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    Autonomics II: Dr. Gloria Roque

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    Sven Ordanza
    The document summarizes key differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The sympathetic division prepares the body for emergency situations by causing widespread and sustained responses. The parasympathetic division works to conserve and restore the body's resources through localized and short-lived responses. Organs receive dual innervation from both divisions, with generally opposing effects. The document also discusses autonomic centers in the central nervous system that help regulate the ANS, as well as pharmacological differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

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    Autonomics II: Dr. Gloria Roque

    Uploaded by

    Sven Ordanza
    31 views19 pages
    The document summarizes key differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The sympathetic division prepares the body for emergency situations by causing widespread and sustained responses. The parasympathetic division works to conserve and restore the body's resources through localized and short-lived responses. Organs receive dual innervation from both divisions, with generally opposing effects. The document also discusses autonomic centers in the central nervous system that help regulate the ANS, as well as pharmacological differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

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    Autonomics II Dra Roque Physiology

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    Autonomics II

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    The document summarizes key differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The sympathetic division prepares the body for emergency situations by causing widespread and sustained responses. The parasympathetic division works to conserve and restore the body's resources through localized and short-lived responses. Organs receive dual innervation from both divisions, with generally opposing effects. The document also discusses autonomic centers in the central nervous system that help regulate the ANS, as well as pharmacological differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    31 views19 pages

    Autonomics II: Dr. Gloria Roque

    Uploaded by

    Sven Ordanza
    The document summarizes key differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The sympathetic division prepares the body for emergency situations by causing widespread and sustained responses. The parasympathetic division works to conserve and restore the body's resources through localized and short-lived responses. Organs receive dual innervation from both divisions, with generally opposing effects. The document also discusses autonomic centers in the central nervous system that help regulate the ANS, as well as pharmacological differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

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    Autonomics II

    Dr. Gloria Roque


    Physiological Differences
    Summary of FUNCTIONAL DIFFERENCES between
    sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of ANS
    Sympathetic Parasympathetic
    Division Division
    (a) General description of Preparation for emergency Conservation and
    effect on organ response or stress situations fight or restoration of bodys
    flight resources
    (b) Localization of Widespread regions of body Localized effects
    responses affected mass discharge
    (c) Duration of responses sustained short

    Why diffuse sympathetic responses?


    Ratio of Pre: Post (Symp) = 1:20

    Why localized responses in Para?


    Ratio of Pre: Post = 1:1 (except vagus)
    Autonomic Innervation
    Dual innervation with antagonistic
    effects
    The Heart
    S P - in tone both S & P are sending impulses
    + - at the same time
    - Para inhibits
    - Symp accelerates

    + Para cardiac activity

    + Symp cardiac activity

    Cut Para HR
    Cut Symp HR
    Cut both HR
    Autonomic Innervation
    Dual innervation with antagonistic effects
    The GIT

    S P

    1. Walls (-) (+)

    2. Sphincters (+) (-)

    3. Glands (-) (+)


    Autonomic Innervation
    Dual innervation opposite effects
    because Symp and Para innervate
    different structures in same organ
    The IRIS
    S P - Symp innervates radial fibers
    + S pupillary dilatation
    + -

    - Para innervates circular fibers


    + P pupillary constriction
    Autonomic Innervation
    Dual Innervation with synergistic effects
    The salivary glands
    Symp Para

    Slight in + +
    Profuse salivation
    salivation saliva watery
    saliva Viscid

    Salivary Glands
    Single Innervation
    Kidneys only Symp vasoconstriction
    Adrenal Medulla only Symp secretion and release of
    E and NE
    Denervation Sensitivity
    Denervation effector organ
    develops sensitivity to NTA and
    to chemical agents
    Increased sensitivity greater in
    postganglionic denervation
    contributing factors
    In the absence of nerve terminals no
    reuptake of NTA
    Ach E and MAO disappear no inactivation of
    NTA
    # and sensitivity of receptors
    Autonomic Reflexes
    Cardiovascular Reflexes
    Ex. Sudden rise in ABP

    More stimulation of pressoreceptor in carotid and aortic


    sinuses

    + =
    CIC VCC

    HR Gen. vasodilation

    CO TPR

    ABP
    Autonomic Reflexes
    GIT Reflexes
    Ex. -- Smell and sight of food secretion of saliva and
    gastric secretion
    -- Defecation
    Intrarectal pressure mass peristalsis defecation
    -- Gastrocolic reflex
    Food in stomach mass peristalsis defecation

    Other reflexes:
    a. Micturition
    b. Erection (Para)
    c. Ejaculation (Symp)
    d. Reflexes regulating pancreatic secretions
    e. Gall Bladder emptying
    f. Sweating
    g. Blood glucose regulation
    Autonomic Centers
    There is hierarchy in the control
    mechanisms
    SPINAL CORD
    Transection spinal shock
    Characterized by: absence of reflexes both
    autonomic and somatic below the level of
    Transection; low BP; loss of sacral conditioned
    reflexes.
    MEDULLA OBLONGATA
    Vital Centers cardiac center
    - vasomotor center
    - respiratory center
    Other centers: vomiting / swallowing centers
    Autonomic Centers
    MIDBRAIN
    Control of urinary bladder
    Changes in skin resistance due to sweating or
    vasomotor reaction
    HYPOTHALAMUS
    Is the head ganglion of ANS
    PARA center ant. hypothalamus
    SYMP center post. hypothalamus
    Other centers: thermoregulatory center
    appetite / satiety center
    waking center
    Regulates pituitary and endocrine glands
    Autonomic Centers
    LIMBIC SYSTEM
    Concerned with motivation
    Control of sexual behavior
    Physical expression of rage and fear
    CEREBRAL CORTEX
    Concerned with affect of emotions
    Refinement of control of ANS & SNS
    Controls distribution of blood in various
    parts of body
    Pharmacological Differences
    Between Symp. & Para. Divisions
    AUTONOMIC DRUGS
    Therapeutic and side-effects result directly
    from their actions on NTA
    4 General Categories of Autonomic Drugs
    Based on 4 steps of chemical transmission
    process
    1.) Drugs which affect synthesis and storage of
    (-) (+)
    the neurohumor
    (-) (+) 2.) Drugs which affect neurohumoral release
    3.) Drugs which affect the interaction between
    (-) (+)
    neurohumoral and post-junctional receptors
    4.) Drugs which affect neurohumoral
    (+) (-)
    deactivation
    Pharmacological Differences
    Between Symp. & Para. Divisions
    Drugs called
    Cholinergic Drugs
    Adrenergic Drugs

    A. Drugs that potentiate cholinergic effects


    B. Drugs that block cholinergic effects
    C. Drugs that potentiate adrenergic effects
    D. Drugs that block adrenergic effects
    The Enteric Nervous System
    Intrinsic Intramural Plexus
    Myenteric (Auerbachs) plexus
    Between outer longitudinal and inner circular muscle
    layers
    Concerned with control of peristaltic activity
    Meissners Plexus or Sub-Mucous Plexus
    Between middle circular muscle layer and mucosa
    Concerned with control of exocrine and endocrine
    secretions of GIT cells

    These plexuses are interconnected


    Contain motor neurons innervate smooth muscle
    Secretory neurons that regulate endocrine and exocrine
    secretions in the mucosa
    Sensory neurons respond to stretch, tonicity, glucose
    or amino acids

    Collectively: constitute enteric nervous system


    The Enteric Nervous System
    Dual Extrinsic Innervation
    Parasympathetic cholinergic activity
    generally increasing activity of intestinal
    smooth muscle
    Symp- adrenergic activity decreasing
    motility but contraction of sphincters
    The Enteric Nervous System
    Gastric H2 Histamine Receptors

    gastric H+ - K+ - ATPase can be inhibited by omeprazole

    Muscarinic Receptors-
    5 types:

    M1 - abundant in the brain


    M2 - Heart
    M4 - Pancreas acinar and islets
    M2M4 - smooth muscles
    M3M5 - not yet characterized

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