircraft supporting the
operation. A2C2S provides maneuver commanders—from ARB/ARS to EAC—with
on-the-move C2. The system supports three major operational functions—mission
planning, mission execution, and mission support. Its primary function is to monitor
the execution of current operations while the main CP focuses primarily on planning
future operations.
ARMY AIRBORNE COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEM

CAPABILITIES
H-1. A2C2S enables the commander and staff to traverse the battlespace to critical places at critical times.
The commander and staff can perform all battle command and coordination functions from A2C2S. It has
simultaneous multiband voice and data channels and dynamic visual battlefield SA and C2 via C4I
connectivity. A2C2S provides access to the TI to manipulate, store, manage, and analyze SA information,
intelligence data, mission plans, and mission progress data to support the C2 decisionmaking process. The
system has triservice interoperability and is compatible with NATO, civil aviation, maritime, and law-
enforcement communications (see figure H-1).
FEATURES AND PERFORMANCE

H-2. A2C2S provides—
z Robust LOS and NLOS communications through single-channel air and ground radio system
(SINCGARS) advanced system improvement program (ASIP), SATCOM demand assigned
multiple access (DAMA), HaveQuick II, EPLRS (friendly positions), near-term digital radio
(NTDR) (SA), and HF.
z GPS for present position and standard National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) maps
with overlays for a complete picture of the battlefield.
z Automated display of SA and C2.
z Five automated, reconfigurable, and removable workstations and a command database and two
large common displays; each workstation incorporates a keyboard, monitor, and audio
communications unit.
z Real-time battlespace control and monitoring.
z Common displays.
z Enhanced control of battle.
z Digital connectivity with all ABCSs.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 H-1

Appendix H
z Standard communications and information security.

z Airborne and ground operational modes.
Figure H-1. A2C2S configuration
INTERFACES
H-3. A2C2S interfaces with—
z JSTARS.
z SATCOM.
z Maneuver TOCs.
z CH-47F.
z AH-64D.
z OH-58D.
z M1 main battle tank.
z M2/M3 cavalry fighting vehicle.
z MLRS.
OPERATION AS A GROUND COMMAND POST

H-4. When operating as a ground CP, the preferred power source is commercial power. If commercial
power is not available, a generator is the next preferred power source. If external power is not available,
aircraft power is required. Extended ground times may require a ground power unit, which could be
brought in via slingload, or by a tactical ground vehicle (such as a HMMWV with a generator kit).
H-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Battle Command on the Move (Army Airborne Command and Control System)
COMMAND AND CONTROL MISSION PLANNING

CONSIDERATIONS
H-5. C2 planning considerations unique to A2C2S are discussed below.
SYSTEM INITIALIZATION
H-6. Initialization is an important step in preparing A2C2S automated systems. If A2C2S begins a
mission without proper initialization, it is difficult to transfer the necessary volume of initial information
while en route (in a timely manner) to exploit the capabilities of the automated workstations and data
communications. A2C2S initialization is a three-step process:
z Initialize radios.
z Initialize the improved data modem (IDM) (+)/internet controller (INC).
z Load MCS data.
SYSTEM OPERATOR
H-7. A master operator manages the software/hardware while the commander and staff control the battle.
The operator must be trained to initialize the system, use each of the component systems, troubleshoot the
system, and provide immediate work-around solutions in case of malfunctions. The aviation unit may not
have personnel available to operate the system. Therefore, the supported unit commander must be prepared
to provide a systems operator.
OPERATOR MANUALS
H-8. This appendix is written to provide an overview of A2C2S. Operator manuals take precedence over
any procedure in this appendix.
EMPLOYMENT
H-9. The IM capabilities of A2C2S are focused on controlling the execution of an operation. Planning
capability is limited. Mission data is transferred to A2C2S from the digital TOC to bring it up to the same
(current) operational status at the start of a mission.
INFORMATION FLOW
H-10. The Army tactical command and control systems (ATCCSs) are primarily top-down planning tools.
Once the execution phase begins, the primary flow of information is bottom-up via FBCB2. A2C2S draws
real-time data from broadcast sources to determine changes to the enemy situation during the execution
phase of a mission. The intelligence information that the ASAS provides is an analyzed and formal
product. Intelligence information that A2C2S receives from tactical related applications (TRAPs), tactical
data information exchange-broadcast (TADIX-B), and tactical information broadcast service (TIBS)
broadcast sources is raw data (figure H-2).
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 H-3

Appendix H
Figure H-2. A2C2S information flow
BATTLEFIELD EMPLOYMENT
H-11. A2C2S expands the battlefield by providing the means to exercise C2 and gather tactical information
in support of a mission while on the move. From A2C2S, the commander and staff influence the battle via
direct exchange of voice and digital information with units conducting the mission. They simultaneously
develop the situation beyond the range of their unit’s sensors and shooters by accessing broadcast
intelligence sources.
COVERING FORCE AND DEEP AREAS

H-12. A2C2S enhances lethality during covering-force missions and shaping operations in deep areas by
moving its command forward so that it can maintain contact with the maneuver forces. From A2C2S, the
commander and staff can synchronize deliberate and hasty artillery fires. A2C2S can have a direct link to
artillery, including the Army tactical missile system (ATACMS). Direct linkage is not necessary for direct
FS or priority of fires.
CLOSE AREAS
H-13. Integral activities during operations in close areas include maneuver, close combat, indirect FS, CS
and CSS of committed forces, and C3I. Aviation organizations may be employed as a security or reserve
force in the security or MBA. A2C2S gives the commander a clear picture of the close battle and allows
the commander to coordinate and synchronize maneuver and fires. Linked with other automated systems,
A2C2S can pull information on demand allowing the commander to operate at the commander’s own
tempo without the information delays characteristic of traditional reporting methods.
REAR AREAS
H-14. The aviation brigade gives the division commander a highly mobile and lethal combat force to
counter a level III incursion in the rear area. As a maneuver headquarters, the brigade can be tasked as a
TCF to respond to a significant threat. A2C2S provides a flexible and highly mobile tactical CP to control
operations.
H-4 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Battle Command on the Move (Army Airborne Command and Control System)
STABILITY OPERATIONS AND SUPPORT OPERATIONS

H-15. During stability operations and support operations, the system provides connectivity to special
operations, C2, embassy, law enforcement, maritime, civil, and/or other humanitarian information and
communication networks. A2C2S can also improve the ability of local, state, and federal agencies to
communicate and coordinate in a crisis environment (such as a hurricane or forest fire).
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 H-5

Appendix I
Suppression of Enemy Air Defense
The purpose of SEAD and J-SEAD is to protect friendly aircraft with synchronized
lethal and nonlethal fires to facilitate the maneuver of CAS, attack reconnaissance
aviation, and assault aviation operations in support of the ground maneuver force.
SEAD fires are normally planned for any operation where air assets (both rotary- and
fixed-wing) are employed. The objective of SEAD is to increase the overall
effectiveness of friendly operations by reducing the capabilities of enemy ADs,
thereby increasing survivability of friendly air resources. SEAD is not an end unto
itself, but it is planned and executed to support the concept of operations.
COMMON TERMS
SUPPRESSION OF ENEMY AIR DEFENSE
I-1. SEAD is any activity that neutralizes, destroys, or temporarily degrades enemy surface based ADs
by destructive or disruptive means. (See joint publication [JP] 3-01.4 for more information on SEAD.)
JOINT SUPPRESSION OF ENEMY AIR

DEFENSE
Contents
SECTION I – General ..................................I-1
I-2. SEAD is a broad term that encompasses all SECTION II – Suppression of Enemy
SEAD activities provided by components of a joint Air Defense Planning..................................I-3
force in support of one another. SECTION III – Planning Steps....................I-4
JOINT OPERATIONS AREA / AREA OF

OPERATIONS AIR DEFENSE SYSTEM SUPPRESSION
I-3. Joint operations area (JOA)/AO-wide operations are conducted against specific enemy AD systems
to degrade or destroy their effectiveness. It targets high-payoff AD systems whose degradation will have
the greatest impact on the enemy's total system. Planning is based upon the joint force commander's (JFC's)
campaign planning objectives.
LOCALIZED SUPPRESSION
I-4. Localized SEAD can occur throughout the JOA/AOR and be conducted by all components but is
limited in time to geographical areas associated with specific ground targets.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 I-1

Appendix I
OPPORTUNE SUPPRESSION
I-5. Opportune SEAD is a continuous operation involving immediate attack of AD targets of
opportunity. It is normally unplanned suppression and includes aircrew self-defense and attacks against
targets of opportunity.
TYPES AND TECHNIQUES

I-6. Two types of SEAD are—
z Planned.
z Immediate.
I-7. The techniques include—

z Scheduled.
z On-call.
z Deceptive.
z Corridor suppression.
PLANNED SUPPRESSION
I-8. Planned suppression is SEAD targets developed by the G2/Joint Intelligence capabilities and
designated for attack by lethal or electronic attack by Army, joint and/or combined assets.
IMMEDIATE SUPPRESSION
I-9. Immediate suppression is conducted on AD targets of opportunity. The execution of immediate
SEAD should reflect the priorities established on the HPTL and attack guidance matrix (AGM). Delivery
systems and quick-fire nets are critical to support immediate SEAD operations.
SCHEDULED SUPPRESSION
I-10. Scheduled suppression is planned SEAD executed on a time sequence.
ON-CALL SUPPRESSION
I-11. On-call suppression is planned SEAD that is executed on event triggers under positive control.
DECEPTIVE SUPPRESSION
I-12. Deceptive suppression involves firing a SEAD program in an area to deceive the enemy or cause it
to reposition its AD weapons away from the actual operations will take place.
CORRIDOR SUPPRESSION
I-13. Corridor suppression is planned J-SEAD focused on creating an AD suppressed corridor in which to
maneuver aircraft. It may be requested by any component to the JFACC through normal channels. From
JP 3-01.04, four missions that normally require corridor suppression are—
z Missions transiting the FLOT.
z Air missions supporting tactical airlift or combat.
z Search and rescue operations or in support of special operations.
z Helicopter operations forward to the FLOT.
I-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

SECTION II – SUPPRESSION OF ENEMY AIR DEFENSE PLANNING

I-14. The development of SEAD plans must be done as part of the normal MDMP and targeting process.
Because SEAD exists to support air operations, it must be an integrated part of the planning for that
supported operation. Maneuver, intelligence and FS (to include the Air Force) warfighting functions are
key to successful SEAD planning. These warfighting functions must ensure the SEAD plan maximizes the
available collection and attack reconnaissance assets in synchronization with maneuver. As a key player in
SEAD operations, the ECOORD’s duties for air assaults or mobile strikes are to plan, synchronize, and
execute SEAD fires.
I-15. For most operations in a medium or high AD threat environment, a period of focused immediate
SEAD to identify and destroy AD that can affect planned routes, LZs, or BPs, will set the conditions for
mobile strikes or air assaults. This "find-kill" destruction of enemy air defense (DEAD) operation requires
focused collection and streamlined sensor to shooter links. SEAD is still planned to support aircraft
movement.
I-16. Table I-1 depicts events and considerations essential to effective SEAD/J-SEAD planning. This
matrix is not intended to be an exhaustive portrayal, but rather an example designed to assist planners at all
levels in coordinating, synchronizing, and executing SEAD/J-SEAD for mobile strikes or air assault
operations. Many of the actions occur simultaneously and are integrated across multiple warfighting
function elements and service organizations.
Table I-1. SEAD considerations

Action Responsible Agency Products/Outcomes
Mission Analysis All Warfighting Function
Elements
Determine and plot air corridors BAO with ECOORD, G-3 Air, Air route overlay
ingress and egress routes with A2C2, AVN TF, and ALO
ACPs
Determine and plot enemy AD ECOORD targeting officer Threat AD overlay
assets that affect corridors to with G2/S2, G2 collection
include their support structure (C2 manager and FAIO
nodes for IADS)
Determine friendly assets available:
Collection assets G2/S2/ACE (collection Synch matrix of
manager) collection assets
Attack systems ECOORD Arty org for combat
FA (reinforcing,
GS, and GS/reinforcing)
Special munitions
(ATACMs, etc.)
EW IWO Quick fix schedule
Attack recon aviation BAO Assets available
Joint attack systems (lethal and ADO/G3 Air/BAO Joint assets available
nonlethal) ALO, battlefield coordination and their capabilities
detachment (BCD) LNOs,
ECOORD, ACE
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 I-3

Appendix I
Table I-1. SEAD considerations

Action Responsible Agency Products/Outcomes
Identify enemy systems that G2/S2, ECOORD targeting ID threat systems that
organic assets can effectively officer, FAIO, and the ACE higher must attack
suppress or destroy and those collection manager
requiring support from higher
echelons
Develop initial target nominations ECOORD targeting officer, Submit targets to
for SEAD/J-SEAD requests G2, FAIO, ACE collection targeting officer
manager, IWO, ALO
Develop J-SEAD plan for higher ECOORD, S3/G3, ALO, Coordinate with higher
echelons BAO headquarters (HQ) for
inclusion in ATO
Disseminate targeting data to ECOORD, ALO, BAO ATO published
subordinate FSOs (ATO)
Establish SEAD fire plan for ingress Applicable ECOORD with Publish SEAD plan
and egress on each corridor and BAO/A2C2, G2/S2, G3/S3,
disseminate as appropriate ALO
Revise, update and disseminate ECOORD, G2/S2, BAO, Modify targeting plan as
target data as appropriate / change appropriate CDR necessary
H-hour/F-hour
Rehearse with supporting unit ECOORD, BAO, ALO, AVN Plan validation
TF
Execute
I-17. The ECOORD needs to fully integrate with the ground maneuver staff, the attack reconnaissance
FSO, and/or the aviation TF staff. The SEAD planners must know—
z Ingress and egress flight corridors with ACPs.
z TDH info (or planning airspeed in knots at a minimum).
z Expected FLOT crossing time (F-hour) on ingress and egress.
z Enemy AD locations along routes.
z Locations, frequencies, and call signs of friendly artillery units capable of providing SEAD
fires.
z Other lethal or nonlethal fires available (EW, electronic attack assets off the ATO). This is
coordinated through ALOs and ECOORDs.
SECTION III – PLANNING STEPS

I-18. The following steps are a logical method of SEAD planning when cannon or MLRS systems will be
used. These steps provide some of the detailed actions conducted by SEAD planners to support the SEAD
considerations in the table K-1 above.
FIND THE ENEMY

I-19. Plot the locations of the enemy AD systems on a map.
I-4 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

DETERMINE VULNERABILITY
I-20. For each location, draw a circle around the AD site, using the enemy weapon location as the center
of the circle. The radius of the circle is the maximum engagement range for the AD weapons system that is
there. (For example, an SA-8 has a maximum weapon range of 14 kilometers.) A circle with a radius of 14
kilometers would be drawn around each SA-8 site, with the center of the circle being the weapon system at
that particular location. These circles are known as “threat rings.”
I-21. Depending on the threat system and its means of TA (optical, IR, radar) and fire control, the size of
the threat rings may change in hours of limited visibility. Additionally, significant terrain features that
block electronic or visual LOS may affect the threat rings. The more time available to the planners, the
greater the resolution the threat rings can portray.
I-22. The threat rings display the area of vulnerability friendly aircraft will have against the weapon at
that location. Once friendly aircraft enter the circle, there is the potential of being shot down by that
weapon system.
PLOT THE FLIGHT ROUTES

I-23. The flight routes should be developed to minimize exposure to the threat rings, while still
accomplishing the primary mission.
DETERMINE AIRSPEED
I-24. The BAE or the aviation TF determines the flight speed that will be used for the mission. This may
vary from mission to mission, so this must be determined every time. Using the airspeed, calculate how
long it will take the aircraft to cover a specific distance.
I-25. In the absence of guidance to the contrary, the following planning factors will be used—
z UH-60 internal load - 120 knots
z UH-60 external load - 80 knots
z CH-47 internal load - 100 knots
z CH-47 external load - 100 knots
z OH-58D - 80 knots
z AH-64 - 100 knots
I-26. A good rule-of-thumb planning factor is that aircraft will cover three kilometers in one minute (90 to
100 knots).
I-27. Table I-2 converts airspeed in knots to kilometers per hour (KMPH) and kilometers per minute
(KMPM). For example, an aircraft flying, 100 knots ground speed will travel 185.20 KMPH and 3.09
KMPM.
Table I-2. Airspeed conversion chart

Airspeed Conversion Chart
Knots Km/Hour Km/Minute Knots Km/Hour Km/Minute
1 1.85 .03 40 74.08 1.24
2 3.70 .06 50 92.60 1.54
3 5.56 .09 60 111.12 1.85
4 7.41 .12 70 129.64 2.16
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 I-5

Appendix I
Table I-2. Airspeed conversion chart

Airspeed Conversion Chart
Knots Km/Hour Km/Minute Knots Km/Hour Km/Minute
5 9.26 .15 80 148.16 2.47
6 11.10 .19 90 166.68 2.78
7 12.96 .22 100 185.20 3.09
8 14.82 .25 110 203.72 3.40
9 16.57 .28 120 222.24 3.70
10 18.52 .31 130 240.76 4.02
20 37.04 .62 140 259.28 4.32
30 55.56 .93 150 277.80 4.63
I-28. The unit A2C2 representatives normally plan the flight routes using a computer program which
produces a route card for the mission. (ROTORNAV is one such computer program.) Using the planned
airspeed for the mission, the route card displays how long it will take the aircraft to go from the start of the
mission to the various ACP on the route. It also tells flight time from one ACP to the next ACP. While not
essential for SEAD planning, these electronically produced route cards are very helpful in determining
SEAD timings, as well as giving the planned airspeed for the mission.
SUPPRESSION OF ENEMY SYSTEMS (SUPPRESSION OF ENEMY

AIR DEFENSE TARGETS)
I-29. Enemy systems suppression must be determined. On the map, simulate the flight of a helicopter
along the planned flight route. Note the order in which the helicopter enters the various threat rings. The
order in which the threat rings are entered is the order in which the AD systems should be attacked. This
becomes the basis for placing targets on the SEAD schedule of fire in the proper order.
TARGET SUPPRESSION
I-30. The length of target suppression must be determined. Compute how long the helicopter will be
inside each threat ring. Count the number of kilometers the flight route passes through the threat ring.
Using the planned airspeed, compute the time it will take the helicopter to traverse the flight route distance
that is inside the threat ring. This tells how long the helicopter is vulnerable to the enemy system at that
location and how long the system must be suppressed.
I-31. In the absence of an exact airspeed, a rule of thumb is to use 90 knots for planning purposes. At this
airspeed, the aircraft will cover approximately 3 kilometers in 1 minute. Using this airspeed, if the flight
route takes the aircraft through the threat ring for 6 kilometers, the aircraft will be vulnerable to that
weapon system for 2 minutes. In the SEAD schedule of fires, this target must be suppressed for the
2 minutes of exposure.
I-32. Due to the various ranges and the positioning of enemy weapon systems, the schedule of fires may
get somewhat complicated, because you may still be suppressing one system while you are entering the
threat ring of another system. Use the same procedure for both ingress and egress routes.
WEAPON SELECTION
I-33. Choosing the weapon system to use for suppression, whether it is tube artillery, rockets, or joint
fires, must be made carefully. If MLRS will be used to fire the SEAD, usually one or two rockets per
I-6 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

minute is enough. Continuously suppressing the target for the entire time the aircraft is vulnerable may use
up too many rockets, so another method may be appropriate to complement the rockets. Consult the unit’s
fire direction officer on the number of rockets available, the amount required to adequately suppress the
target based on its size and the time of vulnerability, and the possibility of using additional weapons.
FIRE SUPPORT REHEARSAL

I-34. If possible, conduct a FS rehearsal with the supporting unit. Brief and rehearse with all participants
at a combined arms rehearsal.
EXECUTION
I-35. Execution should be subject to minimal last-minute changes. Synchronization is key to success.
Planned SEAD is normally started based on time (scheduled) or an event (on-call). Examples of events
include crossing a specific PL or ACP. The event initiating the SEAD program should be a PL or ACP that
is no less than 5 minutes flight time outside the first threat AD range fan or “bubble” that will be
encountered. Timings for individual targets within the SEAD program are done utilizing the route cards
produced by the appropriate aviation unit A2C2 element.
FIRE SUPPORT ASSETS

I-36. Besides the supporting fires network for SEAD, the division has other assets that may provide some
SEAD capability. Attack reconnaissance helicopters are capable of conducting limited lethal SEAD
operations. The Longbow Apache, with its RFI, millimeter wave (MMW) radar and RF Hellfire missiles is
better suited for lethal SEAD missions targeting threat radar AD and AAA systems. Careful planning must
be conducted when employing attack reconnaissance assets on a SEAD mission. Besides not being
specifically suited to SEAD, any attack reconnaissance assets allocated to SEAD will be unavailable for
attack reconnaissance missions.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 I-7

Appendix J
Fire Support Quick Reference
This appendix is a quick reference for the BAE to clarify definitions of artillery
attack guidance, effects, and other tasks.
FIELD ARTILLERY ATTACK GUIDANCE

DESTRUCTION
J-1. Thirty percent in casualties or material damage usually renders a unit ineffective. Destruction puts
targets out of action permanently. Destruction requires large expenditures of ammunition and is not
considered economical.
NEUTRALIZATION
J-2. Ten percent or more in casualties or damage puts a target out of action temporarily. Most missions
are neutralization fires.
SUPPRESSION
J-3. Suppression effects last only as long as fires are continued; but, they do limit the enemy’s ability to
perform its job.
HARASS
J-4. Harassing fires are designed to disturb the rest of enemy troops; curtail movement; and, by threat of
losses, lower morale.
EFFECTS OF TARGET ATTACK

DISRUPT
J-5. Disruption is achieved by continuous suppression, neutralization, or destruction of targets by lethal
means or could involve offensive EW.
DELAY
J-6. Delays slow the enemy’s movement on the battlefield.
LIMIT
J-7. Limiting fires divert the enemy unit to another part of the battlefield to terrain not suitable for its
purposes.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 J-1

Appendix J
ATTRITION
J-8. Attrition involves the reduction in the effectiveness of a force caused by loss of personnel and
materiel.
COMMANDER’S INTENT FOR FIRE SUPPORT

J-9. The following is covered when stating intent for FS—
z Prioritization of FS assets.
z Desired effects.
z Essential fire support task (EFST) statement including task, purpose, method, and end-state.
ESSENTIAL FIRE SUPPORT TASK

J-10. An EFST is required and permits FS support to be applied during a combined arms operation.
Failure to achieve an EFST requires the maneuver commander to alter the tactical or OPLAN. The EFST
must be fully defined by a task, purpose, method, and end-state. The commander must provide sufficient
focus to mass effective fires. EFSTs are the basis for preparing the concept of fires, scheme of fires, fires
paragraph, and essential field artillery tasks (EFATs).
TASK
J-11. An EFST task identifies the enemy formation (to attack), their function (when to attack), and desired
effects. Tasks are expressed in terms of suppress, neutralize, destroy, obscure/screen, and
delay/disrupt/limit.
PURPOSE
J-12. The EFST purpose identifies what the commander wants from fires in relationship to the friendly
scheme of maneuver.
METHOD
J-13. The EFST method identifies how the task is to be accomplished. In most cases, the method is
recommended by the ECOORD or FSO.
END-STATE
J-14. The EFST end-state defines what must be accomplished for mission success. This requires
assessment and decision by the maneuver commander. If successful, the unit prepares for future operations.
If not, the unit will—
z Repeat the process.
z Adjust the scheme of fires.
z Adjust the scheme of maneuver.
TERMS
CONCEPT OF FIRES
J-15. Concept of fires is the logical sequence of EFSTs that, when integrated with the scheme of
maneuver, will accomplish the mission and achieve the commander’s intent. The EFSTs are the framework
for the concept of fires.
J-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Fire Support Quick Reference
SCHEME OF FIRES
J-16. Scheme of fires is the logical sequence of targets and FS events required to find and attack, in time
and space, to accomplish the commander’s EFST. They should include—
z Tasks.
z Triggers.
z Purpose.
z Observers (primary/alternate).
z Method.
z End-state for each EFST.
FIRES PARAGRAPH
J-17. The fires paragraph is the commander’s concept of fires by phase of the maneuver operation. This is
a subparagraph of the maneuver concept of the operation. EFSTs are described in sequence by phase or
event. Priorities, allocations, and restrictions should also be noted.
ESSENTIAL FIELD ARTILLERY TASKS

J-18. Essential field artillery tasks are used by the FA. These are tasks that must be accomplished to
achieve an EFST. They are normally derived from the method portion of the EFST.
INHERENT RESPONSIBILITIES OF FIELD ARTILLERY STANDARD

TACTICAL MISSIONS
J-19. Table J-1 lists the seven inherent responsibilities of FA standard tactical missions.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 J-3

Appendix J
Table J-1. Responsibilities of FA standard tactical missions

FA Unit Mission DS Reinforcing GS Reinforcing GS
1. Reinforced FA
Answer calls for 1. Supported Unit 1. Force FA HQ
2. Own 1. Force FA HQ
fire in priority 2. Own Observers 2. Reinforced Unit
Observers 2. Own Observers
from: 3. Force FA HQ 3. Own Observers
3. Force FA HQ
Zone of action of
supported unit to
Has as its of Zone of action of Zone of fire of Zone of action
include zone of
zone of fire: supported unit reinforced FA supported unit
fire reinforced FA
unit
Furnishes fire
Provides temp
support team
replacements as No requirements No requirements No requirements
(FIST) or FEC
required
elements
Furnishes LNO Reinforced FA Reinforced FA
No requirement No
requirements HQ HQ
Establish CO FSO, FSO and
Reinforced FA Reinforced FA
communication supported No requirements
HQ HQ
with: maneuver unit HQ
Force FA HQ or
Reinforced FA
DS FA unit CDR or reinforced FA unit
Positioned by: unit or by force Force FA HQ
by force HQ if applicable by
FA HQ
force FA HQ
Has its fires Develops own fire Reinforced FA
Force FA HQ Force FA HQ
planned by: plan HQ
J-4 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Appendix K
Joint Air Attack Team Planning
This appendix provides a brief overview of joint air attack team (JAAT) operations.
JAAT is a coordinated attack by rotary- and FW-aircraft, normally supported by
artillery or naval surface fire support. Ground or airborne EW systems may also
support the JAAT. JAAT operations support the JFC in offensive and defensive
operations day or night. (See FM 3-04.111, appendix D for more details.)
PLANNING
OPERATIONAL PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
K-1. The JAAT offers the commander unique strengths. JAAT operations provide mutual support with an
increase in each member’s survivability and a capability to mass combat power through diverse ordnance
and employment procedures.
K-2. The maneuver commander has the responsibility for integrating JAAT missions into the battle plan.
The requesting commander’s staff plans for, organizes, and coordinates JAAT operations to support this
plan. Successful JAAT execution depends upon careful mission analysis, coordination, and planning.
BATTLESPACE CONSIDERATIONS
K-3. When planning a JAAT operation, the proximity of friendly forces must be considered. The
requesting commander will define close proximity to friendly forces. Special emphasis must be placed on
preventing fratricide. JAAT operations beyond the fire support coordination line (FSCL) must be
coordinated with the joint air operations center (JAOC) through the BCD.
K-4. The EA is an area in which the commander intends to fix and attack the enemy force with massed
fires of all available weapons. EAs are terrain oriented control measures that focus the JAAT fires. Fire
distribution planning ensures effective fires throughout the EA. To develop an EA, the IPB process
determines where the enemy is currently located, where it will go, where best to engage it, and when it will
be there. The commander selects the EA based on the IPB. The EA then becomes the focus for JAAT
planning. JAAT assets are coordinated and integrated to destroy the enemy in the EA through massed
firepower.
K-5. Once the EA is developed, the mission commander develops the fire distribution plan to avoid
redundancy, minimize risk of fratricide, and maximize the effects of long-range weapon systems. For more
information on EAs, please see FM 1-112 or FM 1-114 (both FMs will be revised as FM 3-04.126).
K-6. Planners must establish C2 procedures for conducting the attack. A good SOP, that members of the
combined arms team understand, greatly reduces C2 coordination requirements. Every effort should be
made to involve each community in the planning as early as possible. In establishing the “team” part of
JAAT, face-to-face meetings are beneficial.
K-7. Communication among JAAT participants is key to mission effectiveness. Designing a JAAT
communications plan and disseminating it early to participants helps ensure timely radio contact. Once
developed, the communications plan is coordinated with the mission commander. Considerations include
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 K-1

Appendix K
using a tactical air coordinator (airborne)/forward air controller (airborne) as a radio relay; UAV
communications node as a communications relay platform; the availability of HaveQuick and secure
radios; and providing all components with the appropriate frequency and authentication. Additionally,
friendly force AD units operating along ingress/egress routes and in the AO must be informed of JAAT
missions occurring in the area.
CONCLUSION
K-8. JAAT operations involve the participation of different force components with varying operating
procedures. They are by nature inherently complex and high-risk operations, so execution procedures must
be as simple as possible and lie within the capabilities and understanding of the players involved.
FM 3-09.32 assists the JAAT commander and mission commander, and supports personnel identified areas
of consideration for preplanned or immediate JAAT execution. FM 3-09.32 has procedures proven by
exercise and combat experience. These can reduce the overall risk to the forces involved.
K-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Appendix L
Aviation Mission Planning System
This appendix details the use of AMPS. AMPS is an automated mission planning and
synchronization tool designed specifically for aviation operations. Generally, it is
used in the flight planning sections or TOC operations cells of aviation brigades,
battalions, companies, and the BAE in the BCT. AMPS functions include tactical
planning, mission management, and aircraft data loading.
TACTICAL PLANNING FUNCTION

L-1. The tactical planning function includes brigade and battalion level planning tasks (such as
intelligence data processing, route, communications, and navigation planning). This facilitates review and
preparation of the AMB. Additional AMPS uses are—
z Creation of detailed terrain analysis.
z Determination of LOS and intervisibility between a BP and an EA.
z Determination prominent terrain along the route to be flown, using the perspective view feature.
z Creation and distribution of graphics.
L-2. Each BAE has AMPS available to assist COA development and wargaming during the MDMP,
reverse-planning and coordination. During air assaults, BCT AATF staff can exploit AMPS to simplify
preparation of the landing, air movement and loading plans. The division staff similarly may employ
AMPS to plan shaping operations and integrate aviation routes with J-SEAD/shaping fires and AI.
L-3. Because the BCT, aviation brigade, and battalion and below planners have AMPS access, planning
can occur concurrently. Planners can use AMPS to pass aviation brigade and ground maneuver planning to
lower echelons to update their plans. The orders function of AMPS assists OPORD, WARNO, and
FRAGO development and distribution to lower echelons. This facilitates the passing of up-to-date
information and changes from higher headquarters and supported units.
L-4. The mission management function also facilitates company and platoon level planning. These tasks
include aircraft performance planning, weight and balance calculations, flight planning, and fighter
management. The tasks also include OPLAN changes and OPORD development. It helps companies and
platoons conduct rehearsals using the route visualization and intervisibility features of AMPS.
MISSION MANAGEMENT FUNCTION

L-5. AMPS is a subordinate system to the MCS. AMPS and MCS work together to better streamline the
flow of data from the ground commander to the aviation assets tasked with the support. During the
mission, MCS receives enemy locations, friendly locations, preplanned artillery locations, and weather
forecasts and transfers data to AMPS. AMPS applies the technical characteristics of the aircraft (speed,
range, and payload) to give the commander mission alternatives.
L-6. When mission changes occur, commanders at all echelons can direct staffs to employ AMPS to
speed the development of revised plans and new FRAGOs. Revising plans can range from new and
alternate routes to changing EA or objective of air assaults.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 L-1

Appendix L
L-7. As one phase of a mission completes, the download of aircraft data into AMPS and subsequently
MCS, can assist development of intelligence for higher echelons and staffs planning follow-on missions.
AVIATION MISSION PLANNING SYSTEM
Data
L-8. Aviation units may save AMPS data on a data transfer cartridge (DTC) used to upload mission data
to the aircraft via the data transfer module (DTM). Data created at battalion level is given to the company
for its own detailed planning down to platoon level. Printed output products can include weight and
balance forms, strip maps, flight planning data, OPORDs, route navigation, and communications cards.
After mission completion, aircrews use the DTC to download mission history to AMPS. Units can transfer
AMPS post mission products (such as enemy locations and BDA, to MCS to update the tactical situation).
Aviation units also can employ AMPS, with a personal computer improved data modem (PCIDM) to view
video image crosslink (VIXL) imagery sent from the OH-58D. The transmission of video imagery requires
the transmitting aircraft address the image directly to a specific AMPS.
Maps
L-9. AMPS uses maps created in compressed ARC digitized raster graphic (CADRG) and digital terrain
elevation data (DTED), controlled image base (CIB) imagery, and feature foundation data (FFD) media
available from the NGA. Maps may be stored on compact disks (CDs) or the AMPS hard disk drive for a
particular AO.
Limitations
L-10. Because nearly all Army aircraft employ different DTCs, a single AMPS planning database cannot
fill the DTCs for all aircraft types involved in any given mission. Units may employ a local area network
(LAN), compact disk-rewritables (CD-RWs), or floppy discs to transfer the planning database of one
AMPS to another. Once this database transfers, the gaining AMPS operator can modify the data to fit the
specific aircraft and use that aircraft’s DTC to download mission information.
L-11. Crews are only able to transfer data in flight via joint variable message format (JVMF) message to
the aircraft IDM for those aircraft outfitted with this capability.
L-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Appendix M
Tactical Airspace Integration System
This appendix is intended to provide a general overview of the TAIS, its components,
other systems it interfaces with, and the products and services it provides. It is not
intended to replace the operator’s manual or operator training course material.
SECTION I – SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

M-1. The TAIS is a digitized, integrated battlefield management and decision support system designed to
facilitate the BCT commander’s role in the air battle. TAIS supports the BCT by automating A2C2
planning and operations, and ATS. TAIS also
provides the vital link to the JFACC’s theater battle Contents
management core systems (TBMCSs). It helps the
BAE build BCT input for the joint ATO and ACO SECTION I – System Description ............M-1
and distributes the approved A2C2 overlay. TAIS is SECTION II – Communications Suite......M-3
one of the primary battlefield automation systems SECTION III – Mission Planning ..............M-6
(BASs) of the ABCS. It supports the maneuver
battlefield functional area (BFA) in all operations
from MTW operations to PMEs and civil operations including connectivity with the Federal Aviation
Administration (FAA) and the National Airspace System (NAS). TAIS can display ACMs in two or three
dimensions while monitoring the real-time airspace situation. TAIS provides the commander with
battlefield visualization, either two-dimensional or three-dimensional, of all four (width, breadth, vertical,
and time) dimensions by providing near-real-time airspace information that displays the location and
movement of aircraft transiting the battlespace overlaid against current ACMs and other graphics as
desired.
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
M-2. A “full” TAIS, AN/TSQ-221, consists of two identically equipped packages which include:
z An extended capacity M1113 HMMWV with rigid-wall shelter, housing the mission equipment
(described later in this appendix).
z A PU-801, 15 kilowatt (Kw) tactical generator.
z A standard installation command post system (SICPS) extension and antenna array.
M-3. The “full” TAIS is currently fielded to ATS companies in support of division level and higher
headquarters.
M-4. A “1/2” TAIS is one stand-alone system as described above. The “1/2” TAIS is currently fielded to
division level TAC CP-1 and TAC CP-2.
M-5. The TAIS AWS, AN/FSQ-211, is fielded to BAEs, air defense airspace management (ADAM) cells,
UAs, BCDs, combat training centers (CTCs) and other users not requiring the “full” TAIS equipment
package. The TAIS AWS provides the same software functionality resident in the AN/TSQ-221 “Full”
TAIS for third and fourth dimension situational awareness and understanding, visualization, and
deconfliction of airspace and airspace users. The AWS comes self-contained in transit cases but has no
prime mover, no radios, and no AN/TSQ-214(V) air defense system integrator (ADSI).
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 M-1

Appendix M
M-6. TAIS is also configured on COTS, “white box,” hardware for use as a system specific training
device. The “white box” TAIS is fielded to schools, CTCs, training sites, and other fixed facilities.
SHELTER COMPONENTS
M-7. Each TAIS shelter (figure M-1) has two TAIS AWSs, an ADSI, software for A2C2 and ATS
planning and operations, and a communications suite. These components will be discussed in more depth
throughout this appendix.
M-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Figure M-1. TAIS vehicle
SECTION II – COMMUNICATIONS SUITE
COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT AND SOFTWARE

M-8. The core electronic system of TAIS is the ADSI. ADSI consists of three modules:
z The tactical situational display.
z The master data base.
z Multiple link interface unit.
M-9. The ADSI system can accept external sensor data from tactical digital information links (TADILs),
FAAD data links (FDLs), and from a variety of digitized radar systems. The ADSI is the subsystem used to
import and fuse real-time airspace user positioning for the A2C2 air picture from external sensors. TAIS
supports ABCS networking, TI, and the receipt of airtrack information.
M-10.TAIS employs airspace management software capable of near real-time airspace deconfliction and
three-dimensional display (airspace digital overlay) of airspace to facilitate SU. TAIS airspace
management software allows the near-real time modification or addition of ACMs to support battlefield
flexibility, maneuver, and/or decisive action.
M-11.TAIS’s extensive communications suite includes both ground and air frequency bands. This suite
allows for real-time secure and nonsecure voice transmission and reception. All voice communications
received by TAIS are processed through the AccessNet intercom system. AccessNet operator panels are
provided for TAIS operators, allowing for selection of all voice radios, telephones, and the TAIS
intercommunications system. Using the intercom system, an operator may transmit on all voice radios
simultaneously. Two-way inter- and intra-shelter voice communication is provided via AccessNet intercom
channels networked over a LAN. Other voice communication occurs over a variety of radio and telephone
equipment. Table O-1 lists the TAIS equipment used for communication and the type of link each
provides.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 M-3

Appendix M
Table M-1. Communications equipment
Equipment Network Link Purpose
AN/VRC-90F Data link to TI and back-up voice tactical

TI Data
SINCGARS FM radio.
Voice communications with ground forces
Operational
AN/VRC-92E and tactical Army aviation elements. TAIS
ground and
SINCGARS (2 Voice monitors appropriate frequencies; there is
aviation FM
R/Ts) also a dedicated TAIS FM frequency per
nets
the SOI.
HaveQuick
Secure frequency-hopping voice
AN/VRC-83 assigned SOI
communications with aviation assets. TAIS
Have-quick UHF-AM tactical
monitors appropriate aviation frequencies;
radio set aviation
there is no dedicated TAIS UHF frequency.
frequency
HaveQuick
Secure frequency-hopping voice
AN/VRC-83 assigned SOI
communications with aviation assets. TAIS
Have-quick UHF-AM tactical
monitors appropriate aviation frequencies;
radio set aviation
there is no dedicated TAIS UHF frequency.
frequency
Assigned SOI Secure voice communications with aviation
AN/VRC-83
tactical assets. TAIS monitors appropriate aviation
Have-quick VHF-AM
aviation frequencies; there is no dedicated TAIS
radio set
frequency VHF frequency.
Assigned SOI Secure voice communications with aviation
AN/VRC-83
tactical assets. TAIS monitors appropriate aviation
Have-quick VHF-AM
aviation frequencies; there is no dedicated TAIS
radio set
frequency VHF frequency.
(1) Long-range NLOS c communications
with any HF equipped platform. Automatic
AN/ARC-220 HF Link Establishment (ALE) communications
HF (ALE) Voice with ARC-220 equipped aircraft.
Radio set
(2) Long range TAIS to TAIS
communications.
Assigned SOI
AWACS/ frequency Receives air track data. Used for battle
TADIL A, HF
CRC (dedicated) to tracking and airspace procedures
(95-S)
TADIL A AWACS or compliance.
CRC
Warfighter net (1) Long-range
communications with SATCOM-equipped
SATCOM, UHF UHF- Assigned SOI aircraft.
(PSC-5) TACSAT frequency
(2) Long-range (over the horizon) TAIS to
TAIS communications.
M-4 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Table M-1. Communications equipment
Equipment Network Link Purpose
Assigned SOI
tactical
UHF/VHF UHF-AM Nonsecure COTS air traffic control (ATC)
aviation
COMM (URC radio. Primarily used to monitor and
VHF-AM frequencies
200) transmit on UHF/VHF Guard frequencies.
and UHF/VHF
Guard
AN/VSQ-2
Lower Radio data link capability. Provides CTP,
EPLRS Radio Assigned SOI
TI/FAAD EO JVMF, data messaging, TAIS to TAIS link.
Set
2 x Secure Supporting
Provides voice & data (TADIL B)
telephones communicatio
communication.
(DNVT) ns SEN
Ethernet LAN
Receives air track data. Used for battle
4-channel via AN/VRC-
FAAD tracking and airspace procedures
modem 90F
compliance.
SINCGARS
Accesses ABCS data. Used to
Signal Entry
ABCS TOC LAN receive/transmit situational and airspace
Panel
procedures data.
Receives air track data. Used for battle
Signal Entry
TADIL B TOC LAN tracking and airspace procedures
Panel
compliance.
Accesses TBMCS data. Used to
Signal Entry TBMCS/
TOC LAN receive/transmit situational and airspace
Panel CTAPS*
procedures data.
Signal Entry Voice/Data 9 voice lines for AIC/A2C2 communication
Land Line
Panel (TADIL B) needs. 1 data line for TADIL B.
KG40/40X
N/A HF Encrypts HF (95-S) radio
Encrypter
KY-68 Encrypter N/A MSE*/DNVT Encrypts MSE/DNVT radio
*CTAPS-contingency theater automated planning system

*MSE-mobile subscriber equipment
COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK
M-12.TAIS relies upon integration with the ABCS, TBMCS and civil aviation systems to access the most
complete data essential for airspace management. TAIS also draws information from direct and indirect
external sources to provide a near real-time air picture. To achieve this full integration, TAIS primarily
uses the communications/mission equipment shown in table M-1 to link into those networks.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 M-5

Appendix M
SECTION III – MISSION PLANNING
MISSION PLANNING OVERVIEW

M-13.TAIS provides for A2C2 planning, enhanced A2C2 operations, and improved theater, intra- and
inter-corps/division ATS AIC support. TAIS can effectively synchronize battlespace in the third and fourth
dimensions (altitude and time, respectively) while interfacing with civil and interagency authorities, as well
as joint C2 nodes and air users. The combination of these capabilities manages battlespace to support BCT
operations while minimizing fratricide.
PLANNING PHASE
M-14.TAIS supports BCT commanders and their staffs by providing the following capabilities—
z A2C2. It provides the BAE with automated planning assistance and full connectivity to higher
airspace authorities and near real-time complete or tailorable battlespace visualization.
z Airspace information services (AIS). This function satisfies the air traffic controller requirement
to visualize the airspace usage plan and then directly communicate to air vehicles to execute the
various options of airspace control, procedural to positive.
M-15.TAIS planning fully integrates A2C2 planning methods and procedures digitally and automatically
as part of ABCS. TAIS receives both the projected battlefield plan (to include graphics) and planned
airspace usage information digitally or by manual input. It then correlates all information and automatically
deconflicts airspace usage in all dimensions with preset commander priorities, prompted decisions, or
manual tailoring by operators. TAIS continues this automated “building block” process over the planned
operational time period until all pertinent airspace usage requirements are included in the ACO and the
BCT’s A2C2 overlay. For A2C2 planning and deconfliction, TAIS graphically displays two- and three-
dimensional control measures as selected by the operator. TAIS has the capability to graphically project
proposed ACMs and ACOs in time (fourth dimension) and disseminate them as a deliverable throughout
the ABCS. Additionally, TAIS produces a template for the requisite A2C2 orders, annexes, and overlays
collectively called the unit airspace plan (UAP). The ACOs, orders, overlays, and ACMs produced in the
planning phase enable the operations phase to occur. They are dynamically presented throughout that phase
for A2C2 operational monitoring and updating.
CURRENT OPERATIONS PHASE

M-16.The TAIS operation fully integrates A2C2 operational methods and procedures digitally and
automatically into the total battlefield visualization process through interface with other ABCS. TAIS
automatically modifies and redistributes a revised UAP (or individually-modified ACMs) as an update to
the battlefield visualization process. TAIS provides the capability to:
z Monitor execution of ACM and ACO dynamically by time.
z Identify and propose resolution of actual or imminent airspace conflicts in real-time.
z Accept and deconflict real-time airspace usage changes (either by automatic receipt or manual
input).
M-17.AIC methods and procedures are characterized by digitized and automated operations including
flight following, nonintrusive information exchanges by data burst, digitized radar-fed representations, and
modernized voice and data radio communications equipment. The capacity of the TAIS allows the BAE to
pass planned operational information and accompanying overlays to the TAIS performing the AIC
function. Thus allowing ATC personnel to understand the scheme of maneuver. They can, in turn, give
feedback to the A2C2 system for near real-time operational changes to the airspace. Information about
other effects on airspace usage (such as weather, enemy operations, and CBRN contamination) can also be
M-6 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

readily transmitted to aircraft. The AIC function also integrates other ATS systems within its area of
coverage into the airspace management system.
ROLE WITHIN ARMY BATTLE COMMAND SYSTEM

M-18.As part of the ABCS “system of systems,” TAIS communicates, shares, and coordinates airspace
information with all ABCS systems. The primary objectives of TAIS are to:
z Integrate/synchronize. This means fully integrating and synchronizing all operations in the third
dimension of that battlespace delegated to the BCT commander.
z Deconflict. Deconfliction of operational airspace according to the BCT commander’s priority of
airspace usage or real-time decision should occur immediately.
z Increase flexibility and offensive capability. The BCT commander’s flexibility and offensive
capability is increased by maximizing opportunities of continuous operations in time, location,
and dimension.
z Digitize and automate. Transparent A2C2 planing and operations procedures are established
through digitization and automation. It is important to ensure this transparency extends to the
supported AIC functions.
z Reduce workloads. BAE workloads are reduced through automation. Additionally, sensor inputs
and digital position reports should reduce ground-air voice communication requirements.
z Improve TAGS interface. This provides the BCT commander an improved real time interface
with TAGS.
z Modernize AIC capabilities. Area and en route ATS support is upgraded and integrated through
automation and modernized communications. TAIS is the primary tool that integrates all ATS
assets into an Army airspace management system.
z Global interoperability. Interoperability is enhanced with joint, multinational, and civil C4I
systems.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 M-7

Appendix N
Air Mission Planning Checklist
This appendix details information related to the air mission planning checklist. It is
intended to give a greater level of detail for the planning of air missions in support of
the BCT. It produces plans for those subordinate units providing support to the
ground maneuver elements. Table N-1 gives an example of an air mission planning
checklist.
Table N-1. Air mission planning checklist
Duty Assignments
Enemy Situation
Friendly Situation
Route Planning
Fuel/FARP Planning
Communications Plan
SEAD / J-SEAD Plan
Packet/Card Prep
Enemy Situation:
Unit/Order of Battle/Uniforms
Battalion/Company Locations
Units Plotted on Map
Strengths/Weaknesses
Most Probable Course of Action (Effect on PZ/LZ)
Most Dangerous Course of Action (Effect on PZ/LZ)
ADA Threat (For Each Weapon System)
System
Location Plotted on Map
Max/Min Range (Threat Rings Plotted on Map)
Min Engagement Altitude
Strengths
Weaknesses
ASE Indications
How to Defeat
ASE Settings (IRCM, M130)
CBRN Threat
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 N-1

Appendix N
Friendly Situation:
Brigade Mission/Intent
Battalion Mission/Intent
Friendly Unit Location (BN HQ Plotted on Map)
Friendly Graphics Posted On Map
Supported Unit Task/Purpose
Adjacent Unit Task/Purpose
Abort Criteria (Min Force Pax/Vehicles/Aircraft)
Other Aviation Units Task/Purpose (KW, Apache, Chinook)
Other Aviation Units Graphics Posted on Map (KW/Apache BPs)
ROE
Evaluate All Specified Tasks From:
WARNOs
OPORD
Initial planning conference (IPC) Checklists
AMB Packets
Verify ACO, ATO, SPINS Requirements
ROZ Locations/Dimensions/Freq/Callsigns
Artillery Position Area Locations Plotted
Active Routes/ACPs Plotted
Downed aviator pickup points (DAPPs) Plotted
SAR Information Verified
Verify PZ Time/H-hour Time
Verify AMT
Verify Load Table
Verify OPSKED (Date/Time Group)
Spare Aircraft Procedures
Internal Bump Plan
Downed Aircraft Plan
SAR Plan
DART Plan
MEDEVAC Plan
WX Decision Time
M60D Test Fire Area
Ammunition Issue
Weapons Issue
N-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Route Planning:
Map Reconnaissance of Route

Identify/Mark Hazards to Flight
Local Hazards
Sectionals
Chart update manuals (CHUMs)
Primary Route (For Each LZ)
Alternate Route (For Each LZ)
Threat Plotted Along Route
Flight Route Outside Threat Engagement Rings
Route Time (Round to 10 Second Intervals)
Times Submitted to Higher HQ
ACPs Entered into AMPS computer
DTM saved
TDH/Waypoint Card Printed
ACPs Plotted on Map
Primary/Alternate Routes Plotted on Map
Dog Houses Plotted on Map (TDH)
1 Min Time Tickmarks Plotted on Map
Times Triple Checked
Check 1: _______________________
Check 2: _______________________
Check 3: _______________________
Contingency Actions
Abort to Alternate Route
FARP/Fuel Planning:
Estimated Fuel Burn Rate

Pax Only
External Loads
Minimum Fuel at Departure
Minimum Fuel Computed at Each Departure From PZ
Maximum Fuel For External Loads
Bingo Fuel
Required Turns Through FARP
FARP Information
Location
Frequency/Callsign
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 N-3

Appendix N
Landing Direction
FARP Markings
Individual TD Markings
Number of Points
Point Numbering
Drive Through/Nose In Landing
Lighting Requirements
Number of Trucks/Gallons Available
Nozzle Type
Contingency Actions
FARP Compromised
Nozzle/Point Failure
Emergency Actions (Fire)
LZ/PZ Planning:
Enemy Situation/Location
Primary/Alternate Locations
Best Approach Direction
Lead Touchdown Grid
Landing Direction
Markings
Far
Near
Go Around Direction
KW BP
Passengers
Load Direction/Doors
Load Hot/Cold
Doors Open/Closed
Signal for Pax to Load
Location of Key Pax
ACL/Rucks/Assault Packs
Frustrated Load Plan
Location of PZ Control
PZ Control Frequency/Callsign
Weapons Status
Take Off Sequence (Flight Up/TOWRICO)
Contingency Plans
Compromise on En route
N-4 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Compromise on Approach
Compromise While on Ground
Communication Plan:
Flight Internals
Other Unit Flight Internals (KW, Apaches, Chinooks)
Flight Operations
TOCs, Command Nets
Task Force
Infantry Brigade
Infantry Battalion
ABN
FSC Net
PZ Frequencies (Heavy, Light)
LZ Frequencies
CAN
ATC (airfields, approach, etc.)
Range Control
Restricted Operating Zones
CCT
Tactical ATC
United States Air Force (USAF)
Drop zone safety officer (DZSO)
Challenge and Password
Running Password
Contingency Actions
Frequency Compromise
COMSEC Compromise
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 N-5

Appendix N
Packet/Card/Map Preparation:
Enemy Graphics
Friendly Graphics
ROZ Graphics
Flight Routes
Crew Card
Time Flow
Mission Sequence
Waypoint Card
PZ Card
LZ Cards
FARP Diagram
Inadvertent instrument meteorological conditions (IIMC)
Rehearsal Setup
N-6 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Appendix O
Air Mission Coordination Meeting
AIR MISSION COORDINATION MEETING AGENDA

O-1. Table O-1 below is a sample AMCM agenda that can be used in its current form or modified by the
user as desired. The AMCM is simply the agenda for a working meeting; it is not the agenda of a brief.
Table O-1. AMCM agenda
AMCM Agenda
Roll call BAO/S3 Air

Intelligence update (Avn focused) TF S2
Weather (Avn focused) SWO*
Ground tactical plan and FS (AASLT specific) TF S3
Landing plan (by LZ) TF S3
Air movement plan (routes) ASLT LNO
Attack reconnaissance Avn concept (en route and LZ) ATK LNO
Fires (PZ, SEAD, LZ prep) FSO
C2 plan TF S6
MEDEVAC/CASEVAC plan HSSO
FARP plan ASLT LNO
Load plan (detailed) BAO/S3 Air
Review decisions TF S3
S3 closing comments TF S3
*SWO-squadron weather officer
O-2. If scout or pathfinder insertions are conducted, also cover the following—
z Emergency extraction plan/trigger.
z Alternate communications plan and rehearsals.
z Communications check.
z Final coordinations with the teams.
O-3. For an artillery raid, include the following—

z Laager time/location.
z Trigger for extraction.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 O-1

Appendix O
AIR MISSION COORDINATION MEETING CHECKLIST

O-4. The AMCM checklist (table O-2) is used to ensure that all elements important to the mission are
addressed during the meeting. The supporting aviation unit will complete the italicized-bold entries and the
supported ground unit will complete all others.
Table O-2. AMCM checklist

AMCM Checklist
1. Mission number:
2. Supported unit:
3. Supporting unit:
4. Time required:
5. Mission (and concept sketch):
6. Number/type of aircraft:
7. H-hour:
8. Pick-up time with rehearsal time built in:
9. PZ location (and sketch):
10. PZ frequency A. Unit
B. Aircraft
11. PZ call sign A. Unit
B. Aircraft
12. PZ marking (day/night)
13. Landing heading
14. Landing formation
15. Door entry
16. Number of troops total
17. Number of troops per aircraft
18. Number/type cargo loads
19. Takeoff direction
20. Takeoff formation
21. False LZ grid
22. Route
23. Time of flight
24. LZ grids (primary and alternates)
25. LZ sketches:
26. LZ marking (day/night)
27. LZ frequency and call sign (if pathfinders
are available)
28. Attack reconnaissance avn concept
29. LZ prep fires
30. Landing heading
O-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Air Mission Coordination Meeting
Table O-2. AMCM checklist

AMCM Checklist
31. Landing formation
32. Weapons status
33. Door exit
34. Takeoff direction
35. Number of turns required
36. Abort criteria
37. Weather call time
38. Bump plan
39. ABN frequency
40. CAN/CMD frequencies
41. Code words
42. GO/NO-GO criteria
Air mission commander’s initials________ Infantry battalion S3 initials_______
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 O-3

Appendix P
Air Mission Brief
This appendix addresses the air mission brief. Included are samples of the air mission
brief agenda and the air mission brief checklist. The air mission brief is the
information required by subordinate units to complete their mission in accordance
with the commander’s intent. It details the scheme of maneuver and how supporting
elements act to support it.
AIR MISSION BRIEF AGENDA

See table P-1 for a sample AMB agenda.
Table P-1. AMB agenda
Air Mission Brief Agenda

Task organization and roll call AATF S3
Time hack AATF S6
Enemy forces AATF S2
Friendly forces AATF S3
TF mission AATF S3
BCT/Bn commander’s intent AATFC
Ground scheme of maneuver AATF S3
Concept of fires (SEAD and ground tactical) AATF FSO
Aviation mission ASLT AVN S3
Staging plan TF XO
Loading plan AATF S3 Air
Air movement plan ASLT S3/ MSN Lead
Landing plan ASLT S3/ MSN Lead
Laager plan ASLT S3/ MSN Lead
Attack reconnaissance avn mission/concept ATK S3/Cdr
Tasks to subordinate units AATF S3
Coordinating instructions AATF S3
Service support (FARP plan) ASLT AVN S4
MEDEVAC/CASEVAC plan HSSO/Med. Co. Cdr
Command AATF S3
Signal AATF S6
Operational risk assessment AATFS3
AATFC comments AATFC
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 P-1

Appendix P
AIR MISSION BRIEF CHECKLIST

See table P-2 for a sample AMB checklist.
Table P-2. AMB checklist

Air Mission Brief Checklist
Roll Call
Time Zone
Time Hack
Packet Check
References
Task Organization
(Infantry Brigade TF)
1. SITUATION
a. Enemy forces (synopsis of overall enemy situation) (TF S2).
(1) Air IPB.
(2) Enemy air capability.
(3) Enemy ADA capability.
(a) Type / location.
(b) Night capability / range.
(c) Weather / NOTAMS.
Sunrise / Sunset.
Moonrise / Moonset.
Max Percent Illumination. Range: (during AASLT; i.e. 0% to 45%).
NVG Window / Ceiling / Visibility.
MAX Temp / MAX DA / PA.
EENT / BMNT.
b. Friendly forces (TF S3).
(1) Mission higher headquarters (include CDR’s intent).
(2) BDE/BN Infantry scheme of maneuver (TF S3).
2. MISSION (TF S3).

a. Bde / Bn CDR’s intent (AATFC).
b. Conditions for AASLT.
c. Mission risk assessment (TF S3).
d. Aviation mission (AVN S3).
3. EXECUTION.
a. Aviation commander’s intent (AMC).
b. Concept of the aviation operation (AVN S3).
c. AVN tasks to subordinate units (AVN S3).
d. Fires (FSO).
P-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Air Mission Brief

(1) FA. ANNEX I (FS graphics).
(a) Purpose of supporting fires.
(b) Unit / location.
(c) Priority of fires.
(d) SEAD information/targets.
(e) LZ prep.
(2) CAS (ALO).
(a) Purpose / mission.
(b) Coordinating altitude.
Rotary wing.
Fixed wing.
(3) Attack reconnaissance aviation. (ARB S3/CDR).
(a) Mission.
(b) Concept.
(c) BPs / ABFs / sectors / routes in/out.
e. Staging plan. ANNEX A (PZ DIAGRAM) (TF XO).
(1) Name / number.
(2) Coordinates.
(3) Load time.
(4) Take off time.
(5) Markings.
(6) Control.
(7) Callsigns / frequencies.
(8) Landing formation.
(9) Heading.
(10) Hazards / go arounds.
(11) Supported unit bump plan. (ANNEX A-1, Coordinating Instructions).
(12) PZ arrival times.
f. Air movement plan. (ASSLT S3/MSN lead).
(1) Routes / corridors. ANNEX B (ROUTE CARD).
(a) Ingress primary / alternate.
(b) Egress primary / alternate.
(c) Others.
(2) En route hazards.
(3) Abort criteria.
(a) Weather.
(b) Aircraft available.
(c) Time.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 P-3

Appendix P

(d) Mission essential combat power.
(e) Mission criticality.
(f) Enemy.
(4) Penetration points.
(5) En route formation / rotor separation / angle / airspeeds (as per crew brief).
(6) Deception measures / false insertions.
(7) Air movement plan. ANNEX D.
(8) Cargo doors.
(9) External lighting (SOP).
(10) Restricted operations area (ROA) locations.
AASLT C2.
ATK C2.
QUICKFIX.
(11) MEDEVAC / CASEVAC aircraft plan.
(12) Aircraft decontamination plan.
g. Landing plan. ANNEX C (LZ DIAGRAM) (ASSLT S3 / MSN lead).
(1) Name / number.
(2) Coordinates.
(3) LDG times (as per AMT).
(4) Markings.
(5) Control.
(6) Call signs / frequencies.
(7) LDG formation / direction.
(8) LZ abort criteria (based on GTCs guidance).
(9) Go arounds (flight / single ship - as per crew brief).
(10) Departure (as per crew brief).
h. LAAGER plan. (ASSLT S3/MSN Lead).
(1) Name / locations.
(2) Times / REDCON status.
(3) Security plan.
(4) Scatter plan.
(5) Call forward plan.
i. Extraction plan. (ASSLT S3 / MSN lead).
j. Coordinating instructions (Aviation) (ASSLT S3).
(1) MOPP level / CBRN warning status.
(2) M60D control status.
(3) ADA status.
(4) IFF procedures / times.
P-4 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Air Mission Brief

(5) Chaff / ALQ 144 employment.
(6) NVG specific procedures (SOP).
(7) VHIRP / IIMC (as per crew brief).
(8) Mission contingencies (SOP).
(a) DAARP / SAR / EAE.
(b) Downed aircraft / SERE / DART.
(c) BDAR.
(1) Spare aircraft procedures.
(2) Special aircraft equipment / preparation.
(3) PPC.
(4) Mission brief sheet.
(5) Risk assessment form (completed / signed).
(6) Safety considerations / hazards.
(7) OPSEC considerations (SOI, kneeboard sheets, maps).
(8) Weather decision plan/times.
(9) Debrief location / time.
k. Coordinating instructions (TF) (TF S3).
4. SERVICE SUPPORT.
a. Class I (1 case MREs/5 gallons water/survival kits) (TF S4).
b. Class III/V (III/V PLT LDR).
(1) Minimum fuel (as per crew brief).
(2) Basic load.
(3) FARP / FARP.
c. Class VIII (HSSO).
(1) CCP.
(2) Evacuation plan/hospital location.
d. MEDEVAC / CASEVAC plan (HSSO).
5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL (TF S3).

a. Command.
(1) A2C2. As per ACO, this AMB, and established tactical flight procedures.
(2) AATFC / location.
(3) AVN TF AMC / location.
(4) ABC / location
(5) Aviation chain of command (as per serial chain of command).
b. Signal (TF S6).
(1) Communication card day (ANNEX____).
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 P-5

Appendix P

(2) Execution matrix (ANNEX ____).
(3) Code words.
MISSION BRIEFBACK:
FINAL QUESTIONS:
COMMANDERS COMMENTS:
P-6 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Appendix Q
Aircrew Brief
This appendix provides a sample of an aircrew brief checklist. The aircrew brief is a
detailed discussion of the operation that delineates the actions of each element of the
force and each aircrew. Its level of detail is like that of a patrol order. All previous
planning comes together to support the decisions and information presented at this
meeting. The rehearsal will validate the plan which is presented at the aircrew brief
and then the mission will move into the execution phase. (See table Q-1 for a sample
aircrew brief checklist.)
Table Q-1. Aircrew brief checklist
Aircrew Brief Checklist
1. Introduction MSN Number__________________

2. Classification of briefing______________________.
3. Roll call: aircrews, aircraft status, packet inventory.
4. Time hack: "In _______ seconds it will be _______" (at least 30 sec) at 10 sec count down.
5. Administrative notes: (hold questions, pubs, risk, flight plan, etc.)
TASK ORGANIZATION
1. SITUATION (Briefed by the S2, if available)

WEATHER DECISION TIME_____________ DELAY NLT
TIME_____________
WIND____________ CEILING________ VISIBILTY_____ MAX PA_____ MAX TEMP_____
BMNT_______SR______SS______EENT______MR______MS_____ILLUM_____%
BRIEFER’S INIT________ VOID TIME_________ NOTAMS__________________________
DAPP LOCATIONS______________________________TIMES_________________________
PR DATA LETTER_____NUMBER______ WORD____________ RAMROD______________
CHALLENGE/PASSWORD__________________DURESS CODE WORD_________________
CONFIRM ISOLATED REPORT (ISOPREP) AND EVASION PLAN OF ACTION (EPA)

UPDATED ENEMY
FORCES______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 Q-1

Appendix Q
ADA________________________________________________________________________
AIR TO AIR__________________________________________________________________
ARTILLERY__________________________________________________________________
CBRN_______________________________________________________________________
FRIENDLY FORCES___________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
BCT MISSION________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
BCT CDR’S INTENT___________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
TF MISSION_______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
TF CDR’S INTENT_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
GROUND TACTICAL PLAN (UNIT, TASK, PURPOSE)________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. MISSION (WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHY)

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. EXECUTION
CDR’S INTENT _______________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
CONCEPT OF THE OPERATION ________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Q-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Aircrew Brief
SUB-ELEMENT TASKS:
CHALK
1 __________________________________________________________________________
2 __________________________________________________________________________
3 __________________________________________________________________________
4 __________________________________________________________________________
5 __________________________________________________________________________
6 __________________________________________________________________________
7 __________________________________________________________________________
8 __________________________________________________________________________
9 __________________________________________________________________________
10 _________________________________________________________________________
C & C ______________________________________________________________________
ATK/RECON_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
DETAILED EXECUTION:
CRANK SEQUENCE
APU__________ COMMO__________ ENG__________ TAXI
__________
LINE-UP LOCATION__________________________________________________________
FORMATION_________ ANGLE_______ SEPARATION_______ FUEL REQ’D__________
T/O TIME_______ HEADING_____ ALT________ A/S-G/S_________ LIGHTING________
EN ROUTE TO PZ
SP _________________________ WEAPONS STATUS__________________________

ROUTE ____________________________________________________________________
ALT_______ A/S-G/S__________ FORM_______ DOORS________ TURNS >60__________
ALTERNATE
ROUTE____________________________________________________________
WEAPONS TEST FIRE AREA________________
RP _________________________ WEAPONS STATUS__________________________
PZ
NAME/GRID_______________________/________________________
TIME ________________ FREQUENCY___________ CALL SIGN___________________
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 Q-3

Appendix Q
DESCRIPTION_______________________________________________________________
ALT PZ_____________________________________________________________________
MARKINGS (FAR)_________________________(NEAR)_____________________________
SECURITY POSTURE_________________________________________________________
LANDING DIR _____________ FORM ___________________ G/A _____________________
HAZARDS __________________________ACTIONS ON CONTACT____________________
TROOPS LOAD ______________________________________________________________
AIRCRAFT ACL ______________ CONFIG _________________ DOORS O / C___________
KEY PERSONNEL LOCATION __________________________________________________
PZ CONTROL LOCATION______________________________________________________
EXT LOADS TYPE______________WEIGHT___________INSPECTION SHEETS_________
FRUSTRATED LOAD PROCEDURES_____________________________________________
APU CRANK TIME________ COMMO_________ LOAD TIME________
FORMATION_________ANGLE_______ SEPARATION_______FUEL REQ’D___________
TAKEOFF TIME _____________ HDG ___________ FORM ________________________
EN ROUTE TO LZ
SP __________________________ WEAPONS STATUS________________________
ROUTE _____________________________________________________________________
ALT_______ A/S-G/S_______ FORM_______ DOORS_________ TURNS >60___________
ALTERNATE ROUTE_____________________ _____________________________________
DOOR GUN POSITIONS__________________________________
HAZARDS __________________________________________________________________
FALSE INSERTIONS) ________________________________________________________
RP ___________________________ WEAPONS STATUS___________________
LZ
NAME/GRID______________________/_______________________
TIME ________________ FREQUENCY___________ CALL SIGN___________________
DESCRIPTION_______________________________________________________________
ALT LZ_____________________________________________________________________
MARKINGS (FAR)_________________________(NEAR)_____________________________
SECURITY POSTURE_________________________________________________________
LANDING DIRECTION_________FORMATION_________________GA________
HAZARDS_________________________ ACTIONS ON CONTACT_____________________
ENEMY SITUATION_________________________ THREAT ORIENTATION___________
WEAPONS STATUS___________ NO FIRE AREAS____________
TROOPS OFFLOAD______________TROOPS ACTIONS AFTER OFFLOAD_____________
Q-4 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Aircrew Brief
EGRESS ROUTE
SP_____________________________________________________
ROUTE_____________________________________________________________________
ALT_______ A/S-G/S_______ FORM_______ DOORS_________ TURNS >60___________
ALTERNATE ROUTE__________________________________________________________
HAZARDS__________________________________________________________________
RP_____________________________ WEAPONS STATUS__________________________
*SUBSEQUENT LIFTS/PHASES: (SEE TABLE D-3 BELOW)

ATTACK RECONNAISSANCE
MISSION___________________________________________________________________
TASK______________________________________________________________________
PURPOSE__________________________________________________________________
SCREEN LINES, OPs, ABFs, SBFs ______________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
C&C
LOCATION_____________________________________________________________
TIMES (T/O, FARP, ETC.)_________________________________________________
CALLSIGN_________________________ FREQ______________ ALT FREQ______________
FIRE SUPPORT PLAN

ARTY UNIT_____________________LOCATION__________________________________
TYPE___________________________MAX RANGE_______________________________
GUN/TARGET LINES________________________________________________________
TRP'S_____________________________________________________________________
PRIORITY OF FIRES_________________________________________________________
SEAD PLAN_________________________________________________________________
H-HOUR TIME HACK: FREQUENCY________START__________RESPONSE_________
ENEMY/TRPs EN ROUTE_______________________________________________________
REQUIRED CALLS____________________________________________________________
NAVIGATION/TIME STANDARDS____________________ WHICH ACPs______________
LOST COMMO PROCEDURES___________________________________________________
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 Q-5

Appendix Q
H-HOUR ABORT CRITERIA________________________ACTIONS____________________

LAST ROUND MARKINGS__________ RESYNC PROCEDURES____________________
CAS HOLDING AREA _________________________________________________________

TYPE ACFT_________________ RESPONSE
TIME________________________________
ADA
UNIT_________________________________TYPE________________________________
LOCATION_________________________________________________________________
WEAPONS CONTROL STATUS_______________________________________________
ELECTRONIC COUNTERMEASURES (ECM) SEQUENCE

AREAS___________________________TIMES___________________________________
LOAD TABLE
COORDINATING INSTRUCTIONS
SPARE AIRCRAFT PROCEDURES
LOCATION______________________________ TI LOCATION ________________________
ACTIONS ___________________________________________________________________
FLIGHT UP SIGNALS _________________________________________________________
BUMP PLAN (PAX)________________________(LOADS)____________________________
MINIMUM NUMBER OF AIRCRAFT _____________________________________________
MINIMUM GROUND FORCE (PAX)________________ (VEHICLES)___________________
AIRCRAFT LIGHTING ______________________________________________________
WEAPONS TEST FIRE AREA/TIME_____________________________________________
DOWNED AIRCRAFT PLAN
ACTIONS ______________________________________________________________
SENSITIVE ITEMS ______________________________________________________
ACFT DESTRUCT. PROCEDURES ___________________________________________
PERSONNEL PICKUP PROCEDURES ______________________________________
SIGNALS ________________________________
MAINT RECOVERY PLAN ____________________________________________________
ROE________________________________________________
MEDEVAC PLAN (INT/EXT)_____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
PR (INT/EXT)_________________________________________________________________
Q-6 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Aircrew Brief
REQUIRED REPORTS
PZ CLEAN ___________________________________________________________________
MSN COMPLETE _____________________________________________________________
OTHERS ____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
ACTIONS ON AIR TO AIR COMBAT

ACTIONS __________________________________________________________________
RALLY POINTS _____________________________________________________________
ACTIONS AT RALLY POINT __________________________________________________
ABORT CRITERIA
WEATHER _________________________________________________________________
AIRCRAFT _________________________________________________________________
MISSION ___________________________________________________________________
A2C2
AWACS/ABCCC_______________________________________________________________
RANGE CONTROL ____________________________________________________________
G/T LINES ___________________________________________________________________
ROZs ______________________________________________________________________
COORD. ALTITUDES __________________________________________________________
OTHERS ____________________________________________________________________
LEAD CHANGE (DAY/NIGHT)__________________________________________________
LOST COMMUNICATION PROCEDURES

___________________________________________
IIMC/VHIRP __________________________________________________________________
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS
MINIMUM FUEL REQ
__________________________________________________________
GOGGLE/DEGOGGLE PTS. ____________________________________________________
SPARE GOGGLE LOCATION ___________________________________________________
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 Q-7

Appendix Q
CBRN/MOPP LEVEL
___________________________________________________________
ASE
________________________________________________________________________
HIRTA _____________________________________________________________________
NO FLY AREAS
_______________________________________________________________
PPR'S _____________________________________________________________________
4. SERVICE AND SUPPORT

CLASS I (FOOD) ______________________________________________________________
CLASS II (DURABLE EXPED.) ___________________________________________________
CLASS III (POL) _______________________________________________________________
CLASS IV (MATERIALS) ________________________________________________________
CLASS V (AMMO) _____________________________________________________________
CLASS VI (PERSONAL ITEMS) __________________________________________________
CLASS VII (MAJOR END ITEMS) _________________________________________________
CLASS VIII (MEDICAL) _________________________________________________________
CLASS IX (REPAIR) ___________________________________________________________
MAINT (TI, MTP, ETC.)
__________________________________________________________
OTHER _____________________________________________________________________
5. COMMAND AND SIGNAL

COMMAND
CHAIN OF COMMAND
__________________________________________________________
AATFC_________________________________ LOCATION/ACFT_______________________
AMC___________________________________ LOCATION/ACFT_______________________
GTC___________________________________ LOCATION/ACFT_______________________
BN CDR________________________________ LOCATION/ACFT_______________________
BN S3__________________________________
LOCATION/ACFT_______________________
CO CDR________________________________
LOCATION/ACFT_______________________
SIGNAL
H-HOUR EXECUTION CHECKLIST ______________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Q-8 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Aircrew Brief
CALLS
_________________________________________________________________________
COMMO CHECK FREQS

FM1 __________ UHF _________ VHF _________ FM2 ________ RED/GREEN FILL______
AVIATION TF COMMO CHECK

TIME_________ FREQUENCY___________ RESPONSE ORDER_____________
COMMO NET
STATION C/S PRI FM ALT FM UHF VHF SEC
FILL
AATFC
AMC
FSO
INTER-FLT
INTRA-FLT
PZ
LZ
FARP
FLT OPS
OTHER
CODE WORDS
PZ HOT _______________________ LZ COLD _____________________________
PZ COLD _____________________ ALT LZ _______________________________
ALT PZ _______________________ DOWNED ACFT _______________________
PZ CLEAN ____________________ ABORT _______________________________
ALT ROUTE ___________________ EOM _________________________________
LZ HOT _______________________ OTHER ________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
SIGNALS (i.e.: SMOKE, FLARES) ________________________________________
SOI ________________________________________________________________
IFF/TRANSPONDER __________________________________________________
CHALLENGE/PASSWORD ___________________/__________________________
NAVAIDS ____________________________________________________________
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 Q-9

Appendix Q
6. SAFETY
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
BACK BRIEF/REHEARSAL TIME & LOCATION ___________________________________
DEBRIEF TIME & LOCATION __________________________________________________
COLLECT RISK ASSESSMENTS, FLT PLANS, ETC.
QUESTIONS
FINAL TIME HACK__________________________
Q-10 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Appendix R
Risk Management
Risk management is the process of identifying and controlling hazards to protect the
force. It is the Army’s principal risk-reduction process. The intuitive management of
risk in conducting military training and operations is old, but its systematic
application, as part of Army doctrine, is relatively new. This appendix presents a
summary of risk information based on FM 5-0, FM 100-14, and FM 3-100.12. (See
FM 3-04.111, for more information.)
APPLICATION
R-1. Risk management is applied to reduce the threat of the full range of METT-TC hazards, including
enemy action. It is integrated into the MDMP as indicated in table R-1.
Table R-1. Risk management steps integrated into the MDMP
Develop
Identify Assess Controls & Implement Supervise &
MDMP
Hazards Hazards Make Risk Controls Evaluate
Decisions
Receipt of Mission X
Mission Analysis X X
COA Development X X X
COA Analysis X X X
COA Comparison X
COA Approval X
Orders Production X
* Preparation X X
* Execution X X
* Not part of the MDMP
RESPONSIBILITIES
R-2. Leaders at every echelon are responsible for risk management.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 R-1

Appendix R
BRIGADE AND HIGHER HEADQUARTERS

R-3. Every commander, leader, and staff officer must integrate risk management into the planning and
execution of training and operational missions. Staff officers assist the commander in minimizing
unnecessary risk by increasing certainty in all operations. They use the risk management process to assess
their functional areas and make control-measure recommendations to reduce or eliminate risk to support
the combat power dynamic of force protection. Examples include the following:
z Applying risk management during the MDMP to identify force protection shortcomings in the
warfighting functions.
z Developing and implementing controls for the commanders that support the mission by avoiding
unnecessary risk and loss of combat power.
z Providing support to operational requirements and establishing procedures and standards that
are clear and practical for each specified and implied task.
BRIGADE AVIATION ELEMENT STAFF SECTION

R-4. The BAE staff has a responsibility to—
z Identify hazards most likely to result in loss of combat power (that is, hazards that are not
adequately controlled).
z Develop control options that address reasons for hazards.
z Integrate hazard identification and selected controls into functional area paragraphs, graphics,
and annexes of the OPORD. (See FM 3-04.111, for more information.)
R-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Glossary
SECTION I – ABBREVIATIONS
A&L administrative and logistical
A2C2 Army airspace command and control
A2C2S Army Airborne Command and Control System
AA assembly area
AAA antiaircraft artillery
AAR after-action review
AASLT air assault
AATF air assault task force
AATFC air assault task force commander
AB aircrew brief
ABCCC Air Force airborne battlefield command and control center
ABCS Army Battle Command System
ABF attack by fire
ABN air battle net
ABTF aviation battalion task force
A/C aircraft
ACA airspace coordination area
ACI air controlled interception
ACL allowable combat load
ACM airspace coordinating measure
ACO airspace control order
ACP air control point
ACS air cavalry squadron
ACT air cavalry troop
AD air defense
ADA air defense artillery
ADAM air defense airspace management; area denial artillery munition
ADSI air defense system integrator
ADU air defense unit
AEB aviation expeditionary brigade
AFATDS Advanced Field Artillery Tactical Data System
AFB Air Force base
AGB advanced guard battalion
AGL above ground level
AGM attack guidance matrix
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 Glossary-1

Glossary
AH attack helicopter
AHB assault helicopter battalion
AHRS Attitude and Heading Reference System
AI air interdiction
AIC airspace information center
AIS airspace information services
AKO Army Knowledge Online
ALO air liaison officer
AM amplitude modulation
AMB air mission brief
AMC air mission commander
AMCM air mission coordination meeting
AMDWS air and missile defense workstation
AMPS aviation mission planning system
AMR air mission request
AMT air movement table
ANGLICO air and naval gunfire liaison company
AO area of operations
AOR area of responsibility
APC armored personnel carrier
APERS antipersonnel
APOE aerial port of embarkation
APU auxiliary power unit
AR Army regulation
ARB attack reconnaissance battalion
ARC attack reconnaissance company
ARNG Army National Guard
ARNGUS Army National Guard of the United States
ARS attack reconnaissance squadron
ARSOAR Army special operations aviation regiment
ART attack reconnaissance troop
ASAS all source analysis system
ASB aviation support battalion
ASC aviation support company
ASCC Army service component command
ASE aircraft survivability equipment
ASIP advanced system improvement program
AT antitank
Glossary-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Glossary
ATACMS Army tactical missile system

ATAS air-to-air stinger
ATC air traffic control
ATCCS Army tactical command and control system
ATKHT attack helicopter troop
ATO air tasking order
ATS air traffic services
AUEL automated unit equipment list
AV aerial vehicle
AVT air vehicle transport
AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System
AWS airspace workstation
BAE brigade aviation element
BAO brigade aviation officer
BAS battlefield automation system
BAT brilliant antitank
BCD battlefield coordination detachment
BCIS battlefield combat identification system
BCOTM battle command on the move
BCT brigade combat team
BDA battle damage assessment
BDAR battle damage assessment and repair
BFA battlefield functional area
BHL battle handover line
BHO battle handover
BMNT beginning morning nautical twilight
BMP Boyevaya Maschina Piekhoty (infantry fighting vehicle)
BP battle position
BSA brigade support area
BSB brigade support battalion
BUB battle update brief
C2 command and control
C2W command and control warfare
C3 command, control, and communications
C3I command, control, communication, and intelligence
C4I command, control, communications, computers, and intelligence
C4ISR command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance,
and reconnaissance
CAC command aviation company

Glossary
CADRG compressed arc digitized raster graphic

CAN combat aviation net
CAS close air support
CASB corps aviation support brigade
CASEVAC casualty evacuation
CBRN chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear
CCA close combat attack
CCIR commander's critical information requirements
CCP casualty collection point
CD compact disk
CD-RW compact disk-rewritable
CG commanding general
CH cargo helicopter
Chem chemical
CHUM chart update manual
CIB controlled image base
CLS contractor logistic support
COA course of action
COMINT communications intelligence
COMMEX communications exercise
COMSEC communications security
CONUS continental United States
COP common operational picture
CoS Chief of Staff
COTS commercial off-the-shelf
CP command post
CPHD copperhead
CRP component repair platoon
CS combat support
CSAR combat search and rescue
CSS combat service support
CSSCS combat service support control system
CTAPS contingency theater automated planning system
CTC combat training center
CW3 chief warrant officer three
D3A decide, detect, deliver, and assess
DA Department of the Army
DAMA demand assigned multiple access

Glossary
DAP defensive armed penetrator

DAPP downed aviator pickup point
DART downed aircraft recovery team
DC direct current
DEAD destruction of enemy air defense
DNVT digital nonsecure voice terminal
DOTD Directorate of Training and Doctrine
DP decision point
DPICM dual purpose improved conventional munition
DS direct support
DSA division support area
DSN defense switch network
DTC data transfer cartridge
DTD data transfer device
DTED digital terrain elevation data
DTG date time group
DTM data transfer module
DWI AH-64D with radar frequency interferometer
DWO AH-64D without fire control radar
DZSO drop zone safety officer
EA engagement area
EAC echelons above corps
EAD echelons above division
ECM electronic countermeasures
ECOORD effects coordinator
EEFI essential elements of friendly information
EENT end evening nautical twilight
EFAT essential field artillery task
EFST essential fire support task
EGI embedded global inertial system
EO electro-optical
EPA evasion plan of action
EPLRS enhanced position location reporting system
EPW enemy prisoner of war
ERFS extended range fuel system
ESSS external stores support system
ETE estimated time en route
EUH electronic utility helicopter

Glossary
EW electronic warfare
FA field artillery
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
FAAD forward area air defense
FARE forward area refueling equipment
FARP forward arming and refueling point
FAX facsimile
FBCB2 Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below
FCR fire control radar
FDL forward area air defense (FAAD) data link
FEC fires and effects cell
FES forced entry system
FF future force
FFD feature foundation data
FFIR friendly force information requirements
FIST fire support team
FLIR forward-looking infrared
FLOT forward line of own troops
FM field manual; frequency modulated
FMC fully mission capable
FOB forward operating base
FRAGO fragmentary order
FRIES Fast-Rope Insertion/Extraction System
FS fire support
FSC forward support company
FSCL fire support coordination line
FSCM fire support coordinating measure
FSO fire support officer
FST forward support troop
FW fixed-wing
G2 Assistant Chief of Staff-Intelligence
G3 Assistant Chief of Staff-Operations and Plans
GCI ground control intercept
GCS ground control station
GCCS global command and control system
GCSS global combat support system
GCU ground control unit
GMTI ground moving target indicator

Glossary
GPS global positioning system

GS general support
GSAB general support aviation battalion
GSAT general support aviation troop
GTC ground tactical commander
GTP ground tactical plan
HA holding area
HARM high speed antiradiation missile
HAZMAT hazardous materials
HC zinc oxide (smoke)
HE high explosive
HEDP high explosive dual purpose
Hellfire Hellfire laser air defense suppression and fire and forget guided missile
HEMTT heavy expanded mobility tactical truck
HEP-T high explosive plastic tracer
HF high frequency
HH health helicopter
HHC headquarters and headquarters company
HHT headquarters and headquarters company
HIMAD high to medium altitude air defense
HMMWV high mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle
HPT high-payoff target
HPTL high-payoff target list
HQ headquarters
HSC headquarters and support company
HSS health service support
HSSO health service support officer
HTS High Speed Antiradiation Missile Targeting System
HVT high-value target
HvyHC heavy helicopter company
IAI Israel Aircraft Industries
ICM improved conventional munition
IDM improved data modem
IED improvised explosive device
IEW intelligence and electronic warfare
IFF identification friend or foe
IFV infantry fighting vehicle
IIMC inadvertent instrument meteorological conditions

Glossary
ILLUM illumination
IM information management
IMU inertial measurement unit
INC internet controller
INS inertial navigation system
IO information operations
IP instructor pilot
IPB intelligence preparation of the battlefield
IPC initial planning conference
IR infrared
ISOPREP isolated personnel report
ISR intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance
JAAT joint air attack team
JAOC joint air operations center
JATOPC Joint Air Tasking Order Process Course
JFACC joint force air component commander
JFC joint force commander
JIM joint, interagency, and multinational
JOA joint operations area
JP joint publication
JPRA Joint Personnel and Recovery Agency
J-SEAD Joint suppression of enemy air defense
JSTARS Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System
JTF joint task force
JTIDS Joint Tactical Information Distribution System
JVMF joint variable message format
KMPH kilometers per hour
KMPM kilometers per minute
Kw kilowatt
LAN local area network
LBA Longbow Apache
LD line of departure
LNO liaison officer
LOA limit of advance
LOC line of communications
LOGPAD logistics helipad
LOS line of sight
LOTS logistics-over-the-shore

Glossary
LMTV light medium tactical vehicle

LP listening post
LRF/D laser rangefinder/designator
LRSD long-range surveillance detachment
LUH light utility helicopter
LZ landing zone
MACOM major command (Army)
MAG magnetic
MALE medium altitude, long endurance
MBA main battle area
MCO major combat operations
MCS maneuver control system
MDMP military decisionmaking process
MEDEVAC medical evacuation
METL mission essential task list
METT-TC mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available, time
available, and civil considerations
MIRC multiuser internet relay chat
MLRS multiple launcher rocket system
MMS mast-mounted sight
MMW millimeter wave
MOGAS motor gasoline
MOPP mission oriented protective posture
MOS military occupational specialty
MOUT military operations on urbanized terrain
MP military police
MPSM multipurpose submunition
MRE meal, ready to eat
MSB main support battalion
MSE mobile subscriber equipment
MSL mean sea level
MSR main supply route
MSRT mobile subscriber radio telephone
MTF medical treatment facility
MTI moving target indicator
MTP maintenance test pilot
MTW major theater war
NAI named area of interest
NAS National Airspace System

Glossary
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

NAVAID navigational aid
NCO noncommissioned officer
NCOIC noncommissioned officer in charge
NEO noncombatant evacuation operations
NET no earlier than
NFA no-fire area
NG National Guard
NGA National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
NLOS non line of sight
NLT no later than
NMCM not mission capable maintenance
NSFS naval surface fire support
NTDR near-term digital radio
NVD night vision device
NVG night vision goggles
NVS night vision systems
O&I operations and intelligence
OAF Operation Allied Force
OBS onboard system
OCONUS outside the continental United States
OH observation helicopter
OIC officer in charge
OIF Operation Iraqi Freedom
OP observation post
OPCON operational control
OPLAN operation plan
OPORD operation order
OPSEC operations security
OPTEMPO operating tempo
OR operational readiness
PAX passenger
PC production control
PCIDM personnel computer improved data modem
PIR priority intelligence requirement
Pk probability of kill
PL phase line
PLAD plain language address designator

Glossary
PMCS preventive maintenance checks and services

PME peacetime military engagement
PNVS pilot night vision system
POC point of contact
POD point of debarkation
POE point of embarkation
POL petroleum, oil, and lubricants
POP plug-in optronic payload
PP passage point
ppm parts per million
PR personnel recovery
PSYOP psychological operations
PZ pickup zone
PZCO pickup zone control officer
QA quality assurance
QF quick fire
R&S reconnaissance and surveillance
R4 redeployment, reintegration, reconstitution, and retraining
RAAM remote antiarmor munition
RAP rocket assisted projectile
PAX passengers
RC reserve component
Rd round
REDCON readiness condition
REMBASS Remote Battlefield Sensor System
RETRANS retransmission
RF radar frequency
RFA restrictive fire area
RFHO radio frequency handovers
RFI radar frequency interferometer
ROA restricted operations area
ROE rules of engagement
ROM refuel-on-the-move
ROZ restricted operations zone
RP release point
RPM revolutions per minute
RSOI reception, staging, onward movement, integration
RSTA reconnaissance, security, and target acquisition

Glossary
RTO radio telephone operator

RVT remote video terminal
S1 adjutant
S2 intelligence officer
S3 operations officer
S4 logistics officer
S6 communications-electronics officer
SA situational awareness
SAL semiactive laser
SAM surface-to-air missile
SAR search and rescue
SATCOM satellite communications
SBCT Stryker brigade combat team
SBF support by fire
SDDCTEA Surface Deployment and Distribution Command Transportation
Engineering Agency
SEAD suppression of enemy air defense
SERE survival, evasion, resistance, and escape
SFC sergeant first class
SHORAD short-range air defense
SIAP single integrated air picture
SICPS Standard Installation Command Post System
SIGINT signal intelligence
SIMO systems integration and maintenance office
SINCGARS Single-Channel Air And Ground Radio System
SIPR secure internet protocol router
SIR specific information requirements
SME subject matter expert
SMK smoke
SOATC special operations aviation training company
SOF special operations forces
SOI signal operation instructions
SOP standing operating procedure
SOR specific order or request
SP start point
SPC specialist
SPIES Special Patrol Infiltration/Exfiltration System
SPINS special instructions
SPO support operations officer

Glossary
SPOE seaport of embarkation

SSC small scale contingency
SSG staff sergeant
SSM surface-to-surface missile
SU situational understanding
SUAV small unmanned aerial vehicle
SWO squadron weather officer
TA target acquisition
TAA tactical assembly area
TAC CP tactical command post
TACFIRE Tactical Fire Direction System
TACON tactical control
TACOPS tactical operations
TACSAT tactical satellite
TACSOP tactical standing operating procedure
TADIL tactical digital information link
TADIX-B tactical data information exchange-broadcast
TADS Target Acquisition and Designation System
TAGS Theater Air-Ground System
TAI target area of interest
TAIS Tactical Airspace Integration System
TALS Tactical Automated Landing System
TAOC theater airfield operations command
TBMCS Theater Battle Management Core System
TC training circular
TCDL tactical common data link
TCF tactical combat force
TDH time, distance, and heading
TERP terminal instrument procedures
TF task force
THREATCON threat condition
TI tactical internet
TIBS tactical information broadcast service
TIS Thermal Imaging System
TLP troop leading procedures
TM technical manual
TOC tactical operations center
TOE table of organization and equipment

Glossary
TOT time on target

TOW tube-launched, optically tracked, wire-guided
TRAP tactical related application
TRP target reference point
TSAB theater support aviation brigade
TSEC telecommunications security
TSS target selection standards
TTP tactics, techniques, and procedures
TTT time to target
TVS television sensor
UAP unit airspace plan
UAS Unmanned Aircraft System
UH utility helicopter
UHF ultra high frequency
UMD unit movement data
UMO unit movement officer
UMT unit ministry team
USAAVNC United States Army Aviation Center
USAF United States Air Force
USAR United States Army Reserve
USN United States Navy
VHF very high frequency
VIXL video image crosslink
Volcano aerial mine delivery operations
VS Viper Strike
VTC video teleconference
WARNO warning order
WP white phosphorous
XO executive officer
ZSU Shika Antiaircraft Gun System
SECTION II – TERMS
This section standardizes the definitions of doctrinal terms routinely used in orders and aviation
operations. The source documents used to establish these definitions were FM 1-02, 101st Airborne
Division (AASLT) TACSOP and Gold Book, and schoolhouse definitions distributed by Fort
Leavenworth.
A
air assault operations in which air assault forces CS, and CSS, using the firepower,
mobility, and total integration of helicopter assets in their ground or air

Glossary
roles, maneuver on the battlefield under the control of the ground or air
maneuver commander to engage and destroy enemy forces.
airborne command a suitably equipped aircraft used by the commander for the control of the
post forces. (FM 1-02)
air assault task force normally the Infantry Brigade or Battalion Commander whose own unit(s)
commander form the nucleus or predominance of forces in the air assualt task force
(AATF). The AATF commander commands the Air Assault Operation and
is responsible for its overall planning and execution. The AATF
commander controls all units assigned, attached, or under OPCON to the
AATF, and establishes mission priorities for those units in DS or GS of the
AATF. In situations where the enemy allows, the AATF commander will
probably be airborne in a C2 helicopter during the movement and insertion
phases of an Air Assault. At other times, the AATF commander fights the
battle from a tactical command post (TAC CP) deployed well forward.
(101st TACSOP)
air battle net Radio net dedicated to air-to-air coordination during AASLT operations.
(101st TACSOP)
air defense warnings a degree of air raid probability according to the following codes: (FM 1-
02)
z YELLOW-air attack probable. Hostile aircraft and/or missiles are en
route toward an area.
z RED-air attack imminent or in progress. Hostile aircraft and/or
missiles are within or are in the immediate vicinity of an area with
high probability of entering the area.
z WHITE-air attack not probable. May be declared before or after
YELLOW or RED.
air defense weapons the degree of fire control imposed upon Army units having assigned,
control status attached, or organic air defense weapons. Weapons control status terms
normally used are—
zWeapons free-weapons may be fired at any aircraft not positively
identified as friendly. This is the least restrictive of the weapons
controls.
z Weapons tight-weapons may be fired ONLY at aircraft positively
identified as hostile according to the prevailing hostile criteria.
z Weapons hold-weapons are NOT TO BE FIRED except in self-
defense.
(FM 1-02)
air interdiction air operations conducted to destroy, neutralize, or delay the enemy’s
military potential before it can be brought to bear effectively against
friendly forces. It is conducted at such distance from friendly forces that
detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and movement of
friendly forces is not required. (FM 1-02)
air liaison officer the senior Air Force officer at each TACP. Advises the Army commander
and staff on the capabilities, limitations, and employment of tactical air
operations. The air liaison officer operates the Air Force request net. The
air liaison officer coordinates close air support (CAS) missions with the
FSE, and assists in planning the simultaneous employment of air and

Glossary
surface fires. The air liaison officer supervises FACs and will assist the fire
support team (FIST) in directing air strikes in the absence of a forward air
controller (FAC). (See also tactical air control party). (FM 1-02)
air mission commander operations of aviation elements providing air assault support are controlled
by the commander of the largest sup-porting aviation unit. The air mission
commander is designated the AMC. (FM 1-02)
air movement operations using airlift assets, primarily helicopters, to move combat, CS,
operations and CSS forces and/or equipment whose primary purpose is not to engage
and destroy enemy forces. (FM 1-02)
air movement plan a plan prepared jointly by the ground and airlift units. The plan covers the
phase of an airborne, air assault, or air movement operation from the time
units have loaded aircraft until they arrive in the objective area. The
schedule indicates loading times at specific departure airfields or pickup
zones and includes takeoff time, flight routes, order of flight, and arrival
time over drop zones (DZs) or LZs. It is published usually as an annex to
the OPLAN. (See also ground tactical plan; landing plan; marshaling
plan.) (FM 1-02)
airspace coordination a block of airspace in the target area in which friendly aircraft are
area reasonably safe from friendly surface fires. It may occasionally be a formal
measure (a three-dimensional box in the sky). More often, it is informal.
The purpose of the ACA is to allow the simultaneous attack of targets near
each other by multiple fire support means, one of which normally is air.
Formal ACAs are usually established by a separate brigade or higher level
command—informal ACAs may be established as low as the TF level.
(FM 1-02)
air support all forms of support given by air forces to forces on land or sea. (FM 1-02)
alternate PZ/LZ: A PZ/LZ used when the primary PZ/LZ becomes
untenable, compromised, or unsafe. It is located so that the unit can
continue its mission with as little change as possible.
area of influence a geographical area wherein a commander is directly capable of
influencing operations by maneuver or fire support systems normally
under the commander’s command or control. (FM 1-02)
area of interest that area of concern to the commander, including the area of influence,
areas adjacent thereto, and extending into enemy territory to the objectives
of current or planned operations. This area also includes areas occupied by
enemy forces who could jeopardize the accomplishment of the mission.
(FM 1-02)
area of operations that portion of an area of conflict necessary for military operations. Areas
of operations are geographical areas assigned to commanders for which
they have responsibility and in which they have authority to conduct
military operations. (FM 1-02)
area of responsibility a defined area of land in which responsibility is specifically assigned to the
commander of the area for the development and maintenance of
installations, control of movement, and the conduct 10 to 3 of tactical
operations involving troops under the commander’s control along with
parallel authority to exercise these functions. (FM 1-02)
area reconnaissance a directed effort to get detailed information concerning the terrain or
enemy activity within a prescribed area (such as a town, ridge line, woods,

Glossary
or other feature critical to operations). (See also route reconnaissance; zone

reconnaissance.) (FM 1-02)
area security A military police mission that includes area reconnaissance, rear battle
operations, security of designated personnel, unit convoys, facilities, and
MSR critical points. area security force—see security operations.
(FM 1-02)
armed reconnaissance a mission with the primary purpose of locating and attacking targets of
opportunity (such as, enemy materiel, personnel, and facilities) in assigned
general areas or along assigned ground communications routes, and not for
the purpose of attacking specific targets. (NATO usage: an air mission.)
(FM 1-02)
army airspace an Army element within the corps A2C2 element, the division A2C2
command and control element, and the separate brigade A2C2 element TOCs responsible for the
element coordination, integration, and regulation of airspace within the
organization’s area of territorial responsibility. It coordinates directly with
Air Force elements and functional Army elements (ADA, Army aviation,
FSE) working within each TOC. (FM 1-02)
assault 1. the culmination of an attack which closes with the enemy. 2. in an
amphibious operation, the period of time from the crossing of the line of
departure (LD) by the first scheduled wave to the seizure of the initial
objectives. 3. a phase of an airborne or air assault operation beginning with
delivery of the assault force into the objective area and extending through
the attack of objectives and consolidation of the initial airhead. 4. in river
crossings, the period of time from the launching of the first crossing effort
until the initial bridgehead has been secured and responsibility passed to
the crossing area commander. 5. to make a short, violent, but well-ordered
attack against a local objective (such as a gun emplacement or fortified
area). (FM 1-02)
assault echelon 1. those forces required in the initial stages of an airborne or air assault
operation to secure the assault objectives. 2. one or more units of an
attacking force used to begin and lead the attack. (See also followup
echelon; rear echelon.) (FM 1-02)
assault force 1. in an amphibious, airborne, or air assault operation, those units charged
with the seizure of the lodgment area. 2. in offensive river crossing
operations, the major subordinate units conducting the assault to, across,
and beyond the water obstacle. Assault forces lead, making the initial
assault of the river, and continue the advance from the exit bank to the
final objectives. 3. those forces charged with passing through a breach in
an enemy fortified position or strongpoint and seizing an objective or
completing destruction of the enemy. (FM 1-02)
assault objectives key terrain features or installations whose seizure facilitates the overall
accomplishment of an airborne or air assault operation. (FM 1-02)

Glossary
assault command post the ACP operates from organic tactical vehicles and Expandable Light Air
Mobile Shelter (ELAMS) that can be moved by ground or AASLT means.
The ACP controls all units specifically designated as being under its
control. It is minimally manned to support maneuver, intelligence,
mobility, and fire support. The ACP is prepared to assume the Division
Main (DMAIN) role if necessary for short duration without augmentation
(72 to 96 hours). This is normal during early phases of contingency
operations when the DMAIN has not yet deployed or is out of action.
assault phase 1. that phase of an airborne, air assault, amphibious, or river crossing
operation that begins with the delivery of the assault forces into the
objective area and ends when all assault objectives have been seized. 2.
that period during an attack which begins when the assault forces advance
from their assault position and ends when the objective has been seized
and consolidated. (See also air assault; airborne operation; amphibious
operation; river crossing operation.) (FM 1-02)
assault position that position between the LD and the objective in an attack from which
forces assault the objective. Ideally, it is the last covered and concealed
position before reaching the objective (primarily used by dismounted
infantry). (FM 1-02)
assembly area an area in which a force prepares or regroups for further action. (FM 1-02)
attack position the last position occupied or passed through by the assault echelon before
crossing the LD. (FM 1-02)
avenue of approach an air or ground route of an attacking force of a given size leading to its
objective or to key terrain in its path. (FM 1-02)
aviation support officer the aviation support officer (ASO) is the special staff officer responsible
for coordinating Army aviation assets within the BCT.
B
battle coordination the battle coordination element (BCE) will be the Army coordination
element element located at the Air Force TACC. The BCE will monitor and
interpret the land battle situation for the TACC and give land force needs
for tactical air support to the TACC. (See also tactical air control center.)
(FM 1-02)
battle position a defensive location oriented on the most likely enemy avenue of approach
from which a unit may defend or attack. Such units can be as large as
battalion task forces and as small as platoons. A unit assigned a battle
position (BP) is located within the general outline of the BP. Security, CS,
and CSS forces may operate outside a BP to give early enemy detection
and all-around security. (FM 1-02)
beginning morning begins when the sun is 12°degrees below the horizon. It is the start of that
nautical twilight period where, in good conditions and in the absence of other illumination,
enough light is available to identify the general outlines of ground objects,
conduct limited military operations, and engage in most types of ground
movement without difficulty.
brigade combat team the brigade combat team (BCT) is an infantry brigade that has been task
organized with aviation, combat support and combat service support
elements as subordinate units to deploy and accomplish a specific mission.
The 101st Airborne Division has three BCTs that are habitually aligned to
train and operate together to reinforce the relationship.

Glossary
brigade support area a designated area in which CSS elements provide logistic support to a
brigade. The brigade support area (BSA) normally is located 20 to 25
kilometers behind the forward edge of the battle area (FEBA). (FM 1-02)
C
CASEVAC aircraft UH-1Hs, UH-60s or CH-47s that are configured with litters and/or jump
seats to provide evacuation of casualties when standard MEDEVAC
aircraft are committed or unavailable.
check fire a command to cause a temporary halt in firing. (FM 1-02)
checkpoint a predetermined point on the ground used as a means of coordinating
friendly movement. Checkpoints are not used as reference points in
reporting enemy locations. (FM 1-02)
close air support air action against hostile targets that are in near to friendly forces and that
requires detailed integration of each air mission with the fire and
movement of those forces. (See also air interdiction; air support;
immediate air request; preplanned mission request.) (FM 1-02)
combat effectiveness the ability of a unit to perform its mission. Factors such as the status of
fuel, ammunition, weapons systems, and personnel are assessed and rated
from 1 to 4 (1 being the highest rating).
combat power a complex combination of tangible and intangible factors which are
transitory and reversible on the battlefield. Combat power comprises the
effects of maneuver, the effects of firepower, the effects of protection, and
the effectiveness of leadership. The skillful combination of these elements
in a sound operational plan will turn potential into actual power. (FM 1-02)
command aviation net the radio net dedicated to air-to-ground coordination during AASLT
operations. (101st TACSOP)
control 1. the authority exercised by a commander over part of the activities of
subordinate organizations or other organizations not normally under the
commander’s command, which encompasses the responsibility for
implementing orders or directives. All or part of this authority may be
transferred or delegated. (DOD). 2. the physical or psychological
pressures exerted with the intent to assure that an agent or group will
respond as directed (DOD). 3. primary function performed by command
posts and staff; includes acquiring and applying means to accomplish
commander’s intent, computing requirements, allocating means,
integrating efforts, and generating options. Traditionally, control is direct,
sequential, process-oriented, and positive. Control is evolving toward
instantaneous, simultaneous, adaptive, action-oriented, intent-bound, and
positive.
control measures directives given graphically or orally by a commander to subordinate commands to
assign responsibilities, coordinate fires and maneuver, and to control combat
operations. Each control measure can be portrayed graphically. A minimum
number of control measures should be used so that the operation progresses
according to the concept of the operation. Less restrictive control measures are
used, as much as possible, to permit subordinate commanders the freedom of action
in executing assigned missions. In general, all control measures should be easily
identifiable on the ground. Examples of control measures include boundaries,
objectives, coordinating points, contact points, LDs, assembly areas, axis of
advance, and direction of attack. (FM 1-02)

Glossary
coordinated fire line a line beyond which conventional surface fire support means (mortars,
field artillery, naval gunfire ships) may fire at any time within the zone of
the establishing HQ without additional coordination. It is usually
established by brigade or division, but may be established by a maneuver
battalion. (the term no-fire line is used by other NATO nations for a CFL.)
(FM 1-02)
coordinating altitude a control measure designated by the airspace control authority which is
designed to coordinate airspace use between high performance and rotary
wing aircraft. (FM 1-02)
course of action 1. any sequence of acts that an individual or unit may follow. 2. a possible
plan open to an individual or commander that would accomplish or is
related to accomplishment of the mission. 3. a feasible way to accomplish
a task or mission which follows the guidance given, will not result in
undue damage/risk to the command, and is noticeably different from other
actions being considered. (FM 1-02)
D
damage assessment a determination of the effect of attacks on targets. (FM 1-02)
D-day the unnamed day on which a particular operation commences or is to
commence. An operation may be the commencement of hostilities; the date
of a major military effort; the execution date of an operation (as
distinguished from the date the order to execute is issued); or the date the
operations phase is implemented. The highest command or HQ responsible
for coordinating the planning will specify the exact meaning of D-day
within the above definition. Reference to days preceding or following D-
day will be referred to by using a plus or minus sign and an Arabic
numeral following the letter “D.” (Example: D-3 is 3 days prior to D-day;
D+7 is 7 days after D-day. If the figure becomes unduly large; such as
D+90, the designation D+3 months may be used.) (FM 1-02)
direct support 1. a mission requiring a force to support another specific force and
authorizing it to answer directly the supported force’s request for
assistance. 2. in NATO, the support provided by a unit or formation not
attached to, nor under command of, the supported unit or formation, but
required to give priority to the support required by that unit or formation.
(See also general support; general support reinforcing.) (FM 1-02)
direct support artillery artillery whose primary task is to provide fire requested by the supported
unit. (See also general support artillery; reinforcing [artillery].) (FM 1-02)
division support area an area normally located in the division rear positioned near air landing
facilities and along the MSR. The division support area (DSA) has the
division support command’s, command post (DISCOM CP), the HQ
elements of the DISCOM battalions, and those charged with providing
backup support to the CSS elements in the BSA and direct support (DS) to
units located in the division rear. Selected COSCOM elements may be
located in the division support area (DSA) to provide DS backup and GS
as required. (FM 1-02)
downed aviator point a point to where aviators will attempt to escape and evade to be recovered by
friendly forces. (FM 1-02)
drop zone a specified area upon which airborne troops, equipment, or supplies are airdropped
by parachute, or on which supplies and equipment may be delivered by free fall.
(FM 1-02)

Glossary
E
electronic warfare the use of electromagnetic energy to determine, exploit, reduce, or prevent
hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum and to ensure its friendly use.
(See also electronic counter-countermeasures; electronic countermeasures ;
electronic warfare support measures.) (FM 1-02)
end evening nautical occurs when the sun has dropped 12 degrees beneath the horizon, and is
twilight the instant of last available daylight for the visual control of limited ground
operations. At the end evening nautical twilight (EENT), there is no further
sunlight available. (FM 1-02)
engagement area an area in which the commander intends to trap and destroy an enemy
force with the massed fires of all available weapons. Engagement areas are
routinely identified by a target reference point in the 10-7 center of the trap
area or by prominent terrain features around the area. Although
engagement areas may also be divided into sectors of fire, it is important to
understand that defensive systems are not designed around engagement
areas, but rather around avenues of approach. Engagement areas and
sectors of fire are not intended to restrict fires or cause operations to
become static or fixed; they are used only as a tool to concentrate fires and
to optimize their effects. (FM 1-02)
essential elements of the critical aspects of a friendly operation that, if known by the enemy;
friendly information would subsequently compromise, lead to failure, or limit success of the
operation and so must be protected from enemy detection. (FM 3-13)
F
final coordination line a line close to the enemy position used to coordinate the lifting and shifting
of supporting fires with the final deployment of maneuver elements. It
should be recognizable on the ground. It is not a fire support coordination
measure. (FM 1-02)
fire support assistance to those elements of the ground forces which close with the
enemy (such as infantry and armor units) rendered by delivering artillery
and mortar fire, naval gun fire, and CAS. FS may also be provided by
tanks, air defense artillery, and Army aviation. (FM 1-02)
fire support a line established by the appropriate ground commander to ensure
coordination line coordination of fire not under the commander’s control but which may
affect current tactical operations. The fire support coordination line
(FSCL) is used to coordinate fires of air, ground, or sea weapons systems
using any type of ammunition against surface targets. The FSCL should
follow well-defined terrain features. The establishment of the FSCL must
be coordinated with the appropriate tactical air commander and other
supporting elements. Supporting elements may attack targets forward of
the FSCL, without prior coordination with the ground force commander,
provided the attack will not produce adverse surface effects on, or to the
rear of, the line. Attacks against surface targets behind this line must be
coordinated with the appropriate ground force commander. (See also
coordinated fire line.) (FM 1-02)

Glossary
follow-up echelon forces moved into the objective area after the assault echelon of an
airborne, airmobile, air assault, or amphibious operation to sustain the
defense and to conduct offensive operations as part of the larger force after
linkup. Normally, it includes follow up elements of the assault units,
maintenance unit headquarters, and elements of the supply and service
battalion. (See also assault echelon; rear echelon.) (FM 1-02)
forward arming and a temporary facility that is organized, equipped, and deployed by an
refueling point aviation unit commander, and located closer to the area of operation than
the aviation unit’s CSS area. It provides fuel and ammunition necessary for
the employment of helicopter units in combat. (FM 1-02)
forward edge of the the forward limit of the main battle area (MBA). (See also main battle
battle area area.) (FM 1-02)
forward line of own A line that indicates the most forward positions of friendly forces in any
troops kind of military operation at a specific time. The forward line of own
troops (FLOT) may be at, beyond, and short of the FEBA, depicting the
nonlinear battlefield. (FM 1-02)
forward operational a command, control, and support element established by a special forces
base operational base (SFOB). It normally is established for specific missions
requiring a separate command and control headquarters reporting directly
to a joint unconventional warfare command/joint unconventional warfare
task force (JUWC/ JUWTF). The organization, mission, and functions
parallel those of a SFOB, but on a reduced scale. An forward operational
base (FOB) also is established to extend the span of control when distances
involved preclude effective command or support of deployed operational
elements. The organization and functions of the FOB will vary with the
mission; duration and scope of operations; and security, communications,
administrative, and logistical support requirements. (See also special forces
operational base.) (FM 1-02)
forward logistics base immediately after the initial air assault a forward logistics base (FLB) will
normally be established in the objective area. The nucleus of fuel
operations in the FLB will be the BSB’s class III section. A CRRP will
normally be established in the FLB using personnel and equipment from
the BSB and aviation brigade.
free fire area a specific designated area into which any weapon system may fire without
additional coordination with the establishing headquarters. (FM 1-02)
G
general support support that is given to the supported force as a whole and not to any
particular subdivision. (FM 1-02)
general support artillery that executes the fire directed by the commander of the unit to
artillery which it organically belongs or is attached. It fires in support of the
operation as a whole rather than in support of a specific subordinate unit.
(See also direct support artillery; general support reinforcing; reinforcing
[artillery].) (FM 1-02)
general support a tactical artillery mission. General support reinforcing (GSR) artillery is
reinforcing assigned the mission to support the force as a whole and provide
reinforcing fires for another artillery unit. (See also direct support artillery;
general support artillery; reinforcing [artillery].) (FM 1-02)

Glossary
ground tactical the ground tactical commander (GTC) is the commander of the largest
commander ground maneuver task force inserted during the air assault. The GTC is
usually an AATFC subordinate maneuver commander and flies on one of
the first serials into the objective area. The GTC maintains
communications with the AATFC during the flight. (101st TACSOP)
ground tactical plan an airborne or air assault operational plan covering the conduct of
operations in the objective area. (see also air movement plan; landing plan;
marshaling plan.) (FM 1-02)
H
H-hour the specific hour on D-day at which a particular operation commences is
known as H-hour. It may be the commencement of hostilities; the hour at
which an OPLAN is executed or is to be executed (as distinguished from
the hour the order to execute is issued); or the hour that the operation
phase is implemented. The highest command or headquarters coordinating
planning will specify the exact meaning of H-hour within the above
definition. When several operations or phases of an operation are being
conducted in the same area on D-day and confusion may arise over the use
of the same hour designation, the letters F, L, S, W, and Y may be used.
When this is done, the letters used and their meaning must be stated in the
plan or order. Reference to hours preceding or following H-hour will be
referred to by using a plus or minus sign and an Arabic numeral following
the letter H. (For example: H-3 is 3 hours prior to H-hour; H+7 is 7 hours
after H-hour. If a time element other than hours is expressed, it must be
spelled out [such as H+30 minutes]). (See also D-day.) (FM 1-02)
high density airspace airspace of defined dimensions, designated by the airspace control
control zone authority, in which there is a concentrated employment of numerous and
varied weapons / airspace users. (FM 1-02)
high-payoff target HVTs which, if successfully attacked, would contribute substantially to the
success of our plans. (See also high-value target.) (FM 1-02)
high-value target a target whose loss to the enemy can be expected to contribute to
substantial degradation of an important battlefield function. (See also high-
payoff target.) (FM 1-02)
holding area 1. a site located between assembly areas or FARPs and BPs that may be
occupied for short periods of time by attack helicopters while coordination
is being made for movement into BPs. It should give good cover and
concealment and an area for the aircraft to hover or land. 2. nearest
covered and concealed position to the PZ or crossing site where troops are
held until time for them to move forward. (FM 1-02)
I
immediate mission a request for an airstrike or reconnaissance mission that by its nature could
request not be identified sufficiently in advance to permit detailed mission
consideration and planning. (FM 1-02)
information those items of information about the enemy and the enemy’s environment
requirements which need to be collected and processed to meet the intelligence
requirements of a commander. (See also priority intelligence
requirements.) (FM 1-02)

Glossary
insertion 1. placement of troops and equipment into an operational area in air assault
operations. 2. the placement of OPs, patrols, or raiding parties either by
helicopter or parachute. (FM 1-02)
interdict 1. to isolate or seal off an area by any means; to deny use of a route or
approach. 2. to prevent, hinder, or delay the use of an area or route by
enemy forces. (FM 1-02)
intermediate staging a secure base which an AATF can use for staging an air assault operation
base (ISB) near an unsecured objective allowing the insertion of decisive force into
the objective area. A notional example would be using Puerto Rico as an
ISB for an air assault into Cuba.
intervisibility the condition of being able to see one point from another. This condition
may be altered or interrupted by weather, smoke, terrain masking, dust, or
debris. (FM 1-02)
J
joint air attack team a combination of U.S. Army attack and scout aircraft and U.S. Air Force
CAS aircraft operating together to locate and attack high priority, lucrative
targets (such as tanks and other targets of opportunity). It normally
operates in a coordinated effort with fire support, air defense artillery, and
ground maneuver forces against enemy armored formations, command
vehicles, and enemy air defense weapons systems. (FM 1-02)
joint task force a force composed of assigned or attached elements of the Army, the Navy,
the Marine Corps, and the Air Force, or two or more of these Services,
which is constituted and so designated by the Secretary of Defense
(SECDEF), or by the commander of a unified command, a specified
command, or an existing JTF. (FM 1-02)
K
key terrain any locality or area the seizure, retention, or control of which affords a
marked advantage to either combatant. (FM 1-02)
L
landing plan an airborne, air assault, or air movement plan prescribing the sequence,
place of arrival, and method of entry into the objective area. The purpose
of the plan is to get the correct units to the correct place in the correct
order to properly execute the ground tactical plan. (See also air movement
plan; ground tactical plan; marshaling plan.) (FM 1-02)
landing zone a specified zone within an objective area used for landing aircraft.
(FM 1-02)
liaison that contact or intercommunication maintained between elements of
military forces to ensure mutual understanding and unity of purpose and
action. (FM 1-02)
lift all helicopters assigned to a particular mission to move troops and
equipment. (FM 1-02)
limit of advance an easily recognized terrain feature beyond which attacking elements will
not advance. (FM 1-02)

Glossary
line of contact a general trace delineating the location where two opposing forces are
engaged. (See also line of departure; line of departure is line of contact
(LD/LC); forward edge of battle area (FEBA); forward line of own
troops.) (FM 1-02)
line of departure a line designated to coordinate the commitment of attacking units or
scouting elements at a specified time. A start line. (See also line of contact;
line of departure is line of contact.) (FM 1-02)
lines of communication all the routes (land, water, and air) that connect an operating military force
with one or more bases of operations and along which supplies and
military forces move. (FM 1-02)
linkup a meeting of friendly ground forces (such as when an advancing force
reaches an objective area previously seized by an airborne or air assault
force, when an encircled element breaks out to rejoin friendly forces, or
when converging maneuver forces meet). (See also linkup point.)
(FM 1-02)
linkup point an easily identifiable point on the ground where two forces conducting a
linkup meet. When one force is stationary, linkup points normally are
established where the moving force’s routes of advance intersect the
stationary force’s security elements. Linkup points for two moving forces
are established on boundaries where the two forces are expected to
converge. (See also linkup.) (FM 1-02)
M
main battle area that portion of the battlefield extending rearward from the FEBA and in
which the decisive battle is fought to defeat the enemy attack. Designation
of the main battle area (MBA) includes the use of lateral and rear
boundaries. For any particular command, this area extends from the FEBA
to the rear boundaries of those units comprising its main defensive forces.
(See also forward edge of the battle area.) (FM 1-02)
main body 1. the principal part of a tactical command or formation. It does not include
detached elements of the command (such as advance guards, flank guards,
covering forces, and so forth). 2. in a motor column, all vehicles exclusive
of the column head, trail, and control vehicles which consist primarily of
the vehicles carrying the bulk of the cargo or troops within the column.
(FM 1-02)
main command post the main command post (CP) consists of those staff activities involved in
controlling and sustaining current operations and in planning future
operations. The main CP normally operates under control of the chief of
staff. In addition to the chief of staff, the main CP consists of G1, G2, G3,
and G4 elements; fire support and chemical elements, TACP element, and
an A2C2 element consisting of ADA and Army aviation staff elements.
The main CP exercises C2 of the current operation in cases where a
tactical CP is not employed. (See also command post; rear command post;
tactical command post.) (FM 1-02)
main supply route the route or routes designated within an area of operations on which the
bulk of traffic flows in support of military operations. (FM 1-02)
maintain contact with actions taken to prevent the enemy from disengaging. (FM 1-02)
enemy

Glossary
maneuver the movement of forces supported by fire to achieve a position of

advantage from which to destroy or threaten destruction of the enemy. A
principle of war. (FM 1-02)
marshaling 1. the process by which units participating in an amphibious, airborne, or
air assault operation assemble or move to temporary camps in the vicinity
of embarkation points to complete preparations for combat or to prepare
for loading. 2. the process of assembling, holding, and organizing supplies
and/or equipment, especially transport vehicles, for onward movement.
(See also staging area.) (FM 1-02)
marshaling area 1. the general area in which unit preparation areas and departure airfields
may be located and from which air movement is initiated. 2. in amphibious
operations, the designated area in which, as part of the mounting process,
units are reorganized for embarkation; vehicles and equipment are
prepared to move directly to embarkation areas; and housekeeping
facilities are provided for troops by other units. (FM 1-02)
mass casualty: any casualty-producing situation which produces either a total number
(situation) and/or type(s) of casualties which exceed the evacuation and/or treatment
capabilities of supporting CHS assets.
MEDEVAC aircraft UH-1Vs/UH-60As designed, equipped, and staffed to perform standard
medical evacuation.
medical evacuation Process of moving patients from point of injury (POI) or illness to a
medical treatment facility (MTF).
meeting engagement a combat action that occurs when a moving force, incompletely deployed
for battle, engages an enemy at an unexpected time and place. The enemy
force may be either stationary or in motion. (FM 1-02)
N
N-hour notification time for a mission. (101st TACSOP)
named areas of interest a point or area on the ground, along a particular avenue of approach,
through which enemy activity is expected to occur. Activity or lack of
activity within an NAI will help to confirm or deny a particular enemy
course of action. (FM 1-02)
neutralize 1. to render ineffective or unusable. 2. to render enemy personnel or
materiel incapable of interfering with a particular operation. 3. to render
safe mines, bombs, missiles, and booby traps. 4. to make harmless
anything contaminated with a chemical agent. (FM 1-02)
no-fire area an area in which no fires or effects of fires are allowed. Two exceptions
are (1) when establishing headquarters approves fires temporarily within
the no-fire area (NFA) on a mission basis, and (2) when the enemy force
within the NFA engages a friendly force, the commander may engage the
enemy to defend the commander’s force. (FM 1-02)
O
objective 1. the physical object of the action taken (such as,a definite terrain feature,
the seizure and/or holding of which is essential to the commander’s plan,
or, the destruction of an enemy force without regard to terrain features). 2.
the principle of war which states that every military operation should be
directed toward clearly defined, decisive, and attainable objectives.
(FM 1-02)

Glossary
objective area 1. a defined geographical area where an objective is to be captured or

reached by the military forces. 2. in airborne, air assault, and amphibious
operations, it is the proposed area of operations and includes the airhead or
beachhead. (FM 1-02)
occupy to task a unit to move and physically position itself in a specified area. The
command issuing the task does not envision the unit to have to fight to
accomplish the task.
on-call target in fire support, a planned target other than a scheduled target on which fire
is delivered when requested. (See also scheduled target.) (FM 1-02)
operational control the authority delegated to a commander to direct forces assigned so that the
commander may accomplish specific missions or tasks that are usually
limited by function, time, or location; to deploy units concerned, and to
retain or assign tactical control of those units. It does not of itself include
administrative or logistic control. In NATO, it does not include authority
to assign separate employment of components of the units concerned. (See
also assign; attach; detached unit.) (FM 1-02)
P
passage of lines passing one unit through the positions of another, as when elements of a
covering force withdraw through the forward edge of the main battle area,
or when an exploiting force moves through the elements of the force that
conducted the initial attack. A passage may be designated as a forward or
rearward passage of lines. (See also passage of command.) (FM 1-02)
passage point a place where units will pass through one another either in an advance or
withdrawal. It is located where the commander desires sub-ordinate units
to physically execute a passage of lines. (FM 1-02)
pathfinders 1. experienced aircraft crews who lead a formation to the drop zone (DZ),
release point, or target. 2. teams dropped or air landed at an objective to
establish and operate navigational aids to guide aircraft to DZs and/or
landing zones (LZs). 3. teams air delivered into enemy territory for
determining the best approach and withdrawal lanes, LZs, and sites for
heliborne forces. (FM 1-02)
phase a specific part of an operation that is different from those that precede or
follow. Phasing assists in planning and controlling and may be indicated
by time (preparatory fire phase), by distance (intermediate objective or
report line), by terrain (crossing of an obstacle), or by occurrence of an
event (commitment of a reserve). It is not to be confused with a phase line
(PL). It normally is associated with operations of larger units and with
special operations (such as river crossing and airborne operations).
(FM 1-02)
phase line a line used for control and coordination of military operations. It is usually
a recognizable terrain feature extending across the zone of action. Units
normally report crossing phase lines (PLs), but do not halt unless
specifically directed. PLs often are used to prescribe the timing of delay
operations. (FM 1-02)
pickup zone a geographical area used to pick up troops and/or equipment by helicopter.
planning factor a consideration or a multiplier used in planning to estimate the amount and
type of effort involved in a contemplated operation. Planning factors are
often expressed as rates, ratios, or lengths of time. (FM 1-02)

Glossary
point of departure in night attacks, a specific place on the line of departure (LD) where a unit
will cross. (FM 1-02)
point of injury the geographical location where casualties receive their wounds/injuries.
position area for an area assigned to an artillery platoon for terrain management purposes in
artillery which the artillery can maneuver.
preparation fire fire delivered on targets preparatory to an assault. The preparation is
planned by a direct support (DS) field artillery battalion or higher echelon.
It is an intense volume of fire delivered in accordance with a time
schedule. The fires normally commence prior to H-hour and may extend
beyond it. They may start at a prescribed time or be held on-call. The
duration of the preparation is influenced by factors (such as the fire
support needs of the entire force, number of targets and firing assets, and
available ammunition). preplanned mission request— A request for air
support that is submitted in compliance with a schedule that permits
detailed mission coordination and planning. (FM 1-02)
primary PZ/LZ the PZ/LZ chosen for an operation, based on METT-TC, that provides the
best means to accomplish the assigned mission.
priority intelligence those intelligence requirements for which a commander has an anticipated
requirements and stated priority in the task of planning and decisionmaking. (See also
information requirements.)
priority of fires direction to a fire support planner to organize and employ fire support
means according to the importance of the supported unit’s missions.
(FM 1-02)
priority of support priorities set by the commander in the commander’s concept of the
operation and during execution to ensure that combat support (CS) and
combat service support (CSS) are given to subordinate elements in
accordance with their relative importance to accomplishing the mission.
(FM 1-02)
priority target a target on which the delivery of fires takes precedence over all the fires
for the designated firing unit/element. The firing unit/element will prepare,
to the extent possible, for the engagement of such targets. A firing
unit/element may be assigned only one priority target. (FM 1-02)
R
raid an operation, usually small-scale, involving a swift penetration of hostile
territory to secure information, to confuse the enemy, or to destroy the
enemy’s installations. It ends with a planned withdrawal upon completion
of the assigned mission. (FM 1-02)
range 1. the distance between any given point and an object or target. 2. the
extent or distance limiting the operation or action of something (such as
the range of an aircraft, ship, or gun). 3. the distance which can be covered
over a hard surface by a ground vehicle with its rated pay-load, using the
fuel in its tank and in cans normally carried as part of the ground vehicle
equipment. (FM 1-02)
rear battle those actions. including area damage control. taken by all units rear battle (combat,
CS, CSS, and host nation [HN]), singly or in a combined effort, to secure the force,
neutralize or defeat enemy operations in the rear area, and ensure freedom of action
in the deep and close-in battles. (See also area damage control.) (FM 1-02)

Glossary
rear battle threat levels attacks in the rear area that are categorized as follows:
zLevel I-enemy controlled agent activity; sabotage by enemy
sympathizers; activities conducted by terrorist organizations.
z Level II-diversionary operations and sabotage and reconnaissance
missions conducted by tactical units of less than battalion size.
z Level III-airborne, air assault, amphibious operations, or infiltration
operations of battalion size or larger.
(FM 1-02)
rear command post the rear CP consists of those staff activities concerned primarily with CSS
of the force, administrative support of the HQ, and other activities not
immediately concerned with current operations. Typical representatives
within the rear echelon are elements of the G1 and G4 sections, G5,
Adjutant General (AG), Staff Judge Advocate (SJA), Inspector General
(IG), Provost Marshal (PM), supporting MI elements concerned with
counterintelligence and prisoner of war interrogation (IPW) activities, and
the tactical airlift representative of the TACP. Normally, rear CPs are near
or collocated with CSS units (such as COSCOM). (See also command
post; main command post; tactical command post.) (FM 1-02)
reconnaissance (recon) a mission undertaken to obtain information by visual observation, or other
detection methods, about the activities and resources of an enemy or
potential enemy, or about the meteorologic, hydrographic, or geographic
characteristics of a particular area. (FM 1-02)
release point 1. a clearly-defined control point on a route at which specific elements of
a. column of ground vehicles or flight of aircraft revert to their respective
commanders, each one of these elements continuing its movement toward
its own appropriate destination. 2. in dismounted attacks, especially at
night, that point at which a commander releases control of subordinate
units to their commanders/leaders. (See also start point.) (FM 1-02)
relief in place an operation in which a unit is replaced in combat by another unit.
Responsibilities for the combat mission and the assigned sector or zone of
action of the replaced unit are assumed by the incoming unit. (FM 1-02)
restrictive fire line a line established between converging friendly forces (one or both may be
moving) that prohibits fires or effects from fires across the line without
coordination with the affected force. It is established by the commander of
the converging forces. (FM 1-02)
restricted operating an area of air space in which aircraft crews await further instructions or
zone within which commanders can control operations. This space, while not
wholly prohibited, is subject to flight/air usage restrictions for aviation,
ADA, artillery, Air Force, and so forth.
route reconnaissance a directed effort to obtain detailed information of a specified route and all
terrain from which the enemy could influence movement along that route.
(See also area reconnaissance; zone reconnaissance.) (FM 1-02)
rules of engagement 1. directives issued by competent military authority that specify the circumstances
and limitations under which forces will initiate and/or continue combat engagement
with other forces encountered. 2. in air defense, directives that delineate the
circumstances under which weapons can fire at an aircraft. The right of self-
defense is always preserved. (FM 1-02)

Glossary
S
sector an area designated by boundaries within which a unit operates and for
which it is responsible. Normally, sectors are used in defensive operations.
(See also area of influence; zone of action.) (FM 1-02)
secure to gain possession of a position or terrain feature, with or without force,
and to deploy in a manner which prevents its destruction or loss to enemy
action. (FM 1-02)
security 1. measures taken by a military unit, an activity, or an installation to
protect itself against all acts designed to, or that may, impair its
effectiveness. 2. a condition that results from the establishment and
maintenance of protective measures that ensure a state of inviolability from
hostile acts or from hostile acts or influences. 3. with respect to classified
matter, it is the condition that prevents unauthorized persons from having
access to official information that is safeguarded in the interests of national
security. 4. in NATO, a condition which results from the establishment of
measures which protects designated information, materiel, personnel,
systems, components, and equipment against hostile persons, acts, or
influences. A principle of war. (FM 1-02)
security operations those operations designed to obtain information about the enemy and
provide reaction time, maneuver space, and protection to the main body.
Security operations are characterized by aggressive reconnaissance to
reduce terrain and enemy unknowns, gaining and maintaining contact with
the enemy to ensure continuous information, and providing early and
accurate reporting of information to the protected force. Security
operations include screening operations, guard operations, covering force
operations, and area security operations. Area security operations normally
are associated with rear battle operations. The other types of security
operations may be oriented in any direction from a stationary or moving
force. (FM 1-02)
A screening force maintains surveillance, provides early warning to the
main body, impedes and harasses the enemy with supporting indirect fires,
and destroys enemy reconnaissance elements within its capability. A guard
force accomplishes all the tasks of a screening force. Additionally, a guard
force prevents enemy ground observation of and direct fire against the
main body. A guard force reconnoiters, attacks, defends, and delays as
necessary to accomplish its mission. A guard force normally operates
within the range of the main body indirect fire weapons. A covering force
accomplishes all the tasks of screening and guard forces. Additionally, a
covering force operates apart from the main body to develop the situation
early and deceives, disorganizes, and destroys enemy forces. Unlike
screening or guard forces, a covering force is a tactically self-contained
force (that is, it is organized with enough CS and CSS forces to operate
independently of the main body). The requirements of an area security
force are delineated by the HQ assigning the mission. Area security
operations are normally associated with rear battle operations. Rear battle
forces neutralize or destroy enemy forces to defeat enemy attacks in the
rear area. (See also rear battle response forces.)
sortie (air) one aircraft making one takeoff and one landing. An operational flight by
one aircraft. (FM 1-02)

Glossary
staging area 1. a general locality between the mounting area and the objective of an
amphibious or airborne expedition. It is the area through which a force or
parts pass after mounting for refueling, regrouping of ships, and/or the
exercise, inspection, and redistribution of troops. 2. a general locality,
containing accommodations for troops, that is established for the
concentration of troop units and transient personnel between movements
over the LOC. Also referred to as intermediate staging area or intermediate
staging base. (FM 1-02)
start point a clearly defined initial control point on a route at which specified
elements of a column of ground vehicles or flight of aircraft come under
the control of the commander having responsibility for the movement. (See
also release point.) (FM 1-02)
suppression of enemy that activity that neutralizes, destroys, or temporarily degrades enemy air
air defenses defense systems in a specific area by physical attack and/or EW to enable
tactical air operations to be successfully conducted. J-SEAD is that portion
of SEAD which requires joint interaction to suppress enemy surface-to-air
defense systems having an influence on the tactical air-land battle area.
(See also suppression.) (FM 1-02)
T
tactical air control the tactical air control parties (TACPs) are collocated at each appropriate
party command echelon of the supported ground force, normally battalion
through corps. They advise and assist the commander, request and
coordinate tactical air support, and meet other requirements of the
individual ground force echelon supported. A TACP consists of
experienced air crews and technicians, ground and/or airborne vehicles,
and the communications equipment required to obtain, coordinate, and
control tactical air support of ground operations. (See also air liaison
officer; forward air controller.) (FM 1-02)
tactical command post the tactical command post (TAC CP) is the forward echelon of a head-
quarters. The tactical CP may consist of G2, G3, FS, TACP, ADA, and
CSS liaison (G1, G4) elements. It is located well forward on the battlefield
so that the commander is in proximity to subordinate commanders and can
directly influence operations. At division, the TAC CP is located within
FM radio range of the committed brigades. (See also command post; main
command post; rear command post.) (FM 1-02)
tactical control the detailed and, usually, local direction and control of movements or
maneuvers necessary to accomplish missions or tasks assigned. Tactical
control (TACON) does not include the authority to change organization,
administrative or support responsibilities.
tactical operations the element within the main CP consisting of those staff activities involved
center in sustaining current operations and in planning future operations. Staff
activities are functionally grouped into elements or cells. (See also
command post.)

Glossary
target 1. a geographical area, complex, or installation planned for capture or

destruction by military forces. 2. in intelligence usage, a country, area,
installation, agency, or person against which intelligence operations are
directed. 3. an area designated and numbered for future firing. Target
symbols and the target numbering system are found in FM 6-20. 4. in
artillery and naval gunfire support, an impact burst which hits the target.
(FM 1-02)
target acquisition the detection, identification, and location of a target in sufficient detail to
permit the effective employment of weapons.
target analysis an examination of potential targets to determine military importance,
priority of attack, and weapons required to get a desired level of damage or
casualties. (FM 1-02)
target area of interest an area or point along a mobility corridor, the successful interdiction of
which will cause the enemy to either abandon a particular course of action
or require the enemy to use specialized engineer support to continue.
(FM 1-02)
target array a graphic representation of enemy forces, personnel, and facilities in a
specific situation, accompanied by a target analysis. Target box— Areas
designated on identifiable terrain in which enemy targets are expected to
appear and against which air support will be employed. (see also pop-up
point).) (FM 1-02)
targeting a process based on the friendly scheme of maneuver and tactical plan and
an assessment of the terrain and threat which identifies those enemy
functions, formations, equipment, facilities, and terrain which must be
attacked to ensure success. Targeting begins with the commander’s
maneuver guidance, and continues through the development of a
prioritized list of what targets are to be attacked, when they are to be
attacked, why they are to be attacked, and what the conditions of success
and failure are. This process ends with the commander’s decision on which
broad attack option will be used to engage the various targets—maneuver,
fire support, or both. (See also target; target analysis; target array; target
box; target list.) (FM 1-02)
target list 1. a tabulation of confirmed or suspected targets maintained by any
echelon for information and fire support planning purposes. 2. an appendix
to an obstacle annex of an OPORD/OPLAN which lists the obstacles by
number, type, location, and executing unit. It is used for planning and
monitoring the execution of the obstacle plan. (FM 1-02)
target of opportunity a target which appears during combat and which can be reached by direct
or indirect ground fire, naval fire, or aircraft fire, and against which fire
has not been scheduled. (FM 1-02)
target reference point an easily recognizable point on the ground (either natural or manmade)
used for identifying enemy targets or controlling fires. Target reference
points (TRPs) are usually designated by company commanders or platoon
leaders for company teams, platoons, sections, or individual weapons.
They can also designate the center of an area where the commander plans
to distribute or converge the fires of all the weapons rapidly. TRPs are
chosen by using the standard target symbol and target numbers issued by
the FIST or FSO. Once designated, TRPs also constitute indirect fire
targets. (FM 1-02)

Glossary
task force 1. based upon mission, a temporary grouping of units under one
commander formed to carry out a specific operation or mission, or a semi-
permanent organization of units under one commander to carry out a
continuing specific task. Units may be designated as a TF, regardless of
attachments, whenever they are on a semi-independent mission. Brigade
and higher units normally are not designated as TFs unless the operation or
mission requires joint airborne, amphibious, or other special, semi-
independent operations. 2. based upon organization, a battalion-sized unit
of the combat arms consisting of a battalion control headquarters, with at
least one of its major subordinate elements (a company), and the
attachment of at least one company-sized element of another combat or
combat support arm. An example is an infantry battalion headquarters; one
or more of its organic companies; and the attachment of one or more of the
following a tank company, an armored cavalry troop, or an engineer
company. (See also battalion task force; task organization.) (FM 1-02)
task organization a temporary grouping of forces designed to accomplish a particular
mission. Task organization involves the distribution of available assets to
subordinate control headquarters by attachment or by placing assets in
direct support (DS) or under the operational control of the subordinate.
(FM 1-02)
U
unit distribution a method of distributing supplies by which the receiving unit is issued
supplies in its own area with transportation furnished by the issuing
agency. (FM 1-02)
unobserved fire fire for which the points of impact or burst are not observed.
up a correction used by an observer or a spotter to indicate that an increase in
height of burst (HOB) is desired. (FM 1-02)
V
vertical envelopment a tactical maneuver in which troops, either airdropped or air landed, attack
the rear and flanks of a force, in effect cutting off or encircling the force.
(See also envelopment; double envelopment; single envelopment; turning
movement.) (FM 1-02)
X
X-hour time of notification for a planning cell to begin planning and deployment
preparation in support of potential contingency operations that do not
involve rapid, no-notice deployment.
Z
zone reconnaissance a directed effort to obtain detailed information concerning all routes,
obstacles (to include chemical or radiological contamination), terrain, and
enemy forces within a zone defined by boundaries. A zone reconnaissance
normally is assigned when the enemy situation is vague or when
information concerning cross-country traffic-ability is desired. (See also
area reconnaissance; route reconnaissance.) (FM 1-02)

References
SOURCES USED
These are the sources quoted or paraphrased in this publication.
FM 1-02 (FM 101-5-1). Operational Terms and Graphics. 21 September 2004.
DOCUMENTS NEEDED
These documents must be available for the intended users of this publication. Most joint publications can be
found at http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/index.html. Most Army doctrinal publications are available online at
https://akocomm.us.army.mil/usapa/doctrine/index.html.
Joint and Multiservice Publications

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CH 1, 2 September 2005.
JP 3-50.2. Doctrine for Joint Combat Search and Rescue. 26 January 1996.
JP 3-50.21. Joint Tactics, Techniques and Procedures for Combat Search and Rescue. 23 March 1998.
JP 3-52. Joint Doctrine for Airspace Control in the Combat Zone. 30 August 2004.
JP 3-60. Joint Doctrine for Targeting. 17 January 2002
Army Publications
AR 95-1. Flight Regulations. 1 September 1997.

AR 700-138. Army Logistics Readiness and Sustainability. 26 February 2004.
ARTEP 1-111-MPT. Mission Training Plan for the Aviation Brigades. 27 October 2005.
Aviation Liaison Officer (LNO) Handbook, United States Army Aviation Center. July 2001.
CTA 50-900. Clothing and Individual Equipment. 1 September 1994.
CTA 50-909. Field and Garrison Furnishings and Equipment. 1 August 1993.
DA Form 1594. Daily Staff Journal or Duty Officer’s Log.
DA Form 2028. Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms.
DA Form 5484-R. Aircrew Mission Briefing.
DA PAM 25-30. Consolidated Index of Army Publications and Blank Forms. 1 October 2005.
DA PAM 25-33. User’s Guide for Army Publications and Forms. 30 September 1996.
DA PAM 385-64. Ammunition and Explosives Safety Standards. 1 February 2000.
DA PAM 710-2-1. Using Unit Supply System (Manual Procedures). 31 December 1997.
DA PAM 710-2-2. Supply Support Activity Supply System: Manual Procedures. 30 September 1998.
DODD 2000.12. DOD Antiterrorism (AT) Program. 18 August 2003.
FM 1 (FM 100-1). The Army. 14 June 2005.
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 References-1

References
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FM 1-112. Attack Helicopter Operations. 2 April 1997 (will be revised as FM 3-04.126).
FM 1-113. Assault Helicopter Battalions. 12 September 1997 (will be revised as FM 3-04.113).
FM 1-114. Air Cavalry Squadron and Troop Operations. 1 February 2000 (will be revised as
FM 3-04.126).
FM 1-120. Army Air Traffic Services Contingency and Combat Zone Operations. 22 May 1995 (will
be revised as FM 3-04.120).
FM 1-564. Shipboard Operations. 29 June 1997 (will be revised as FM 3-04.564).
FM 2-0 (FM 34-1). Intelligence. 17 May 2004.
FM 3-0 (FM 100-5). Operations. 14 June 2001.
FM 3-04.111. Aviation Brigades. 21 August 2003.
FMI 3-04.155. Unmanned Aircraft System Operations.
FM 3-04.300 (FM 1-300). Flight Operations Procedures. 26 April 2004.
FM 3-04.500 (FM 1-500). Army Aviation Maintenance. 26 September 2000.
FM 3-04.613. Army Fixed Wing Operations, 15 September 2003.
FM 3-05.30 (FM 33-1). Psychological Operations. 15 April 2005.
FM 3-05.60 (FM 1-108). Army Special Operations Forces Aviation Operations. 16 October 2000.
FM 3-06 (FM 90-10). Urban Operations. 1 June 2003.
FM 3-06.1 (FM 1-130). Aviation Urban Operations for Multiservice Procedures for Aviation Urban
Operations. 9 July 2005.
FM 3-06.11 (FM 90-10-1). Combined Arms Operations in Urban Terrain. 28 February 2002.
FM 3-07 (FM 100-23). Stability Operations and Support Operations. 20 February 2003.
FM 3-09.32 (FM 90-20). (J-FIRE) Multiservice Procedures for the Joint Application of Firepower.
29 October 2004.
FM 3-13 (FM 100-6). Information Operations: Doctrine, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures.
28 November 2003.
FM 3-21.38. Pathfinder Operations. 1 October 2002.
FM 3-52 (FM 100-103). Army Airspace Command and Control in a Combat Zone. 1 August 2002.
FM 3-52.2 (FM 100-103-2). TAGS Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for the Theater
Air Ground System. 8 December 2003.
FM 3-90 (FM 100-40). Tactics. 4 July 2001.
FM 3-90.3 (FM 71-3). The Mounted Brigade Combat Team. 1 November 2001.
FM 3-100.12. Risk Management for Multiservice Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Risk
Management. 15 February 2001.
FM 4-0 (FM 100-10). Combat Service Support. 29 August 2003.
FM 4-01.011 (FM 55-65). Unit Movement Operations. 31 October 2002.
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FM 6-0 (FM 101-5). Mission Command: Command and Control of Army Forces. 11 August 2003.
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FM 6-20-40. Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Fire Support for Brigade Operations (Heavy).
5 January 1990 (will be revised as FM 3-09.4).
FM 6-20-50. Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Fire Support for Brigade Operations (Light).
5 January 1990 (will be revised as FM 3-09.42).
FM 7-0 (FM 25-100). Training the Force. 22 October 2002.
FM 7-20. The Infantry Battalion. 6 April 1992. Change 1, 29 December 2000 (will be revised as
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References-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

References
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FM 3-21.30).
FM 8-10-26. Employment of the Medical Company (Air Ambulance). 16 February 1999. Change 1,
30 May 2002 (will be revised as FM 4-02.26).
FM 10-450-3. Multiservice Helicopter Sling Load: Basic Operations and Equipment. 10 April 1997
(will be revised as FM 4-20.197).
FM 17-95. Cavalry Operations. 24 December 1996 (will be revised as FM 3-20.95).
FM 20-3. Camouflage, Concealment, and Decoys. 30 August 1999 (will be revised as FM 3-58.1).
FM 34-2-1. Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures for Reconnaissance and Surveillance and
Intelligence Support to Counterreconnaissance. 19 Jun 1991 (will be revised as FM 2-00.21).
FM 34-60. Counterintelligence. 3 October 1995 (will be revised as FM 2-01.2).
FM 34-130. Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield. 8 July 1994 (will be revised as FM 2-01.3).
FM 55-450-2. Army Helicopter Internal Load Operations. 5 June 1992 (will be revised as
FM 4-01.11).
FM 71-100. Division Operations. 28 August 1996 (will be revised as FM 3-91).
FM 71-100-2. Infantry Division Operations, Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures. 31 August 1993.
FM 71-100-3. Air Assault Division Operations. 29 October 1996.
FM 90-4. Air Assault Operations. 16 March 1987 (will be revised as FM 3-18.12).
FM 90-21. JAAT Multiservice Procedures for Joint Air Attack Team Operations. 3 June 1998 (will be
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FM 100-8. The Army in Multinational Operations. 24 November 1997 (will be revised as FM 3-16).
FM 100-9. Reconstitution. 13 January 1992 (will be revised as FM 4-100.9).
FM 100-13. Battlefield Coordination Detachment (BCD). 5 September 1996 (will be revised as
FM 3-09.13).
FM 100-14. Risk Management. 23 April 1998 (will be revised as FM 5-19).
FM 100-15. Corps Operations. 29 October 1996 (will be revised as FM 3-92).
FM 100-17-3 Reception, Staging, Onward Movement, and Integration. 17 March 1999 (will be
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FM 100-17-5. Redeployment. 29 September 1999 (will be revised as FM 3-35.5).
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References-4 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

References
READINGS RECOMMENDED
These readings contain relevant supplemental information.
None

Index
river crossing operations, 13, 10-15, G-1, L-1, N-2, P-

A C-13, C-29 1, P-2, P-5
adjutant (S1), 5-6, 5-7 platoon, 2-12, 5-2, 5-3 air mission commander (AMC),
advanced field artillery tactical air assault, 4-1, 4-11, 10-4, 10- 3-2, 4-5, 4-7, 4-8, 5-3, 5-4,
data system (AFATDS), H-1 16, E-5, G-1, I-3, L-1 5-10, 10-6, 10-8, 10-9, 10-
aerial delivery of mines division, E-5 12, 10-13, 10-14, P-2, P-5,
(Volcano), 1-2, 2-5, 2-11, B- planning, G-1 Q-8
19, E-4 task force (AATF), 3-19, 4- air mission coordination
1, 4-2, 4-4, 4-10, 4-12, 5- meeting (AMCM), 4-2, 5-3,
aerial reconnaissance, 3-1, 3-4, 3, 5-4, 10-6, 10-12, 10-
3-18, 6-2, 6-7, 6-8 5-8, 10-4, 10-5, 10-6, 10-7,
13, L-1, P-1 10-10, 10-11, O-1, O-2
aerial sustainment, 2-12, 5-7 rehearsal, 10-14
task force commander air movement, 2-5, 3-9, 4-7, 4-
aeromedical 8, 12-1, C-7, C-11
evacuation, 5-2 (AATFC), 3-18, 3-19, 3-
20, 3-21, 4-1, 4-2, 4-4, 4- annex, 10-4, 10-5
support, 2-4, 2-5 operations, 2-11, 3-18, 4-1,
5, 4-6, 4-7, 4-8, 4-9, 4-10,
after-action review (AAR), 1-6, C-10, C-11, C-21, C-27
5-3, 5-4, 10-4, 10-6, 10-7,
5-9 plan, 4-7, 10-10, 10-15, L-1
10-10, 10-12, 10-14, 10-
AH-64 15, P-1, P-2, P-5, Q-8 table (AMT), 4-6, 5-4, 10-4,
airspeed planning, I-5 10-5, 10-7, 10-9, 10-10,
air battle captain (ABC), P-5 G-1, G-2, N-2, P-4
AH-64A, 3-2, 3-3, 8-3, E-1
air battle net (ABN), 5-3, 10-15, air route reconnaissance, 3-12
AH-64D, 3-2, 3-3, E-1, H-2 G-10, N-5, O-3
air tasking order (ATO), 9-1, D-
air ambulance, 5-2 air cavalry 3, I-4, M-1, N-2
company, 1-2, 2-2, 2-11, 2- squadron (ACS), 2-7, 2-8,
12, 5-2 2-9, 2-10, 3-1, 3-13 air traffic control (ATC), B-15,
area defense, C-7 troop (ACT), 2-8, 2-9 M-5, M-6, N-5
breakout of encircled air traffic services (ATS), 2-2,
air control order (ACO), 9-1, B-
forces, C-12 2-11, 2-12, 7-1, 10-9, M-1,
17, D-3, M-1, M-6, N-2, P-5
defense against an armor- M-2, M-6, M-7
heavy threat, C-23, C- air control point (ACP), G-9, I-
3, I-4, I-6, I-7, N-2, N-3 air vehicle (AV), M-6
24
defense against an air defense (AD), I-5 air vehicle transport (AVT), 6-9
infantry-heavy threat, and airspace management airborne warning and control
C-22 (ADAM), B-16, M-1 system (AWACS), D-3, M-4,
delay, C-25 artillery (ADA), 1-2, 4-8, 9-5, Q-7
deliberate attack, C-4, C- B-9, D-2, N-1, P-2, P-4, aircraft recovery, 5-10
17 Q-2, Q-6
exploitation, C-5, C-18 aircraft survivability equipment
BCT, 9-1
hasty attack, C-3, C-16 (ASE), 1-3, 1-4, 9-1, N-1, Q-
enemy, 3-3, 3-12, 3-17, 3-
linkup, C-28 7
20, 3-23, 4-11, I-1, I-4
mobile defense, C-8 friendly force, K-2 aircrew brief (AB), 4-2, 10-5,
movement to contact, C-2 system, 4-10 10-6, 10-8, 10-13, 10-14
operations other than war, UAS, 6-3 air-ground integration, 3-23, B-
C-31 units, 3-4 15
passage of lines, C-11 air interdiction (AI), 9-5, L-1 air-ground team, 7-1
pursuit, C-6, C-19
raid, C-20 air liaison officer (ALO), 1-1, 1- airspace coordinating measure
rear operations, C-14, C- 2, 10-1, 10-11, 10-12, I-3, I- (ACM), 10-10, M-1, M-3, M-6
30 4, P-3 airspace coordination area
reinforce, C-27 air mission brief (AMB), 4-2, 4- (ACA), B-8, B-9
relief-in-place, C-10 5, 4-6, 4-9, 5-3, 5-8, 10-5, airspeed conversion, I-5
reserve operations, C-13 10-6, 10-7, 10-10, 10-12, 10-
retrograde operations, C-9 air-to-air stinger (ATAS), E-7
27 April 2006 TC 1-400 Index-1

Index
antiaircraft artillery (AAA), I-7 movement to contact, C-2 hasty attack, C-2, C-15
area defense, C-6 operations other than war, linkup, C-27
C-30 mobile defense, C-7
area of interest, 9-3 passage of lines, C-10 movement to contact, C-1
area of operations (AO), 3-5, 3- pursuit, C-5, C-19 operations other than war,
15, 3-16, 3-17, 3-19, 3-21, 3- raid, C-20 C-30
23, 4-1, 5-2, G-3, I-1, K-2, L- rear operations, C-14, C-29 passage of lines, C-10
2 reinforce, C-26 pursuit, C-5, C-18
contiguous, 6-3 relief-in-place, C-9 raid, C-19
noncontiguous, 6-3 reserve operations, C-13 rear operations, C-14, C-
area of responsibility (AOR), 3- retrograde operations, C-8 29
15, 3-17, 5-2, I-1 river crossing operations, C- reinforce, C-26
12, C-28 relief-in-place, C-9
area reconnaissance, 3-7, 3-8,
assembly area (AA), 1-5, 4-4, reserve operations, C-13
3-20
8-6, 10-9, B-3, B-8 retrograde operations, C-8
area security, 3-14, 3-17, 3-20 river crossing operations,
assigned. See command C-12, C-28
Army airborne command and
relationships company (ARC), 2-8, 3-2, 3-
control system (A2C2S), 2-9,
2-12, 5-1, 6-1, H-1, H-2, H-3, attached. See command 11, 3-20, 3-22, 3-26, 4-8,
H-4, H-5 relationships E-1, L-2, M-4
Army airspace command and attack squadron (ARS), 1-2, 2-2,
control (A2C2), 1-2, 2-7, 2-8, close combat, 1-2 2-7, 3-1, 3-2, 4-1, 10-9,
5-9, 7-1, 9-1, B-8, I-3, I-4, I- criteria, 9-5 10-10, H-1
6, I-7, M-1, M-2, M-3, M-5, guidance, 9-3, 9-4, 9-5, 9-8, attack reconnaissance platoon,
M-6, M-7, P-5, Q-7 I-2, J-1 2-8, 2-9
Army battle command system attack by fire (ABF), 3-16, 10-4, automated unit equipment list
(ABCS), 7-1, H-1, M-1, M-3, 10-10, 10-12, 10-15, 11-2, P- (AUEL), 8-2
M-5, M-6, M-7 3 auxiliary fuel tank, 3-2
Army Service Component attack helicopter troop avenues of approach, 3-14, 3-
Command (ASCC), 8-2 (ATKHT), 2-8, 2-9 15, 3-17, 3-18, 3-20, 3-21
Army special operations attack operations, 3-19, 3-22, aviation battalion
aviation regiment 8-5 fixed-wing (FW), 2-2
(ARSOAR), 2-1, 2-5, 2-6 deliberate, 3-22, 3-23 task force (ABTF), 3-2, E-1
hasty attack, 3-5, 3-22, 3-
Army tactical command and aviation brigade, 2-1, 2-2, 2-4,
23, 3-26
control system (ATCCS), H- 2-7, 2-11, 2-12, 4-1, 4-2, 4-4,
mobile strike, 2-2, 2-4, 3-22,
3 4-9, 9-8, 10-6, C-18, H-4, L-1
3-23, D-3, I-3
Army tactical missile system combat support aviation
attack reconnaissance (CASB), 2-5, 2-10
(ATACMS), H-4
battalion (ARB), 1-2, 2-2, 2- functional, 2-2
artillery raid, 5-10, D-3, O-1 3, 2-7, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-6, heavy division, 2-3
assault helicopter, 4-5, 4-7, 4-9 3-7, 3-8, 3-10, 3-11, 3-13, missions, 2-2
assault helicopter battalion 3-18, 3-19, 3-20, 3-21, 3- theater support (TASB), 2-1
(AHB), 1-2, 2-2, 2-3, 2-10, 2- 22, 3-23, 4-1, 10-5, 10-9, transformation structure, 2-2
11, 5-10, 10-10, D-4 10-10, D-4, H-1, P-3
area defense, C-6 aviation expeditionary brigade
area defense, C-7 (AEB), 2-3
breakout of encircled forces, breakout of encircled
C-11 forces, C-11 aviation maintenance
defense against an armor- defense against an armor- company, 2-7, 2-8, 2-10, 2-
heavy threat, C-22, C-23 heavy threat, C-22, C- 11, 2-12
defense against an infantry- 23 aviation mission planning
heavy threat, C-21 defense against an system (AMPS), A-1, A-2, L-
delay, C-25 infantry-heavy threat, 1, L-2, N-3
deliberate attack, C-4, C-16 C-21
delay, C-24 aviation support
exploitation, C-4, C-18 battalion (ASB), 2-2, 2-3, 2-
hasty attack, C-3, C-15 deliberate attack, C-3, C-
16 4, 2-7, 2-8, 2-10, 2-12
linkup, C-27 company (ASC), 2-2
mobile defense, C-8 exploitation, C-4, C-17
Index-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Index
B linkup, C-27 breakout of encircled forces, C-

battalion mobile defense, C-7 11
air cavalry, 2-8, 2-9, 2-10, 3- movement to contact, C-1 brigade aviation element
operations other than war,
1, 3-13 (BAE), ix, 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4,
assault helicopter (AHB), 1- C-30
1-5, 3-4, 4-1, 4-2, 4-5, 4-7,
2, 2-2, 2-3, 2-10, 2-11, 5- passage of lines, C-10
5-7, 8-1, 8-3, 8-4, 8-5, 8-6,
10, 10-10, D-4 pursuit, C-5, C-18
9-1, 9-3, 10-4, 11-2, 12-1,
area defense, C-7 raid, C-19
12-2, B-1, B-3, B-16, D-1, E-
breakout of encircled rear operations, C-14, C-
5, G-3, G-10, I-5, J-1, L-1,
forces, C-11 29
M-1, M-6, M-7, R-2
defense against an armor- reinforce, C-26
route planning, 4-7
heavy threat, C-22, C- relief-in-place, C-9
reserve operations, C-13 brigade aviation officer (BAO),
23 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 5-6, 5-8, 8-1,
defense against an retrograde operations, C-8
river crossing operations, 8-5, 9-5, 10-1, 10-8, 10-10,
infantry-heavy threat, 10-11, 10-12, 10-15, 11-1,
C-21 C-12, C-28
attack reconnaissance 11-2, E-7, I-3, I-4, O-1
delay, C-25
deliberate attack, C-4, C- (ARS), 1-2, 2-2, 3-1, 3-2, brigade combat team (BCT), ix,
16 4-1, 10-9, 10-10, H-1 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-6,
exploitation, C-4, C-18 aviation support (ASB), 2-2, 2-1, 3-2, 3-4, 3-23, 4-1, 4-2,
hasty attack, C-3, C-15 2-3, 2-4, 2-7, 2-8, 2-10, 2- 4-5, 4-8, 4-9, 4-11, 4-12, 5-3,
linkup, C-27 12 5-6, 5-7, 5-8, 5-9, 8-1, 8-3,
mobile defense, C-8 commander, 3-2, 3-26, 10-6 8-5, 9-3, 10-4, 12-2, B-8, B-
movement to contact, C-2 general support aviation 9, B-15, B-16, D-1, F-5, G-1,
operations other than war, (GSAB), 1-2, 2-2, 2-3, 2- L-1, M-1, M-6, N-1, P-1
C-30 4, 2-11, 2-12, 5-1, 5-2, 7- logistics, 5-7
passage of lines, C-10 1, E-7
main support (MSB), 5-8 brigade support area (BSA), 5-
pursuit, C-5, C-19 3, 5-9, 10-15
raid, C-20 theater support aviation
rear operations, C-14, C- (TSAB), 2-4, 2-5, 2-11 C
29 battle command, H-1 call sign, 5-5, G-3, I-4, O-2
reinforce, C-26 battle command on the move casualty collection point (CCP),
relief-in-place, C-9 (BCOTM), 5-1 5-3, 5-4, 5-5, 5-7, 10-8, P-5
reserve operations, C-13
battle damage casualty evacuation
retrograde operations, C-8
assessment (BDA), 2-11, 3- (CASEVAC), 4-9, 5-1, 5-2,
river crossing operations,
3, 4-11, 5-10, 6-1, 6-2, 6- 5-3, 5-4, 5-7, 10-8, 10-12,
C-12, C-28
7, 6-8, 6-9, 6-10, 9-3, 9-5, 11-3, D-4, O-1, P-1, P-4, P-5
attack reconnaissance
9-7, 9-8, D-2, F-5, F-6, L-
(ARB), 1-2, 2-2, 2-7, 3-1, cavalry, 3-1, H-2
2
3-2, 3-3, 3-6, 3-7, 3-8, 3- CH-47
assessment and repair
10, 3-11, 3-13, 3-18, 3- airspeed planning, I-5
(BDAR), 2-11, 2-12, P-5
19, 3-20, 3-21, 3-22, 3-
23, 4-1, 10-5, 10-9, 10- battle handover (BHO), 3-14, 3- CH-47D, 4-9, 5-3, 8-3, B-5, E-
10, D-4, H-1, P-3 19, 3-20, B-19 5, E-6
area defense, C-6 battle handover line (BHL), B- CH-47F, H-2
breakout of encircled 19 chemical, biological,
forces, C-11 battle management, M-1 radiological, and nuclear
defense against an armor- (CBRN), 2-8, 2-9, 2-10, 2-12,
battle position (BP), 3-20, 3-26,
heavy threat, C-22, C- 3-5, 5-6, 6-2, 6-3, M-6, N-1,
I-3, L-1, N-2, N-4, P-3
23 P-4, Q-2, Q-7
defense against an battle rhythm, 3-18, B-16
Chinook, E-5
infantry-heavy threat, battle staff, 1-2, 7-1, 10-15
C-21 close air support (CAS), 1-2, 2-
battlefield automated system 7, 2-10, 3-23, 9-5, 10-12, B-
delay, C-24 (BAS), M-1
deliberate attack, C-3, C- 8, D-2, D-3, I-1, Q-5
16 begin morning nautical twilight close area, H-4
exploitation, C-4, C-17 (BMNT), P-2, Q-1
hasty attack, C-2, C-15

Index
close combat attack (CCA), 1- 8, 9-9, 11-1, C-22, E-4, F-1, company commander, 10-8
2, 2-4, 2-7, 3-2, 3-20, 3-23, H-1, H-3, H-4, J-2, K-1, L-1, compressed ARC digitized
3-25, 4-8, 10-9 M-1, M-6, P-1, R-2 raster graphic (CADRG), L-2
combat aviation net (CAN), 5-3, air assault task force
(AATFC), 3-19 convoy, 3-22, 12-1
10-15, G-10, N-5, O-3
air mission (AMC), 3-2, 4-5, convoy security, 3-21
combat search and rescue 4-7, 4-8, 5-3, 5-4, 5-10,
(CSAR), 7-2 corps aviation support brigade
10-6, 10-8, 10-9, 10-12, (CASB), 2-5, 2-10
combat service support (CSS), 10-13, 10-14, P-2, P-5,
2-8, 3-14, 4-1, 4-12, 8-4, B- counterattack, 3-22, 3-26
Q-8
19, D-1, D-4, D-5, H-1, H-4 assault helicopter, 10-8 counter-drug, 2-3
UAS, 6-3 aviation brigade, 1-3 countermeasure, 9-6
combat service support control battalion, 3-2, 3-26, 10-6 countermobility, 4-12, D-1, D-5
system (CSSCS), H-1 BCT, 1-3, 3-3, 3-22, 4-11, UAS, 6-3
10-12, 10-13, 11-1
combat support (CS), 3-19, 4- counterreconnaissance, 3-3, 3-
company, 5-7, 10-8
1, 5-1, H-4 13
fire base, 10-12
combat training center (CTC), ground, 1-1, 3-17, 4-4, 10-9, course of action (COA), 3-4, 3-
M-1, M-2 10-10 5, 3-23, 4-2, 9-3, 9-8, 10-4,
command and control (C2), 2- ground tactical (GTC), 3-19, 10-10, B-19, L-1, R-1
2, 2-4, 2-5, 2-8, 2-9, 2-10, 2- 4-4, 4-5, 4-6, 10-9, 10-14, development, 10-4
12, 3-14, 3-23, 3-26, 4-8, 4- P-4, Q-8 MDMP, 10-5
9, 4-12, 5-1, 5-9, 12-2, A-2, JAAT, K-2 cover and concealment, 4-6
B-3, B-8, D-1, D-5, E-4, G- joint force (JFC), I-1, K-1
covering force, 3-16, 3-17
10, H-1, H-3, H-4, H-5, I-3, joint force air component
defensive, 3-16
K-1, M-6, O-1 (JFACC), D-3, I-2, M-1
offensive, 3-16
air movement plan, 4-7 main body, 3-13, 3-15
aircraft, 11-2 maneuver, 3-6, 3-7, 3-9, 3- D
assets, 1-1 11, 3-12
data transfer cartridge (DTC),
system, 2-9, 3-26, 7-2, A-2, mission (MC), K-1, K-2, O-3
L-2
H-1 task force (TF), 10-8
UAS, 6-3 decide, detect, deliver, assess
commander’s critical
(D3A), 4-11, 9-3, 9-7
command post (CP), 2-2, 2-8, information requirement
2-9, 2-10, 2-12, B-2, B-3, B- (CCIR), 4-9, 9-8, 9-9, B-19 decision point (DP), 2-8, 3-23,
4, D-5, H-2, M-1 9-4
common operating picture
early entry, 5-1 (COP), 2-8, 3-3, 3-4, 3-13, 6- decisive operation, 7-1
main, H-1 1 decontamination, P-4
tactical, H-1, H-4
common tactical picture (CTP), deep area, 3-23, H-4
command relationships, 9-3 3-2, E-1
assigned, 2-2, 2-4, 2-6, 3-2, defend against an armor-heavy
communications, 1-5, 2-6, 2- threat, C-22
3-12, 3-14, 4-1, 6-3
10, 3-1, 3-4, 4-7, 4-8, 10-15, defend against an infantry-
attached, 2-2, 6-3
D-3, G-10, H-1, H-3, K-1, M- heavy threat, C-21
operational control
4, M-5, M-6, M-7, O-1
(OPCON), 2-2, 3-25, 5-3, defensive operations, 3-23, 4-
equipment, 1-3
6-3, 10-15 1, K-1
exercise (COMMEX), 5-7,
tactical control (TACON), 6-
10-14 delay, C-24
3, 10-6
on-board, 5-1 deliberate attack, 3-22, 3-23,
command, control, relay package (CRP), 2-8, C-3, C-16
communications, and 2-9, 2-11, 2-12
intelligence (C3I), H-4 deployment, 1-1, 3-17, 8-1, 8-2,
security (COMSEC), 10-8,
8-4, 8-5, 12-1
command, control, N-5
self, 8-4
communications, computers, TAIS, M-5
and intelligence (C4I), 8-4, digital terrain elevation data
communications card, G-1
H-1, M-7 (DTED), L-2
communications-electronics
commander, 2-4, 2-11, 3-1, 3- direct support. See support
officer (S6), 10-8, 10-11, 10-
2, 3-26, 4-1, 4-2, 4-8, 4-9, 4- relationships
14, 10-15, O-1, P-1, P-5
11, 5-5, 9-1, 9-3, 9-4, 9-5, 9- divert, 4-10, J-1

Index
division support area (DSA), 5- F forward line of own troops

8, 5-9 fast-rope insertion/extraction (FLOT), 3-20, 10-7, 11-2, I-
door gunnery, 4-7 system (FRIES), E-4 2, I-4
downed aircraft recovery team Fat Cow operations, 5-10, E-5 forward operating base (FOB),
(DART), 5-10, 9-1, 10-15, N- 3-20, 4-1
Fat Hawk operations, 5-9
2, P-5 forward support
feature foundation data (FFD), company (FSC), 2-2, 2-7, 2-
E L-2 8, 2-10, 2-11, 2-12, N-5
echelons above corps (EAC), field artillery (FA), 2-10, G-10, troop (FST), 2-8, 2-9
2-4, H-1 I-3, J-2, J-3, J-4, P-3 forward-looking infrared (FLIR),
echelons above division (EAD), field maintenance, 2-12 4-8, E-1, E-2
2-2 fighter management, 1-4, 3-18, fragmentary order (FRAGO), 5-
economy of force, C-23 4-10, 10-1, 10-6, 11-3, B-17, 1, 9-9, 10-4, L-1
effects coordinator (ECOORD), L-1 fratricide, 3-3, 3-4, 3-6, 3-20, 3-
1-1, 1-2, 4-7, 9-5, 10-1, 10-7, fire control radar (FCR), 3-2 23, 3-24, 8-4, 8-5, 10-13, D-
10-8, 10-11, 10-12, 10-15, B- fire support (FS), 2-4, 2-7, 3-3, 2, G-1, K-1, M-6
3, I-3, I-4, J-2 3-15, 3-16, 3-17, 3-21, 4-4, friendly force information
electronic attack, I-2, I-4 4-8, 4-12, 9-4, 10-7, 10-8, requirements (FFIR), 9-9
electronic countermeasures 10-10, 10-12, 10-15, D-1, D-
2, D-3, D-5, H-4, I-3, I-7, J-2, G
(ECM), Q-6
J-3, J-4, K-1, O-1 general support (GS)
electronic warfare (EW), 1-4, 9- coordinating measure aviation battalion (GSAB),
5, D-2, D-3, I-3, I-4, J-1, K-1 (FSCM), 1-2, 3-4, 8-6, 1-2, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 2-11, 2-
electro-optical (EO), 9-6, M-5 11-2, D-3 12, 5-1, 5-2, 7-1, E-7
embarkation coordination line (FSCL), K- aviation troop (GSAT), 2-8,
point of, 1-1, 7-2, 8-2, 8-3 1 2-9
sea port of, 1-1, 7-2, 8-2, 8- officer (FSO), 10-9, I-4, J-2, command aviation company
3 J-4, O-1, P-1, P-2, Q-8 (CAC), 2-12, 5-1
UAS, 6-3 area defense, C-7
emergency procedures, 10-16
fires breakout of encircled
enemy prisoner of war (EPW), forces, C-11
indirect, 3-5, 3-13, 3-20, 3-
4-9 defense against an armor-
22, 3-23, 4-5, 6-7, 6-9, 6-
engagement area (EA), 3-2, 10, 10-8, 10-9, D-3 heavy threat, C-23, C-
10-12, B-19, D-2, D-4, K-1, L- 24
fires and effects cell (FEC), 5- defense against an
1
6, J-4 infantry-heavy threat,
engagement range, I-5
flight lead, 10-7, 10-8, 10-9, 10- C-21
engineer, 1-2, 3-13 16, B-3 delay, C-25
enhanced position location force protection, 3-3, 4-5, 8-3, deliberate attack, C-4, C-
reporting system (EPLRS), 8-4, R-2 17
A-1, H-1, M-5 exploitation, C-5, C-18
force XXI battle command
escort, 3-21, 5-3, 5-5 hasty attack, C-3, C-15
brigade and below (FBCB2),
linkup, C-27
essential elements of friendly H-1, H-3
mobile defense, C-8
information (EEFI), 9-8, 9-9, forced entry, 2-10, 4-2, 10-1
B-19 movement to contact, C-2
forward area refueling operations other than war,
EUH-60, 2-9, 2-12 equipment (FARE), 5-9, E-5 C-31
executive officer (XO), 4-9, 5-6, forward arming and refueling passage of lines, C-10
10-6, 10-9, 10-16, P-1, P-3 point (FARP), 3-12, 3-20, 3- pursuit, C-6, C-19
exploitation, 3-26, 3-27, C-4, C- 26, 3-27, 4-1, 4-7, 5-3, 5-10, raid, C-20
17, F-8 7-1, 9-1, 10-13, 11-3, B-9, B- rear operations, C-14, C-
12, B-13, D-3, D-4, G-1, G- 29
extended range fuel system
11, N-1, N-3, N-4, N-6, O-1, reinforce, C-26
(ERFS), 5-10
P-1, P-5, Q-9 relief-in-place, C-10
external stores support system reserve operations, C-13
(ESSS), 5-9, E-4 forward assembly area (FAA), retrograde operations, C-9
M-1

Index
river crossing operations, defense against an armor- initial planning conference

C-12, C-28 heavy threat, C-23, C-24 (IPC), 10-10, N-2
Global Command and Control defense against an infantry- instructor pilot (IP), 8-1
System (GCCS), A-2 heavy threat, C-21
delay, C-25 intelligence, D-3, H-1, H-3, I-3
global positioning system deliberate attack, C-4, C-17 collection plan, 9-4
(GPS), 5-5, 10-14, A-2, E-3, exploitation, C-5, C-18 condition setting, 4-11
E-4, E-5, F-5, F-8, H-1 hasty attack, C-3, C-15 D3A, 9-3
ground control station (GCS), linkup, C-27 enemy, 4-5
6-1, 6-7, 6-8, F-5 mobile defense, C-8 pickup zone (PZ), 10-14
movement to contact, C-2 terrain, 4-5
ground data terminal (GDT), 6-
7 operations other than war, intelligence & electronic
C-31 warfare (IEW), D-3
ground tactical plan (GTP), 3-
passage of lines, C-11 intelligence officer (S2), 1-2, 4-
18, 3-20, 4-1, 4-4, 4-5, 4-6,
pursuit, C-6, C-19 11, 9-4, 9-8, 10-1, 10-4, 10-
4-8, 4-9, 4-10, 10-8, 10-10,
raid, C-20 8, 10-11, 10-14, I-3, I-4, O-1,
10-15, G-3
rear operations, C-14, C-29 P-1, P-2, Q-1
guard, 3-13, 3-14, 3-15, 3-16, reinforce, C-26 BSB, 5-7
3-17, 6-7, 6-8, 10-12 relief-in-place, C-10
advance, 3-15 intelligence preparation of the
reserve operations, C-13
enemy advance, 3-15 battlefield (IPB), 3-23, B-19,
retrograde operations, C-9
flank, 3-15 K-1, P-2
river crossing operations, C-
rear, 3-15 12, C-28 intelligence, surveillance, and
gunnery reconnaissance (ISR), 6-1,
Hellfire, 9-6, B-6, B-12, E-2, E-
door, 4-7 7-2, 8-4, 9-3, 9-4, 9-8
3, E-7
intermediate maintenance, 2-7
H HH-60, 2-12, 5-2, D-4
isolated personnel report
hasty attack, 3-5, 3-22, 3-23, 3- high-payoff target (HPT), 1-2,
(ISOPREP), Q-1
26, C-2, C-15 3-18, 3-19, 9-3, 9-4, 9-8
HaveQuick, 1-3 high-payoff target list (HPTL), J
1-2, 9-3, 9-5, I-2 joint air attack team (JAAT), K-
hazardous material (HAZMAT),
8-2 high-value target (HVT), 2-4, 3- 1, K-2
23, 9-3, 9-8, 10-11 joint force air component
headquarters, 2-4, 2-8, 2-9, 2-
10, 2-11, 2-12, 9-5, 9-8, B-3, holding area, 3-26 commander (JFACC), D-3, I-
H-4, I-4, L-1, M-1 home station, 12-1 2, M-1
aviation brigade, 3-22 joint force commander (JFC), I-
brigade, 2-2 I 1, K-1
company, 2-12, 5-2 identification (ID), A-2, I-4 joint suppression of enemy air
deployment, 8-4 identification friend or foe (IFF), defense (J-SEAD), 1-2, 3-21,
headquarters and headquarters 8-4, 8-6, 9-1, P-4, Q-9 10-12, D-3, I-1, I-2, I-3, I-4,
company (HHC), 2-2, 2-3, 2- imagery, 3-4, 3-19, 4-8, 6-7, 6- L-1, N-1
4, 2-5, 2-7, 2-8, 2-10, 2-11, 8, 6-9, 6-10, 10-4, 10-5, 10- joint surveillance target attack
2-12 14, F-2, F-6, F-8, L-2 radar system (JSTARS), B-
headquarters and headquarters improved data modem (IDM), 8, H-2
troop (HHT), 2-8, 2-9 H-3, L-2 joint task force (JTF), 4-11
headquarters and support inadvertent instrument joint, interagency and
company (HSC), 2-2 meteorological conditions multinational (JIM), 1-2, 2-1,
health service support (HSS), (IIMC), N-6, P-5, Q-7 5-2
5-1, 5-2, 5-3, 5-4, 5-6 indirect fires, 3-5, 3-13, 3-20, 4-
rehearsal, 5-7 K
5, 6-7, 6-9, 6-10, D-3
heavy helicopter company key terrain, 3-7, 3-19, 3-26
information operations (IO), 1-2
(HvyHC), 2-11, 2-12 Kiowa Warrior, 3-2, 10-5, E-2
area defense, C-7 infrared (IR), E-1, F-5, F-8
breakout of encircled forces, infrared (IR) crossover, E-1, E- L
C-11 2, E-3 landing plan, 4-3, 4-5, 10-10,
10-15

Index
landing zone (LZ), 3-20, 4-7, 4- 4, G-10, N-2, O-1, P-1, P-4, noncombatant evacuation
9, 4-11, 5-8, 10-4, 10-14, B- P-5, Q-6 operation (NEO), 5-2
3, B-4, B-8, B-10, D-2, D-4, request format (9-line), 5-4
G-1, G-3, G-4, G-5, G-7, G- O
medical treatment facility
9, G-10, G-11, O-1, O-2, Q- (MTF), 5-2, 5-3, 8-3, 8-6 observation post (OP), 3-13, 3-
4, Q-9 14, 11-2, B-1, B-2
considerations, 4-6 MH-47E, 8-3
officer in charge (OIC), 5-6, 5-
diagram card, G-5 military decision making 8, 5-9
marking, 5-4 process (MDMP), 1-1, 1-2,
planning, N-4 4-1, 4-2, 4-5, 9-1, 9-2, 9-7, OH-58D, 2-8, 2-9, 3-2, 5-9, 8-3,
9-9, 10-1, 10-5, B-19, I-3, L- 10-8, B-5, E-5, E-7, H-2, L-2
launch and recovery (L/R), B-8 airspeed planning, I-5
1, R-1, R-2
liaison, 2-4, 2-5, 9-1, D-3 operating tempo (OPTEMPO),
military decisionmaking
liaison officer (LNO), 1-4, 1-5, process (MDMP), 4-2 3-18, 3-25
4-2, 4-5, 4-9, 4-12, 10-5, 10- operation characteristics
8, 10-9, 10-10, 10-14, 12-1, military operations in urban
terrain (MOUT), 9-6 surprise, 2-6, 2-11, 4-1
12-2, D-5, I-3, J-4, O-1 tempo, 3-4, 5-9, H-4
line of sight (LOS), 9-6, E-2, F- military police (MP), 3-18, 3-22,
4-8 Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF),
3, F-5, F-6, F-7, H-1, I-5, L-1 F-6
linkup, C-27 mission essential task list
(METL), 8-4 operation order (OPORD), 4-2,
listening post (LP), 4-4, B-1, B- 5-3, 5-8, 10-4, 10-5, 10-6,
2 mission oriented protective 10-10, 10-12, 10-15, L-1, L-
posture (MOPP), 1-5, P-4, 2, N-2, R-2
loading plan, 4-5, 10-16, L-1 Q-7
local area network (LAN), L-2, operational control (OPCON).
mission planning, 1-1, 1-3, 9-3, See command relationships
M-3, M-5 10-8, A-1, A-2, B-3, D-1, F-3,
local security, 3-14, 3-17 H-1, L-1, N-1 operations
area security, 3-17
logistics officer (S4), 5-7, 5-8, mobile defense, C-7 countermobility, 4-12, D-1,
12-2, P-1, P-5 mobile strike, 2-2, 2-4, 3-22, 3- D-5
Longbow Apache (LBA), 3-2, 23, D-3, I-3 decisive, 7-1
E-1, E-2, I-7 mobile subscriber equipment defensive, 3-23, 4-1, K-1
long-range surveillance (MSE), M-5 Fat Cow, 5-10, E-5
detachment (LRSD), 6-2, 10- Fat Hawk, 5-9
mobility, 2-8, B-12
9 overwater, E-2
movement to contact, 3-3, 3- rear, C-14, C-29
low-level flight, 2-6 19, 3-26, 4-8, C-1 reserve, C-13
M moving target indicator (MTI), retrograde, C-8
F-5 river crossing, C-12, C-28
main supply route (MSR), 3-17
security, 2-3, 3-1, 3-13, 3-
main support battalion (MSB), N 14, 3-21, 3-22, 8-3
5-8 National Geospatial- shaping, 2-8, H-4, L-1
maintenance platoon, 2-8, 2-9, Intelligence Agency (NGA), shipboard, 8-5
2-10, 2-11, 2-12 H-1, L-2 stability, 2-3, H-5
major combat operations National Guard (NG), 2-4 support, 2-1, 2-10, 2-12, 3-
(MCO), 2-1 21, 5-9, 7-2, 10-13, D-2,
naval surface fire support H-5, K-1
major theater war (MTW), M-1 (NSFS), 2-10, 9-5, K-1 sustainment, 3-27, 5-7
maneuver control system network signal company, 2-2 Wet Hawk, 5-9
(MCS), A-2, H-1, H-3, L-1, L- night vision device (NVD), 3- operations and intelligence
2 18, 3-21, 9-6 (O&I), 10-15
mast-mounted sight (MMS), 3- night vision goggles (NVG), 2- operations officer (S3), 1-1, 1-
2, E-3 6, B-5, P-2, P-4 2, 1-5, 5-8, 5-9, 5-10, 8-6, 9-
medical evacuation night vision system (NVS), 2-6 5, 10-1, 10-2, 10-4, 10-6, 10-
(MEDEVAC), 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 7, 10-9, 10-10, 10-11, 10-13,
2-5, 2-12, 4-9, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3, no-fire area (NFA), B-4, G-10
10-14, 10-15, 11-1, 12-2, I-4,
5-4, 5-7, 10-12, 11-3, C-2, D- non line-of-sight (NLOS), F-5, O-1, O-3, P-1, P-2, P-3, P-4,
H-1, M-4 P-5, Q-8

Index
BSB, 5-7 readiness condition release point (RP), 4-5, 4-7, B-

operations security (OPSEC), (REDCON), 9-2, 10-6, B-1, 3, B-4, B-9, B-10, B-13, D-2,
8-3, 8-6, D-2, P-5 B-2, B-3, B-9, P-4 G-3, G-9, G-10
overwatch, 3-2, 3-18, 3-19, 3- rear area, 7-2, H-4 relief-in-place, C-9
20, 4-8, D-2 rear operations, C-14, C-29 reserve operations, C-13
overwater operations, E-2 reception, staging, onward restricted operations area
movement, and integration (ROA), P-4
P (RSOI), 1-1, 8-2 restricted operations zone
passage of lines, 3-20, C-10 reconnaissance, 2-10, 3-3, 3-4, (ROZ), 4-9, 5-3, B-6, N-2, N-
passage point (PP), 10-12, A-1, 3-5, 3-6, 3-7, 3-16, 3-17, 3- 6
D-3 18, 3-22, 3-23, 3-25, 3-26, 4- retrograde operations, C-8
peacetime military engagement 8, 4-10, 6-2, 6-7, 6-8, 6-9, 8-
5, 9-5, 10-14, E-7, F-5, I-1, I- risk management, 1-3, D-5, R-
(PME), M-1 1, R-2
4, I-7, O-1, O-2, P-1
personnel recovery (PR), 1-3, aerial, 2-11, 3-1, 3-4, 3-18, river crossing operations, C-12,
1-4, 5-2, 5-4, 5-10, 7-2, 9-1, 6-2, 6-7, 6-8 C-28
10-8, D-2, Q-1, Q-6 air route, 3-12
coordination, 8-6 route reconnaissance, 3-10
area, 3-7, 3-8, 3-20
petroleum, oil, and lubricants rules of engagement (ROE), 5-
critical tasks, 3-4
(POL), 5-9, Q-7 2, 8-5, D-2, N-2, Q-6
D-2, 3-19
pickup zone (PZ), 4-7, 4-8, 4-9, D-Day, 3-19 S
5-8, 5-9, 10-4, 10-14, B-1, B- enemy, 3-15
safety, 5-9, E-5
2, B-4, B-5, B-8, B-10, D-2, in force, 3-5, 3-12
D-5, G-1, G-3, G-5, G-6, G- landing zone (LZ)/pickup safety officer (SO), N-5
9, G-10, N-2, O-1, O-2, Q-3, zone (PZ), 3-8 satellite communications
Q-6 route, 3-10 (SATCOM), A-2, H-1, H-2,
control officer (PZCO), 4-5, tasks, 3-3 M-4
4-9, 10-9 zone, 3-5, 3-6 scheme of maneuver, 1-1, 1-4,
diagram card, G-5 reconnaissance and security, 9-8, 10-7, G-1, P-1, P-2
marking techniques, 3-20 3-17, 6-9 screen, 3-13, 3-14, 3-15, 3-19,
planning, N-4 reconnaissance and 3-20, 6-7, 6-8, 11-2, E-2, J-2
update brief, 10-14 surveillance (R&S), 3-23, 6- moving, 3-14
planning 7, 6-9, 6-10, 10-11, F-8 stationary, 3-14
process, 1-1, 3-1, 3-6, 3-8, reconnaissance operations, 3-1 search and rescue (SAR), 7-2,
3-11, 4-2, 9-1, 10-1, 10-4,
reconnaissance, security, and F-6, N-2, P-5
10-5, 10-7, 10-15, D-1
target acquisition (RTSA), 3- security
platoon 25, 4-9 area, 3-14, 3-20
leader, 5-7, 5-8, 10-8, 10-11
redeployment, 12-1 convoy, 3-21
point of injury (POI), 5-3 mission, 3-3, 3-13, 3-14, 4-8
redeployment, reintegration,
priority intelligence requirement reconstitution, and retraining security operations, 2-3, 3-1, 3-
(PIR), 9-4, 9-9, 10-11 (R4), 1-1, 12-1 13, 3-14, 3-21, 3-22
production control (PC), 2-8, 2- refuel-on-the-move (ROM), C-4 self-deployment, 8-4, E-2, E-4,
9, 2-11, 2-12 E-5
rehearsal, 4-2, 4-8, 4-9, 5-9,
psychological operations 10-1, 10-3, 10-5, 10-13, 10- semiactive laser (SAL), 9-6
(PSYOP), 6-2, 9-5, D-2 14, 10-15, 10-16, 11-3, G-1, shaping operation, 2-8, 3-23,
pursuit, 3-26, 3-27, C-5, C-18 I-7, O-2, Q-1 H-4, L-1
AASLT, 5-3 shipboard operation, 8-5
Q aviation task force (TF), 10-
quality assurance (QA), 2-8, 2- 15 short-range air defense
9, 2-11, 2-12 HSS, 5-3, 5-6 (SHORAD), D-3
mission, 10-15 signal operation instructions
R PZ, 10-16 (SOI), 5-5, M-4, M-5, P-5, Q-
raid, 5-10, C-19 reinforce, C-26 9
artillery, 5-10, D-3, O-1
reintegration, 12-1
reaction force, 3-22

Index
single channel air-ground radio I-6, I-7, N-1, O-1, P-1, P-3, brigade communications,
system (SINCGARS), H-1, Q-5 10-14
M-4, M-5 survivability, 4-12, D-1, D-5, I- rehearsal, 4-2, G-1
situational awareness (SA), 6- 1, K-1 tempo. See operation
7, 6-9, 6-10, 12-1, E-1, F-6, UAS, 6-3 characteristics
G-1, H-1, I-5, M-1 survival, evasion, resistance terminal instrument procedures
situational understanding (SU), and escape (SERE), 7-2, P- (TERP), 7-1
3-2, 5-1, 6-8, 11-3, M-3 5 terrain flight, 10-8
slingload operation, 5-8 sustaining operation, 3-27 terrorism, 7-2
special instructions (SPINS), 7- T theater missile defense (TMD),
2, 9-1, 9-5, N-2 D-3
table of organization &
special operations equipment (TOE), 1-5, 2-2, theater support aviation
aviation regiment 2-4, 2-5, A-1 brigade (TSAB), 2-4, 2-5, 2-
(ARSOAR) 11
Army, 2-5, 2-6, H-5, I-2 tactical airlift, I-2
tactical airspace integration thermal imaging system (TIS),
special operations forces E-3
(SOF), 2-6, 2-7, 6-2, 9-5 system (TAIS), 1-3, 7-1, M-
1, M-2, M-3, M-6, M-7 threat ring, I-5, I-6
special patrol ABCS, M-7
infiltration/exfiltration system training, M-1, R-1, R-2
airspace management, M-3 ARSOAR, 2-6
(SPIES), E-4 communications, M-3, M-5 BAE, 1-4
stability operation, 2-1, 2-3, H-5 tactical command post (TAC CCA, 3-23
staging plan, 3-18, 4-8 CP), 5-1, H-1, H-4, M-1 force protection, 8-5
standing operating procedure tactical common data link hasty attack, 3-23
(SOP), 4-4, 9-2, 10-1, 12-1, (TCDL), F-5 hookup, 5-9
B-3, K-1, P-4, P-5 in-theater, 8-6
tactical control (TACON). See LOGPAD operations, 5-9
Stinger, 9-6, E-3 command relationships METL, 1-4
Stryker brigade combat team tactical fire direction system reconstitution, 12-1
(SBCT), 2-8, 2-9, 3-13, 6-9 (TACFIRE), E-3 redeployment, 12-1
support by fire (SBF), 3-16, 10- tactical internet (TI), 11-2, H-1, shipboard operations, 8-5
4, 10-10, 10-12, 11-2 M-3, M-4, M-5 static load, 10-9
support operation, 2-10, 3-21, tactical operations (TACOPS), transformation force, ix, 2-1, 2-
5-9, 7-2, 10-13, D-2, H-5 1-2, 1-5, 6-1, 11-1 7, 2-10, 2-11
support operations officer officer, 1-3, 1-4, 11-1 troop leading procedures
(SPO), 5-7, 5-8 tactical operations center (TLP), 4-4, 9-1, B-19
support relationships (TOC), 1-5, 5-1, 5-2, 5-8, 10- U
direct support (DS), 2-10, J- 11, 10-15, 11-1, 11-2, B-1,
B-2, G-10, H-2, H-3, L-1, M- UH-60
4
5, N-5 airspeed planning, I-5
general support (GS), 2-5,
2-10, I-3, J-4 tactical satellite (TACSAT), 4-9, UH-60A, 8-3, B-5, E-4, E-6
suppression, 4-8, I-2, I-6, J-1 10-15, A-2, B-3, D-5, M-4 UH-60L, 8-3, B-5, E-6
continuous, 4-5 tactical standing operating unit ministry team (UMT), 2-8,
corridor, I-2 procedure (TACSOP), 9-2 2-9, 2-10, 2-12
deceptive, I-2 tactics, techniques, and unmanned aerial vehicle
enemy system, I-6 procedures (TTP), 4-4, 12-1 (UAV), B-8, F-7, K-2
immediate, I-2
on-call, I-2 target acquisition (TA), 2-10, 3- unmanned aircraft (UA), 6-1, 6-
scheduled, I-2 3, 3-6, 6-2, 6-7, 6-8, 6-9, 6- 7, 6-8, 6-9, F-3
target, I-6 10, 9-4, A-1, E-1, F-5, F-6, I- Hunter, F-2
5 IGNAT, 6-7
suppression of enemy air MALE, 6-7
defense (SEAD), 1-2, 3-19, targeting, 3-19, 4-11, 6-1, 9-3,
9-4, 9-8, E-2, E-3, I-3, I-4 Raven, 6-10, F-8
4-7, 5-3, 9-3, 10-7, 10-12, B- Shadow, F-5, F-6
3, D-2, D-3, I-1, I-2, I-3, I-4, task force (TF), I-3, I-4, P-1
unmanned aircraft system
(UAS), 1-1, 1-2, 6-1, 6-8, 9-

Index
5, B-8, B-14, B-15, F-1, F-5, V warning order (WARNO), 8-1,

F-7 video teleconference (VTC), 4- 8-6, 9-2, 9-3, 10-2, 10-4, 10-
below BCT, 6-3 12 7, 10-10, L-1, N-2
division and above, 6-5 warrant officer (WO), 1-2
fundamentals, 6-2, 6-9 visual observation, 3-1
mission, 6-2 weather, 4-10
W Wet Hawk operations, 5-9
organization, 6-2
personnel, 6-10 warfighting function, 4-12, I-3
types, 6-1 warfighting functions, D-1, D-2,
Z
D-3, D-4, D-5, E-1, I-3, R-2 zone reconnaissance, 3-5, 3-6
Index-10 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

TC 1-400
27 APRIL 2006
By order of the Secretary of the Army:
PETER J. SCHOOMAKER
General, United States Army
Chief of Staff
Official:
JOYCE E. MORROW
Administrative Assistant to the
Secretary of the Army
0609601
DISTRIBUTION:
Active Army, Army National Guard, and U.S. Army Reserve: To be distributed in accordance with the
initial distribution number (IDN) 115960, requirements for TC 1-400.
PIN: 083250-000

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TC 1-400

BRIGADE AVIATION ELEMENT

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Training Circular Headquarters

BRIGADE AVIATION ELEMENT HANDBOOK

27 April 2006 TC 1-400 i

Section IV – Theater Assault Aviation Brigade..............................................2-5

ii TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Brigade Combat Team Roles and Responsibilities............................................ 4-1

27 April 2006 TC 1-400 iii

iv TC 1-400 27 April 2006

Air Mission Coordination Meeting................................................................... 10-10

27 April 2006 TC 1-400 v

vi TC 1-400 27 April 2006

27 April 2006 TC 1-400 vii

viii TC 1-400 27 April 2006

27 April 2006 TC 1-400 ix

Appendix P, Air Mission Brief.

x TC 1-400 27 April 2006

27 April 2006 TC 1-400 1-1

SECTION II – BRIGADE AVIATION ELEMENT ORGANIZATION

BRIGADE AVIATION OFFICER

1-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

BRIGADE AVIATION ELEMENT PLANS OFFICER

AVIATION TACTICAL OPERATIONS OFFICER

AVIATION OPERATIONS SERGEANT

AVIATION OPERATIONS SPECIALIST

27 April 2006 TC 1-400 1-3

SECTION III – AVIATION LIAISON OFFICER TEAM

BRIGADE AVIATION ELEMENT TRAINING

1-4 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

REQUIRED EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES

BRIGADE AVIATION ELEMENT REFERENCE LIBRARY

27 April 2006 TC 1-400 1-5

1-6 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

27 April 2006 TC 1-400 2-1

NEW TO THE AVIATION BRIGADE

2-2 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

SECTION II – COMBAT AVIATION BRIGADE

Figure 2-1. Combat aviation brigade

27 April 2006 TC 1-400 2-3

SECTION III – THEATER GENERAL SUPPORT AVIATION BRIGADE

Figure 2-2. Theater general support aviation brigade

2-4 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

SECTION IV – THEATER ASSAULT AVIATION BRIGADE

Figure 2-3. Theater aviation assault brigade

SECTION V – ARMY SPECIAL OPERATIONS AVIATION REGIMENT

27 April 2006 TC 1-400 2-5

Figure 2-4. Army special operations aviation regiment

2-6 TC 1-400 27 April 2006

SECTION VI – ATTACK RECONNAISSANCE BATTALIONS / SQUADRONS

ATTACK / RECONNAISSANCE UNIT TYPES

Figure 2-5. Attack reconnaissance battalion/squadron

27 April 2006 TC 1-400 2-7

HEADQUARTERS AND HEADQUARTERS COMPANY / TROOP

FORWARD SUPPORT COMPANY / TROOP

ATTACK RECONNAISSANCE COMPANY / TROOP

AVIATION MAINTENANCE COMPANY / TROOP

SECTION VII – AIR CAVALRY SQUADRON