ASTM C478-15 Manholes
ASTM C478-15 Manholes
ASTM C478-15 Manholes
PART IGENERAL
2. Referenced Documents
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture and purchase
requirements of products used for the assembly and construction of circular vertical precast reinforced concrete manholes
and structures used in sewer, drainage, and water works.
1.2 Part I, Sections 1 11, of this specification presents
general requirements and requirements that are common to
each precast concrete product covered by this specification.
1.3 Part II of this specification presents specific requirements for each manhole product in the following sections:
Product
Grade Rings
Flat Slab Tops
Risers and Conical Tops
Base Sections
Steps and Ladders
Section
12
13
14
15
16
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on
Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.06 on Manholes
and Specials.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2015. Published January 2015. Originally
approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C478 14. DOI:
10.1520/C0478-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington
Hills, MI 48333-9094, http://www.aci-int.org.
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3. Terminology
3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to precast
reinforced concrete manholes, see Terminology C822.
4. Materials and Manufacture
4.1 General material requirements for precast reinforced
concrete manhole products are presented in 4.1.1 4.1.9. Other
materials or additional requirements for a product, if any, are
covered in the Part II section for that specific product.
4.1.1 Reinforced ConcreteReinforced concrete shall consist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates, and water, in
which steel reinforcement has been embedded in such a
manner so that the steel reinforcement and concrete act
together.
4.1.2 Cementitious Materials:
4.1.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirements
for portland cement of Specification C150, or shall be portland
blast-furnace slag cement or portland-pozzolan cement conforming to Specification C595, except that the pozzolan
constituent of the Type IP portland-pozzolan cement shall be
fly ash.
4.1.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements
of Class F or Class C of Specification C618.
4.1.2.3 Slag CementSlag cement shall conform to the
requirements of Grade 100 or 120 of Specification C989.
4.1.3 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious Materials
The combination of cementitious materials used in the concrete
shall be one of the following:
4.1.3.1 Portland cement only,
4.1.3.2 Portland blast-furnace slag cement only,
4.1.3.3 Portland pozzolan cement only,
4.1.3.4 A combination of Portland cement and slag cement,
4.1.3.5 A combination of Portland cement and fly ash, or
4.1.3.6 A combination of Portland cement, slag cement (not
to exceed 25 % of the total cementitious weight) and fly ash
(not to exceed 25 % of the total cementitious weight).
4.1.4 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to Specification C33, except that the requirements for gradation shall not
apply.
4.1.5 Admixtures and BlendsThe following admixtures
and blends are allowable:
4.1.5.1 Air-entraining admixture conforming to Specification C260;
4.1.5.2 Chemical admixture conforming to Specification
C494/C494M;
4.1.5.3 Chemical admixture for use in producing flowing
concrete conforming to Specification C1017/C1017M;
4.1.5.4 Chemical admixture or blend approved by the
owner.
4.1.6 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist of
wire and welded wire conforming to Specification A1064/
A1064M or of bars conforming to Specification A615/A615M,
Grade 40 or 60, or Specification A706/A706M, Grade 60.
4.1.7 WaterWater used in the production of concrete shall
be potable or non-potable water that meets the requirements of
Specification C1602/C1602M.
4.1.8 Secondary Synthetic FiberCollated fibrillated polypropylene virgin fibers shall not be prohibited when used in
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steel reinforced concrete manholes as a non-structural manufacturing enhancement. Only fibers designed and manufactured
specifically for use in concrete and so certified by the manufacturer shall be accepted.
4.1.9 Other MaterialsOther materials required for a product and not covered in Section 4 will be covered in the Part II
section for that specific product.
5. Design
5.1 Design requirements for a product are prescribed in the
specific Part II section for that product.
5.1.1 The minimum compressive strength of concrete manhole products covered by this specification shall be 4000 psi
unless specified otherwise in Part II of this specification.
5.2 Modified or Special Design
5.2.1 Manufacturers are not prohibited from submitting to
the owner, for approval prior to manufacture, designs other
than those prescribed in the specific section for a product. If
such approval is obtained, then the product shall meet all the
tests and performance requirements specified by the owner in
accordance with the appropriate sections on manufacture and
physical requirements.
5.2.2 If permitted by the owner, the manufacturer is not
prohibited from requesting approval of designs of special
sections, such as reducers, tees, and bases.
6. Reinforcement
6.1 This section presents requirements for reinforcement
cover, continuity, laps, welds, and splices. Other reinforcement
requirements are presented in Section 4, and any additional
requirements are given in the Part II section for a specific
product.
6.2 CoverThe exposure of the ends of reinforcement,
stirrups or spacers used to position the reinforcement during
placement of the concrete shall not be cause for rejection.
6.3 ContinuityThe continuity of the circumferential reinforcement shall not be destroyed during the manufacture of the
product, except when lift holes or pipe openings are provided
in the product.
6.4 Welded Steel Cage Laps, Welds, and Splices:
6.4.1 If splices are not welded, the reinforcement shall be
lapped not less than 20 diameters for deformed bars, and 40
diameters for plain bars and cold-drawn wire. In addition,
where lapped cages of welded wire fabric are used without
welding, the lap shall contain a longitudinal wire.
6.4.2 When splices are welded and are not lapped to the
minimum requirements in 6.4.1, there shall be a minimum lap
of 2 in. and a weld of sufficient length such that pull tests of
representative specimens shall develop at least 50 % of the
minimum specified tensile strength of the steel. For butt
welded splices in bars or wire, permitted only with helically
wound cages, pull tests of representative specimens shall
develop at least 75 % of the minimum specified tensile strength
of the steel.
6.5 Steel Hoop SplicesWhen splices are welded and are
not lapped to the minimum requirements in 6.4.1, there shall be
a minimum lap of 2 in. and a weld of sufficient length such that
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pull tests from representative specimens shall develop at least
50 % of the minimum specified tensile strength of the steel. For
butt welded splices, pull tests from representative specimens
shall develop at least 75 % of the minimum specified tensile
strength of the steel.
7. Precast Concrete Manufacture
7.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded,
proportioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitious
materials and water as will produce a thoroughly-mixed
concrete of such quality that the products will conform to the
test and design requirements of this specification. All concrete
shall have a water-cementitious ratio not exceeding 0.53 by
weight. Cementitious materials shall be as specified in 4.1.2
and shall be added to the mix in a proportion not less than 470
lb/yd3, unless mix designs with a lower cementitious materials
content demonstrate that the quality and performance of the
product meet the requirements of this specification.
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12.6.1.3 The planes of the ends are not perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the grade ring, within the limits of
permissible variations prescribed in 12.5.
12.6.1.4 Damaged or cracked ends, where such damage
would prevent making a satisfactory joint.
12.6.1.5 Any continuous crack having a surface width of
0.01 in. or more and extending for a length of 12 in. or more,
regardless of position in the wall.
13. Flat Slab Tops
13.1 ScopeThis section covers precast reinforced concrete
flat slab tops used in the construction of manholes for use in
sewer, drainage, and water works.
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13.2 Acceptance:
13.2.1 Acceptability of flat slab tops shall be determined by
the results of such tests of materials as are required by Section
4; by compressive strength tests on concrete cores or concrete
cylinders required by Section 8; and by inspection of the
finished product, including amount and placement of reinforcement as prescribed by 13.4 and 13.6, to determine its conformance with the design prescribed under this specification and
its freedom from defects.
13.2.2 Unless otherwise designated by the owner at the time
of, or before, placing an order, two separate and alternative
methods of acceptance are permitted for flat slab top manufacturer designs, in addition to tests of materials and inspection
required in 13.2.1.
13.2.2.1 Acceptance on the Basis of Proof-of-Design Test
Acceptance of flat slab tops on the basis of the results of a
proof-of-design test performed in accordance with 13.5 in lieu
of submission of design calculations and detailed drawings.
13.2.2.2 Acceptance on the Basis of Rational Design
Acceptance of flat slab tops on the basis of design calculations
by a rational method and detailed drawings.
13.3 Design:
13.3.1 The basis of flat slab top designs shall be the
appropriate sections of the latest edition of ACI 318.
13.3.2 Flat slab tops shall have a minimum thickness of 6 in.
for risers up to and including 48 in. in diameter and 8 in. for
larger diameters.
13.3.3 The flat slab top access opening shall be a minimum
of 24 in. in diameter.
13.3.4 JointThe reinforced concrete flat slab top shall be
formed with or without a male or female end so that when the
manhole base, riser and top section are assembled, they will
make a continuous and uniform manhole compatible with the
tolerances given in 13.6.
13.3.4.1 Joints are designed to perform in axial compression; therefore, shear or load testing of the joint is not required.
13.4 Reinforcement:
13.4.1 Flat slab tops manufactured with a joint or with other
indication of the top or bottom of the slab shall be manufactured with one layer of reinforcement placed near the bottom
surface so that the protective cover over the reinforcement shall
be 1 in.
13.4.2 Flat slab tops manufactured without a joint or without other indication of the top or bottom of the slab shall be
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shall make a continuous and uniform manhole, compatible
with the tolerances given in 14.7.
14.6.1 Joints are designed to perform in axial compression;
therefore, shear or load testing of the joint is not required.
14.7 Permissible Variations:
14.7.1 Internal DiameterThe internal diameter of risers
and conical tops shall not vary more than 1 %.
14.7.2 Wall ThicknessThe wall thickness of risers and
conical tops shall be not less than that prescribed in the design
by more than 5 % or 6316 in., whichever is greater. A wall
thickness greater than that prescribed in the design shall not be
cause for rejection.
14.7.3 Height of Two Opposite SidesVariations in laying
heights of two opposite sides of risers or conical tops shall be
not more than 58 in.
14.7.4 Height of SectionThe underrun in height of a riser
or conical top shall be not more than 14 in./ft of height with a
maximum of 12 in. in any one section.
14.7.5 Position of ReinforcementFor risers or conical tops
with a 4 in. wall thickness or less, the maximum variation in
the position of reinforcement from that prescribed in 14.5 and
14.6 shall be 610 % of the wall thickness or 614 in.,
whichever is greater. For sections with a wall thickness greater
than 4 in., the maximum variation in the position of reinforcement shall be 610 % of the wall thickness or 658 in.,
whichever is the lesser. In no case, however, shall the cover
over the reinforcement be less than 34 in. The preceding
minimum cover limitation does not apply to the mating
surfaces of the joint.
14.7.6 Area of ReinforcementSteel reinforcement areas
that are 0.005 in.2/linear ft less than called for by design shall
be considered as meeting the required steel reinforcement area.
14.8 Rejection:
14.8.1 Risers and conical tops shall be subject to rejection
for failure to conform to any of the specification requirements.
In addition, an individual riser or conical top shall be subject to
rejection because of any of the following:
14.8.1.1 Fractures or cracks passing through the wall, except for a single end crack that does not exceed the depth of the
joint.
14.8.1.2 Defects that indicate mixing and molding not in
compliance with 7.1 or surface defects indicating honeycombed or open texture that would adversely affect the
function of the riser or conical top.
14.8.1.3 The planes of the ends are not perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the riser or conical top, within the limits of
permissible variations prescribed in 14.7.
14.8.1.4 Damaged or cracked ends, where such damage
would prevent making a satisfactory joint.
14.8.1.5 Any continuous crack having a surface width of
0.01 in., or more and extending for a length of 12 in. or more,
regardless of position in the wall.
15. Base Sections
15.1 ScopeThis section covers three types of precast
concrete base sections manufactured for use in the construction
of manholes used in sewer, drainage, and water works. The
three types of base sections are (1) a base with riser wall and
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15.4.1 Base Section Circumferential Reinforcement
Circumferential reinforcement shall meet all the requirements
of Section 14, except that Section 14.5 is not permitted.
15.4.2 Base Slab Reinforcement:
15.4.2.1 A layer of reinforcement shall be placed above the
midpoint and shall have a minimum area of 0.12 in.2/linear ft
in both directions.
15.4.2.2 The minimum protective cover over the reinforcement shall be 1 in.
15.4.3 Longitudinal MembersLongitudinal bars or members used to maintain a cage of circumferential reinforcement
in shape and position within the form shall meet all the
requirements of Section 14.
15.4.4 Joint ReinforcementThe mating surface of the base
section joint is not required to contain circumferential reinforcement.
NOTE 4(Advisory) Base sections with multiple openings, large
openings, or both may require special consideration of their handling
reinforcement.
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16.3 Materials:
16.3.1 Except as required by Section 16, manhole steps and
ladders shall conform to the requirements of the Occupational
Safety and Health Standards, U.S. Department of Labor.
16.3.2 Manhole steps that are cast, mortared, or attached by
mechanical means into the walls of base, riser or conical top
sections shall meet the requirements of 16.4 and 16.5 in
addition to the following:
16.3.2.1 When dissimilar types of materials are used in the
steps, appurtenances and fastenings, the materials shall be
treated to prevent deleterious effects.
16.3.2.2 That portion of the step projecting into the base
section, riser or conical top opening shall be free of splinters,
sharp edges, burrs, or projections which may be a hazard.
16.4 Design:
16.4.1 Steps in base section, riser and conical top sections
shall be aligned in each section so as to form a continuous
ladder with rungs equally spaced vertically in the assembled
manhole at a maximum design distance of 16 in. apart.
16.4.2 Steps shall be embedded in the base section, riser or
conical top section wall a minimum distance of 3 in.
16.5 Dimensions:
16.5.1 Ferrous metal steps not painted or treated to resist
corrosion shall have a minimum cross sectional dimension of 1
in.
16.5.2 The minimum width of rungs or cleats shall be 10 in.
16.5.3 The rung or cleat shall project a uniform clear
distance of 4 in. (minimum) to 6 in. (maximum) 6 14 in. from
the wall of the base, riser, or conical top section measured from
the point of embedment to the embedment side of the rung.
NOTE 5Embedment point is considered the junction of the centerline
of the step leg and the wall of the base, riser or conical top section.
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