I CONTENTS I

Chapters Page No.

1. Definition of English Grammar
Parts of s~ch 3
2. Number 4
3.
4.
- Person
Gender
6
6
5. Case 7
6. Sentence 8.
7. Mood 9
8. Articles 10
9. Subject-Vef'b.Agr:eement 11
10. lfime and Tense 12
11. Voice 22
'
~2. Narration 27
13. Preposition 30
14. Question tags 31
15. Remove too 32
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( CHAPTER -1 J
EngUsh Grammara"t llft'iw.n :- English Grammar ss a
Science that teaches us how to read. Write and Speak
English Correctly.
English Grammar-'Q~~ t" f.Jttg 'ifllm;Q ir 4i!Jil ac::-~
Q'l'll, fH&=il ~ JIH'11 : I
English Grammar
I. Orthograph~
2. Etymology ( :;;w)

3. Syntax ( :r:.tl<f'~ fa.:.P )
4. Prosody ( '::}>

5. PunctuatJo (<f.rd l fti;t
-
English Alphabet :q 26 Letters ma ~ 1s-t 26 Letters q;r
~~ ~

:ffi";t "~Wit it fq'itlf-1!1 f<h-ill 1mJ r.-

(i) Vowel : f.:mlil riBn (a, e, i, o , u)
tml C! 1
(ii) Semi Vowel and Serna Consonant : w, y
(iH) Cvusonant : b c C:, f, g h. j. k, I, m, n, p, q, r~ s. t,
. v, x, z.
Parts of SQeech ( 'l"Jiq l <fiT Jus .. )

<:uq4i if ~tf.r !Ati'PI rii 'f.:ffiR lij:.'i rir jlfG 'l.'frl'Tr
if ~r TJ7.iT t, fuTf.rParts of Spe r -; 1
Different Classec.; of W rdc; 1ded into eight kinds ac-
cording to their use in c:;enter. nrc called parts of speech.
(1) Noun($) (5) Adverb ( 1-:t..:u fa~JQOI)
(2) Pronoun ( t~ei"1t"') (6) Preposition ( fu~)
(3) Adjective ( fcliiQUT) (7) ConJunction ( tiail'*ii)
(4) Verb ( lmal) (8) lnterj~ction ( fcH"'alf< mucn)
Noun
Noun($) :.-Noun is the name of person , pla~e or
thing. ( f.im vrGG "if f&~41 ~fCkl: ~ v:cf ~ ct -;u:q CfiT cREi ir, ~
Noun Cfil'>d% J Example- Rani, Delhi, Red Fort, etc.
. ,
.

( I 4 11111111111 Ajny English Grammar 11111111111 11111111111 Ajay English G ammar 11111111111 sl
Noun ~ SI~H ma f :- <i' . (iii) ~ ~ <fl 3io -ri 'o' ~t a{f( 3Hcfi ~ consonant~
() Proper noun ( atfcta <UiC<ti ~) :- f.;rn ~ f.r F<bt'fl m ~ 'es' utl~<fi{ Plural tl'11CU ";j'ffiU ~ I~
l!m1 atf<:fd, ~ -m fi4H <iii mu if "3'H Proper noun ~ ~ I I Tomato- Tomatoes, Potato- Potatoes
Example -Manish, Agra, Tajmahal etc. Buffalo - Buffaloes .

(ii) Common noun ( ,.ufitcti'4Cfl $ ) :-f.:n:f ~ utrfrt m -n ~ ~ 344cUG t' : ..
<fiT cittJ W, on
Common Noun 4f!d ~ I Example-Boy G1rl, CO\v etc. Piano- Pianos, Radio- Radios
(iii) Material no!Jn ( S::C4ctl:c:tCfi $ ) :- f-:m ~ a:l' filii~ Photo- Photos
m
fc:tsil miT liN-~ oR Material noun <li@ t' 1 Example - (iv) f-im ~ cj; aia ii 'oo ~<'it <haH 's' ;ttis<M Plural
C41141 \iffiiT '% I~-
Water, Iron, Gold etc.
Bamboo- Bamboos, Cuckoo - Cuckoos
(iv) Collect}ve __noun ( il'{t! 41iC<L ~) :- f.im ~ "tt ~
C'f?..f ~amo-;rg 'qif cit'EI m <m Collective Noun ~ 1 ExamJ:Ie- -
(v) m ~ cfi 3ta' it 'y' ~~ 3ffi 3Hc6 ~ Vowel ~ of
Army, Bunch, Class etc.
t
c6ctH 's' it.<.?r.tl< Plural Et'1t4r '\iffiff 1 \frn-
Toy- Toys, Monkey- Monkeys,
(v) Abstract noun ( ~ <Ui4~ 'lGu) :- f\ifil lJCG f.r ~
=w.t::fckt:r::or ~ ~ cf; ~-GN $~'~11~ '4iT ell~ m
~Abstract noun ttiftd
Boy - Boys
(vi) Fim~cli ~o ii y ~ ~ af4c6 ~ consonant'dm
~ I Example- Badness, Goodness, Friendship y'CfiT 'i'ihk!,tlch< 'es' \iiii?Cfit Plural liHI..,ll~t' 1~-
City- C1ties, Country- Countries
( CHAPTER -2 ) Baby Babies, . Lady- Ladies
NUMBER ( <h-4"l) (Vii) f.im ~ <f; am it 'Ch ~
1
m '3f4Cfif 3:c;;;:ji{Of 'q;' ~ of
~ctH 's' \ill&ct<\ plural <q1ttli -;mort I~-
f-im ~ f.r {itll C6J 'GITu ~ -ait Number~ Stomach-Stomachs, Monarch-Monarchs
Number m!O(CfiH c6 ~ f

:- {VIii) ~~en 3fo it 'ch' ~ 3ffi' 3'Ciqi{Oj 'q' ~of 'es'
(i) Singular number(~ 4iCOf) :- f.irJ1 Wc.G il t% CF.T ~ "' " _,_~
ut1~Cfi< plural Gl1ttll ~ ~ 1 '"lti-
~ ~ Singular number~ 1 t Torch -Torches, Watch- Watches
ALa time that shows one is said to be in the Singular Match- Matches, Batch- Batches
number. Example- Boy, Mnn, Dog etc. (ix} m am
"91'0; <i; it 'f' m 'fe' ~ o) f m fe '<til 'v' .q
- (ii} Plural number (~~-4"1) :- 'fun:~ 'Wc4 i1 ~ , r.t T<fi GIGH<M 'es' W~Cfi{ Plural <:Httll ;ttl(tl t 1 ~
q;r rifu it. 'ail Plural number !; I cmra ,Life - Lives, Thief -Thteves, Knife -Knives,
Leaf- Leaves, Wolf- Wolves.
At a t1me that shows more than one is said to be 1h the
plural number. Example- Boys, Men, Dogs etc. ~ ~ 3iQC41d ?; -
Hoof- Hoofs, Roof - Roofs, Proof- Proofs
Singular'U Plural~""'~~ f.:Jttq ~- Chief-.Chiefs, Dwarf--Dwarfs

(i) m~HOI ~i~~>If i'i ~l 's' BTIT~lt Plural 'WU<.rr '\ilTOf i 1 (x) ~ Ttit ~ t' f-sttlc:f;. ~ cfi Vowel cit atG(1cfl< Plural
.... '
;:;)i"'t- Girl- Girls, Chair-Chairs. Pen-Pens. at1t<ai ;;nor. t 1 ~-
(ii) ftn:n;sr4G-;;t ~Rfii !>,ss, sh, x~m 'es' ...rt<i$::tlt Plur<ll Man - Men, Woman -Wo men Foot- Feet,
Gl 111<11 \jffilf 't I Goose- Geese Mouce Mice. .
~~ Bus-- Buses, Class- Classes (xi) ClJ3 ~ ~ ~ f-stfiCl 'en \ifr~'Qi{ Plural GIII<U ;;mu 1 t
Box- Boxes, Brush -- Brushes ~- ox- oxen, child- children
I II : Ill iII II
(J Ajay English Grammar mI illlill Ill IIll fIll Ajay English GPammar 8~111111111 7 f
( CHAPTER -3 J (ii) ~0 ~it ess, a, ine -.O~CM Masculine i.1 Feminine
~a"t=ia'"l 'iffi\1 t t
PERSON ( "'!,~""l.f) Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
English Grammar ii Person riA w'fllt 'li iFf~- L1on Lioness Sultan Sultana
Poet Poetess Singnor Signora
. (i) First Person.- \ill uro r:nt, -m; First Person "fiM'Ildl 1 .
" I, We.
t God Goddess Hero Heroine
-.fT.!'- Author Authoress Viceroy Vicereine
.
(ii) Second Person- fo'iJ;git 7JTil f!J,::tl ~. ~ Second
_,...,...,....,......
~ .
Person M<Iiiil ~ 1-:nq- Thou, You.
Host
Shepherd
Hostess
Shepherdess
Done
Priest
Donna
Priestess
(iii) Third Person-r::.ifl<t c:W:- ii ~ ~ '\:111t, ~~ third (iii)~~ it ess \iliqft Rq'll affifc:J Vowel ('lqlca if~ i t
person liklldl t 1 Jtfl- He, she, They, etc. Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Actor Actress Prince Princess
( CHAPTER - 4 J Tiger Tigress Waiter Waitress
Director Directress Traitor Traitress
GENDER ( ft;("Jf) Emperor Empress Negro Negress
'
Hunter Huntress Duke Duchess
~~it "Q75Q"

<r4T liT <liT ~u it~ Gender en~ 1i 1 I;>
(iv) Compound ~ Ti ci;ctH Masculine form Cfif ~ ~
~ it Gender~ IOI<f>i{ <f. ifcr f I
~ Feminine if~% 1
(i) Masculine Gender ( "3ft'i1'1') :- f.im ~ n ~ :mfu <fiT ~

... .. ... ./' # ... Masculine Feminine

m~ ln Vi Mascu1111e Grndcr ~;; 1-;:;m-Fathcr, Son, Boy etc.
Grand-father Grand-mother
. .. (ii) Feminine Gender ( t':t11Ha)... ...:-,. .fJrrf ~if w
\inra <fiT Land-lord Land-lady
am itT~ Femintne Gender ..-:h;.;d ~ I ~-Mother, Daughter, Man-servar.t Maid servant
Girl etc. Pea-cock Pea-hen
( tii) Common Gender (o'lflt ft;irr) :- f.im' ~ ?t ~om Milk-man Milk-maid
14ft iRi c.ri :r.:iru ~ ~ Common Gender lit.d t' 1 ~- Teacher, He-goat She-goat
Washer-man Washer-woman
Clerk. Doctor etc.
-n
(iv) Neuter Gender ( "1~0di ft;itJ) :- f.im' VP.G W--01:?. ( CHAPTER -5)
mviT m f+.:ifCJ ~~ r.lii mu
1ft ~l flleuter Gender ~ f I~
CASE ( cttH 4i )
Book. RM. Tree etc.
(1) ~ ~ 'ti Masculine form n<rr Feminine form 'f%-~ English Grammar .q Case -mr l'lctm <li ~ t'-
1'l rtR irn t=- . (i) Nominative case ( ctnd <tiHCfi )- \ifq' ~ ~ m ('4<:i"1il'f
Mnsculine Feminine Masculine Feminine m
fq;61 fSfi41 <fir q;-ffl (subject)~ ~- Nominative Case~ t' 1
Boy Girl Son Daughter ~~- Ram is eating bread.
Bachelor Maid/spinster King Queen ~Ram Verb eat ing C:frr Subject t 1 ~ftinl: 'Ram'
rother Sister Nephew Niece nominative case .q t 1
Bu Cov Monk Nun (ii) Objective Case ( Cfilf Cfii(Cfi )- '\ifGf ~ ~ <tT ('4<:f"1U1
r. .culine Fnml''inn Masculine Feminine f<:t~~ Rtia1 <fir Cfilf (object) it m
'3ll Objective Case~ t' 1~
c;::ock Hen W1dower Widow
Rupa loves her dog.
Dog Bitch fv1;'lster Miss
HQrse r~lmc Wiz;trd Witch ~ dog object t' 1 $~f<'1l~ dog objective case Ti 1 t
(iii) Genitive Case 'lR Possessive Case ( ('4'4;u CfiHCfi )-
r~nn Woman
\ifa. ill it~$ m t~<:f'1r4 fq;~ lf{ 3ffuctir( m fctil
. ct. lmr ~
 I 8 11111111111 Ajay English Grammar 11111111111
+4~~ ctctt"tl\( "ctt ~Genitive m Possessive Case cti~d f I~
Ramesh's brother is playing.
(iv) Vocative case ( Ql4fh4"f C6HC6 )- \ifCI ~ $ m ttc:fuq
q,T ""tii!4C!'nn4 ~'t'\tt (second person) .q t~k41fifct f<h<:n \ifllf"ffi' ~ Voca-
tive Case~ t' I~ - Father, Send me some books.
Pronoun C5l number~ case
Person Numer Nominative Objective Possesive
I Singular I me my, mine
Plural We us our, ours
II Singular & Plural You you Your, Yours
SmgLilar He him OIS
She her her, hers
Ill It it its
Plural They them their, theirs
Genetic m Possessive cfi GT ~ lla f-
m S4Cfli( it
(i) of (ii) 's (apostrophe 's') l'f fi-4~ CliT ....
~~ca-t (CHAPTER -7)
mort- MOOD(~)
<'> f.t._=ifq ct~arr ~ "~~ Cifctt'11?1 cfi ~ 'of' q;y Sfca'' fcti<ti \iffin
t" I~- The pages of the book, the cost of the pen. Verb cfi S4c4lt cfi ~-f1:R aucii fit~ Grammar if Mood
(ii) tt;;ftc:t Sftoft, 4'f'4 ~ ~~ cfi ~ 's (apostrophe 's') t
Cfli;t"tldl I
~'of' ~Ciil ~4\i mort 1~-Ram's father, the father of Ram. The different ways of using a finite verb are called Mood.
(iii) Personified things cfi ~ 's CliT ~ca,, fCL41 \iffifT 1 t English Grammar 1)' Mood~ StctiH ~ ~ t' 1
~- Nature's beauty, Duty's caH. (1) Indicative Mood-,~ Verb <it Indicative mood ~
(iv) Time, Space 3fh Weight~ m~ 's q;y w<:at fCfl<tl \iffin t
\iffifT Rsift~ ~ctiHI(Ctcti, 1Cfll{i(it<ti, s.~1{f...,.<ti, ~ ttm a.t'j)41'1 f.Jt~<tit
t" I ~- Time A day's rest, Today's thought. ~ ~ 'P, CliT ~ 'P 1 ~- Ram lives in Delhi. Do I cat mango.
Space Arm's length, a stone's throw. (2) Imperative mood- f-im verb ~ ~. mtt-n, ~'j)~l~,
Weight Two pounds' weight. ft(W'II,, ~q~ $CC41fct CliT ~ 'P, Imperative mood ctlf!Hittl t 1
~- Don't tell a lie. Do your work.
( CHAPTER -6 J (3) Subjective mood- f-;m Verb. -R <tliq::u, ~m m 3ij411
W 'il)u 'P \if)~"' 'P, Subjective mood cti!;Hidl t' 1 ~- If 1
Sentence ( cUCflf )
were a bird, I would fly in the sky. Long liv the king.
Sentence i::: group of words that makes a complete sense.
(4) Infinitive mood- f_;mq Verb "Cflf Number 3tR Person
~ 'CflT ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ CLICkt cti(cti t
~ Sentence
iMff eli Number aftl Person -R ~ 'E'l~"l:.f -;:rtf H!ldl t, Infinitive
( Cllct4 ) ~ f I
Sentence ~ ~({ cfi ~ f 1 mood <tiM'11(11 i 1
(1) Assertive Sentence : ~ G)' ~ ~ t I t
~ Mood 'ctiT ~ Qt;i4i'1 "4'6' fCfl Verb ~ t.ti5fr 'to' BTTT ~
(a) Affirmative- f-;m Citct4 'R tc:t1ctiH CliT aftu 'P ~ t I~- He wants to read this book.
Affirmative~ t' 1 ~ .:- I eat mango. Mahesh likes to teach Hari.

j
(
"
[ltffioEI~llilEfii~IIEig{II:2A~ja~y~E~n~g~li~sh~G~ra~m~m~a~r~@#If:l~ll~!flllf}!1 ~IIEII~tl[ilfJIIjll~l~A~ja~yJE~n~g~lts~h~G~r~a~m~m~a~r;JRiftfJji]jIEI{IIIfllJItl!]tI
_(CHAPTER - 8 J ( CHAPTER -9)
Articre Subiect-Verb-Agreement
%' 1 A, An 3tn: The qfr it English Grammar# Articles~ -:mar Verb Agreement cii f~"'ff&tfiJ1 Pt".::rq if :-
Article ~ Ucf.r( <G 1WJ f 1 ( 1) ~ it Singular sub)ect-'and' iJ 'f ~ mVerb Plural
(i) Definite Article _ The (ii} Indefinite Articfe!- A A iftrr 1 ~- Ram and Mohan are going. Sita and Geeta have gone
n. to Ranchi.
Use of A and An ( 2) ~ ir Singular noun~ 'and' it a14:11 ';:iJI7l mt irt~li
.. (i) Smgular Countable noun i; lml a cr.r 11.~11 fCblll ~ t1 m?f-lml ~ rit Verb Singular inn 1"lit- Bread and butter is a
'\illt- I ._ a boy. You are a g1rl. rich food .
..~N) .. F"t~ Vowel -au :a:;;;mur Consonant <ift fRir if .;mq 9ft a ( 3) ~ ~ Singular noun -cffi' 'and'~ ill {?I -;;yrq 3W: ~ ~
q;r um(!.:m~ 1 iil'n- This is a useful book. Sita is a European ~ <t; ~em Each , Every -m No U' Of Verb Singulariftrr 1~-
~ ) "P Ill).
3lT ~
u ~ I I "- <til ~ ( 3J ~ ~~I -a- ir ~~
f.:t Vowel
q;y t:lil' av=tl(uz Q
~~ ~ I I I .... ,
Each man and each Woman is of the same oninron. r
Every man is
an U1ttl illr ~ il I ~ ~ Vowel {a e ,. o ) runnlng.
-m con son a
. n
t m I iim-
' ' , u
I am clll honest ma.- ~He is an S D 0 My ( 4) \'jfq G)- fq...,-'fiFf Subject q;r as well ;tS, with, together
an M.P. 1have an egg.
15
father . . . with, alongwith, in addition to, rather than, but, except 'fr il i$1 \ifl"lJ
Use of 'The' m Verb~ a.nit ~Subject ;:6 3-11}11J Singular<.ll Plural iPrr
I
~- The thief as well as his sons was arrested .
mfrfcr. ~eft i I~- The Gila
. (i)
ITTf 'ai 4&H the H'lrll
The Ouran, The Bible. ( s) ~ ~ Singular noun~ and it Uil~l "m:l 3frt 1% "#. ~ I

(ii) ~41ilP q:if om qf:td"ll6IT ci) ':U1f ct ~ I ~- The cit Article CfiT U411 '[:3fT 1ft if Verb Singular iPTJ I~- The Head-
lndmn Nation, the Times of India, the Illustrated master and clerk is coming.
weekly of lndra. \ifGl m-=ff Noun <i; ~ Article q;y wiPI it m
Verb Plural
(iii) n::aofrfct<n ~ ~ :m~ ~ ~ Th ~"tfT 1 -;-Ait- The Headmaster and the clerk are coming.
' ct> "o'1 - e Congress Party
T_hc Janata Party The Communist Party ' ( 6) ~G) Subjects c6r not only ..... but m not only ....
(iv)
urr ~ ~ lt ~ ~ 3fl<f> ~- The c.arth the but also if Uilql \iff<f <if Verb ~fu'tl if am( ~~ SubjeCt <fi 31:\1:11<
moon the cast ' Singular m Plural~ ~a;ar t 1~- Not only India but all coun-
( v) '1i!t , 11rr, 'lf , m '!Sf .,.~ :)3J I~ ;i; "'11lT <f. tt f.- T l't e tnes are in trouble. Not only the boy but also the grl was there.
Allantrc ocean, The Bay of Bengal, The Ganga The ( 7) 'U1Cf iT Singular subjects or, nor, either ... or, m
Suez canal. ' neither .... nor~ \i,J.'&l m ol Verb Singulan:hrr I ;fpt- Either
(vi) ~ Proper Noun ciT cn)t adjective qualify~ fir 3tlcfi rain or storm is to come . Neither Ruby nor Reena is here.
~ the be,~ utrful Radha the immortal Sh:lkespeare . . ( 8) :;jfq'G) Plural subjects either ....... or, neither .... nor
(vii) !lffl<i:. ~qiJ(Ii ~ :n~ The Taj Mahal th Red F t m vr " ~ ir if Verb Plural irrrr 1 -.irit-Nerth er men nor
th e Whrtc House. ' or. women have come.
(~rii) Armed force!> ~ 7fTI!l- The navy. The Arr fo ( 9) (;fT'W.{ if ~ Smgula r ~nn l% Plur:1l subJect either
( IX) mfirll . rce .
x , ( ~ l:f~~ q., lf~Fl - The Hindus,l he Sikhs. .. ..... or, neither....... nor m or it ~~ \rr rr) Verb Plural itm t
( ) F.~' -g;~ Jr.~, -.rf\"1 ~ "'11lT <fi ~ The Makalu. 3lh: Plurtd Subject ;it Verb rl; f.:t-li~ VJT ;;mn ~ I 'U11l- John or
The 1 oofan Marl The Vikrant. hrs brother are going lo college.
 lnllllllll ffi A jay English Grammar 11111111111 11111111111 Ajay English Grammar II !Ill tftft n I
Phonetics~ fCtQ4ict
( 10) Physics, Mathematics, Civics, Note :- ~ fliil!liifl fa;cn {Auxiliary verb) 't, f, if,~ <iiT
';(t11 Singular ~Ia tom Verb Singular !llll'l ~ 1~- Physics ait:Fift ~ fclEil '\iffitt% 1~q:n:ri Third person sin,gular number

is not easy. , , " ( '(<fi<'li4'1) u)'" it ~ ~ ~ f~41 f1C044ij{iH~ ~

s .. es Wn ~ ~t I
( 11 ) People, Cattle, Police ~q~n Plural moT 6 3ftt Verb f.;m verb~ ,a:i<f lf o ~ ch l61lflr: 3m "l1 es \ili.:?T \iYTffi ~ I
~ I~:.... !~;
I

Plural t" The po)ice have come in time. 0 Negative ql<f'..:t trr 34!1-=:tl Ci"11; <61" F"'G4 :- ..
( 12) The number~ Tmf Singular Verb CiiT ll<iPI t men
S +do/does+ not+ P.V. + 0
~ A number cS mw Plural verb <61" SOi4"1'1 I The mor ~
Tj q;r ~- { 1 '1~1 R1~iil
1 do not write a letter.
number of boys is increasing. A number of boys have come . q'6 faidl<i 'Iii q~t'tt 1 He docs not read a f1ook. t
( 13) Subject lt
FctiJfl ifli.i'Q c:ii Weights,CfiT~ f"'f~it(f Present Indefinite :q He, she, It am Single name <ii CfmT
measures. amount m quantity CiiT ~.::f it <'ff subjects plural (Subject) m
1R" 1if ~ ~11 lR does not' CiiT !Oi!ll'l ~ ~ t I, We,
ifTrr 3frt verb singular~
I Jii:r- Ten miles is along way to walk. You, they WIT~
'1ft Plural 'Qt 'W' m ~
;;ar't lH" 'do not' qjJ
Three tons of Coals 1s enough. ui'l ~ f t

(CHAPTER -10) 0 Interrogative qt<f'-'1 ~:trt ~

Gl"il'i<:til R414:-
. . Do/Does+ not+ P.V. + 0 +?
Time and Tense ( ~q~ a.rh <iiiH)
q:qr fi 1f:r f~H!I<f1 { ? Do I write a letter ?
Time is a substance applied In every sphere.lt is a universal
concept. And Tense- Tense denoted action of the time.
<flU" "CJl fq)til<i ~dl t ? Does He read a book?

'lll1iT -m "CZ!Tcli{UT ~ $t1Cfil ~ f4L<i~ ~ t I Tense ls:t>tn ~ ~

Present Indefinite ii qmf (Subject) eli~~ "QT He, m
it~ Wf(f 'Hllilr trail' -Tense ( Cblct) ~ t' I
it She, It '(1Y(T Single name~ liD!f 'qm' <ii 'f2ll'1 liT doe~ <fiT w4li
Tense tfR !A<;flll en t' I ma ~ ~~ 1, we, you, they W-IT~ 'ill Plural~ ~ CfGII r.n ~~ .. "QT
... ....
'Do' <fiT !1441'1 <flf ~ I
#'.

Present' Tense ( ccJql'1 CfiiH )

0 Interrogative negative ql<w ~ 1R ~-a-if.\" CfiT f.Jaq:-
Past Tense Do/Does + S + not + P. V. + 0 + ? '
Future Tense' cp;n ti lf:l ~ ft-18(11 { ? Do I not write a letter ?
1. Present Tense cfi "ifft i:tG mat'- cp;n ~ fcnalc:t ~ Q~iil t" ? Does he not rend a book ?
(i) Present Indefinite Tense- (11) Present Continuous/Imperfect Ten__sc:- ~.
(a) f;im Tense ~ rqr:q ~ if m"3'H
qdJtl1 ~ 'CflT ~ (a) ~- Tense it fili!ll H%tl~ ""f.itr ~ 1rllt1'1 ~ lf <..fird ,~
Present Indefinite Tense Cfif;d t' r Ch1 fufu q;) qoro- -m'
Present continuous/Imperfect Tense 'Cf%'(1 f I
~ ,. ~ . ,. ,::.. <fi
(b) ~ <:U<fll <:fir Q~it1'1 :- ~ f~t~l it or, 'ff, til M1r m f l:!
(b) .p,~,....:;::~{l ql~ q;r ~~it!"~ ;- ,~, r?.la' .. T'J!.' ~Q, v;'
om Cfmt ~ at"!l< ~;r4tti r~htll t, ~ {, m-wr ~ t 1,;m_ fi t[:f nTilf-mllf ~ ctl 3ijfiH %, 't', ~. m,
WT ~ ~ I \if1.l- lf lf:l ~ W
fr;-11!11 t I 'CC6 fif;dlii4 4f4ctl t I ( I ~ fcb<tl ii4 ~ '61 t I
(c) ail)\111 tlf ..l~ q;r f.J44 :- ~ "CflTif (Subject)~ ~ (c) aN\iil csc11~ q;r fop~q :- ~ qmf .~s~bJect)..~ ~
e,R-f:rr.a=Cfi.,..,.< (1al :r~ fw:n ( P r inc i p a I Verb) <iiT ful9 ~ t' 1 cntf
a:rn-m fffi!Jq ~ ~ fi61CI~ final (AuxiliaryVerll) :f>T 3-f!T;sJr Wmt- ~ ~ I~
(object) m T.fr 3To lT anqj't aiir.Tft Wnsr it~ t I , ~ 'll!i.i f~ (Principia! Verb} qit ~ RHSir:J',{.~ 'ing' ,iil.~ fu.m
S + P. V. + 0 >JfTffi ~ ~ 3:ffi ~ q;tj (Object) m liT ~rc@ Wi:ift ffnrr ~ ~ I
f'i lf:l ft.t HI I q I I write a letter. S + A. v: (is/are/am) + P. V + ing + 0.
~ fumrq- ~~m t 1 He reads a book. fi 'Q;l. ft;r& T6T ~ 1 I am wntrng a letter.
~ f%'"ffiGi ~ m t 1 He is readmg n book .

 .,

.EEITimiii::2A~J~ay~e~n9~r~is~h~G~..-a~m~m~a~r~miDm~ 11111111111 Aj;~y English Grammar 1111111111 151

0 Negative <iT<P-1' ~ :qr af!hft r.t"IH :q:;y f:Jaq :- 0 Interrogative <:tl+:<t m llt ~t <:Hi~ a:iT ,f!J<lH-
S + is/are/am +not+ P. v. + ing + o . Have/Has+ S+ P. VJ + 0 +?
fi 1f;J -:mfi;m' m 1 f 1am not Writing a letter. <f!IT if 'tr:f fC1& qr.ta ~? Have I nitten a letter ?
~ fCbdl<:l -::m ~ m r; 1 He is not reading a book. qqr alA f!&ftiil ~ t1
Has he/she read a book ?
Present P'etfect if -aiTff (Subject) 'ai ~ ~' ~ W. He,
0 Interrogative <'ll4".<1 ~ 1R" :;ffr.aT ?.4111 <fa f..:t<41l :- She, It am Sing ename :ci; -:qm 'q:l:rr' ctr ~ Has' '-f.T sraiJ ~ f 1
Is/are/am + 5 + P. V. + ing + 0 + ? I, we, you, they om fCjlm '1ft ph ral cS xu~ <Y-tl, aiJ ~ 'Have' q;r
qar ij -.a fMa -:m
:{? Am I writing a letter? ucill csrn 1
~ ~ fumtu Q~ ~ ! "t
Js he reading a book ? f.
0 InterrogatiVe Negatn:c ld"..i nf-i QT ~ qii1 CH"f!lq-
Present Continuous ii q)iff (subject)<S' q~fl ~lif-t {f! Have/ H<ls + s +not+ P. v + 0 + ?
~e. ~he, It~ Smgle nam~ <ii-~ :q:JT a;t ~ 'Is" <fiT sr41t ~ ~ f4 'tr:f ~ fna *i:ctli ' Have 1 not written a letter?
~ I <b<icl I (f) "ffia 'am' <r.f S<11 11 ID<IJ ~ I you, we, they mD' fq;J m ~ otf.t ftt.diZI i{i ~ ? Has Hc!Shc not read a book ?
Plural~ 1Tf".r ~ <it ~ are i:f.f !I<IJll ~ m ' .
(iv) Present Perfect Continuous : -
0 Interrogative negative at<f'., t~1 lff 3i?nfl a11i q:a f1111 {a) m ~,1 'Htt:IM <tit fi::af<1 if
tense iJ adqJ1 "@Ill if q;r<f
sf am/are + s + not + P. V. + ing + 0 + ? H%11{ li'J it~ emf ~ a-,1 ~ <i1 ildld 'li ail Present Perfect
~ if v.J -=rcff ft.rn- rn ? i
Am I not writing a letter ? ....
- Continuous tense ""'<b'""'l5""'d ~ 1
CP-U Cf[ fuldlii4 ~ Q? 'TI'.T t ? Is he not reading a book? (b) ft";ft <U<i4 <liT QG~I'1 :- ~ fSl>tll if 'iff W, ~ lj'~ m lift
(iii) Present Perfect : -
Ff1t = ~ ~ ... ' ~ .t,;. ........A
~ ~ ~ C(l'QI ctl ~ - i?, t., ~. m ~ ~ 12 <;t".-..-Cfi"iir lfCJ4
.....--d ..:.. "

(a) f-im tense ll ld41"1 AqQ if f~.<ll <f,lif q,i- t~qlficl cf.t fufi.~ (Ume)lf.t lf{ fm , ~ f, W ~$!'lit[{ !ifr \6 flttiril t I ~-lt 'tr:f
:::"li4""'dlr:la <ffi Present Perfect tense Ql~d j I fR&ril m I~ f<hlliCJ Qr9dl ~ t I
(b) H;:c;1 <tl<ffl i.br Q6.:Wf :-lJ&l f~lll ij ~. w:f;, ~ R1t (c) aiif;;ft fil1i"' Ciif f<Jqq :- m8 <mTf (subject)~ aiiwft
:r@ t' ~'?:If{ qmf ii '?r ~~fir~ l*>lll ij ~1CfiHH1, {<fiHh't, fft&<fi{ :ftf;{ dH~ ai'jfll( have been l4T .has been R:i&d t' I~
t
tt<fiHI=ii 'RTTT ~ miT cmrf ;;f. 61jfll{ fhWFll f~.tll t, t', tiT~ ~ ~ fsfl!ll qft afWit ft"IJ!l<fi~ ~ mg' ..iJi? ~ t' ;:.frr<:filf (object)
~ %' I ~- it 'Q;f fffi:l 'WfiT if I '31'f.r f<t.dl<l q~j %I ~ t:R af(f -q 3fl<i aWm 'ff;ng -ey "1r..ft I t
(c) afrFft ~~ <fiT~ :- ~ Cfmf (SubJect) <if 3#r;ft S +have/has+ been+ P. V. + ing + 0.
e-rt-. . .,I&"""Cfl,. ,. { m a~JI aqmr haveihas R-IQCf,J. ({(.{ ~ Fs:ti-U q;r Past q 'Qif fH&ffi UTI"( I I have been wnting a letter.
Participle ( tfmn) uq Wfl'J '?.it ~ airt q:;Jt uf.r 1R ~ -aH.it ~ trn' f<lldiGI ~ uft %I He h~s been reading a book. .
ft;ru iT -;;miT i 1 rn; (ft;r fu1 it f~ ~ t' 1 He has been writing for threedays.
s + havP/has + P. v + o 1l f11qc:m 'it r.ftqR ~ I I have been ill since Monday.
Note : - ~T Th1rd Person Singular number ( l(CflCl'iH) ~ Note:- Period of time m T.IT. 'it ' Cfit afrhft For ~ t
T.ITS!f hns Cfil !mlTJ 6ldT i I Point of time m
t:R ~ q:il ~ Since itm t I
ii q;(~pg T ~1 I have written a letter. 0 Negative Cll'*'l uf.t 1R ~ C1 1'~1 (fiT f~-
~ f"flftriif tr<91 ~ I He/she has re~d a book. S+ have/ has +not + been + P. V + ing + 0.
0 Negative (.(JCRf m
t:R arrg;ft ~"11~ ;;nr f.:tt~4- q ~ fti fH&ril m i{ 1 I have not been writing t. letter.
S + have/has + not + PV 3 + 0. ~ fqmrq 1it Q~dl ~ t
1 He haf not b~en reading a book.
ll tf:l qif ~H9 {Cfil I 'if I have not written a letter. q~ ~~'loft ';ffff ft:;pa W t I
~ Fc:t.ctta ~ ~ i I He/she has not read a book. He has not been writing for three days.


16 11111111111 Ajay English Grammar

0
c.<
(b) ~=<!' cUCfll CfiT Qt:CU .. :- m:lT f*''H tT 'P,:T, ~. ~il ~ m
~ ~ q,'"'
_....:~
Cb
~ c;:' ' "
311tlit Past tense <T.T 1T<!P:H', Ef.'.tl m, 21, m 'ff'l uo
'

l l ~- it lf;.; ~ ~ WI' I ~ fu,(w:i ~ ~~ ?.IT I

{c) aiiift ....,.. CfiT Pl4'1 :- Q~r:l ;;not {Subject) riJ ~
0 P..JB-,.J~<'b,....{ CIG( ~~lltCfi f~211 ct 3f?Pfr was m were <r.~ <% ~{ fc-tJ:Jrt
of I~ 'iffi.; ~ ~41 cr at!nfT ft'IJ'$~ ~ 'ing ~ ~ "11i11 I t
d "Wt lR :$ it axtct\ -~' ~ it "fflft %1
S + was/were P. V + ing + 0
fi lQ ft1& ~ ~ 1 I was wnting a fetter.
cq- fCM4 -q m ?.fr 1 He was readi;eg a book.
Note : - r i Person J; Pl ural "' 1ll~ were' "<f)J !l~PI trnJ t I
o Negative <Ut.f4 n:1 trr -ilJ-::ff "HI~ <r.r fp:,q :-
s +was/were+ not+ P.V + ing + 0
it w ofli ~ m m1 I Ja<> not writing a letter.
~ fcmi1a iifi l::fJ ~ m 1 He was not reading a book.
Interrogative ctl<f4 m trr ;rlr:;iT ., W. filt'l :-
Was/Were+ S + P.V + ing + 0 +'?
em ii -q;r ~ ~ m ? Was I writing a letter?
CJlU ~ Fc:ti~ra ~ m m ? Was he reading a book?
0 Interrogative negatJVC alct':t m tR affi:;ft O:Hl't <J:T ~..f :-
Was/Were+ S +not+ P.V + ing + 0 +?
qqr it 1T:f 1iff fffi9 ~ m ? Was I not writing a lctl ~" r?
qqr ~ f<fidla -::rtf -q; ~T m ? Was he not reading a book?
(Ill) Past Perfect Tcnsc-
(a) f.im tense~ -aitn ~ ~ Ti cmt r.tT Cl41!'4t em Gil~ m -a-it '
Past perfect tense~ t' 1
(b) ~<\ en~ <til lfi~PT :- ~l 1 t~vu ii 'ft4ll, -q<T., 7{ctf Fl1t
~~ l I ri-~ <fmf it~ f!:v.i_ ~ ,~ {~ f~~T if :::nq;lrr:Q, $r:f,I{J'd,
ll}:til(i'd ~ m tom- q;of ...r. ;";(:pm nt.l'l4i fiif;q ( en,~.~ ~'' m
t I~- fi ~ ft-RJ ~ I!IT I ~ f<.tidiGI ~ ~ I
(c) ~~;ail ii4'110\ CfiT f:IQtt :- ~ ~ (Subject) W ~
( mf had R1fJ<M mf ~ f~41 7:a Jl SOH 1 ~ (P. V3) ft;m ~ f I
ft-t-&'"""cti....
~'lf m lR 3l<f Ti Ml<tl ~ fum eft ~ t I
S + had + P. V 3 -+- 0.
~ ~ f~fJ ~ en 1 I had written a letter.
~ f<tidli.4 ~ ?.it 1 He/She had read a book.
~-emit ell~ 'Q:m 'lll n~or t1 ~it- sir<f?..{ <.() 3lR ct.~ Wit
~ en 1 The patient had died be.fore the doctor came.
~~~ ~------------------------------------------------~~-------------------------
.

-.
Ajay English Grammar
~ a!"6 <$ qfq'J m W. ~ 'SJ1ll (1sl clause) Cf.l ~1COII?. 0 Interrogative negative cUC14 "' lR ~ 'l'IH Cf,J l14q :-
if Past lnddinite <li' m if iJor %-a~ ~ 'lf1T 2nd clause) Had+ S +not+ been+ P.V +ing+ 0 +?
3t'jcotl~ ~ ~
.... '
Past Perfect 'Cb 'Wilt ~ ~ 1
~.. .,. ./1
qqr ii w ...tT fH&aa ~ m ? Had I not been wnting a letter ?
0 Negative 4!cr-t tF. m arn'il
d'1l1 crir f.tt~q :- cp.u ~ fctidli'.f 1ii CWrll W

m
? Had he not beeri reading a book?
s + had + not + P.y:: + 0 3. Future Tense ci; -.:.w. ~ ~ f-
- fi ~ 1ii ft:ra Tctil m 1 I had not written a letter (i) Future Indefinite Tense-
~ fctata- 1ft ~ t:fi I He/she had not read a boo (a) f.im Tense if tUql.-04 ~ 'lt 'iffqvkf ~ 'air CiiU 121 t.m
0 Interrogative Cii'Of'-4 m
lK ai!s:i1 ti4'110l <r.r fotaq ;- Future Indefinite Tense~ f I
Had + s + P. v:~ + o + ?
CfQT if 'ql' 1mJ i!,&d m ? Had rYiritten a letter ?
(b) a-a cu
cu q';;.u"' ;-
~ f:;p.:n if ltf, -it, -air m, m
f I -.tir- il 1R ~ I Cl{ f<bdld '!~ 1 li I , .- ~
'.i!D ~ fq;an:.r '-$
.._
?
,..
mHad he/she read a book ?
<t .,.
(c)aiiwl iiH"fCiil f~q :-~emiT (Subject}Cf.t ~-F-fcl.....'?,.,itM,.....~
n ce
~ ~

~tense lT 'i'.MfT (Subject) <G ~ 'Cf!n ~ lR'Ci41' q;y .. ~iflU shall/win fau. ffct 1~~M ~ ~ f~r.n cf.t ar!nn
Had a;r ~~ .Ma It ftnJ W. f :;fP. C61t WI tK aio if aaaii w.taJ ~ eft .:mft t
0 fnterrogatlve negative 2Ui.P~ tf.l tR 3fit.iii i1'11ot ~ f~ : S + shaii/YJiU + P. V. + 0
Had + S + not + P. V.} + 0 +? \ fi tf.f friti{ih 1 t shall wr tc a fetter.
iifw. it G:i ':Jt'f fuu ~ m ? Had I not wrihen a letter ~ fCfidt4 ll411
1 He :111i read a booiL
~ <nf-r fr.tdl"' ~ 1ftr - ? Had he/she not read a book Note:- I a6l We ;i; m'-1' shall <61' QQliJ itm t t
(iv) Past perf.::t Continuous tcnse- 0 Negative <tl<f'' m
1:R ~ a"la4 ail f-po:jq :-
(a) f.afl tense il efta m mm if <fifli <iT Qqlf\d ~ f~ S + shall/witt + not + P V + 0.
<.'1=1..,.1i"'"rll{ ~it fs:641 Cf.l'd <lif.l <it ~.J ~ ditld ~, "aU Past Perfec ~ 10 ~ Ftwtc(:n 1 I shall not write a letter.
Continuous Tense C6ittr f 1 ~ PGritll ":ltf qn i He will not read a book.
(b) ~~ CUCf<f Cfit ttl;~:&H :- ~ fa;oq1 ii m m, ~~.<it _ 0 Interrogative <tiCf'.ot t~; 1:R at?ot;;ft cHH q;r F-tuq :-
WI \~ f (M[ ~ a; 3-l:\{11< t:f~(QCf,~ f~Ut aT, ~, iT '!fr ~ m{ Sh all/will +S + P. V + 0 + ?
.;i4- fi -q,. f1aa1 m ~r 1 ~ fct1o1~~ 4ildl ~ m 1 q41 If lf:l ft;n{~ ? Shall I write a letter ?
(c) aiiluft cil"tl~ 'CQ f.tqq :- ~ <lmf (Subject) qft a q41 ~ Fc:tiatii4 qin ? Will he read a book ?
B:ffi=ar::~cn={ ~had been ft"t&~ ll $fiJi~~ f~ ctT Wit ft;tlr3<1i:l ~ tense it~ ...
(Subject) ~ ~ ~ 'WJ W. ~ cf.t
.... ....
.
~ 'ing' ~ ~ ~ :OtT{~ \~ TR 3:Rl it -:ltkf~ ~ ~ cfr ~ sh all/will <fiT QUill Cflf "[ I
t I ~ S + had been + P. V + inQ + 0. 0 Interrogative negative ct!w:l ~ w. a&m 1:411~ cnr f144 :-
ll 'Q:T fdaol W ~ l
-
I had been writing a letter. Shall/will +S + not + P. V. + 0 + ?
~ f<:fldl64 4<fdl m ~ 1 He-had been reading a boo qqr it lf:l ~ f<-t{'11 ? Shall I not write a letter ?
0 Negative cll"l""l ~ TR 3fu;-,fr cHI~ ~ f"tllq :- q41 ~ fct~<11ii4 ~ q~JIJ ? Will he not read a book ?
'
S +had+ not+ been+ P.V + l ng + 0. (II) Future Continuous/Imperfect Tense-
fi q;.r-f(f fl:PfJ<11 m S!.O' I I had not been writing a lette (a} fim' Tense it cqfCitll({_ CfilB it c-I%1H ~it fs:tl11 CfiT1.l ~
~ fct~RI~' ~ ~ ~T ~ 1 He had been reading a boo cit tcJftt q;r iilitll( W Future Continuous/Imperfect Tense~ f I
0 Interrogative <OUCPOI W:f 'tR' ~ iiHIOt Cfif f.tllq :- (b) ~ qlf:M Cf)f Q6i.41"1 :- ~~it or WIT,~~~ -at
Had +S +been+ P.V. + ing + o +? m
d"tft $i4tfG ~ f I~- Tt 'Q:T f<-l&dl ~ I qf. f4ldlll 4~(11 $11' l 1\
~ fi 'lf::t f(,'H~OI '{~ ~? Had I been writing a letter ? (c) atQ\ift il'1iZ\ qa f"144 :- ~ ~ (Subject) fR~ifi~ ~
m
Cflfr crt! ftr.\lrc:r '"Q(t{{f $!ft ? Had he been reading a book ~ cfi 3-l:I~H 'sh all be' m 'will be' ffiWCfl{ W.f 'jm fu:imCfil' ~ 1


I 20 llllllll_lll. Aja_y English Gramma~ . IIIII} 11_1_11 11111111111 Ajay English G"rammar @.111111111 211
fC1JSCM ~ 'tng ~fum ';iffi1T t I CJi1i ~ W. ~ lf iS~Chl ~
fura ~ "fi<il t I . . 0 Interrogative negative qjCf(:l m
lR 3lft;;ft a=tH :ail AM :- .

S + shaJUwill + be + P. V. + ing + 0 . Shall/will+ S +not+ have +P.V. 3 + 0 +?

if lf.f fclt?ildl ~ 1 I shall be writing a Jetter. <fm li -.a "~if f("'1 iictl'n ? Shalt I not have written a letter ?
~ fCbdiCC q'(dl <@n 1 He will be reading a book. qqr ~ fc:&.'IIC4 ~ ~ i<G'II ? Will he not have read a book?
0 m
Negative CIICI<'I 'Q{" ~ il"'11~ CfiT f14q :- (lv) Future Perfect continuous tense-
S + shall/wllf + not+ P. V +ing + 0 . (a) f.im tense ir oqfaatq_ cm:J it ~ <fit ~a:ufi:rl Cfit ~fd if
it 1R ~ fcltildf l{rrr r I shalt not be writing a letter. Wlffill ~~ fai41 Cfi17.f m aft ~-l aft C4dlcl ~ ~ Future Perfect
~ fCMtl.:=:t ~ q4a1 ~ , . He will not be reading a book. Continuous Tense~ f 1
0 Interrogative <f'<f'.:tlt-f lP.' 3iii.JI 4'11~ 'ilil fo1qq :-
(b > fl:cft ~ C6f Q&illi =- ~ fltq iT ar ~ uu411, -a ~ \
Shall/will +S + be +P. V. + ing + 0 + ?

nif~, <it~ ;;u4ft $~If~~~ f 1'1m- it u Ro11dt mvrr "1toi'n 1

Cf4~ -fi -ca fti:l&dl <{n ! Shatll be writing a l~r?
faii1iil Qifffl ~ UiiQIJI I
em a~ fChdiCC *4dl (~'II ? Will he be reading a book?
Interrogative negative dl4'.f ~ ~ ~ Ht:'t CiT Pwi4 :- (c) fil"1i"l (5T f-tqq :- ~ q;nf {Subject) Cfit aW;ifr
aiil'41
0
Shall/will+ S +not+ be +P.V. +ing + 0 +? ft.:mtr.t '(fifqmf ~ 3iif4j( 'shall have been' m 'will have been'
em ff V:f -::riff f~ih'lf t{n ? Shall J not be writing a letter? f f <.M 1J&f faiUI Cfit ~ ft"t11:6( :mif "ing' ~fuqr';iffilT t 1q;Jf
<lliT ~ F<titia W ti4dl tt11r ? Will he not be reading a book ? rw~ ttt am it a~~ ~ ft;m" "'1T<fl 1 m- t
(iii) Future Perfect Tense- S +shall/will + have been + P.V. + ing + 0.
(a) f-im Tense if i4fdt4i( cm:rlf f~Md q;W Clli ~qrfta qiT II .....d--1 'iffrn \111~ 1 11 1
~l fH~& I shall have been writing a letter.
C4did ~ Future 'perfect tense <hf!d f 1 ~ flfi<tiC4 ~ "ilRI \iUQII 1 He will have been reading a book.
(b) ~-<1 c.n<~C~ C6f Qili4H : - ~Failla n. ~. ficlift 0 Negntlvo UlllQ ~ tR 3~ C411~ <fiT f"fqq
t
$~If~ 'R11T '{'gdT I *it- Tf 1a ft"!& fi~ll t ~ fctidlcsc ~ i!Ji111 I S + shall/will + not + h~ve been + P. V. + ing + 0.
(c) aiil;;ft i1'11"l <JiT f.,qq : - ~ Cfmf (Subject) cn1" atl~
It \Ill W ~ "itarm 1 I shall not have been writing a letter.
!Badl
e:R=t::rlat;>'"<li=r{ <Jq ~ ~ 3t'llN 's h a II have' m w iII have' R=ta<M
tq ta~na ~ 'FfT "iWlT it14n 1He will not have been reading a book.
fi:l:l41 <fiT past partlci pie ( tthHI "f.\tf) ft;rn- ~ "%' I <iilf m lR 3to
a~ ~~cft~t 1 0 Interrogative cCJ&q urt llt ~ C4'11~ :a;r f.:tqq :-
S +shall/will+ have+ P.V. 3 + 0. Shall/will+ S +have been+ P.V. + ing + 0 +?
fi mr ft;m- ;<Kaill I I shall have written a letter. WJT 'fi mr R1(shU "ilMT \if1'31i:rrr ? Shall I have been writing a ler:er?
~ fctidl01 ~ :qcfin 1 He will have read a book. tiJQ1 ~ f<tidti!C 'tf<J(fT "T.Wrr ~o11Un ? Will he have been reading a book?
0 m
Negative <:11Cf'04 'tit ~ cHI~ CiiT f1~q-
. 0 Interrogative negative Cfl<:t'ot ~ l:ff ~ C4'11~ q;r f~qq :-
S + shall/will + not + have + P. V. 3 + 0.
Shall/will + S + have + not+ been +P. V. +ing + 0 +?
Ti '1'8 ~ ~ f!<f!n 1 I shall not have written a letter.
qm it mr "'1"iff ft"t& ar ~ \ill afn ?
ern- ~~ ~ ~ ~ 1 He will not have read a book.
0 m
Interrogative <:!lt:flt 'tit ~ <i411~ CfiT f1tlll : : Shall I have not been writing a letter ?
ShaiVwill +S +have +P.V.3 + 0 +? qqr ~ fq;ariif ~ 4<4dl ~ \iltlin ?
qm it '1'8 ~ f!<-f!!ii ? Shall I have written a letter ? Will he have not been reading a book?
<fm ~ fctidliif ~ :qcf;n ? Will he have read a book ?


14 111111111 Ajay Englis, Gr;ammar kJ II j 111111 2.\1
I 22llllllll lll Ajay English Grammar 11111111111 (i) Active Voice cr.r object, Passive Voice 'ri Subject
~

( CHAPTER- 11 J -
CfiT' P:, 1"'1 '~l &0 I ':'llf'fi:T.{d;:rri ~ I
(ii) Subject ca Wi'1""!A.,..,~O""I ~ ~ object . <6' ~j:Qi{ :Q~I4<fi
VOICE ( ql'al) ' t:J;ur cr.r ua1 '' ....fcn4t ?.ldl t .....
1 p . ,.
Verb ci fin:~ lC\tJ <i; IDU ~l<f'-4 ii qmf (Subject) -am Cfi1t (iii) 'R&IliCfi fs:6a1 q; alt'11t being 1CH 'if1'm ~ 1
{Object) <lit RE1"1fll qii \i11'1'-hlfl 31Mll-3tFPT (Separately).~ '"3it
(iv) $1l'ii aF! 1J'St fS641 ~ dltlU ~ (P.V.1)iFreJ fu<:rr ~ I t
(v} Subject .3f=d Ti 'by' H'I<P. Object if \ifRT t" I
Voice CfiF>(\ I t ;A"tt- Active : Ramesh is readin~ a book.

Voice G)" w<fil< ~ ~ f- Passive : A book is being read by Ramesh.

it em
(1) Active Voice(~ cU'iill) :- 'fum C4JCI"-4 'ij q;af qft ~l!wt(11
Active Voice t:tiEd t
I~- Kavrta eats a mango.
0 Negative 'tlliRl m lff :-
Activo : Ramesh is not reading a book.
~ qj(fq it Kavita (qmf) ~ all"JH m gMU amft t
f-iHHM Pnsslvo : A book jS not being read by Ramesh.
roar ~ua::l1 Cfilff (subject) 'itt 1
(2) Passive Voice (<tilt ~a...,r:a:aon )- ftm c.u~ it <fiJi qft ~Efl"1di
0 InterrogatiVe aict4 m W. ; -
Active : Is Ramesh reading a book ?
~ <ffi' Passive VoiG cfi&cl ~ 1 ~- A mango is eaten by Kavita . Passive : Is a book being read by Ramesh?
lR aJqq if Mango ( q;Jf) 'ct 31:r;'fH "P f~41 amit futf!Cfil t 0 Interrogative negative <!fi&q m tR' :-
IDm tt4~ ~ (object} if t I Active : Is Ramesh not readin g a book ?
(1) Present Indefinite tense 1)' Actiye Voice ll Passive Pnsslve Is a book not being read by Ramesh ?
Voice il"tl~ "<61' f.lqq :-
(3) Present perfect tense .q Active Voice 11 Passive
(1) Active Voice CfiT Object ( q;1f ), Passive Voice ii
Voice "iAf.\ til f.nm :-
Subject q;y ~1'1 %01 Cfi((1J t 1
(1) Active Voice CfiT' Object, Passive Voice 1{' Subject
(ii) Subject <iii ll!fA ~~01 Cfi<it ~ object c6 31:1fti{ tl~14Cfi
" 1
;r m ~ 1.fi1UT ':'lli'fi:T.<a;:rr ~;r
fsMI <fiT QQJIJ f<tqJ \jffi'ff t I
(iii) t1~14<6 fs:t;qJ <i; aIH it ~ fsG41 <fiT ffltiO ~ (P. V. 3) (il) Subject <r.r ,~ %01 ~ w, object ( 7filt) ~ 31:t~m
gc:j) II fq;qf \jffi'ff f I have been tn has been CfiT' !:IQPI fcn41 \iffi1T t 1
(i~) Subject 3ia .q 'by' ~ltJC.M object 'it~ 1 t (iii) 1JUl f~ <lil J\mt ~ (P. V. 3 } f<:n9 TGm ';i{TdT I t
~- Active Sita eats apples. (IV) Subject .q' by Hill :tit ObJeCt m
'i:iffiiT I t
~'il- Active : Neeraj has bought a bicycle .
0
.
Passive
Negat1ve sentence~ 'R :-
.
Apples are eaten by Sita.
Passive: A bicycle has been bought by Neeraj.
Active Sita does not eat apples. 0 Negative cfli'J< m
lf{ : -
Passive Apples are not eaten by Sita . Active Neeraj has not bought a bicycle.

0 Interrogative sentence~ 'QT :- Passive A bicycle has not been bought by Neeraj.
Active : Does Sita eat apples? 0 Interrogative ~Jqq m
'QT : - .
Passive : Are apples eaten by Sita ? Active Has Neeraj bought a bicycle ?
0 Interrogative nogative sentence m
llt :- Passive : Has a bicycle been bought by Neeraj ?
Active Does Sita not eat apples ? 0 Interrogative negative ~ lR :- m
Passive Are apples not eaten by Slta ? Active : Has Neeraj not bought a bicycle ?
(2) Present Imperfect/continuous tense .q Active 11 Passive. : Has a bicycle not been bought by Nceraj?
Pass-ive ti4'11~ "<61' f"lqq .-
 I 2414411111111 Ajay English Grammar 11111111111 l#llltllll Ajay English Gram~ar 11111111111 2sf
(4) Present perfect continuous tense -q Active ll Passive 0 Interrogative negative Cflcta m "lR :-
=m Cllidl t Active
Passive
: Was Kunal not drinking water ?
: Was water not being drunk by Kunal ?
(5) Past Indefinite tense if Active Voice it Passive Voice
......_ CliJ fiQq :- (7) Past Perfect Ten so ii' Active Voice ll Passive Voice
- (i) Active Voice CJiT Object, Passive Voice .q Subject 11-;n~ CfiT f.tqq :-
CfiT ~ 1'1 % llI ""'<M'""'(f..,..,l { I (i) Ac~ive Voice Cli1 ~bject, Passive Voice .q Subject
(ii) Subject Gil~ ~~01 ~ ~ Object~ 3t:t~m "ld<fM1 q;r P/.11'1 %01 Cfi(dl 6 I
w ~t;1w:n f~u <fiT snit1 f<fllll \iffiiTt 1 . .... ..
~

(ii) ~ ilfG had been 'Cf>l QUII cn1 6 1

(iii) ~ f~lll q;r <fh:m :f.\q (P. V. 3 ) ~ fGm ;:;nm I t (iii) ~ ftl;a1 'Cf>l ~m UQ (P.V.3) fffi9 ~ ~ I t
(iv) Subject <i; am Tl by t"'''ICf)( object~ \iffiiT I t m-
(iv) Subject afif if by' ftllthl object \iTffiT lt I
'ir"R- Active : Punam ate rice. ~"- Active : Snrol hnd plucked a flower.
Passive : Rice was eat~n by Punam . Passive : A flower hnd been plucked by Saroj.
0 Negative <:Uqq m W. :- 0 Negative CCicta m 1R :-
Active Punam did not eahice. Active : Saroj had not plucked a flower.
Passive Rice was not eaten by Punam. Pltsslve : Not a flower Had been plucked by Saroj.
0 lnterrogativ~ Cflcta m lf(' ; -
Interrogative ctict4 m lR :-
Active : Did Punam eat rice ? Active : Had Saroj plucked a flower ?
Passive : Was rice eaten by Punam? PJtssive : Had a flower Had been plucked by Saroj ?
0 Interrogative negative cH&4 ~ lR :-
Active Did Punam not eat rice?
lnterrogattve negative ctl<'.f'otm 'tR :-
Active : ~fnd Saroj plucked a flower ?
Passive Was rice not eaten by Punam ? Passive : Had a flower not been plucked by Saroj ?
(6} Past Imperfect/Continuous tense.q Active Voicell (8) Pnst perfect continuous tense .q Active Voice ll
Passive Voice Gl"tl~ <1iT f.tqq :- Aattlvc Voice ~til GAaT tt"
(i) Active Voice CF.T Object, Passive Voice .q Subject
(9) Future Indefinite tense .q Active Voice ll Passive
q;r {0$41'1 %01 C:Mi'll t I
oloe 1Af~ C5l P.tllq : -
(ii) Subject q;r ~1'1 w;o1 ~~Object <fi 3i:{~H ~~IQCfi
(1) Active Voico w Object, Passive Voice .q Subject
failll q;r \4<il 'I fCfi41 \iffiiT '%" I
(iii) ~~IUCfi fSb41 cf; cil'lo;ol it being P~&l \iffiiT t I
t
'Cf>l t.tfl'1 {1601 Cfi(di I

(iv) ~ f~lll q;r ffitHI 1?.\lt (P V. 3 ) ~ fGm \iffiiT t I

(II) Subject 'Cf>l Ni'1lf&O'T fcnlf ~ Object <t
~j{iH shall
(v) Subject 3fu it 'by' t"'''lctll Object \iffiiTm- I t t
be m will be q;r \4411 fCfi41 \iTffiT 1
(Ill) ~ fStilll <fiT <ihm ~ (P.V.3 ) ~fum \iTffiT i I
~"- Active : Kunal was drinking water.
~ Passive : Water was being drunk by Kunal.
(lv) Subject ai<T -Ji 'by' Wlctl< object m-
\iffiiT t I
~"- Active : Shankar will beat me.
0 Negative cli<'.f'ot m
lR :-
Passive : I shall be beaten by Shankar.
Active : Kunal was not drinking water.
Pafsive : Water was not being drunk by Kunal. Negative Cficta m 'tR :-
0 Interrogative ctl m
'H" :- Active Shankar will not beat me.
ltctive :\'las Kunal drinking water? Passive I shall not be beaten by Shankar.
Passive :Was water being drunk by Kunal ? Interrogative cUCfCI m lR :-
..
L
 J

/
. ~~2~6~~Ii~~==~A~j~a~y~E~n!g~li~s~h~G~r~a~rn~m~a~r~J~~II~ 1~I!~[:~A~j~a~y~E~n~g~Ji~s~h~G~r~a~m~rn~a~r~~ji~~lfiJ2~7
Active : Will shankar beat me ? .;3 { l
Passive : Shall I be beaten by Shankar? CHAPTER -12 i
0 Interrogative negative aJ<P-'1 %Of lff : -
Active : Will Shankar not beat me ? Narration ( Cft?.PI)
Passive : Shall I not be beaten by Shankar ? Narration ~ f..ittt<til ard 'ii<H itnT t fq; Zitfn Narrate
(10) Future Imperfect/continuous tense 1f Active Voic vorb it if t I
Passive Voice -:m
ii1t11 1 t f.irn di<f<4 it tP,Jf ~if <MH <tT ~'it~ Narration <ti~d t I
(12) Future Perfect Tense :q Active Voice ll Passiv NArration ~ \l<tii( <fi ~Ia 'f 1
Voice il"il~ C6T r.t~q : - ( 1 ) Direct Narration/Speech ( Mi4l:.i ~1) :- f.>rn dl<f<4
(i) Active Voice CfiT Object~ Passive Voice ..q Subje 1 't'f~ a~ r i -ain:ftu 'iTT~ m&u ~air Direct speech~~
1fiT ~1'1 !J5UI <tihu "t 1 t 1ItO- Ram says, "I am a boy."
(ii) Subject "diT !'(4Ft o.it;ot fuiif ~Object ci; 41jt4H sha ( 2 ) Indirect Narration Speech ( 3u!li4~ <ti~'1) :- f.im
have been 'J1 will have been q:;r Sot<ilt f<tllii ;;nor t m~ iY ddili aftFft emit q;) mu
<itt it ':f ai6Ui( ~act am:it mcf-'q'f(f
(iii) ~fa;+..,, 1fiT <1hm ~ (P.V. 2) ft:m' ~ "ffitT tI tn un{VJ QCfii! <fil ~Indirect Narration/ Speech~ f 1 ~-
(iv) Subject ~if ' by' H'l<ti( object m t
;mm I ttnrn snys that he is a boy.
~- A~ttve : He will have sung a song. Narration ..q m
ClilUSe ~ t-
Passive : A song will have been sung by him (i} '\it 'qf11 comma (,) "{) end. ( 3io) mort~ Reporting
0 Negative <U<f<4 ~ li! :-
Active He will not have sung a song.
Verb th~ ;;mn t 1 Example- He says, "I am eating."
Passive. : A song will not have been sung by him. T
0 Interrogative Cll<f<4 ~ :qr :- Reporting verb
Active : Will he have sung a song ? (II) ;;0 '1l'T Inverted comma (" ") -a; ~ ~ ~ Reported
Passiye . : Wil.l a song ha~ve been sung by him . P och ~ f 1~- He says, "I am eating."
0 InterrogatiVe negatiVe dltJ(<I m 'QT ; -
Active : Will he not have sung .a song ? I
Passive : Will a song not have been sung by him Reported speech
{12) Future Perfect Continuous tense 1{ Active Voic Narration ljl3i'ld: Sentence cil ~ cqm 'Qt 3il~lfia t
Passive Voice~ CFidJ t 1
(i) Assertive (II) Interrogative (iii} Imperative (iv) optative
I

~ Special C:U<P"'i' :a;r Passive Voice f-lctfctf@a a~1c6 .

(v) exclamatory
~t -
Direct ll Indirect ~HI~ '<til &m f-1qq :-
Active Voice Passive Voice
1. Open the door. Let the door be opened. (1) ~ Reporting verb Present/ Future tense if ~ m
2. Post the letter. Let the letter be posted. Reported Speech <11 form~ tense "dll' cnft IA\IICI ';fiff 4!$dl i I
3. He has to help me. I have to be helped by him. (il) -JiaH Reported Speech ci; person 3iiCI~ll<fi(ll~ '*~<-1~
4. Please send a letter. You are requested to send a letter.
5. Who killed the tiger? By whom was the tiger killed ?
f I ~ Number Case ~ ~a:Hdl I t
6. I know him. He is know to me. (Iii)~ Reporting verb Past tense ii iff m
Reported Speech

'r.t\1 tense 'lft ~ mm t

~ f-1"1f(1fulo (jrr l} l:l~Hdl I t
\ l.

I 2S 11111111111 Ajay English Grammar 11111111111
f$111111 nI Ajay English Grammar 2''' 11111111111
Interrogative sentences beginning with verb (i) 'say' r.r.
(a) Present Indefinite 4'ktdl t Past Indefinite if
ask ~ sa41 feb'~' \iffiiT ~ r
(b) Present Continuous , ,. Past Continuous
(c) Present Perfect , ,, Past Perfect ,
.. lif'l5 m-
(ii) Comma om Inverted commas ciT ~ ~ if m
(d) Present Perfect Continuous, , Past Perfect Continuous whether ctil wll11 ~ -t' 1
(e) Past Indefinite, , Past Perfect , " (iii) Sentence cif Assertive a-IT fum ~t t 3frn:artaiif<b
(f) Past continuous ,, , Past perfect continuous, ~ ~ fum \iffiiT I t
(g) Past Perfect ,. , Past Perfect , . ~h) - Man ish said to me, Am l reading ? ..
(h) Past Perfect Continuous , , Past Perfect continuous, Manish asked me if he was reading.
c.n - Could if Thus So 4.1nterrogative sentences beginning with ' Wh' question-
May - Might if Here there (I) say <lit ~&t CP. ask <fiT gqll f<t41 ~ t 1
Shall - Should , Hither Thither (li) comma <RIInverted commas~ i;"!l'"fi( fiCqf:r Question
This - That , Hence
These Those , Today
Thence
Thatday
~ irctJ t ~ <J)I "Qi 1 fcl~qt UffifT t 1 I
(Ill) Sentence c5r Assertive if ac:i"t ~ nat t
New - then , Ago Before
Tomorrow- Next day Yesterday -The previous day Q:Rali1C6 ~"' ~ fG1.n 'if10f t '
~it - Soni said to Reena, '"What is your name ?.,
Tonight- that night Next day- Following day
Soni asked Reena whal her name was.
Indirect ecna Qqq Inverted commas~ ifla< ~ Person
5. Imperative Sentence-
f.p:f ~ ~ Refer ~ f 1
(i) Reporting verb cit ~.,.,lct""'?""qr.:C6.-.<1:rrl"""l+f"lrr< ask, order, advise,
S 0 N First Person Subject
1 2 3
request, beg, forbid $f"-"41f.:: if r.t~H ~ ~ I t
Second Person - Object (il) comma om Inverted Commas ctiT ~ cnt to C!if 101ti"Pt
Third Person - No change
fcfiqI "\iffiU t I
1. Assertive sentences with Reporting verb in the ~ - Ramu said to him, "Give me your pencil."
Present or Future tense- .
Ramu requested him to give him (Ramu) his pencil.
(i) Rep~Hted Speech ii ~ C4i<f tli~I{OI ~-I) q;tf ~
m m Assertive Sentence <fl~d f 1 6. Optative Sentences-
(ii) Comma om Inverted Commas 'Cb16Gl Cfit ~ 'Q{' that (i) c:u WQ: 'may' ~~i I -n
t
cnT 101m 11 fCfiqJ \iffiiT I (ii) Reporting verb~~ 311ct?Q<fldljBP wish, pray curse
(Iii) say m says Cfil tell m tells if G(~H ~ \iffiiT t object <.fiT witTf fq,m \iffiiT t 1
m m
1R I~ object ";J W say m says Cb1 m4~<'11 (iii) Comma"U~>.n Inverted commas CfiT f;C:: i<fl{ 'that' CfiT
t
\iffiiT I ~~ - He says to me, "You eat guava." -wn11 f<.:tl QI "11 d I f I
Indirect : He tells me that I eat guava. He said, "Mcty the prime minister live long !''
2. Assertive sentences with Reporting verb in the past tense- He wished that the Prime minister might live long.
(I} t
Said Cb1 told ' if i!C~H ~ \iffiiT 1 '*~ - He said 7. Exclamatory Scntences.-
to me, "You eat guava." (1} Reporting verb~~'Q{' 'exclaimed' ~Chl101<il1
Indirect He told me that 1 ate guava.
fctlqj iillm t I
3. Assertive sentences with universal truth- (1i) Exclalmod rfi "ffG 3Uct?QC6d11fil< 'feelings' Cb1 atCk1
He said, "Two and three is five." ~ ct ft;1l.( 'a1li!.:f ~(f)[ \Otti) 1 ~ t'; ~- Hurrah cfi
He said that two and three is five.


32 Gram..ar
1@' ~UCfCI 'ifil Subject Question tag cv Subject
(i) He, Mohan, Sohan etc. he
. (ii) She, Sita, Rita etc. she
(iii) Naresh and Oeepak they
(iv) Sita and Rita they
(v) Anybody, anyone, some body
some one, everybody, everyone\ they
no body, no one, these, those J
(w1 Every thing, anything, nothing l
some thing, this, that f it
(vii) There there
(viii) None of us we.

(cHAPTER -15 J
Remove too
~it ctta4f (Sentences) it Single 'too' CliT u4\r f<L<D ~
em $ft~ ~ ~ adverb m adjective 'd" tir 'too' ~ CliT f01aq
(i) too a,1- ~ ~ ';iffiff t
1
(ii) adjecUve m adverb~ comperative degree .q qa:l"t
~ "11(11 i am 'than' q;r QQ)r ~ 1 t=
(iii) ~ ~ at\!tf1fll< it is/ was/ will be proper CliT wl81
~t
~- Tea is too hot.
Tea is hotter than it is proper.
He was too weak.
He was weaker than it was proper.
~ cllcWi il ~too'~~ infinitive q;r w411 fq;qj \iffil1' tm
~ too, to ~ CfiT f-14q :-
(i) 'too' q,1- 6llcti( so CliT UQfll f<fllU \iffifT I t
(ii) ~ ~ adjective m adverb cit ft:m ~ f 1
(iii) ~ ~ that ..... can not m that ..... could not 'ctiT
wlili fctiQI ';iffiff i I
~~ - Ram is too fat to run .
Ram i$ so fat that he cannot run.
He was too weak to move.
He was so weak that he could not move .