4/8/2009

Instractor:
Eyassu Tesfamariam (PhD)

Assist.Instractor:
Sophonyas Asrat(BSc)

Coursecontents
y Highwayrouteselection
y factorsconsideredinhighwayrouteselection
f d d h h l
y Stepsinhighwayrouteselection
y Geometricdesignofhighways:
y Designcontrolsandcriteria
y Functionalclassificationsystemsofhighways
y Vehicleanddrivercharacteristics
y Highwaycrosssectionelements:
y Laneandshoulders,sidewalks,medians,andpedestriancrossings
p g
y Elementsofgeometricdesign:
y Horizontalalignment,Transitionandsuperelevation,Vertical
alignment,Sightdistance,IntersectionsandInterchanges
y Earthworkquantitiesandmasshauldiagram
y Drainageanddrainagestructures

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Geometricdesign
Horizontalalignment
y Horizontalcurve
y Planview,profile,staking,stationing
y Typeofhorizontalcurves
y Characteristicsofsimplecircularcurve
y SSDonhorizontalcurves
y Superelevation ofcurves R
y Transitioncurve spiralcurve

Horizontalalignment
24
+0
23+00

Planviewandprofile
0
22+00
21+00
20+00
19+00
18+00
17+ 0
16

0
+0

plan
0
15
+0
0

700
700
600
500
profile 400
300
200

15+00 16+00 17+00 18+00 19+00 20+00 21+00 22+00 23+00 24+00

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Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y SurveyingandStationing
y Staking:routesurveyorsdefinethegeometryofa
highwaybystakingoutthehorizontalandvertical
positionoftherouteandbymarkingofthecross
sectionatintervalsof20m.

y Station:Startfromanoriginbystationing0,regular
Station Startfromanoriginb stationing0 regular
stationsareestablishedevery20m.andnumbered
0+000,12+000,20+060etc

Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Typesofhorizontalcurves

R1 PCC

R2 R1

R2

(1)Simplehorizontalcurve (2)Brokenbackcurve (3)Compoundcurve

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Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Typesofhorizontalcurves
R2

R2

PRC

(4)ReverseCurve
R1

R1

(a)Withtangent (b)Withouttangent

Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Elementsofsimplecircularcurve

C
PC=PI T
PT=PC+L

D 360
=
20 2R
D =Degreeofcurve 1145.92
D=
C = 2 R sin( 2) R

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 4/8/2009

Horizontalalignment(Cont)
Elementsofsimplecircularcurve

PC=PI T
PT=PC+L

D 360
=
20 2R
1145.92
C = 2 R sin( 2) D=
R

Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Propertiesofacompoundcurve

Equations

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 4/8/2009

Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Propertiesofareversecurve

Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Example:
y Ahorizontalcurveisdesignedwitha609.6mradius.Thecurvehasatangent
Ah i t l i d i d ith 6 6 di Th h t t
lengthof121.92mandthePIisatstation3+139.44.Determinethestationingof
thePT.

y Solution
y Determinethecentralangle,

y Calculatethelengthofthecurve

y GiventhatthetangentlengthTis121.92m,
StationingPC=3+139.44minus0+121.92=3+017.52
y Sincehorizontalcurvestationingismeasuredalongthealignmentoftheroad,
StationingPT=stationingPC+L
=3+017.52plus240.67=3+258.19

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 4/8/2009

Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Example:
y Acurvehasadeflectionangleof
A h d fl ti o1802,andaradiusof1432.6m.The
l f =23 8 d di f 6 Th
pointofintersection(PI)is5+053.87.CalculatethetangentdistanceT,external
distanceE,curvelengthL,pointofcurvaturePC,andpointoftangentPT.

y Solution

y .

Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Stoppingsightdistance(SSD)forhorizontalcurves
y Minimumsightdistance(forsafety)shouldbeequaltothesafestoppingdistance

RV = R 0.5( w)

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Horizontalalignment(Cont)
Stoppingsightdistance(SSD)forhorizontalcurves

RV = R 0.5( w)

Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Stoppingsightdistance(SSD)
y Example:
E l
y Ahorizontalcurveonatwolanehighwayisdesignedwitha609.6mradius,3.6
mlanes,anda96km/hrdesignspeed.Determinethedistancethatmustbe
clearedfromtheinsideedgeoftheinsidelanetoprovideasufficientstopping
sightdistance.(Thecoefficientoffrictionoftheroadsurfacef =0.32andPRT=
2.5sec).[TheSSDforthedesignspeedof96km/hris180m.]
V2 96 2
y Solution: SSD = 0.278Vt + = 0.278(96)(2.5) + = 180 m
254 f ( 254 0.32)
y Theradiusofthemiddleoftheinsidelane(R
( v)

Then,

6.65mmustbeclearedasmeasuredfromthecentreoftheinsidelane

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Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Superelevation ofcurves
Superelevation isthebankingofthe
roadwayalongahorizontalcurveso
thatthedriverscannegotiatethecurve
atsafeandcomfortablespeed.
Centerline

Elevated

Levelground

NormalCrown Superelevated

Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Superelevation ofcurves

y Superelevation eandsidefrictioncoefficientfonhorizontalcurves

y Normalcrown
Wv 2
FC =
gR
f

e
100m

y Fullysuperelevated

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Horizontalalignment(Cont)

Forpracticalpurposesthenormalcomponentofthe
centripetalforcecanbeignored.

DividingbothsidesbyWcos givesthebasicequation

Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Superelevation ofcurves
y Relationshipbetweenspeedv,superelevation
l h b d l e,coefficientoffrictionf,
ff ff f
andcurveradiusR

y Equation:

Where
e =rateofsuperelevation (m/m) V =velocity(km/hr) designspeed
f =sidefrictionfactor R =radiusofcurvature(m)
v =velocity(m/sec)
velocity(m/sec) (9 / 2)
g =gravitationalacceleration(9.8m/sec
g

y Application:Normally,fisgiven,eisalsoknownwhenthelocationofthe
designedhighwayisknown.Therestistodeterminev whenR isknown,or
determineR whenv isgiven.

y Application:Minimumradius

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 4/8/2009

Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Example
y Aroadwayisbeingdesignedforaspeedof113km/hr.Atonehorizontalcurve,itisknown
Aroadwayisbeingdesignedforaspeedof113km/hr Atonehorizontalcurve itisknown
thatthesuperelevation is8.0%andthecoefficientofsidefrictionis0.10.Determinethe
minimumradiusofcurve(measuredtothetravelledpath)thatwillprovideforsafevehicle
operation.

y Solution:

y Thisvalueistheminimumradius,becauseradiismallerthan558.57mwillgenerate
centripetalforceshigherthanthosethatcanbesafelysupportedbythesuperelevation and
thesidefrictionforces.

y Geometricdesign
manual,ERA2002

Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Superelevation transition
y Tangentrunout /crownrunoff

+
y Superelevation runoff

y Tangentrunout (crownrunoff)section:Lengthofroadwayneededto
accomplishachangeinoutsidecrossslopefromnormalcrosssloperateto
zero
y Superelevation runoffsection:Lengthofroadwayneededtoaccomplisha
changeinoutsidecrossslopefromzerotofullsuperelevation

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Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Superelevation transition

Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Attainmentofsuperelevation
y Circularcurvetransition

2/3Ls 1/3Ls

Beginwidening
Insideedge Fullwidening

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Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Attainmentofsuperelevation
y Spiralcurvetransition LengthofSpiral,LS

Thelengthofspiralissettobeequaltothelengthofsuperelevation runoff
Forpracticalpurposesthelengthofsuperelevation runoffshouldnotexceeda
longitudinalslope(edgecomparedtocenterlineofatwolanehighway)of1:200

Horizontalalignment(Cont)

y Attainmentofsuperelevation

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Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Attainmentofsuperelevation
y Axisofrotation
y Undividedhighwaysareusuallysuperelevated withtheaxisof
rotationattheroadwayscenterline
Axisofrotation

Superelevatedsection
Normalcrosssection

Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Attainmentofsuperelevation
y Axisofrotation
y Mutilanehighwayswithdepressedmediansareusually
superelevated withtheaxisofrotationatthemedianedgesof
thetraveledway.
Axisofrotation

Medianwidth

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 4/8/2009

Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Spiraltransitioncurves
y Spiralcurvesarecurveswithacontinuouslychangingradii,
y Providespathforvehicletomovefromstraighttoacircularcurve
y Improvedappearanceofcurvetodriver
y Allowsintroductionofsuperelevation andpavementwidening

TheEulerspiral/
Clothoid

Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Transitioncurvecharacteristics
y Shouldhaveconstantrateofchangeofradiusofcurvature
y Transitionshouldbeequaltozeroatstartofstraightandequalto
radiusofcurvatureatcircularcurve
y Allowspassengerstoadjusttochangeinrateofcurvature

(a) Clothoid
y Typesoftransitioncurves (b) Lemniscate
(c) Cubicparabola
Clothoid (Eulerspiral)mostcommonlyused b c
Lemniscate usedforlargedeflectionangles a
onhighspeedroads
CubicParabola unsuitableforlarge
deflectionangles

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Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Spiraltransitioncurves
y Transitioncurvescontributetothecomfortofthedriver
y Transitioncurvesmaybeinsertedbetweentangentsandcircular
curvestoreducetheabruptintroductionoflateralacceleration.
y Theymaybeusedbetweentwocircularcurvesofdifferentradius
y Thetransitioncurvelengthprovidesaconvenientdesirable
arrangementforsuperelevation runoff
y Transitioncurvesmakeiteasierforadrivertoconfinethevehicleto
hisorherownlane
y T
Transitioncurvesarenotnormallyrequiredfor
iti t ll i df
y Curveswithlargeradius
y Roadswithlowerclassification
y Thespiralfacilitatesthetransitioninwidthwherethe
traveledwaysectionistobewidenedaroundacircularcurve

Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Spiraltransitioncurves
Where,
h
y Minimumlengthofspiral
Ls,min =minimumlengthofspiral,m
y Shouldbelargerof1,2 Ls,max =maximumlengthofspiral,m
Pmin =minimumlateralshiftthatoccurs
V3
(1) Ls ,min = 0.0214 asaresultofthenaturalsteering
behavor ofmostdrivers(0.2m)
RC
Pmax =maximumlateralshiftthatoccurs
(2) Ls ,min = 24( pmin ) R asaresultofthenaturalsteering
behaviorofmostdrivers(1.0m)
R=radiusofcircularcurve m
R=radiusofcircularcurve,m
y Maximumlengthofspiral V=designspeed,km/hr
C=maximumrateofchangein
Ls ,max = 24( Pmax ) R lateralacceleration,
a v 2 R v3
C= = =
t LS v R LS
.
C=0.6 0.3m/s3 forV=40 140km/hr LS =
v3
= 0.0214
V3
RC RC

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Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Spiraltransitioncurves
y Thelengthofsuperelevation runoffisdeterminedbasedona
maximumacceptabledifferencebetweenlongitudinalgradesofthe
axisofrotation
Ls =minimumlengthofsuperelevation runoff,m
=maximumrelativegradient,%
( wn1 )ed =maximumrelativegradient(1:200)
Ls = (bw )
n1 =numberoflanesrotated
bw =adjustmentfactorfornumberoflanerotated
j
bw = [1 + 0.5(n1 1)] / n1 w=widthofonetrafficlane(e.g.3.65m)
ed =designsuperelevation rate,%.

Amorepracticalcontrolforthelengthofspiralisthatinwhichitequals
thelengthrequiredforsuperelevation runoff.
Thelengthofsuperelevation runoffshouldnotexceedalongitudinalslope
()(edgecomparedtocenterlineofatwolanehighway)of1:200(0.5%)

Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Spiraltransitioncurves
y Thelengthofsuperelevation runoffisdeterminedbasedona
maximumacceptabledifferencebetweenlongitudinalgradesofthe
axisofrotation

( wn1 )ed
Ls = (bw )

bw = [1 + 0.5(n1 1)] / n1

Amorepracticalcontrolforthelengthofspiralisthatinwhichitequals
thelengthrequiredforsuperelevation runoff.
Thelengthofsuperelevation runoffshouldnotexceedalongitudinalslope
()(edgecomparedtocenterlineofatwolanehighway)of1:200(0.5%)

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Horizontalalignment(Cont)
Transitioncurves

/2

Horizontalalignment(Cont)

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Horizontalalignment(Cont)

y Anidealtransitioncurveisthatwhichintroducescentrifugalforceata
gradualrate(bytimet).
lr = Ls Rc = Constaant
d 1 l
dl = rd Curvature = =
dl r Ls Rc
d 2 1
Rate of change of curvature = =
dl 2 LR
l l2
d = dl , Integratin
g g, =
Ls Rc 2 Ls Rc
= spiral deflection angle(from initial tangent)

at a length l (along spiral)
s =
L
(spiral angle subtended by full length )
2R
= s1 + c + s 2 = c + 2 s

Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y
Deflection angle = tan 1 ( polar )
x 3
l4 l8
x = l 1 2 2
+ 4 4
...
40 R L 3456 R L
L2
l3 l4 l8 Shift P = Y R(1 cos s ) ; P = s
y= 1 + ... 24 R
6 RL 56 R 2 L2 7040 R 4 L4 Spiral extension K = X R sin s
Tangent length (extended )
At full length of transition, l = L
TT = ( R + P) tan( / 2) + K
L2 L4
Total
T t l X = L 1 2
+ 4 4
... NB T
NB:TransitionrequiredifshiftP0.25
iti i dif hiftP
40 R 3456 R L
L2 L2 L4 Long taangent TD1 = X Y cot s
Total Y = 1 + ...
6 R 56 R 2 7040 R 4 Short taangent DD1 = Y cosec s

Flatness of spiral A = LR

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Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Wideningofcurves
y Extrawidthofpavementnecessaryoncurves
E t idth f t
y Theturningeffectofavehicle(rearwheelrelativetothefromwheel)requireswideningof
thelanewidth
y Lateralshiftofthevehicletotheinnersideofthelanecreatesaneedforwideningor
additionallanewidth
y Thetraveledwayonhorizontalcurvesiswidenedtoaccommodatecurvenegotiation
y Wideningisnecessaryforsmallerradiuscurvesorgreatercurvaturesand/ornarrowerroad
lanewidths

y ERAdesignmanual(2002)

y .

Horizontalalignment(Cont)
y Wideningofcurves
y Turningroadwayelements
Offtracking:isthecharacteristicofallvehiclesthattherear
wheelsdonotfollowpreciselythesamepathasthefront W Wn
wheelswhentheynegotiateahorizontalcurveormakeaturn
R

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