Designation: F1417 11a An American National Standard

Standard Practice for

Installation Acceptance of Plastic Non-pressure Sewer Lines
Using Low-Pressure Air1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1417; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope* C828 Test Method for Low-Pressure Air Test of Vitrified

1.1 This practice provides procedures for testing non- Clay Pipe Lines
pressure plastic pipe sewer lines, using low-pressure air to C924 Practice for Testing Concrete Pipe Sewer Lines by
prove the integrity of the installed material and the construction Low-Pressure Air Test Method
procedures. Two procedures are included to find the rate of air D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
leakagethe constant-pressure method and the time-pressure D1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plas-
drop method. tics
D2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Ther-
1.2 This practice is performed on lines after all connections moplastic Pipe and Fittings
and service laterals have been plugged and braced adequately D3567 Practice for Determining Dimensions of Fiberglass
to withstand the test pressure. The time between completion of (Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting Resin) Pipe and
the backfill operation and low-pressure air testing may be Fittings
specified by the approving authority. F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
1.3 This practice is used as a preliminary test, which enables 2.2 Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association Standard:
the installer to show the condition of a buried line prior to final UNI-B-6 Recommended Practice for Low-Pressure Air Test-
backfill, paving, and other construction activities. ing of Installed Sewer Pipe3
1.4 This practice is applicable to all non-pressure sewer 3. Summary of Practice
lines made of thermoplastic pipe, reinforced thermosetting
resin (RTRP) pipe, and reinforced plastic mortar (RPM) pipe, 3.1 The section of the line to be tested is plugged. Air, at low
defined in Terminology D883, D1600, and F412. pressure, is introduced into the plugged line. The line passes
the test if the rate of air leakage, as measured by a constant-
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded pressure method or a time-pressure drop method. The rate of
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical air leakage may be determined by using Table 1 or Table 2, or
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only calculated by use of the equations in Section 9.
and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the 4. Significance and Use
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the 4.1 This low-pressure air testing practice detects damaged
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- piping or improper jointing by measuring the rate at which air
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- under pressure escapes from an isolated section of sewer.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific 4.2 The rate of air loss indicates the presence or absence of
precautionary statements, see Section 5. damaged piping or leaking joints. This practice is not intended
2. Referenced Documents to show total system water leakage limits and shall not be used
as a quantitative measure of leakage under service conditions
2.1 ASTM Standards:2 for infiltration or exfiltration.
NOTE 1A finding of acceptable air loss specified in this practice can
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic be interpreted as an installation acceptance test in lieu of infiltration or
Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.62 on Sewer. exfiltration testing.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011. Published August 2011. Originally
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as F141711. DOI: 4.3 This practice provides assurance of initial condition and
10.1520/F1417-11A. quality of workmanship of properly-installed sewer pipe.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on Available from Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association, Suite 155, 2655 Villa Creek
the ASTM website. Drive, Dallas, TX 75234.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 F1417 11a
TABLE 1 Minimum Time for a 1.0 psig Pressure Drop for Size and Length of Pipe for Q = 0.0015
NOTE 1See Practice UNI-B-6.
NOTE 2Consult with pipe and appurtenance manufacturer for maximum test pressure for pipe size greater than 30 in. in diameter.
Length Specification Time for Length (L) Shown, min:s
Pipe Minimum Time for
for 100 ft 150 ft 200 ft 250 ft 300 ft 350 ft 400 ft 450 ft
Diameter, Time, Longer
Minimum
in. min:s Length, s
Time, ft
4 3:46 597 0.380 L 3:46 3:46 3:46 3:46 3:46 3:46 3:46 3:46
6 5:40 398 0.854 L 5:40 5:40 5:40 5:40 5:40 5:40 5:42 6:24
8 7:34 298 1.520 L 7:34 7:34 7:34 7:34 7:36 8:52 10:08 11:24
10 9:26 239 2.374 L 9:26 9:26 9:26 9:53 11:52 13:51 15:49 17:48
12 11:20 199 3.418 L 11:20 11:20 11:24 14:15 17:05 19:56 22:47 25:38
15 14:10 159 5.342 L 14:10 14:10 17:48 22:15 26:42 31:09 35:36 40:04
18 17:00 133 7.692 L 17:00 19:13 25:38 32:03 38:27 44:52 51:16 57:41
21 19:50 114 10.470 L 19:50 26:10 34:54 43:37 52:21 61:00 69:48 78:31
24 22:40 99 13.674 L 22:47 34:11 45:34 56:58 68:22 79:46 91:10 102:33
27 25:30 88 17.306 L 28:51 43:16 57:41 72:07 86:32 100:57 115:22 129:48
30 28:20 80 21.366 L 35:37 53:25 71:13 89:02 106:50 124:38 142:26 160:15
33 31:10 72 25.852 L 43:05 64:38 86:10 107:43 129:16 150:43 172:21 193:53
36 34:00 66 30.768 L 51:17 76:55 102:34 128:12 153:50 179:29 205:07 230:46
42 39:48 57 41.883 L 69:48 104:42 139:37 174:30 209:24 244:19 279:13 314:07
48 45:34 50 54.705 L 91:10 136:45 182:21 227:55 273:31 319:06 364:42 410:17
54 51:02 44 69.236 L 115:24 173:05 230:47 288:29 346:11 403:53 461:34 519:16
60 56:40 40 85.476 L 142:28 213:41 284:55 356:09 427:23 498:37 569:50 641:04

TABLE 2 Minimum Time for a 0.5 psig Pressure Drop for Size and Length of Pipe for Q = 0.0015

NOTE 1Consult with pipe and appurtenance manufacturer for maximum test pressure for pipe size greater than 30 in. in diameter.
Length Specification Time for Length (L) Shown, min:s
Pipe Minimum Time for
for 100 ft 150 ft 200 ft 250 ft 300 ft 350 ft 400 ft 450 ft
Diameter, Time, Longer
Minimum
in. min:s Length, s
Time, ft
4 1:53 597 0.190 L 1:53 1:53 1:53 1:53 1:53 1:53 1:53 1:53
6 2:50 398 0.427 L 2:50 2:50 2:50 2:50 2:50 2:50 2:51 3:12
8 3:47 298 0.760 L 3:47 3:47 3:47 3:47 3:48 4:26 5:04 5:42
10 4:43 239 1.187 L 4:43 4:43 4:43 4:57 5:56 6:55 7:54 8:54
12 5:40 199 1.709 L 5:40 5:40 5:42 7:08 8:33 9:58 11:24 12:50
15 7:05 159 2.671 L 7:05 7:05 8:54 11:08 13:21 15:35 17:48 20:02
18 8:30 133 3.846 L 8:30 9:37 12:49 16:01 19:14 22:26 25:38 28:51
21 9:55 114 5.235 L 9:55 13:05 17:27 21:49 26:11 30:32 34:54 39:16
24 11:20 99 6.837 L 11:24 17:57 22:48 28:30 34:11 39:53 45:35 51:17
27 12:45 88 8.653 L 14:25 21:38 28:51 36:04 43:16 50:30 57:42 64:54
30 14:10 80 10.683 L 17:48 26:43 35:37 44:31 53:25 62:19 71:13 80:07
33 15:35 72 12.926 L 21:33 32:19 43:56 53:52 64:38 75:24 86:10 96:57
36 17:00 66 15.384 L 25:39 38:28 51:17 64:06 76:55 89:44 102:34 115:23
42 19:54 57 20.942 L 34:54 52:21 69:49 87:15 104:42 122:10 139:37 157:04
48 22:47 50 27.352 L 45:35 68:23 91:11 113:58 136:46 159:33 182:21 205:09
54 25:31 44 34.618 L 57:42 86:33 115:24 144:15 173:05 201:56 230:47 259:38
60 28:20 40 42.738 L 71:14 106:51 142:28 178:05 213:41 249:18 284:55 320:32

5. Apparatus 6. Safety Precautions

5.1 PlugsMechanical or pneumatic type. 6.1 This low-pressure air testing practice may be dangerous
5.2 Air CompressorA properly calibrated portable, oil- to personnel if, through lack of understanding or carelessness,
free air source with a singular control panel containing a main a line is over-pressurized or plugs/caps are installed or re-
shut-off valve, pressure-regulating valve, 9 psig pressure-relief strained improperly. It is extremely important that the various
valve, input pressure gauge, and a continuous monitoring plugs be properly installed, restrained and braced to prevent the
pressure gauge having a pressure range from 0 psi to at least 10 sudden expulsion of a poorly installed or partially inflated plug.
psi with minimum divisions of 0.10 psi and an accuracy of 6 Observe the following minimum safety precautions:
0.04 psi. 6.1.1 During testing, no one shall be allowed in manholes or
in the possible path of a suddenly expelled cap or plug.
5.3 Rotameter, standard CFM reading with an accuracy of 6 6.1.2 Install and restrain all caps and plugs securely.
2 %. 6.1.3 When lines are tested, it is mandatory that all the caps
5.4 Time measuring equipmentA stopwatch or watch with and plugs shall be braced as an added safety factor.
a second hand or digital readout in minutes and seconds with 6.1.4 Do not over-pressurize the lines. Do not exceed 9.0
an accuracy of 0.1.s. psig.

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 F1417 11a
NOTE 2The axial force on a plug at 9 psig internal pressure is F = P fied if the air loss does not exceed the specified leakage rate in
p D2/4 lb, where D is the inside diameter in inches. For example, the axial cubic feet per minute per square foot of internal pipe surface
force on an 30-in. plug at 9.0 psig maximum allowable pressure is over 6
300 lb. Restraint systems must be designed to handle these forces with
area.
adequate safety factors. Every effort should be made to maintain backfill 8.2.2 Time-Pressure Drop MethodAir is slowly intro-
over the pipe during air testing. duced into the test section, until the air pressure is raised to
6.1.5 A regulator or relief valve set no higher than 9 psi shall approximately 4.0 psi and the test section is stabilized as in 8.1.
be included on all pressurizing equipment. Disconnect the air supply and decrease the pressure to 3.5 psi
before starting the test. Determine pressure drap time per
7. Preparation of the Line 8.2.2.1 and 8.2.2.2
7.1 Clean the section of sewer line to be tested by flushing 8.2.2.1 1.0 psig pressure dropDetermine the time required
or other means prior to conducting the low-pressure air test. for the pressure to drop from 3.5 psi to 2.5 psi, and compare
This cleaning serves to eliminate debris and produce consistent this interval to the minimum time for the pipe diameter and the
results. length per Table 1. If the rate of air loss is greater than or equal
to the minimum time for the pipe diameter and length per Table
8. Procedures 1, the installation is acceptable.
8.1 Isolate the section of sewer line to be tested by inflatable 8.2.2.2 0.5 psig pressure dropDetermine the time required
stoppers or other suitable test plugs or caps. for the pressure to drop from 3.5 psi to 3.0 psi, and compare
8.1.1 The ends of all branches, laterals, tees, wyes, and stubs this interval to the minimum time for the pipe diameter and
included in the test section shall be plugged or capped to length per Table 2. If the rate of air loss is greater than or equal
prevent air leakage. All plugs and caps shall be securely braced to the minimum time for the pipe diameter and length per Table
to prevent blow-out. One of the plugs or caps shall have an 2, the installation is acceptable.
inlet tap, or other provision for connecting an air hose to a
portable air control source. NOTE 4The time-pressure drop method assumes an atmospheric
pressure of 14.7 psia. Locations of high altitude need compensation for
8.1.2 Connect the air hose to the inlet tap and to the portable variation in atmospheric pressure to maintain the same air leakage test
air source and control equipment. The air equipment shall criteria.
consist of necessary valves and pressure gages to control an
oil-free air source, to control the rate at which air flows into the 8.3 Upon completion of the test, open the bleeder valve and
test section, and to enable monitoring of the air pressure within allow all air to escape. Caps and plugs shall not be removed
the test section. until all air pressure in the test section has been reduced to
8.1.3 Add air slowly to the test section until the pressure atmospheric pressure.
inside the test section reaches 4.0 psig.
8.1.4 After the pressure of 4.0 psig is obtained, regulate the 9. Test Time Calculations
air supply so that the pressure is maintained between 3.5 to 4.0 9.1 Test Time CriteriaNo test section shall be accepted if
psig for at least 2 min. Depending on air/ground temperature air loss is more than a specified leakage rate (in cubic feet per
conditions, the internal air temperature will stabilize in equi- minute per square foot) determined by the approving authority.
librium with the temperature of the pipe walls. The pressure
9.2 Calculate all test times by the following equation:
will normally drop slightly until equilibrium is obtained;
however, a minimum of 3.5 psig is required. T 5 0.085 DK/Q
8.2 After equilibrium is obtained, determine the rate of air where:
loss by either the constant pressure method or the time-pressure T = shortest time allowed for the air pressure to drop 1.0
drop method. psig, s,
NOTE 3All test pressures are measured as gauge pressure, which is K = 0.000419 DL but not less than 1.0,
any pressure greater than atmospheric pressure. Since water produces a Q = leak rate in cubic feet/minute/square feet of internal
pressure of 0.43 psi for every foot of depth, air test pressures must be surface = 0.0015 CFM/SF,
increased to offset the depth of ground water over the sewer line. If the D = measured average inside diameter of sewer pipe (see
ground water level is 2 ft or more above the top of the pipe at the upstream Test Method D2122 and Practice D3567), in., and
end, or if the air pressure required for the test is greater than 9-psi gauge, L = length of test section, ft.
this air testing practice should not be used. Before this air testing practice
is used, the ground water level should be lowered by pumping or Table 1 contains the specified minimum times required for a
dewatering. 1.00 psig pressure drop from a starting pressure of 3.5 psig to
8.2.1 Constant Pressure MethodAdd air until the internal a final pressure of 2.5 psig using a leakage rate of 0.0015
air pressure of the test section is raised to 4.0 psig and the test ft3/min/ft2 of internal surface.
section is stabilized as in 8.1. Reduce pressure to 3.5 psig to
9.3 The total leakage from any test section shall not exceed
run the constant pressure test. The air-flow rate in standard
625Q.
cubic feet per minute is read directly by a rotameter. Convert
this air-flow rate to actual cubic feet per minute of air leaking 9.4 If the pressure drops 1.0 psig before the appropriate time
from the test section by using the absolute pressure and shown in Table 1 has elapsed, the air loss rate shall be
temperature in the test section. The requirements for air loss considered excessive and the section of pipe has failed the test.
under the constant pressure method shall be considered satis- If the line fails the test, segmented testing may be utilized

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 F1417 11a
solely to find the location of leaks. Once leaks are located and where:
repaired, retest the completed pipe installation to requirements T = shortest time allowed for the air pressure to
of this practice. drop 1.0 psig, s,
9.5 For testing of long sections or sections of larger diam- K = 0.000419 ( D1L1 + D2L2 + . . . + DnLn), but
eter pipes, or both, a timed-pressure drop of 0.5 psig shall be not less than 1.0,
used in lieu of a 1.0 psig timed-pressure drop. If a 0.5 psig Q = 0.0015 CFM/SF,
D1, D2, etc. = nominal diameter of different size of pipe
pressure drop is used, the appropriate required test time shall
being tested, and
be exactly one-half the values shown in Table 1. (See Table 2.)
L1, L2, etc. = respective lengths of the different size pipes
NOTE 5It is not necessary to hold the test for the entire period of time being tested.
in Table 1 or Table 2 when it is evident that the rate of air loss is zero or
less than the allowable, and is authorized by the approving authority.
If the recomputed test time is short enough to allow the
section tested to pass, then the test section meets the require-
9.6 If lateral or service lines are included in the test, their ments of this practice.
length may be ignored for computing required test time if the
test time requirements are met. The maximum permissible air 10. Precision and Bias
loss shall not exceed 625Q. If the test section fails, time shall 10.1 This practice provides qualitative data only; therefore,
be recomputed to include all the lateral lengths using the a precision and bias statement is not applicable.
following equation:
11. Keywords
T 5 0.085 F D 1 2 L 1 1D 2 2 L 2 1. . .1D n 2 L n
D 1 L 1 1D 2 L 2 1. . .1D n L n G K
Q 11.1 air test; plastic; sewer

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. EXAMPLES

X1.1 In order to show the technique of applying this is specified. Since 327 ft exceed the 298 ft length associated
practice, the following examples have been prepared. The with the minimum test time for an 8 in. pipeline, the fourth
examples have been designed to illustrate the use of Table 1 column in Table 1 is used to calculate the required test time as
and Table 2 and the formula in 9.1 that uses a leakage rate of follows:
0.0015 CFM/ft2. T 5 1.520 3 L 5 1.52 3 327 5 497 s

X1.2 Example 1A manhole-to-manhole reach of nominal Therefore, the required test time for a 1.0 psig pressure drop
12 in. pipe is 350 ft long. No lateral connections exist in the is 497 s or 8 min and 17 s.
reach. What is the required test time for a 1.0 psig pressure
drop? X1.5 Example 2A manhole-to-manhole reach of nominal
24 in. pipe is 82 ft long. What is the required test time for a 0.5
X1.2.1 SolutionThe required test time can be read di- psig pressure drop?
rectly from Table 1. For 350 ft of 12 in. pipe, the required test
time is 19:56 (19 min and 56 s). X1.5.1 SolutionTable 2 is used because a 0.5 psig pres-
sure drop is specified. Since 82 ft is less than the 99 ft length
X1.3 A350 ft section of nominal 12 in. pipe is ready for associated with the minimum test time for a 24 in. pipeline, the
testing. A total of 128 ft of 4 in. lateral sewer pipe is connected minimum test time shall apply. Thus, the required test time for
to the 350 ft section and will be included in the test. What will a 0.5 psig pressure drop is 11:24 (11 min and 24 s).
be the required test time for a 0.5 psig pressure drop?
X1.6 Example 3A 412ft section of nominal 15 in. sewer
X1.3.1 SolutionLateral sewers may be disregarded when pipe has been readied for air testing. A total of 374 ft of
selecting test times (see 9.1). Therefore, the required test time nominal 6 in. lateral piping and 148 ft of nominal 4 in. lateral
will be 9 min and 58 s as shown in Table 2. piping branch off the 15 in.-sewer line. All laterals have been
NOTE X1.1If the lateral sewers had not been disregarded, the required capped or plugged, or both, and will be tested together with the
test time would be 10 min and 22 s, that is, only 24 s longer. 15 in. main line. The specified pressure drop, which will be
timed, is 0.5 psig. What is the appropriate test time for this pipe
X1.4 What should the required test time be for a 1.0 psig network?
pressure drop in 327 ft of nominal 8 in. diameter pipe between
X1.6.1 SolutionAll lateral sewer sizes and lengths may be
two manholes?
disregarded since their influence is generally not significant
X1.4.1 SolutionThe exact test time is easily calculated by enough to warrant computation. Table 2 is used for a 0.5 psig
using Table 1. Table 1 is used because a 1.0 psig pressure drop pressure drop. The fourth column in the table gives the

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 F1417 11a
appropriate formula for calculating the required test time
because 412 ft is longer than the third column value of 159 ft.
5p F~ 8 3 100! 1 ~ 4 3 300!
12 G
5 524 ft2

T 5 2.671L 5 2.671 3 412 5 1100 s Using the equation provided in 9.1, the required test time
The required test time is 1100 s or 18 min and 20 s. should be recomputed as follows:
K = 0.000419 [(8 100) + (4 300)]
X1.7 Example 4A manhole-to-manhole reach of nominal
= 0.838
8 in. pipe is only 100 ft long. A total of 300 ft of nominal 4 in. 0.838 = 1.0 > K = 1.0
lateral piping is connected to the 100 ft section and will be
included in air testing the section. What will be the required NOTE X1.2K will always be 1.0 when the total area is less than 625
ft2.
test time for a 1.0 psig pressure drop?
X1.7.1 SolutionThe required test time can be read di-
rectly from Table 1. Thus, for 100 ft of 8 in. pipe, the required
T 5 5 0.085 F ~~
8 2 3 100! 1 ~ 4 2 3 300!
G1.0
8 3 100! 1 ~ 4 3 300! 0.0015
holding time is 7:34 (7 min and 34 s). However, should the T 5 317
section fail to meet this test, recalculate the required holding The required test time is actually only 317 s or 5 min and 17 s for a 1.0
time, taking into account the connected laterals. This recalcu- psig pressure drop. Therefore, if the section can meet this test time, it shall
lation is required because the total internal pipe surface area is be accepted.
less than 625 ft2. NOTE X1.3For a specified 0.5 psig pressure drop, the test holding
time would be only half as long, that is 2 min and 38 s.
Total area 5 p F D L 1 1D L 2 1. . .1D n L n
12 G
X2. RATIONALE

X2.1 Low-pressure air testing is a fully accepted means of loss and water leakage. This does not mean that the two are
testing sewer lines. (Refs 1, 2, and 3)4 unrelated. It has been established that lower air loss rates are
associated with lower leakage rates.
X2.2 It is true that due to the differing physical properties of
water and air, no direct numerical correlation exists between air X2.3 The data in these studies are based on installed sewer
4
of concrete, clay, and asbestos cement sanitary sewers and
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the references listed at the end of
this practice.
were useful in deriving Test Method C828 and Practice C924.

REFERENCES

(1) Hobbs, S. H., and Cherne, L. G., Air Testing Sanitary Sewers, Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, ASCE, April 1964.
WPCF Journal, April 1968. (3) Ramseier, R. E., Testing New Sewer Pipe Installation, Water
(2) Ramseier, R. E., Low Pressure Air Test for Sanitary Sewers, Pollution Central Federation Journal, April 1972.

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 F1417 11a
SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee F17 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (F141711)
that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved August 1, 2011.)

(1) Table 1 and Table 2 were revised.

Committee F17 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue
(F141792(2005)) that may impact the use of this standard.

(1) Title, Scope and throughout standardchanged Test (6) Section 6, Safety Precautions and Section 7, Preparation of
Method to Practice; changed gravity to non-pressure. the Lineeditorial changes.
(2) Scope Added 1.5; renumbered 1.5 as 1.6. (7) Procedureseditorial changes; added 8.2.2.1 and 8.2.2.2.
(3) Referenced DocumentsCorrected document title for (8) Section 9, Test Time Calculations and Section 10, Precision
C828 and removed year of issue from UNI-B-6. and Biaseditorial changes.
(4) Section 3, Summary of Practice and Section 4, Significance (9) Table 1 and Table 2editorial changes to captions.
and Use editorial changes. (10) Appendix X1editorial changes.
(5) Apparatus 5.4 added.

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