Public Consultation Draft Issued: February 2004: Project No: 4944

Exhibit 10
PUBLIC CONSULTATION DRAFT
Issued: February 2004
Project No: 4944
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND
Committee ME-064Access for People with Disabilities
Design for access and mobility
Part 4.1: Tactile indicators
(Revision of AS 1428.42002)
(To be AS/NZS 1428.4.1)
DR04020- 4944-pdr
DRAFT ONLY 2 DRAFT ONLY
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by Standards Australia Committee ME-064, Access for
People with Disabilities, to supersede AS 1428.41992, Tactile ground surface
T
indicators for the orientation of people with vision impairment and AS/NZS 1428.4
2002, Tactile indicators.
The objective of this Standard is to assist in providing a safer built environment for
persons who are blind or vision impaired, with particular reference to tactile
indicators.
This revision addresses the needs of people with physical mobility impairment and
AF
those of people who are blind or vision impaired. It includes the following changes
to the previous edition:
(a) Dimensioning of applications of tactile ground surface indicators (TGSIs) has
been increased from 300 10 mm to 300 mm to 400 mm and 600 10 mm to
600 mm to 800 mm.
(b) The additional use of discrete TGSIs.
(c) Applications of TGSIs to kerb ramps and crossings.
(d) Applications of TGSIs to bus, tram and light rail stops.
(d) Removal of the spike from raised pavement markers.
(f) The addition of new appendices and diagrams on the design, installation, and
luminance contrast criteria for TGSIs.
The terms normative and informative have been used in this Standard to define
the application of the appendix to which they apply. A normative appendix is an
DR
integral part of a standard, whereas an informative appendix is only for information
and guidance.
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

CONTENTS
Page
T
FOREWORD .............................................................................................................. 4
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND APPLICATION

1.1 SCOPE.......................................................................................................... 5
1.2 APPLICATION............................................................................................... 5
1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS....................................................................... 5
1.4 DEFINITIONS................................................................................................ 6
AF SECTION 2 CRITERIA AND APPLICATION FOR TACTILE INDICATORS

2.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................... 9
2.2 WARNING TGSIs .......................................................................................... 9
2.3 STAIRWAYS, RAMPS, ESCALATORS, MOVING WALKS, AND
TRAVELATORS .......................................................................................... 12
2.4 PEDESTRIANS AND VEHICULAR SHARED ZONE..................................... 14
2.5 WARNING OF HAZARDS WITHIN THE CIRCULATION SPACE, OR
ADJACENT TO A CONTINUOUS ACCESSIBLE PATH OF TRAVEL ........... 16
SECTION 3 CRITERIA AND APPLICATION OF DIRECTIONAL TACTILE

GROUND SURFACE INDICATORS
3.1 GENERAL ................................................................................................... 18
3.2 DIRECTIONAL TGSIs.................................................................................. 18
3.3 CHANGE OF DIRECTION ........................................................................... 21
3.4 RAILWAY PLATFORMS .............................................................................. 22
DR
3.5 PASSENGER WHARVES............................................................................ 22
3.6 BUS STOPS AND TRAMS/LIGHT RAIL....................................................... 23
APPENDICES
A INFORMATION ON DESIGN AND INSTALLATION ..................................... 24
B RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS ................................................................. 27
C KERB RAMPS, MEDIANS AND MULTIPLE ENTRY POINTS ....................... 29
D TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF TACTILE GROUND SURFACE INDICATORS
FOR BUS STOPS AND TRAM/LIGHT RAIL STOPS .................................... 59
E LABORATORY AND ON-SITE MEASUREMENT OF LUMINANCE
CONTRAST................................................................................................. 62
F BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................... 71
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

FOREWORD
People with disabilities have the right to dignified, safe and independent access to
the built environment.
T
Approximately 330 000 Australians are blind or vision-impaired and many more
have some reduction in the effectiveness of their sight, the majority of whom are
over the age of 65 years. The ageing of Australias population is expected to see
the number of people with vision impairment double in 25 years.
This Standard deals with the application of tactile ground surface indicators in the
built environment.
AF
Application of this Standard will enhance the safety, dignity and independence with
which people who are blind or vision impaired have access to the built environment.
Tactile ground surface indicators (TGSIs)
TGSIs provide cues, which, when combined with other environmental information,
assist people who are blind or vision impaired with their orientation. Orientation is a
persons awareness of where they are, where they are going, and where they have
been. For more information on wayfinding refer to Appendix A.
A persons orientation, through processing all available environmental cues, will
make the information provided by the TGSI meaningful. Warning TGSIs indicate an
approaching hazard but not what the nature of the hazard will be.
The application of TGSIs will not correct bad design or make an unsafe environment
safe. Good design will minimise the need for the use of TGSIs.
TGSIs should be installed to provide guidance and/or warning of an obstruction or
hazard in any location where insufficient alternative or natural tactile cues exist.
DR
Luminance-contrast
The majority of people who are blind or vision impaired have some vision. The
provision of sufficient luminance-contrast in the design of signage and the choice of
TGSIs will enhance access to information for people with vision impairment and for
all pedestrians.
The use of luminance-contrasting strips on the nosing of stairs has been proven to
improve safety for people who are vision impaired, as well as for all pedestrians.
Similarly, luminance-contrast principles applied to signage will be of benefit to all
users. See Clause 1.4 for a definition of luminance-contrast.
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc 12/01/04
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND
Australian/New Zealand Standard
T
Design for access and mobility
Part 4.1: Tactile indicators
S E C T IO N 1 S C O P E AN D A P P L I C AT I O N
AF1.1 SCOPE
This Standard sets out requirements for new building work, for the design and
application of tactile indicators, to ensure safe and dignified mobility of people who
are blind or vision impaired.
1.2 APPLICATION
1.2.1 General
This Standard is applicable to the internal and external built environment,
throughout Australia and New Zealand, in potentially hazardous situations such as
stairs, ramps, kerb ramps, level transition between pedestrian areas where the
motorist vision is limited.
1.2.2 New Zealand only
NZS 4121 is cited, in subsection 3 of Section 47A of the Building Act 1991, as a
DR
means of compliance with the building code. For those wishing to go beyond these
minimum requirements, this Standard provides additional criteria.
The Local Government Act 1974, Section 331(2) states in forming or reforming any
road or part thereof (not being a road in a rural area), the council shall ensure that
reasonable and adequate provision is made for kerb and channel of any footpath or
part thereof to be formed or reformed so as to permit safe and easy passage from
kerb to kerb of any mechanical conveyance normally and lawfully used by a
disabled person.
NZS 4121 identifies a means of providing reasonable and adequate provision, while
this Standard provides additional requirements.
1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

The following documents are referred to in this Standard:
AS
1428 Design for access and mobility
1428.1 Part 1: General requirements for accessNew building work
1428.2 Part 2: Enhanced and additional requirementsBuildings and
facilities
2700 Colour Standards for general purposes
AS/NZS
1580 Paints and related materialsMethods of test
1580.601.2 Method 601.2: ColourPrinciples of colour measurement
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

NZS
4121 Design and access for mobilityBuildings and associated facilities
AUSTROADS Guide to Traffic Engineering Practice
Part 13: Pedestrians
T
1.4 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions below apply.
1.4.1 Angle of approach
The angle of intersection between the centre-lines of two continuous accessible
paths of travel.
AF
1.4.2 Carriageway
The portion of a road or bridge assigned to the movement of vehicles, inclusive of
any shoulders and auxiliary lanes. It is usually designated as that part of a public
road (way) between kerbs.
1.4.3 Circulation space
The net unobstructed area for a minimum height of 2000 mm above the finished
floor or ground surface (unless otherwise specified in this Standard), which is that
space surrounding built elements, landscape elements, and fixtures and fittings
required for movement into and within buildings.
1.4.4 Continuous accessible path of travel (accessway)
An uninterrupted path of travel to, into or within a building providing access to all
required accessible facilities. A path of travel required to be accessible shall not
include a step, stairway, turnstile, revolving door, escalator, moving walk or other
impediment.
DR
1.4.5 Depth
The distance measured along the direction of travel.
1.4.6 Directional indicator
An indicator used as a guide to a safe route indicating a direction of travel.
1.4.7 Direction of travel
The path a person travels along, which may include a footpath, passageway,
walkway, ramp, stairs, landing or similar.
1.4.8 Discrete Tactile Ground Surface Indicators (Discrete TGSIs)
Tactile ground surface indicators that are individually installed.
1.4.9 Handrail
A rail used in circulation areas such as corridors, passageways, ramps and
stairways, to assist in continuous movement.
1.4.10 Hazard
Any object in or immediately adjacent to a direction of travel, which may place
people at risk of injury.
1.4.11 Integrated TGSIs
A series of TGSIs in a defined pattern of the same colour and material as the
underlying surface.
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

1.4.12 Kerb
A side barrier to a trafficable surface including walkways and ramps.
1.4.13 Kerb ramp
An inclined section of an accessway with length not greater than 1520 mm and
T
gradient not steeper than 1 in 8, provided instead of a kerb.
1.4.14 Height
The distance measured above the finished floor or ground surface.
1.4.15 Luminance-contrast
The amount of light reflected from one surface or component, compared to the
AF
amount of light reflected from the background or base surfaces.
1.4.16 Luminance factor
The ratio of luminance of a surface to that of a perfect reflector.
1.4.17 Orientation
A persons awareness of their position and relationship to significant objects in their
environment.
1.4.18 Pedestrian push-button assembly
An enclosure incorporating a push-button switch that is designed for use in
conjunction with a signalized intersection or foot crossing for the purpose of
registering a pedestrian demand.
NOTE: It could also include, or have associated with it, facilities for the generation of
audible signals.
1.4.19 Pedestrian operated signal (POS)
DR
Pedestrian activated traffic signals operated through push-button assemblies.
1.4.20 Ramp
An inclined accessway with a gradient steeper than 1 in 20 but not steeper than
1 in 14.
1.4.21 Step ramp
An inclined accessway with a maximum rise of 190 mm and length not greater than
1900 mm and a gradient not steeper than 1 in 10, located instead of a step.
1.4.22 Tactile ground surface indicator (TGSI)
A raised unit installed on the ground or floor surface designed to provide
pedestrians who are blind or vision-impaired with warning and/or directional
orientation information.
1.4.23 Tactile indicators
Indicators designed to provide blind or vision-impaired pedestrians with orientation
information by means of tactile perception.
1.4.24 Tactile perception
The process of feeling the shape, surface and size of an object.
1.4.25 Vision impairment
Any significant loss of sight.
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

1.4.26 Walkway
Any accessway with a gradient not steeper than 1 in 20.
1.4.27 Warning indicator
An indicator that is used as a warning of a hazard and the need to stop, consider,
T
investigate and wait before proceeding.
1.4.28 Width
The distance measured at right angle to the direction of travel.
AF
DR
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

SECT ION 2 CRITERIA AND APPL ICAT ION

F O R T A CT ILE I N D I C A T OR S
T
2.1 GENERAL
This Section provides details on the application of TGSI in various situations.
2.1.1
The following situations are covered:
(a) Stairways.
AF
(b) Ramps (other than a threshold ramp, step ramp, kerb ramp or a swimming
pool ramp).
(c) Escalators.
(d) Moving walks.
(e) Travelators.
(f) Overhead hazard.
(g) Vehicular ways.
2.1.2
The following applies to a tactile indicator:
(a) It shall be detectable by tactile means.
(b) It shall have luminance-contrast to the base surface as follows:
(i) Where the TGSIs are of the same colour as the underlying surface, of
DR
not less than 30% across its entire area
(ii) Where discrete TGSIs, of not less than 45%
(iii) Where discrete TGSIs are constructed using two colours or materials,
the raised surface shall have a section that has 60% luminance contrast
for a diameter of 24 mm to 25 mm tested as above.
Luminance contrast shall be tested in accordance with Appendix E.
2.2 WARNING TGSIs

2.2.1 General
In addition to the requirements of Clause 2.1, the following criteria apply:
(a) TGSIs shall be laid so that there is no likelihood of the edges lifting.
(b) Where TGSIs are placed across the direction of travel, to ensure they are
detected, they shall be arranged as shown in Figure 1 and have a dimension
of 600 mm to 800 mm.
(c) A TGSI shall be slip-resistant.
(d) TGSIs shall have the top surface no more than 4 mm to 5 mm above the base
surface (see Figure 1).
(e) The base surface of an integrated TGSI shall not be more than 3 mm above
the abutment surface of the surrounding floor or ground surface.
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

2.2.2 Placement
Warning indicators shall be installed
(a) for the full width of the continuous accessible path of travel;
(b) perpendicular to the angle of approach to the hazard;
T
(c) set back 300 10 mm from the edge of the hazard; and
(d) on intermediate landings for stairs, stairways and ramps. Where handrails are
provided on both sides of the stairs or ramp and are continuous around the
landings (e.g., not broken by a doorway or the like), TGSIs are not required on
intermediate landings.
(e) where integrated warning TGSIs are used, they shall be arranged according to
AF
Figure 1 over a distance of 300 mm to 400 mm in width.
(f) where integrated warning TGSIs need to be detected by a person approaching
at an angle to the continuous accessible path of travel, the TGSIs shall be
arranged as shown in Figure 1 over a minimum distance of 600 mm to
800 mm in depth from the direction of approach.
(g) where discrete warning TGSIs are used, the arrangement shall be as shown in
Figure 1 with a minimum of 6 discrete warning TGSIs.
(h) where discrete warning TGSIs need to be detected by a person approaching
at an angle to the continuous accessible path of travel, the TGSIs shall be
arranged as shown in Figure 1 with a minimum of 12 discrete warning TGSIs.
2.2.3 Design requirements
The design and arrangement of warning tactile ground surface indicators (TGSIs)
shall comply with Figure 1.
DR
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

T
(a) Plan
AF (b) Elevation
DR
(c) Plan arrangement of TGSI
DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
FIGURE 1 DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENT OF TGSIs
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

2.3 STAIRWAYS, RAMPS, ESCALATORS, MOVING WALKS, AND

TRAVELATORS
Where required on a continuous accessible path of travel, warning indicators shall
be located at both the top and bottom of stairways, ramps, escalators, moving
walks, and travelators, as shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4.
T
AF
DR
FIGURE 2 WARNING INDICATORS AT STAIRWAYS
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

T
AF DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
FIGURE 3 WARNING INDICATORS AT STAIRWAYS AND RAMPS

DR
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

T
AF
(a) Plan
DR
(b) Par t elevation of escalators / travelators
FIGURE 4 WARNING INDICATORS AT ESCALATORS, MOVING WALKS AND

TRAVELATORS
2.4 PEDESTRIANS AND VEHICULAR SHARED ZONE

Where required, tactile ground surface indicators are to be provided on a
continuous accessible path of travel that meets a vehicular way in accordance with
Figures 5 and 6.
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

Building entrance
Building Line
T 600-800
Pedestrian Warning
circulation space Indicators
AF
30010
Edge of vehicular
way
a y
DR
la r w
h icu
Ve
FIGURE 5 APPLICATION OF WARNING TGSIs TO DEFINE THE PEDESTRIAN WAY

FROM A VEHICLE WAY AT THE SAME GRADEPLAN
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

T
Building
entrance
AF
Vehicular way
30010 600-800
Warning TGSI
FIGURE 6 APPLICATION OF WARNING TGSIs TO DEFINE THE PEDESTRIAN WAY

FROM A VEHICLE WAY AT THE SAME GRADESECTIONAL ELEVATION
2.5 WARNING OF HAZARDS WITHIN THE CIRCULATION SPACE, OR

ADJACENT TO A CONTINUOUS ACCESSIBLE PATH OF TRAVEL
Where there are impediments or hazards with less than 2000 mm clearance in an
accessible open public space with no clearly defined continuous accessible path of
DR
travel, e.g., areas under a stairway, escalator or moving walkway, contact with
overhead hazard shall be prevented by a suitable barrier including
(a) enclosing the area;
(b) providing handrails with kerbs or kerb rails (see AS 1428.1).
In the absence of a suitable barrier, TGSIs shall be installed as shown in Figure 7.
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

T
AF (a) Plan
DR
(b) Section A-A
FIGURE 7 TACTILE INDICATORS WARNING OF HAZARD IN A CIRCULATION SPACE
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

SECT ION 3 CRITERIA AND APPL ICAT ION

O F D I R E C T IO N A L T A CT IL E G R O U N D
S U R F A C E I N D I C A T O R S
T
3.1 GENERAL
Where required to be installed by the regulatory authority, directional tactile ground
surface indicators (directional TGSIs) shall be provided as applicable, in
accordance with Clause 3.2
(a) to give directional orientation in open spaces where there are insufficient
tactile directional cues, e.g., handrails or walls;
AF
NOTE: A person who is blind or vision impaired may need to negotiate a large
internal/external public space, plaza or courtyard to have access to reception, a toilet,
a public telephone or other facility for which there are no existing tactile directional
cues.
(b) to designate the route to be taken to avoid a hazard in the absence of existing
tactile cues; and
(c) to give directional orientation where a person must deviate from the regular
continuous accessible path of travel to have access to
(i) a mid-block kerb ramp or street crossing;
(ii) public transport access point, e.g., bus, tram or light rail stop, train or
light rail station or passenger ferry wharf; or
(iii) point of entry to a significant public facility, e.g., railway station, public
hospital, community health centre, sports or entertainment venue or
DR
public toilet.
(d) additional directional information may be provided by the use of raised
pavement markers, refer to Appendix B.
3.2 DIRECTIONAL TGSIs

3.2.1 General
In addition to the requirements of Clause 3.1, the following criteria apply:
(a) Directional TGSIs shall be laid so that there is no likelihood of the edges
lifting.
(b) Where directional TGSIs are placed across the direction of travel, to ensure
they are detected, they shall have a dimension of 600 mm to 800 mm, as
specified in Section 4.
(c) A directional TGSI shall be slip-resistant
(d) Directional TGSIs shall have the top surface no more than 4 mm to 5 mm
above the base surface (see Figure 8).
(e) The base surface of an integrated directional TGSI shall not be more than
3 mm above the abutment surface of the surrounding floor or ground surface.
3.2.2 Placement
The following applies to the placement of directional indicators:
(a) Directional TGSIs shall be installed parallel with and along the centre-line of
the required direction of travel.
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

(b) Where integrated directional TGSIs indicate the continuous accessible path of
travel, they shall be arranged according to Figure 8 over a distance of 300 mm
to 400 mm in width.
(c) Where integrated directional TGSIs need to be detected by a person
approaching at an angle to the continuous accessible path of travel, the
T
directional TGSIs shall be arranged as shown in Figure 8 over a minimum
distance of 600 mm to 800 mm in depth from the direction of approach.
(d) Where discrete directional TGSIs are used, the arrangement shall be as
shown in Figure 8 with a minimum of 4 discrete directional TGSIs to indicate a
continuous accessible path of travel.
(e) Where discrete directional TGSIs need to be detected by a person
AF
approaching at an angle to the continuous accessible path of travel, the
directional TGSIs shall be arranged as shown in Figure 8 with a minimum of 8
discrete directional TGSIs.
(f) Drainage gaps shall have a width of 10 2 mm and be located not more than
600 mm apart.
NOTE: For typical examples refer to Appendix C.
3.2.3 Design requirements
The design and arrangement of directional TGSIs shall comply with Figure 8.
DR
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

T
(a) Plan
AF (b) Patter n detail

DR
(c) Plan of arrangement of directional TGSIs
FIGURE 8 DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENT OF DIRECTIONAL TGSIs
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

3.3 CHANGE OF DIRECTION

Where a continuous accessible path of travel denoted by directional tactile ground
surface indicators reaches a point for a change in direction, this point shall be
indicated by warning indicators as shown in Figure 9.
T
AF
DR
FIGURE 9 INSTALLATION OF TGSIs DENOTING A CHANGE OF DIRECTION
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

3.4 RAILWAY PLATFORMS

The edges of railway platforms shall have warning indicators as shown in Figure 10.
T
FIGURE 10(A) TGSI AT RAILWAY PLATFORMSTO/FROM STAIRFLIGHT

DR
FIGURE 10(B) TGSI AT RAILWAY PLATFORMS
On existing railway platforms the width of the continuous accessible path of travel
that is parallel to the platform edge may include warning TGSIs where severe site
constraints exist. This overlap of TGSIs should be kept to a minimum.
3.5 PASSENGER WHARVES

The edges of passenger wharves shall have warning indicators with a width of
600 mm to 800 mm commencing 600 mm to 900 mm from the edge of the wharf.
NOTE: The set-back from the edge of the wharf is normally specified by the transit
authority.
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

3.6 BUS STOPS AND TRAMS/LIGHT RAIL

Tactile indicators shall be provided at bus stops and tram/light rail stops as shown
in Figure 11.
NOTE: Refer to Appendix D for further examples.
T
AF
DR
FIGURE 11 BUS STOPS/KERBSIDE TRAM STOPS
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

APPENDIX A
INFORMATION ON DESIGN AND INSTALLATION
T
(Informative)
A1 WAYFINDING
People who are blind or have a vision impairment are able to:
(a) Make use of aids and environmental indicators, available to them for way-
finding in the community.
AF
NOTE: Wayfinding aids and environmental indicators include personal assistants,
guide dogs, orientation training, tactile ground surface indicators (TGSIs), sharp
transitions to a change of plane, handrails along corridors, handrails on ramps,
domed buttons on handrails, audible traffic signals, traffic noise, plus specialised
items such as proximity devices, audible signs and Braille signs.
(b) Detect tactile ground surface indicators, either tactually through their feet or
long cane and for those people with any residual vision via the luminance
contrast criteria being applied to the TGSIs and the surrounding
pavement/flooring.
(c) Distinguish between warning indicators and directional indicators.
(d) Determine a building line and follow this as an edge to a continuous
accessible path of travel.
(e) Determine an abrupt change in grade such as the sharp transition between
the grade of the footpath and a kerb ramp that is constructed to comply with
AS 1428.1.
DR
(f) Assume that in the absence of any indication or warning to the contrary, that
there will be a clear, safe continuous accessible path of travel in front of them
2000 mm high, a minimum of 1200 mm in width and a depth of 900 mm.
(g) Stop walking with sufficient warning of any hazard within 300 mm to 900 mm
constituted by a 600 mm to 800 mm deep application of warning indicators
and a 300 10 mm set-back from any hazard.
(h) When reaching and having stopped at a set of warning indicators, locate the
subject of the warning, in order to determine the correct response.
(i) Detect a change in the direction of a handrail to a corridor, stairway or ramp.
(j) Be oriented to make full use of the built environment.
(k) Benefit from a well-designed environment that presents a predictable set of
physical circumstances.
(l) Become disoriented if presented with an unpredictable, incorrect, incomplete
or over-supplied set of indicators.
Use of TGSIs should be minimized on kerb ramps.
NOTE: For factors that reduce the need for TGSIs, see Note to Item (a) above.
Having established the circumstances that assist safe wayfinding, the design
industry should not over-use or over-prescribe the installation of tactile ground
surface indicators, but rather should make full use of the range of environmental
guidance features available so as to minimize inconvenience to other members of
the community.
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

Alternative way-finding aids should be exploited to minimize the use of TGSIs.

Proven aids include long canes and guide dogs. Very few people are able to use
proximity devices.
To detect tactile ground surface indicators a depth of between 600 mm to 800 mm
is required when being approached from a 90 angle.
T
A2 PEOPLE WITH MOBILITY IMPAIRMENT
People with a mobility impairment may find that tactile ground surface indicators
affect their balance or interfere with the use of their mobility aid.
People who use wheelchairs may have difficulty manoeuvring on tactile ground
surface indicators. Therefore, use of TGSIs should be minimized on areas where
AF
people in wheelchairs are likely to need to make fine adjustments in manoeuvring
and turning their wheelchairs.
A3 DESIGN AND INSTALLATION

A3.1 General
It is imperative that the use of TGSIs be consistent to increase public understanding
and to maximize their utility.
TGSIs should not be installed unnecessarily, as they will not compensate for poor
design. Good design practice should minimize the need for TGSIs to be installed.
A3.2 Warning indicators
Warning TGSIs should be used to warn of hazards such as the following:
(a) Life threatening hazards where serious falls may occur, such as at railway
platforms or wharves.
DR
(b) Overhead hazards that protrude into the continuous accessible path of travel,
such as the underside of a staircase that is unprotected. Wherever possible
an architectural treatment should be used, e.g., the installation of a railing,
seating or railing.
(c) Suspended hazards that protrude into a continuous accessible path of travel,
such as a telephone booth, drinking fountain, fire hose reel or the like. Such
hazards should be installed out of the continuous accessible path of travel.
(d) Vehicle hazards on roadways that are not separated from pedestrian
accessways by a change of grade, such as vehicular driveways that intersect
with clear continuous accessible paths of travel from large vehicular precincts,
where a motorists vision is limited, e.g., exits from car parks.
Warning tactile ground surface indicators should be used following directional
indicators, to indicate that a point of importance has been reached, such as
(i) the location of a bus sign or tram stop; or
(ii) the location of a change of direction on a pedestrian crossing island
associated with a slip lane crossing.
Warning tactile ground surface indicators should be used at the top and bottom of
stairways and ramps, but not at intermediate landings that have continuous
handrails on both sides of the stairway or ramp.
Warning tactile ground surface indicators should be used at the top and bottom of
stairways and ramps and intermediate landings that have entrances from that level
to the landing.
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

A3.3 Directional indicators

Directional tactile ground surface indicators should be used
(a) at mid-block crossings to indicate the position of crossings, bus or tram stops;
(b) at intersections that incorporate slip lane crossings to indicate the position of
T
the crossing and the direction of travel across the island where the path of
travel has not been cut through the island;
(c) at intersections where the point of entry to the road is more that 3000 mm
from the property line (see Appendix C); and
(d) across an open space from point A to point B, where there are no other tactual
cues.
AF
DR
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

APPENDIX B
RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS
T
(Informative)
Where pedestrian crossings are across roads of four lanes or greater, raised
pavement markers to delineate the edges of the crossings are helpful to people who
are blind or vision impaired.
Raised pavement markers are not warning or directional TGSIs as defined in this
Standard. The profile and dimensions specified for raised pavement markers are,
therefore, markedly different from both warning and directional TGSIs (see
AF
Figure B1).
NOTE: For recommended installation format refer to Figure B2.
DR
FIGURE B1 RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

T
FIGURE B2 RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS AT PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS

DR
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

APPENDIX C
KERB RAMPS, MEDIANS AND MULTIPLE ENTRY POINTS
T
(Informative)
C1 GENERAL
This Appendix provides guidance on typical TGSI applications for kerb ramps and
medians that meet the requirements of this Standard.
C2 MULTIPLE ENTRY POINTS
AF
An alternative point of entry to the roadway should be established for blind and
vision-impaired pedestrians at the kerb adjacent to a kerb ramp and within the
confines of the path of travel on the road (see Figures C2 to C11 inclusive).
Warning TGSIs should be provided at right angles to the path of travel for a
minimum of 900 mm and for 600 mm to 800 mm in the direction of travel. These
indicators should be set back 300 10 mm at the closest point from the beginning of
the roadway.
C3 KERB RAMPS
Where the upper entry point of a fully compliant ramp with a gradient of between 1:8
to 1:8.5 is within 3 m of the property line, TGSIs are not required.
Where the gradient is shallower than 1:8.5, warning TGSIs should be provided in
accordance with Clause C2 and Figure C1.
Where the top of the AS 1428.1 compliant ramp is more than 3 m from the property
DR
line, directional indicators (600 mm to 800 mm wide) should be provided from the
property line to the top of the ramp.
Tactile indicators should be located at crossing entry points and should be installed
for the full width of the path of travel, where the following conditions apply and as
shown in Figures C2 to C11 inclusive:
(a) At hazardous crossings.
(b) At kerb ramps that do not comply with the requirements of AS 1428.1.
Where a kerb ramp is not in the direct continuous accessible path of travel, oriented
in terms of the normally available cues, such as a building frontage, directional
indicators should lead to the warning indicators located at the crossing entry point.
They should have a width of 600 mm to 800 mm.
NOTES:
1 See AS 1428.1 (NZS 4121) for ramp dimensions.
2 For footpaths, good design and construction practice is required to provide guidance
for pedestrians, and the correct orientation of ramps can, in many cases, minimize
the need for TGSIs.
3 Kerb ramps are sometimes installed without detailed plans and the layout of the ramp
is left to the on site personnel. It is essential that the on site personnel and the
designer understand the principles of good kerb ramp design to provide guidance for
vision impaired pedestrians. The principles are as follows:
(a) The ramp grade should be oriented in the direction of travel.
(b) Ramps on both sides of a carriageway have to be aligned with one another and
the direction of travel.
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

(c) The transition between the footpath and the ramp should be sharp and at right
angles to the direction of travel. If this requirement is not followed on angled
roadways, the ramp grade will not be in line with the direction of travel. On
angled roads and bellmouths, compromise is usually required on the set-out of
the kerb ramp, as each side of the ramp will be of a different length causing
different grades on each side of the ramp. Sloping terrain also causes problems.
T
(d) Warning indicators should be placed at right angles to the direction of travel, a
minimum of 600 mm to 800 mm deep and 300 10 mm back from the roadway.
(e) The near side edge of the warning indicators should be, wherever possible, in
line with the property boundary to allow vision-impaired pedestrians to locate the
crossing point.
4 An important aspect in the design of footpaths for pedestrians with vision impairment
is to provide a clear, continuous and accessible path of travel (see AUSTROADS
AF
Guide to Traffic Engineering Practice, Part 13: Pedestrians, Figure 2.4 for the
dimensions of an obstruction-free envelope).
DR
FIGURE C1 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR KERB RAMPS
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

T
AF
push button
Pedestr ian
assembly
DR
push button
Pedestr ian
assembly
FIGURE C2(A) RIGHT ANGLE INTERSECTION, 190 KERB HEIGHT, 90 1:8 KERB
RAMPS, TOP OF RAMP WITHIN 3000 OF THE BUIDLING LINE
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

T
AF
push button
Pedestr ian
assembly
push button
Pedestr ian
DR
assembly
FIGURE C2(B) RIGHT ANGLE INTERSECTION, 150 KERB HEIGHT, 90 1:8 KERB
RAMPS, TOP OF RAMP WITHIN 3000 OF THE BUIDLING LINE
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

DR
DRAFT ONLY
190 HIGH KERB, 90 1:8 KERB RAMPS, TOP OF RAMP WITHIN 3000 OF BUIDLING LINE
FIGURE C2(C) RIGHT ANGLE INTERSECTION, DUAL SEPARATE ENTRY CROSSING,
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05
Pedestr ian
AF
push button
assembly
Pedestr ian
push button
assembly
33
Note: When separate entr y crossing points are provided, and TGSI
aligned with the building line, which are applied 600 deep across a
1200 path of travel, and 300 before the kerb line, TGSI are not required
T
on the face of the kerb ramp irrespective of footpath width, kerb height
or grade of kerb ramp.
DRAFT ONLY
DR
DRAFT ONLY
150 HIGH KERB, 90 1:9 KERB RAMPS, TOP OF RAMP WITHIN 3000 OF BUIDLING LINE
FIGURE C2(D) RIGHT ANGLE INTERSECTION, DUAL SEPARATE ENTRY CROSSING, 1200 min
free of TGSI
1200 min
free of TGSI Pedestr ian
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05
push button
assembly
AF
34
Pedestr ian push
button assembly Note: When a kerb ramp ser ves as dual entr y crossing points, a
minimun width of 1200 is required for the kerb ramp. War ning TGSI
which are aligned with the building line shall be applied across one
half the kerb ramp irrespective of footpath width, kerb height or
grade of the kerb ramp, provided a 1200 path is preser ved free of TGSI.
T
Note: Where the top of the kerb ramp is fur ther from the buiding line
than 3000, directional indicators are required to identify path of travel
from end of the building line to crossing entr y point (See Figure C2(F)).
DRAFT ONLY
DR
DRAFT ONLY
FIGURE C2(E) RIGHT ANGLE INTERSECTION, 150 KERB HEIGHT, 90 1:9 KERB
RAMPS, TOP OF RAMP WITHIN 3000 OF THE BUILDING LINE
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05
Pedestr ian
AF
push button
assembly
35
Pedestr ian
push button
assembly Note: When the kerb ramp is the only crossing entr y point and
the grade of the kerb ramp is shallower than 1:8.5, TGSIs all
required on face of kerb ramp, aligned with the building line, and
applied 600 deep across a 1200 path of travel, 300 before the
T
kerb line.
Note Where the top of the ramp is fur ther from the building line
than 3000 directional indicators are also required (See figure
C2(F)).
DRAFT ONLY
DR
DRAFT ONLY
FIGURE C2(F) RIGHT ANGLE INTERSECTION, DUAL ENTRY CROSSING POINTS, 190
KERB HEIGHT, 90 1:8 KERB RAMPS, TOP OF RAMP GREATER THAN 3000 FROM
free of
TGSI
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05
free of Pedestr ian

TGSI push button
AF
assembly
BUILDING LINE
36
Pedestr ian
push button
assembly Note: When the kerb ramp ser ves as dual entr y crossing points, a
minimum width of 1200 is required for the kerb ramp. War ning TGSI
T
which are aligned with the building line shall be applied across one
half the kerb ramp irrespective of footpath width, kerb height or
grade of the kerb ramp, provided a 1200 path is preser ved
free of TGSI.
Note Where the top of the ramp is fur ther from the building line
than 3000, directional indicators are required to identify path of
travel from the end of building line to crossing entr y point.
DRAFT ONLY
T
AF
DR
FIGURE C2(G) RIGHT ANGLE INTERSECTION, DUAL SEPARATE ENTRY CROSSING

POINTS, 190 KERB HEIGHT, 90 1:8 KERB RAMPS, TOP OF RAMP GREATER THAN
3000 FROM BUILDING LINE
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

DR
DRAFT ONLY
Pedestrian
push button
assembly
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05
AF
38
Pedestrian
push button
assembly
T
DRAFT ONLY
FIGURE C3 (in part) MID-BLOCK CROSSING, DUAL SEPARATE ENTRY CROSSING POINTS, 190 KERB HEIGHT, 90 1:8 KERB RAMPS,
FOOTPATH GREATER THAN 3000
DR
DRAFT ONLY
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05
1200 1200
AF
min min
30010
45 45
1 in 8
600-800
1520
39
Kerb 190
high
Pedestr ian
push button
assembly
Footpath
T
30010
600-800
Building Line
DRAFT ONLY
FIGURE C3 (in part) MID-BLOCK CROSSING, DUAL SEPARATE ENTRY CROSSING POINTS, 190 KERB HEIGHT, 90 1:8 KERB RAMPS,
FOOTPATH GREATER THAN 3000
DR
DRAFT ONLY
Pedestr ian
push button
assembly
min
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05
AF min
40
min
Pedestr ian
push button
T
assembly
DRAFT ONLY
FIGURE C4 (in part) MID-BLOCK CROSSING, FOOTPATH 3000 OR LESSPEDESTRIAN CROSSING AT GRADENO KERB RAMPS
DR
DRAFT ONLY
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05
AF
2400
min
1200
min
30010
41
600-800 Footpath with 190
Footpath kerb height
30010
Footpath at 600-800
Building Line roadway level Pedestr ian
Drainage under.
T
push button
assembly
FIGURE C4 (in part) MID-BLOCK CROSSING, FOOTPATH 3000 OR LESSPEDESTRIAN CROSSING AT GRADENO KERB RAMPS
DRAFT ONLY
DR
DRAFT ONLY
Pedestr ian
push button
assembly
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05
AF
42
T
Pedestr ian
push button
assembly
DRAFT ONLY
FIGURE C5 (in part) MID-BLOCK CROSSING, FOOTPATH LESS THAN 3000LOWERED KERBSDUAL SEPARATE ENTRY CROSSING POINTS,
90KERB RAMPS
DR
DRAFT ONLY
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05
AF
1200 1200
min min
2000 2000
min min
30010
1:8
800 45
43
45
600-800
Footpath with 190
Footpath 1 in 20 1 in 20 kerb height
or or
shallower shallower
30010
600-800
Building Line Area with
Pedestr ian
100 kerb
T
push button
assembly
DRAFT ONLY
FIGURE C5 (in part) MID-BLOCK CROSSING, FOOTPATH LESS THAN 3000LOWERED KERBSDUAL SEPARATE ENTRY CROSSING
POINTS, 90KERB RAMPS
DR
DRAFT ONLY
Pedestr ian push
button assembly
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05
Pedestr ian
AF
push button
assembly
44
Pedestr ian Pedestr ian
push button push button
assembly assembly
Pedestr ian
push button
assembly
T
DRAFT ONLY
FIGURE C6 (in part) RIGHT ANGLE INTERSECTION, DUAL SEPARATE ENTRY CROSSING POINTS, 190 KERB HEIGHT, 90 1:8 KERB RAMPS,
TOP OF KERB RAMP GREATER THAN 3000 FROM BUILDING LINE
DR
DRAFT ONLY
Pedestr ian
push button
assembly 1200 1200
2400
min min min
600-800 600-800
30010 30010 30010
1 in 8
600-800 Kerb 190
1520 high
45 30
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05
1200
AF
Pedestr ian min 1 in 8
push button 1520 Exceeds
assembly 3000
1200
1200 min min 600-800
30010
600-800
45
600-800 30010 Building Line
30010
Pedestrian
push button Note: When the top of the kerb ramp is greater than
assembly 3000 from the building line, directional TGSI are
required to identify path of travel from end of
building line to the crossing entry point.
Note: When separate entry crossing points are
T
provided, and TGSI, which are aligned with the
building line, are applied 600 deep across a 1200
path of travel, and 300 before the kerb line, TGSI
PARKING are not required on the face of the kerb ramp
LANE irrespective of footpath width, kerb height or grade
of kerb ramp.
DRAFT ONLY
FIGURE C6 (in part) RIGHT ANGLE INTERSECTION, DUAL SEPARATE ENTRY CROSSING POINTS, 190 KERB HEIGHT, 90 1:8 KERB
RAMPS, TOP OF KERB RAMP GREATER THAN 3000 FROM BUILDING LINE
DR
DRAFT ONLY
Pedestr ian push
button assembly
Pedestr ian push
button assembly
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05
AF
Pedestr ian
push
button
assembly
46
Pedestr ian push
button assembly
Pedestr ian push
button assembly
T
DRAFT ONLY
FIGURE C7 (in part) RIGHT ANGLE INTERSECTION, DUAL SEPARATE ENTRY CROSSING POINTS, LOWERED KERB90 1:8 KERB RAMPS,
FOOTPATH WIDTH LESS THAN 3000
DR
DRAFT ONLY
2400
min 1200 1200
600-800 600-800 min min
30010 30010
1:8
Pedestr ian push 800
button assembly
30010 600-800 Less Footpath with
1 in 20 190 kerb height
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05
1200 Pedestr ian 1200 or

min min shallower
push button
AF
assembly
Min.200 Building Line
1200 Pedestr ian
min 1:8 push button
assembly
80
47
Footpath area with 100 kerb height
1 in 20 or
shallower Note: When the approach edge of TGSI, applied 300 from
the kerb and 600 deep across the path of travel, and
aligned with the building line, is less than 3000 from the
building line, directional TGSI are not required to identify
the path of travel from end of building line to crossing
Less than entry point.
3000
T
Note: When separate entry crossing points are provided,
and TGSI aligned with the building line are applied along
PARKING the kerb line, TGSI are not required on the face of the
LANE kerb ramp irrespective of footpath width, kerb height or
grade of kerb ramp.
DRAFT ONLY
FIGURE C7 (in part) RIGHT ANGLE INTERSECTION, DUAL SEPARATE ENTRY CROSSING POINTS, LOWERED KERB90 1:8 KERB RAMPS,
FOOTPATH WIDTH LESS THAN 3000
DR
DRAFT ONLY
Pedestr ian push Pedestr ian push
button assembly button assembly
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05
AF
Pedestr ian
push button
assembly
48
T
Pedestr ian push
button assembly
DRAFT ONLY
FIGURE C8 (in part) 45 INTERSECTION, DUAL SEPARATE ENTRY CROSSING POINTS, 90 KERB RAMPS, FOOTPATH WIDTH GREATER
THAN 3000
DR
DRAFT ONLY
Pedestrian
PARKING Push button
LANE assembly
1200 1200
min min 1520
45
Kerb 190 high
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05
1:8 1520
17
AF
35
1 in 8
1200 min
45
3280
Pedestrian
49
Push button
assembly
600 800 1200 min
300 10
BUILDING LINE 600 800 300 10

300 10
T
4800
LEFT TURN RIGHT TURN

LANE LANE
DRAFT ONLY
FIGURE C8 (in part) 45 INTERSECTION, DUAL SEPARATE ENTRY CROSSING POINTS, 90 KERB RAMPS, FOOTPATH WIDTH
GREATER THAN 3000
DR
DRAFT ONLY
1200 1200
min min
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05
AF
30010
Kerb height 190

45 45 600-800
152 1:8
45
1200
50
Pedestr ian
1500 1 in 8 min push button
Pedestr ian max assembly
push button 16
assembly 1520
600-800
1200
600-800
min
30010 30010
T
30010 1200 600-800
600-800
min
Building Line
DRAFT ONLY
FIGURE C8 (in part) 45 INTERSECTION, DUAL SEPARATE ENTRY CROSSING POINTS, 90 KERB RAMPS, FOOTPATH WIDTH
GREATER THAN 3000
DR
DRAFT ONLY
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05
AF
51
T DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
DRAFT ONLY
FIGURE C9 (in part) 45 INTERSECTION, FOOTPATH 3000 OR LESS, PEDESTRIAN CROSSING AT ROADWAY LEVEL
DR
DRAFT ONLY
Pedestrian crossing
same level as
vehicular roadway
2400
PARKING min
LANE
1200
min
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05
600-800
AF
30010 30010
Kerb height Pedestrian

190 push button 600-800
Less than assembly 600-800 Pedestrian crossing
3000 same level as
600-800 vehicular roadway
52
Pedestrian push
Building Line button assembly
30010
600-800
30010
T
Less than
3000
t
0 igh
19 he
b
er
K
DRAFT ONLY
DR
DRAFT ONLY
Pedestrian crossing
same level as
vehicular roadway
2400
min
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05
1200 Kerb height

min 190
AF
30010
Pedestr ian
30010 600-800 push button
Pedestrian crossing assembly
same level as
vehicular roadway
600-800
1200 min
53
30010
600-800
600-800
Pedestr ian 1200 min
push button
assembly
T
Less than
3000
t
0 igh
19 he
b
er
K
DRAFT ONLY
C4 MEDIANS
Raised islands in crossings should be cut through level with the street or have kerb
ramps at both sides and a level area at least 1200 mm long in the part of the island
intersected by the crossings (see Figures C10 and C11).
T
NOTES:
1 Pedestrian push button assemblies should be positioned within the zone of common
reach (see AS 1428.2)
2 Where pedestrian push button assemblies are installed, auditory signals and tactile
directional indicator buttons should be provided.
TGSIs should be provided at medians as shown in Figures C10 and C11.
AF
DR
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

T
Pedestr ian
push button
assembly
AF Pedestr ian
push button
assembly
DR
Pedestr ian
push button
assembly
Pedestr ian
push button
assembly
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

FIGURE C10 MEDIAN CROSSINGS
Pedestrian
T
Push button
assembly
1200 1200
600-800
min min
30010
Use directional TGSI
1 in 8
when island is 30
Kerb 190 not cut through
45
high
AF 45
1200
min
Tu ge
8 1 in 8
ver
1 in
rfe
d
1520
0
152 20
45 15

120 n
1200
mi
min
0
8
1 in
Pa
ved
Fo
600-800
otp
Tu ge
30010
120 n
ver
0
33
ath
rfe
-80
mi
600
0
d
10
Traffic flow
300 Pedestrian
Warning TGSI Push button
at change of assembly
10
300 direction
0 10
Raised
Bu
-80 300 Island

600
60 0
80
0-
ildi
Tu ge
0
120 n
ver
rfe
mi
ng
Tra
d
DR
ffic
Lin
flow
e
Pa
ved
Fo
otp
ath
Tu ge
LANE
FORWARD
ver
rfe
d
FIGURE C11(A) SLIP ROAD CROSSING WITH RAISED ISLANDKERB RAMP
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

Pedestrian
Push button
assembly
600-800
30010
Warning TGSI
T
Kerb 190
high
Warning TGSI
Island cut
152
0 Warning TGSI
through
AF
45

120 n
mi
0
8
1 in
600-800
Fo
30010
120 n
ot
33
0
-80
mi
pat
600
0
10
h
300 Pedestrian
Traffic flow
Push button
assembly
600
-80
0 10 Raised
600 300
-80
Island
0
Tra
10
300
ffic
flow
Bu
ildi
DR ng
Lin
LANE
FORWARD
e
FIGURE C11(B) SLIP ROAD CROSSING WITH RAISED ISLANDCUT THROUGH
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

C5 At grade vehicular crossing adjacent to pedestrian entry to building or

walkway where motorists vision is limited
T
Vehicular way
AF Accessway
Vehicular way
Pedestrian
Building entrance
30010 30010
Warning indicators
600-800
Building line
1200
min
DR
FIGURE C12 APPLICATION OF WARNING TGSIs TO A PEDESTRIAN CONTINUOUS
ACCESSIBLE PATH OF TRAVEL TO WARN OF A VEHICULAR CROSSING WHERE A
MOTORISTS VISION IS LIMITED
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

APPENDIX D
TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF TACTILE GROUND SURFACE INDICATORS FOR
BUS STOPS AND TRAM/LIGHT RAIL STOPS
T
(Informative)
This Appendix provides examples of preferred treatments for a fully accessible bus
stop and tram/light rail stops. These treatments should be used as the basis for
determining new bus and tram/light rail stop treatments, as well as treatments
required as part of the retrofit program on all declared roads. Refer to figures D1 to
D3.
AF 300 10
300 10
300 10
DR
1200 min
300 10
Shelter exter nal

dimension var ies
NOTES:
1 Where there is a flush junction between pedestrian and vehicular areas adjacent to a bus/light
rail stop, the use of TGSIs should be in accordance with Clause 3.6.
2 The circulation space in front of a shelter should be a minimum of 1 m in width. If there is
insufficient clear circulation space at the end of the shelter, the upstream end should be open.
3 Included in the layout drawing is the option to extend the application of hazard tactile pavers
along the kerb. Discussions with the bus operators, local user groups, disability advocacy groups
and users with special needs should be undertaken to determine particular needs.
4 The 1200 mm free from warning pavers at the bus door stopping position provide the minimum
space for wheelchair manoeuvrability.
5 Where tactile indicators are used along the kerb, they shall be warning indicators set back
300 10 mm from kerb edge.
6 Bus door access point may be indicated by the use of luminance contrasting flat pavers to assist
wheelchair manoeuvrability.
FIGURE D1 TGSI AT BUS STOPS
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

DR
DRAFT ONLY
300 10
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05
AF
60
Luminance contrast on flat area
Conveyance boarding area 300 10 300 10
Must be free from TGSI
300 10
T
300 10
300 10
DRAFT ONLY
FIGURE D2 SAFETY ZONE ON RAISED TRAM PLATFORMS WITH SHELTER (3000 NOMINAL WIDTH)
DR
DRAFT ONLY
1200 min
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05
AF Pedestr ian push

button over lay
61
Luminance contrast on flat area
Conveyance boarding area
Must be free from TGSI
T DIMENSIONS IN MILLIMETRES
DRAFT ONLY
FIGURE D3 ROAD LEVEL TRAM/LIGHT RAIL SAFETY ZONEACCESS VIA DUAL ENTRY POINTS
(OPTIONAL PEDESTRIAN-OPERATED SIGNAL SHOWN)
APPENDIX E
LABORATORY AND ON-SITE MEASUREMENT OF LUMINANCE
CONTRAST
T
(Normative)
E1 GENERAL
This Appendix sets out two methods for measuring the luminance contrast of
integrated and discrete units.
Where manufacturers provide the mean luminance reflectance values (expressed
AF
as Y-value, see Clause E 3.3) of their TGSI products and mean luminance values of
common surface materials, this simplifies product specification of both TGSIs and
the adjacent surface. Where on-site testing is required, refer to Clause E5.
Where it is necessary to install TGSIs between different coloured surfaces,
sufficient luminance contrast has to be achieved with all adjacent surfaces. This can
usually be achieved by either using very dark or very light TGSIs. The luminance
contrast is achieved by measuring the luminous reflectance of the TGSI and
comparing it with the luminous reflectance of the surrounding pavement or floor
surface. Alternatively, TGSIs of more than one colour may be used together and
arranged in such a manner to achieve sufficient luminance contrast with all base
surfaces.
E2 LUMINANCE CONTRAST REQUIREMENTS

Luminance contrast of TGSIs is the difference in the amount of light reflected from
the TGSIs compared to the amount of light reflected from the background or
DR
adjacent path of travel.
Where the TGSI is an integrated unit, it shall have a minimum luminance contrast of
30% compared to the amount of light reflected from the surface of the adjacent path
of travel.
Where the TGSIs are discrete units having the same luminance for the sloping
sides and upper surface of the truncated cones, the units shall have a minimum
luminance contrast of 45% compared to the amount of light reflected from the
surface of the adjacent path of travel.
Where the TGSIs are discrete units having differing luminance for the sloping sides
and upper surface of the truncated cones, the units shall have a minimum
luminance contrast of 60% compared to the amount of light reflected from the
surface of the adjacent path of travel.
E3 MEASUREMENT OF LUMINOUS REFLECTANCE

E3.1 General
This Clause sets out a method for measuring the luminous reflectance of tactile
indicators and other surface materials. The method is carried out with reference to a
standard light source, which is an inherent feature of suitable colorimeters and
spectrophotometers. This enables the test to be conducted both in the laboratory
and on-site, and for published results to then be compared.
NOTE: This test method is not suitable for measuring the luminous reflectance of
translucent materials or illuminated objects. It is less applicable where the measured.
The method specifies colorimeters and spectrophotometers that are widely available
commercially and currently used by flooring and paving manufacturers.
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

E3.2 Instrumentation
A tristimulus colorimeter or spectrophotometer with a diffuse illumination/normal
viewing (d/o) geometry, shall be used with CIE Standard Illuminant C. The
instrument should be capable of measuring the absolute CIE which is then used to
calculate Yxy. The measured luminous reflectance is defined by the tristimulus value
T
Y. The luminous reflectance Y value of the CIE 1964 colour system is recognized
in AS/NZS 1580.601.2.
E3.3 Procedure
The procedure shall be as follows:
(a) Calibrate the equipment in accordance with the manufacturers instructions.
AF
(b) Locate the equipment on the surface to be measured.
(c) Make measurements in at least five locations (on one product) or on five units
of the product (such as tiles, where five units are available). Where the
surface does appear (visually) to be uniformly coloured, a minimum of 10
measurements shall be taken. Where the surface comprises discrete colours
that are sufficiently large to be individually measured, a minimum of five
measurements shall be made on each such colour. Record the luminous
reflectance (Y value) for each individual dry measurement that is made.
NOTE: For standard colours, see AS 2700.
(d) Unless wet measurements are deemed to be inappropriate, wet the surface of
the product and ensure that the surface remains wet (such that water ponds
on the surface) for a minimum of 5 min. Make measurements as in Step C, as
soon as possible after removing any unabsorbed water from the surface with a
cloth or sponge that does not leave any solid residue. Record the luminous
reflectance (Y value) for each individual wet measurement that is made.
DR
(e) Determine the mean dry luminous reflectance Yd and the mean wet luminous
reflectance Yw. Where measurements have been made on discrete colours
and the individual mean luminous reflectances are within 20% of the
composite mean luminous reflectance, calculate the dry and wet luminous
reflectance as the mean of the colours measured. A more accurate calculation
might be based on the relative proportions of each colour (where these
proportions might be determined by image analysis techniques) such that
Y = aYa + bYb + cYc where a, b and c are the relative proportions of each
colour, (i.e., a + b + c = 1, where there are three principal colours). Where the
mean luminous reflectances of individual colours vary markedly, it is
necessary to either calculate the relative proportions or to determine the
luminance of the product using the photometer method.
NOTE: The use of standardized illumination conditions when making photometer
measurements could enable manufacturers to publish luminous reflectance values
that are consistent with those obtained using this Appendix.
E3.4 Determination of luminous contrast
The luminous contrast (C), of two surfaces (such as a tactile indicator and its
surround) shall be calculated using the following equation:
C = (Y2 Y1 ) / 0.5 (Y1 + Y2 )
where Y1 and Y2 are the luminous reflectance values of the two surfaces.
In many cases it will be necessary to calculate the luminance contrast in both wet
and dry conditions.
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

E3.5 Report
The following shall be reported:
(a) Full description of the surfaces tested with product details where known.
(b) The instrument geometry, the light source as being D65, the aperture and the
T
observer angle.
(c) The locations of the measurements on the sample.
(d) The mean luminous reflectance of the tactile indicator (or other pedestrian
surface) under the conditions set out in Paragraph E3.3.
(e) A reference to this test Method, i.e., AS/NZS 1428.4, Paragraph E3,
Appendix E.
AF
The corresponding data for other light sources and illuminant may also be reported.
E4 DETERMINATION OF LUMINANCE CONTRAST

This Clause sets out a method of using the luminous reflectance values to calculate
the required luminance contrast of a TGSI between two adjacent or contiguous
surfaces when the luminous reflectance of the products are known.
The necessary luminous reflectances (there may be two values corresponding to
TGSIs that are lighter or darker than the base surfaces) are calculated based on the
following equation:
C = (Y2 Y1 ) / 0.5 (Y1 + Y2 ) = 0.30
for integrated units, or
C = (Y2 Y1 ) / 0.5 (Y1 + Y2 ) = 0.45
DR
for the elements of uniform discrete units, or
C = (Y2 Y1 ) / 0.5 (Y1 + Y2 ) = 0.6
for composite discrete units.
where
Y2 is the lighter surface and Y1 is the darker surface
The full set of limits is shown in Table E1. For adjacent paths of travel where the
luminance of the adjacent surround, Ys > 60, discrete units that are lighter than the
surround can never provide sufficient contrast. Similarly, surrounds with Ys > 70
cannot be adequately contrasted by integrated units.
Alternatively, this may be illustrated by Figure E1. The luminous reflectance of the
TGSI shall lie above or below the lines illustrating the minimum and maximum
luminous reflectance necessary.
An example using this nomogram is illustrated in Figure E2. An assumed luminous
reflectance for the surrounds of 55 is indicated by a vertical line from the x-axis.
The intersections with the limiting luminous reflectance values are then reflected to
the y-axis by arrows with solid lines to indicate the necessary luminous reflectance
values for integrated TGSIs (41 or 74, dashed lines) or discrete TGSIs (35 or
87, solid lines).
Additionally, many products will have different dry and wet characteristics and
separate measurements of luminance reflectance of the surrounds and TGSIs will
need to be made. These may then be used to calculate the limits for the wet state in
exactly the same way.
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

T
AF NOTE: Luminous reflectance of TGSI must lie above upper line or below lower line appropriate to the type
of TGSI.
FIGURE E1 LIMITING VALUES OF LUMINOUS REFLECTANCE OF TGSI AS A

FUNCTION OF LUMINOUS REFLECTANCE OF THE SURROUND.
DR
NOTE: Example is a surround reflectance of 55 (X axis). The limits of 41 or 74 for an integrated TGSI of
35 or 87 for discrete TGSI can be read off on the Y axis.
FIGURE E2 WORKED EXAMPLE DEVELOPED FROM FIGURE E1.
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

E5 MEASUREMENT OF LUMINANCE CONTRAST

E5.1 General
This Paragraph sets out the method of on-site measurement of contrast of tactile
indicators with their surroundings. This method is carried out under the prevailing
T
lighting condition(s) and is also applicable where the tactile indicator or base
surface is not uniformly coloured.
NOTE: The method specifies a luminance meter with a 1 measurement field. Such
meters are widely available. While a wider field of view such as 3 may be preferable
because it permits a shorter measurement distance, luminance meters with wider fields
are less common and substantially more expensive.
E5.2 Instrumentation
AF
A single lens reflex luminance meter with a 1 measurement field and a spectral
responsivity approximating the CIE 1931 Standard Observer V () function specified
in ISO CIE 10527.
E5.3 Procedure
The procedure shall be as follows:
(a) Mount the photometer on a tripod so that the centre of the objective lens is at
a height of 1.6 0.1 m (representative of the eye height of a standing person).
(b) Locate the tripod over the centre-line of the tactile marker array (extrapolated
if necessary) and direct the luminance meter along the array to the point
where the width of an indicator just fills the measurement field (see
Figure E3). Choose an area that is visually uniformly lit. Record the luminance
L 1.
(c) Direct the photometer to measure the area immediately alongside the previous
location to the left of the tactile indicator. Record the luminance L 2.
DR
(d) Repeat the measurement in Step (c) to the right of the tactile indicator. Record
the luminance L 3.
(e) If the tactile indicator or the surrounds are highly coloured, correct any
significant deviation from the CIE V() function by measuring the luminance of
a white plate (L a) direct and then through a filter (L b) with nominally the same
chromaticity as the tactile indicator or surround, as appropriate, and known
luminous transmittance ( ). Where the correction factor F is defined as
follows:
La
F=
Lb
(f) If the surrounds on both sides of the indicator are nominally the same material
and appearance, calculate the mean luminance of the surrounds
L2 + L3
L2,3 =
2
and use this average in the calculations. If the materials either side of the
tactile indicator are not the same, the calculations shall be carried out for each
side independently.
(g) When averaging the surround, calculate the contrast of the tactile indicator
with the surround as follows:
L2,3 L1
If L2,3 > L1 then C =
L2,3
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

L1 L2,3
(h) If L1 > L2,3 then C =
L1
When dealing with different surrounds, calculate the contrast of the tactile
indicator with the surround on each side.
T
L2 or 3 L4
If L2 or 3 > L1 then C2 or 3 =
L2 or 3
L2 or 3 L2 or 3
If L1 > L2 or 3 then C2 or 3 =
L1
Compliance is established using C or C2; or C2 and C3, as appropriate.
AF
DR
FIGURE E3(A) POSITION FOR MEASURING THE LUMINANCE OF THE TACTILE
INDICATOR MEASURED BY THE LUMINANCE METER
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

T
TGSI
AFLEGEND
1 = Pedestr ian surface

2 = Base of TGSI
3 = TGSI
1
2
3
DR
FIGURE E3(B) THROUGH THE EYEPIECE VIEW
E5.4 Report
The following shall be reported:
(a) Full description of the surfaces tested with product details where known.
(b) The instrument being a luminance meter with a 1 measurement area
corrected to approximate the CIE 1931 Standard Observer.
(c) The location of the sample, if on-site.
(d) The location of the sample of the measurements on the TGSI.
(e) A description of the light source(s) illuminating the sample, including type,
e.g., fluorescent tube, incandescent, high pressure sodium discharge, metal
halide, and colour (in general terms).
(f) The mean luminous reflectance of the adjacent surrounds to the tactile
indicator under the conditions set out in Paragraph E5.3
(g) The mean luminous reflectance of the tactile indicator under the conditions set
out in Paragraph E5.3
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

(h) The luminance contrast with the surrounds on both sides of the tactile
indicator.
(i) A reference to this test method, i.e., AS/NZS 1428.4, Paragraph E5,
Appendix E.
T
Where the lighting source varies, e.g., by night and day, the corresponding data for
other light sources may also be reported.
AF
DR
DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

APPENDIX A
BIBLIOGRAPHY
(Informative)
The following documents were referred to during the preparation of this Standard:
1 Access Needs of Blind and visually Impaired Travellers in Transportation
Terminals: A Study and design guidelines, CNIB, December 1987.
2 Pathfinder Tactile Tile Demonstration Test Project, Civic Centre station,
Metro, Dade Transit Agency, Mitchell M, Hartkorn W, and McElroy D, February
1988.
3 Tactile Footway surfaces for the blind, Department of Transport UK, Gallon C.
Oxley P, and Simms B, November 1988.
4 Tactile tiles for Australia, A performance Evaluation of selected Tactile Tiles
under consideration for use by the Visually Impaired in Australia, Alec F Peck
Boston College et al, June 1991.
5 Tactile surfaces in a railway Station environment, Centre for Logistics and
Transportation. Cranfield Institute of Technology Bedford UK, Gallon C and
Fowkes A., January 1992.
6 Centre for Logistics and Transportation, Cranfield Institute of Technology
Bedford UK, Gallon C., Fowkes A., Simms B., Clark J. and Ayala B.,
November 1992.
7 Tactile surfaces in the Environment: Experiments in Wolverhampton,
Department of Transport UK, Gallon C., 1992.
8 The development of Training Methods to Enable Visually Impaired Pedestrians
to use Tactile surfaces, Centre for Logistics and Transportation, Cranfield
Institute of Technology Bedford UK, Gallon C., Fowkes A., Simms B., Clark J.
and Ayala B., November 1992.
9 Detectable Warning surfaces: Colour, Contrast and Reflectance, US
Department of Transportation, Bentzen B., Nolin T., Easton R., September
1994.
10 Detectable warnings: Detectability by Individuals with Visual Impairments, and
Safety and Negotiability on slopes for Persons with Physical Impairments, US
Department of Transportation, Bentzen B., Nolin T., Easton R., Desmarais L.
and Mitchell P., September 1994.
11 Tactile Warnings to Promote Safety in the Vicinity of Transit Platforms Edges,
US Department of Transportation, Peck A. and Bentzen B., December 1997.
12 Clearing our Path, CNIB, Ontario division, Crader L. et al, August 1998.
13 A Study of Tile design for Tactile Guide Pathways, University of Hong Kong,
Courtney A. and Chow H., September 1999.
*** END OF DRAFT ***
DR 04020--4944-PDR
PREPARATION OF JOINT AUSTRALIAN/NEW ZEALAND STANDARDS
Joint Australian/New Zealand Standards are prepared by a consensus process

involving representatives nominated by organizations in both countries drawn from
all major interests associated with the subject. Australian/New Zealand Standards
may be derived from existing industry Standards, from established international
Standards and practices or may be developed within a Standards Australia,
Standards New Zealand or joint technical committee.
During the development process, Australian/New Zealand Standards are made

available in draft form at all sales offices and through affiliated overseas bodies in
order that all interests concerned with the application of a proposed Standard are
given the opportunity to submit views on the requirements to be included.
The following interests are represented on the committee responsible for this draft
Australian/ New Zealand Standard:
AUSTROADS
Association of Consultants in Access Australia
Australian Association of Occupational Therapists
Australian Building Codes Board
Australian Industry Group
Australian Institute of Building
Australian Institute of Building Surveyors
Blind Citizens Australia
Commonwealth Department of Veterans Affairs
Consumers Federation of Australia
Deafness Forum of Australia
Disabled Persons Assembly New Zealand Inc.
Housing Industry Association
Independent Living Centres Australia
Master Builders Australia
Mobility Research Centre New Zealand
Physical Disability Council of Australia
Property Council of Australia
The Royal Australian Institute of Architects
Additional interests participating in preparation of Standard:
Attorney Generals Department

Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission
A-G Public Consultation Draft-Page-4944-PDR

Public Consultation Draft Issued: February 2004: Project No: 4944

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Public Consultation Draft Issued: February 2004: Project No: 4944

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Public Consultation Draft Issued: February 2004: Project No: 4944

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Exhibit 10

PUBLIC CONSULTATION DRAFT

Issued: February 2004

Project No: 4944

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

Committee ME-064Access for People with Disabilities

Design for access and mobility

Part 4.1: Tactile indicators

(To be AS/NZS 1428.4.1)

DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND APPLICATION

AF SECTION 2 CRITERIA AND APPLICATION FOR TACTILE INDICATORS

SECTION 3 CRITERIA AND APPLICATION OF DIRECTIONAL TACTILE

DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

Australian/New Zealand Standard

Part 4.1: Tactile indicators

1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

SECT ION 2 CRITERIA AND APPL ICAT ION

2.2 WARNING TGSIs

DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

(c) Plan arrangement of TGSI

FIGURE 1 DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENT OF TGSIs

DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

2.3 STAIRWAYS, RAMPS, ESCALATORS, MOVING WALKS, AND

FIGURE 2 WARNING INDICATORS AT STAIRWAYS

DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

FIGURE 3 WARNING INDICATORS AT STAIRWAYS AND RAMPS

DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

FIGURE 4 WARNING INDICATORS AT ESCALATORS, MOVING WALKS AND

2.4 PEDESTRIANS AND VEHICULAR SHARED ZONE

DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

FIGURE 5 APPLICATION OF WARNING TGSIs TO DEFINE THE PEDESTRIAN WAY

DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

FIGURE 6 APPLICATION OF WARNING TGSIs TO DEFINE THE PEDESTRIAN WAY

2.5 WARNING OF HAZARDS WITHIN THE CIRCULATION SPACE, OR

DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

(b) Section A-A

FIGURE 7 TACTILE INDICATORS WARNING OF HAZARD IN A CIRCULATION SPACE

DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

SECT ION 3 CRITERIA AND APPL ICAT ION

3.2 DIRECTIONAL TGSIs

DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

AF (b) Patter n detail

(c) Plan of arrangement of directional TGSIs

FIGURE 8 DESIGN AND ARRANGEMENT OF DIRECTIONAL TGSIs

DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

3.3 CHANGE OF DIRECTION

FIGURE 9 INSTALLATION OF TGSIs DENOTING A CHANGE OF DIRECTION

DR 04020--4944-PDR.doc - 12/01/2004 16:24:05

3.4 RAILWAY PLATFORMS

FIGURE 10(A) TGSI AT RAILWAY PLATFORMSTO/FROM STAIRFLIGHT

* END OF DRAFT *