a.

Plagiarism

Plagiarism is defined as presenting someone else's work, including the work of other
students, as one's own. Any ideas or materials taken from another source for either
written or oral use must be fully acknowledged, unless the information is common
knowledge. What is considered "common knowledge" may differ from course to course.

Source: https://www.indiana.edu/~istd/definition.html

The reproduction or appropriation of someone else's work without proper attribution;

passing off as one's own the work of someone else.

Source: http://www.plagiarism.org/article/glossary

Plagiarism is presenting someone elses work or ideas as your own, with or without their
consent, by incorporating it into your work without full acknowledgement. All published
and unpublished material, whether in manuscript, printed or electronic form, is covered
under this definition. Plagiarism may be intentional or reckless, or unintentional. Under
the regulations for examinations, intentional or reckless plagiarism is a disciplinary
offence.

Source: https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/academic/guidance/skills/plagiarism?wssl=1

Forms of plagiarism

Verbatim (word for word) quotation without clear acknowledgement

Quotations must always be identified as such by the use of either quotation marks or
indentation, and with full referencing of the sources cited. It must always be apparent to
the reader which parts are your own independent work and where you have drawn on
someone elses ideas and language.

Cutting and pasting from the Internet without clear acknowledgement

Information derived from the Internet must be adequately referenced and included in the
bibliography. It is important to evaluate carefully all material found on the Internet, as it
is less likely to have been through the same process of scholarly peer review as
published sources.

Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing the work of others by altering a few words and changing their order, or by
closely following the structure of their argument, is plagiarism if you do not give due
acknowledgement to the author whose work you are using.

A passing reference to the original author in your own text may not be enough; you
must ensure that you do not create the misleading impression that the paraphrased
wording or the sequence of ideas are entirely your own. It is better to write a brief
summary of the authors overall argument in your own words, indicating that you are
doing so, than to paraphrase particular sections of his or her writing. This will ensure
you have a genuine grasp of the argument and will avoid the difficulty of paraphrasing
without plagiarising. You must also properly attribute all material you derive from
lectures.

Collusion

This can involve unauthorised collaboration between students, failure to attribute

assistance received, or failure to follow precisely regulations on group work projects. It
is your responsibility to ensure that you are entirely clear about the extent of
collaboration permitted, and which parts of the work must be your own.

Inaccurate citation

It is important to cite correctly, according to the conventions of your discipline. As well

as listing your sources (i.e. in a bibliography), you must indicate, using a footnote or an
in-text reference, where a quoted passage comes from. Additionally, you should not
include anything in your references or bibliography that you have not actually consulted.
If you cannot gain access to a primary source you must make it clear in your citation
that your knowledge of the work has been derived from a secondary text (for example,
Bradshaw, D. Title of Book, discussed in Wilson, E., Title of Book (London, 2004), p.
189).

Failure to acknowledge assistance

You must clearly acknowledge all assistance which has contributed to the production of
your work, such as advice from fellow students, laboratory technicians, and other
external sources. This need not apply to the assistance provided by your tutor or
supervisor, or to ordinary proofreading, but it is necessary to acknowledge other
guidance which leads to substantive changes of content or approach.

Use of material written by professional agencies or other persons

You should neither make use of professional agencies in the production of your work
nor submit material which has been written for you even with the consent of the person
who has written it. It is vital to your intellectual training and development that you should
undertake the research process unaided. Under Statute XI on University Discipline, all
members of the University are prohibited from providing material that could be
submitted in an examination by students at this University or elsewhere.

Auto-plagiarism

You must not submit work for assessment that you have already submitted (partially or
in full), either for your current course or for another qualification of this, or any other,
university, unless this is specifically provided for in the special regulations for your
course. Where earlier work by you is citable, ie. it has already been published, you must
reference it clearly. Identical pieces of work submitted concurrently will also be
considered to be auto-plagiarism.

Source: https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/academic/guidance/skills/plagiarism?wssl=1

b. Copyright

A copyright is a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States to authors
of "original works of authorship." This includes literary, dramatic, musical, artistic and
certain other creative works. Material not protected by copyright (or otherwise protected)
is available for use by anyone without the author's consent. A copyright holder can
prevent others from copying, performing or otherwise using the work without his or her
consent.

Source: https://www.legalzoom.com/knowledge/copyright/topic/copyright-definition

Copyright is a legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an
original work exclusive rights for its use and distribution. This is usually only for a limited
time. The exclusive rights are not absolute but limited by limitations and exceptions to
copyright law, including fair use. A major limitation on copyright is that copyright protects
only the original expression of ideas, and not the underlying ideas themselves.[1][2]
Copyright is a form of intellectual property, applicable to certain forms of creative work.
Some, but not all jurisdictions require "fixing" copyrighted works in a tangible form. It is
often shared among multiple authors, each of whom holds a set of rights to use or
license the work, and who are commonly referred to as rights holders.[3][4][5][6] These
rights frequently include reproduction, control over derivative works, distribution, public
performance, and "moral rights" such as attribution.[7]

Copyrights are considered territorial rights, which means that they do not extend beyond
the territory of a specific jurisdiction. While many aspects of national copyright laws
have been standardized through international copyright agreements, copyright laws
vary by country.[8]

Typically, the duration of a copyright spans the author's life plus 50 to 100 years (that is,
copyright typically expires 50 to 100 years after the author dies, depending on the
jurisdiction). Some countries require certain copyright formalities to establishing
copyright, but most recognize copyright in any completed work, without formal
registration. Generally, copyright is enforced as a civil matter, though some jurisdictions
do apply criminal sanctions.

Most jurisdictions recognize copyright limitations, allowing "fair" exceptions to the

creator's exclusivity of copyright and giving users certain rights. The development of
digital media and computer network technologies have prompted reinterpretation of
these exceptions, introduced new difficulties in enforcing copyright, and inspired
additional challenges to copyright law's philosophic basis. Simultaneously, businesses
with great economic dependence upon copyright, such as those in the music business,
have advocated the extension and expansion of copyright and sought additional legal
and technological enforcement.

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright

The worlds first copyright law, the Statute of Anne, was enacted in England in 1710.
Exercising its power under the newly adopted Constitution to secure the rights of
authors and inventors, Congress passed an act almost identical to the Statute of Anne
as the first American copyright law in 1790.
As books continued to be easier, faster, and cheaper to produce and distribute,
domestically and internationally, in Europe and North America, it became clear that
enhanced protection of authors and uniform international copyright standards were
required. One such movement for international uniformity led to the Berne Convention
and its 1887 adoption of certain, standard, minimum levels of copyright protection and
their enforcement in the member countries across Europe and elsewhere the world.

Source: http://historyofcopyright.org/

c. Bibliography

A bibliography is a list of all of the sources you have used (whether referenced or not) in
the process of researching your work. In general, a bibliography should include:

the authors' names

the titles of the works

the names and locations of the companies that published your copies of the sources

the dates your copies were published

the page numbers of your sources (if they are part of multi-source volumes)

An annotated bibliography is the same as a bibliography with one important difference:

in an annotated bibliography, the bibliographic information is followed by a brief
description of the content, quality, and usefulness of the source.

The Works Cited or References list is only comprised of references to those items
actually cited in the paper.

Source: http://www.plagiarism.org/article/whats-a-bibliography

An annotated bibliography is a list of citations to books, articles, and documents. Each

citation is followed by a brief (usually about 150 words) descriptive and evaluative
paragraph, the annotation. The purpose of the annotation is to inform the reader of the
relevance, accuracy, and quality of the sources cited.

Source: http://guides.library.cornell.edu/annotatedbibliography

d. Referencing

1. The act of referring to something: filed away the article for future reference.

2.
a. Significance for a specified matter; relation or relationship: Her speeches have
special reference to environmental policy.

b. Meaning or denotation: The reference of the word "lion" is to a kind of wild cat.

3. A mention of an occurrence or situation: made frequent references to her promotion.

4.

a. A note in a publication referring the reader to another passage or source.

b. The passage or source so referred to.

c. A work frequently used as a source.

d. A mark or footnote used to direct a reader elsewhere for additional information.

5. Law

a. Submission of a case to a referee.

b. Legal proceedings conducted before or by a referee.

6.

a. A person who is in a position to recommend another or to vouch for his or her fitness,
as for a job.

b. A statement about a person's qualifications, character, and dependability.

tr.v. referenced, referencing, references

1. To supply (a text) with references: The author hadn't adequately referenced the third
chapter, so the copyeditor suggested adding more citations. This article is thoroughly
referenced with up-to-date sources.

2.

a. To cite as a reference: The monograph doesn't reference any peer-reviewed articles.

b. Usage Problem To mention or allude to: The comedian's monologue referenced

many Hollywood stars.

Idiom:

in/with reference to
In connection with; in relation to: This letter is in reference to the invoice that
accompanied the package.

referencer n.

referential (--rnshl) adj.

referentially adv.

Usage Note: Though originally a noun, reference is often used as a transitive verb
meaning "to supply (a book, article, or other work) with references." People also use the
verb to mean "To cite as a reference" or simply "To mention or allude to." Though some
traditionalists oppose these latter two uses of reference, the usage is most widely
accepted when the context involves actual citing of sources. For instance, in our 2013
survey, fully 70 percent of the Usage Panel found The paper references several articles
on global warming at least somewhat acceptable, while only 37 percent accepted the
sentence During the press conference, the mayor referenced the recent floods.

American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edition. Copyright 2016
by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin
Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.

reference (rfrns; rfrns)

1. the act or an instance of referring

2. something referred, esp proceedings submitted to a referee in law

3. a direction of the attention to a passage elsewhere or to another book, document, etc

4. a book or passage referred to

5. a mention or allusion: this book contains several references to the Civil War.

6. (Philosophy) philosophy

a. the relation between a word, phrase, or symbol and the object or idea to which it
refers

b. the object referred to by an expression. Compare sense12

7.

a. a source of information or facts

b. (as modifier): a reference book; a reference library.

8. a written testimonial regarding one's character or capabilities

9. a person referred to for such a testimonial

10.

a. (foll by to) relation or delimitation, esp to or by membership of a specific class or

group; respect or regard: all people, without reference to sex or age.

b. (as modifier): a reference group.

11. point of reference a fact forming the basis of an evaluation or assessment; criterion

12. terms of reference the specific limits of responsibility that determine the activities of
an investigating body, etc

vb (tr)

13. to furnish or compile a list of references for (an academic thesis, publication, etc)

14. to make a reference to; refer to: he referenced Chomsky, 1956.

prep

commerce with reference to: reference your letter of the 9th inst. Abbreviation: re

referencer n

referential adj

Collins English Dictionary Complete and Unabridged, 12th Edition 2014

HarperCollins Publishers 1991, 1994, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2014

reference (rf r ns, rf rns)

n., v. -enced, -encing. n.

1. an act or instance of referring.

2. a mention; allusion.

3. something for which a name or designation stands; denotation.

4.
a. a direction of the attention, as in a book, to some other book, passage, etc.

b. the book, passage, etc., to which one is directed.

5. reference mark.

6. use or recourse for purposes of information: a library for public reference.

7. a book or other source of useful facts or information.

8.

a. a person to whom one refers for testimony as to another's character, abilities, etc.

b. a statement regarding a person's character, abilities, etc.

9. regard or connection; relation: without reference to age.

v.t.

10. to furnish with references.

11. to mention in or as a reference.

12. to arrange for easy reference.

[158090]

Source: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/referencing

A citation is a reference that appears in the text; for example:

In their study of human group dynamics Jones et al. (2002) found that...

A reference is all the information that your readers will need to find your source:

Jones, B., 2008. How Humans Interact. Journal of Human Interaction, 34(4), p. 56-60.

Source: http://www.mondofacto.com/study-skills/writing/how-to-reference/05.html

You need to reference all the information you've taken from sources you've read.
However, some information is considered to be 'common knowledge', or a 'stylised fact'.
This is information that has become an accepted 'truth'; for example,
the battle of Waterloo was fought in 1815

would not need a reference, as it is an accepted fact that this battle took place on this
date.

Source: http://www.mondofacto.com/study-skills/writing/how-to-reference/05.html