Restoring The Restoration: The Palaestra of The West Gymnasium of Kos
Restoring The Restoration: The Palaestra of The West Gymnasium of Kos
Restoring The Restoration: The Palaestra of The West Gymnasium of Kos
ABSTRACT
The contribution derives from a recent investigation held at the DICAR Department of the Polytechnic of
Bari, under the scientific supervision of professor Giorgio Rocco, regarding the Palaestra and the Western
Gymnasium of Kos. According to the research, the above mentioned Palaestra, one of the largest in the ancient
world, is to be dated to the II century B.C. It was partially dug out in 1936 by L. Morricone during the Italian
dominance over the Southern Sporades (1912-1948). At that time many restoration works were undertaken in the
Italian Dodecanese and also the Palaestra was subjected to an anastylosis which had partially rised its oriental porch.
The new search relies on new detailed drawings, complemented with a catalogue of architectural fragments and the
analysis of the structures finalized to the reconstructive study. Afterwards the analysis has focused on the critical
status of the same Italian restoration, carried on with integration of concrete cement, elaborating a derestoration
project and a proposal for an anastylosis of a further section of the porch with the aim to enhancing the
archaeological area.
Starting from the results of this research, the purpose of our paper is to provide for a contribution to the controversial
and highly-discussed topic of the architectural restoration in archaeological sites with a specific focus on the
following points of interest:
The Italian restoration in Dodecanese: a synthesis (Antonello Fino);
The Italian restoration of the Palaestra of the West Gymnasium of Kos: an unfinished yard? (Rossella
Martino);
Restoring the restoration. A new project for de-restoration and preservation (Daniele Mallardi);
A proposal for the accomplishment of the anastylosis and guide lines for the enhancement of the
archaeological site (Claudia Lamanna).
KEYWORDS: Kos, Hellenistic architecture, restoration of stone monuments, anastylosis,
enhancement of archaeological site.
207-1
1 THE ITALIAN RESTORATION IN DODECANESE: A SYNTHESIS
The theme of the Italian restorations in the Dodecanese islands, Rhodes and Kos, in the period between
the late Thirties and the early Forties, is part of a well-defined historical context. In the aftermath of Athens
Conference in 1931 (Giovannoni 1931; Infranca 1999, p. 14-39) and of the resulting draft of the Charter
(ICOMOS 2004, p. 31-33), which had great approval in Italy, the operations on the ancient monuments of
these islands were explained not so much by the principles of conservation, as by the political events happened
during the Governorship (L. Ciacci, in Livadiotti, Rocco 1996, pp. 273 -284; Karanassos 2011). Interventions
on Greek and Roman architectures, however, are only part of an ample restoration plan that favoured the
medieval structures spending in them most of the resources, in the ideological perspective to carry on the
Knights Hospitaller action (R. Santoro, in Livadiotti, Rocco 1996, pp. 211-250).
Between 1936 and 1940, the Department of Antiquities of the islands, directed by Luciano Laurenzi and
later by Luigi Morricone, was involved in the execution of several anastylosis of the major monuments in
Rhodes and Kos. A central figure in all the operations was undoubtedly the architect Mario Paolini, who was
responsible for surveys and reconstruction drawings, preparatory for restoration projects, in the Archive of the
Italian Archaeological School in Athens.
207-2
The city of Kos: organization of the archaeological area and anastylosis
The city of Kos, as already pointed out, was completely destroyed by a violent earthquake in 1933, that,
however, allowed Luciano Laurenzi and then Luigi Morricone to start more systematic archaeological studies
of the entire city. Restoration and Italian accomplishment of the Greek and Roman architectures in Kos
immediately showed the vocation to be an archaeological city, characterized by an uninterrupted dialogue
between the ancient and the modern town (Livadiotti, Rocco 1996, pp. 86-163; Livadiotti, Rocco 2012).
In the so-called Citt Murata, the medieval walled town the earthquake eliminated all traces of the
preexisting medieval unit, allowing the transformation of the site in Archaeological Park, as provided for the
new Master Plan. The excavations were continued by Laurenzi and then by Morricone, who carried out in
1936 the anastylosis of the eastern porch of the agora, a project now traceable in Paolini reconstructive
drawings. In the area of Amygdalona, in the context of post-earthquake explorations, between 1933 and 1936,
Laurenzi found the ruins of a Roman domus in the South of Decumanus Maximus, the so-called Casa Romana
(Albertocchi 2010), completely rebuilt between 1938 and 1940. The operation, today known for its strong
visual impact, was meant to preserve the rich decoration of the wall paintings present in the rooms.
In the area of Porta Nuova, since 1928, Laurenzi carried on the excavations of the Odeion (M.
Livadiotti, in Livadiotti, Rocco 1996, pp. 130-133; Chlepa 1999). According to the information present in the
orrespondence between Laurenzi and the then SAIA Director, Alessandro Della Seta, the first restoration date
back to 1930. A new restoration took place in 1936 at the hands of engineer Terenzi, Director of Technical
Office in Kos. The project included the completion of the auditorium, already in a good state of preservation,
the lower area, in fact it was integrated with new incrustations, and the partial reconstruction of the scenic
edifice.
A remarkable reconstructive intervention interested also the Nimphaeum-Latrina (A. Merletto in
Livadiotti, Rocco 1996, pp. 148-152; Merletto 2004), found during the enlargement of the excavation of the
West Baths between 1937 and 1938. The total anastylosis, unjustified by the small number of original elements
found after the examination, was completed by the following year and it is characterized by a high percentage
of integration with reinforced concrete used to realize ex novo the peristyle and the vaulted roofing of the
ambulacrum and of the upper level of the building.
At the Asklepieion (G. Rocco, in Livadiotti, Rocco 1996, pp. 163-171), since 1938, year in which, once
freed up the three terraces that compose the monument, big works of restoration and of organization of the area
could start, on the base of a detailed project by Paolini. Many of the planned operations were never completed,
because of the outbreak of the Second World War.
Morricone, even if aware of the political guidelines related to the reconstruction of the monuments in
the archipelago, tried to simplify the stretching in the restorations, promoting conservation through relocation,
once proven the original positions of all those scattered fragments that could otherwise be lost. On this
occasion the retaining walls of the terraces, which had suffered repeated collapses and subsidence, were
assembled and completed, choosing for the integration a local rose-colored tufa, easily distinguishable from
the original material. The second terrace was restored according to the Roman facies, using large blind
semicircular arches to support the higher level. In the third terrace, enclosed along three sides by stoai, some
partial reconstructions of the eastern porch were predisposed, never completed. In particular, according to the
project, three columns of the southern end of the eastern porch should have been lifted up, and they had to
support, in a second moment, the architraves of the entablature identified by Schazmann (Herzog, Schazmann
1932). The fragments of Doric columns, of which we have drums in different materials, such as white marble,
tufa and amygdalopetra, a sort of local travertine (Poupaki 2004) related to the various phases of the complex,
were no longer assembled and still rest on site with traces of the unfinished restoration.
Other interventions never completed had been planned by Paolini on the stoai of the first terrace where
the entire Doric order would have been recomposed in a four columns section; the operation would have been
quite easy thanks to the large number of fragments, mostly intact, found in the area.
In 1938 the staircase that connected the terraces was covered with blocks of new quarry; in addition,
two Ionic columns were integrated with Kallithea stone blocks in the second terrace for the temple of
Asklepius, where the crepidoma should have been integrated with a travertine similar to the amygdalopetra,
present in quarries not far from the sanctuary. The stylobate and a section of the colonnade of the Corinthian
Temple of the Imperial age were restored (De Mattia 2012), in the attempt to reassembly the available
fragments of the entablature and the of west pediment, but there was an abrupt stop in the works. In order to
207-3
better bracing structures, the project proposed to construct, next to the four columns, a portion of the wall of
the cella, that inside a wall in ashlar masonry, would have concealed four reinforced concrete pillars, in the
upper part of which, tie-beams were inserted immediately below the ancient cornices.
As already mentioned, the war interrupted both the restoration and the enhancement of the Asklepieion
and also the great urban project that Morricone was carrying out for Kos, with the identification of new
archaeological areas to be investigated. Many original elements were out of place waiting for being reinstalled,
and the garden design of the surrounding areas remained unfinished; in particular, the western part was
occupied by waste material produced by the construction in progress, unlike the eastern part that had already
been decorated with laurel, pine and cypress trees.
Finally, the finding of some survey, after the excavations of Laurenzi and Morricone and signed by
Brighten, related to the southern part and to the thermal building, in addiction to some Paolini drawings related
to the same area, would suggest that, while the island was preparing to the Second World War, a new
restoration project for the arrangement of the fourth terrace was already in progress.
The last Italian intervention on the complex and in general on the town of Kos, was the planting of five
hundred and forty pines in a ceremony that took place on 22nd March 1947 in the presence of all the pupils of
the island (F. Sirano, in Livadiotti, Rocco 1996, pp. 184- 188). (Antonello Fino)
The Palaestra of the West Gymnasium, in Kos, was restored by specialists of the period of Italian
occupation in the Aegean Islands and this restoration came up as a partial anastylosis of four sections of the
eastern porch, starting from the re-use of original fragments of the monument, some of them found in collapse
along the edges of the stylobate that was partially surfacing without in its original arrangement (G. Rocco, in
Livadiotti, Rocco 1996, pp. 144-148). Photos taken at the time of the excavation, preserved in the SAIA
Archives in Athens, are today a valuable document that has allowed the recall of some salient points of this
restoration; the photos cover a time span from April 1940 to June 1943, but the examined documents show that
the overall excavation in the area already started in the 1935-1936 and went on until 1939. The archaeologist
Luigi Morricone and his collaborators, among which Gelindo Ragher, Traiano Finamore, Hermes Balducci and
Virgilio Brighenti, went head contemporary to a photographic documentation campaign that concerned works
carried out in the whole western area, previously detected; there were also a cataloguing and a analysis of
architectural fragments, which were numbered, photographed, measured in their significant sizes, and often
sketched in the form of dimensioned notes; moreover, there was the preparation for the reassembly of
architectural fragments that were reinforced concrete integrated.
Anastylosis interventions proceeded in stages northsouthern directed (SAIA, Archive Morricone, M
552-557) in order to rise the column shafts and the corresponding capitals (SAIA, Archive Morricone, M 570);
only when a group of columns had been completed, it was carried on with the following section, starting from
the bottom and taking into account the "lower fragmented column drum found in situ", respectively, "three in
the south and one in the north" (Morricone 1950) and, in other situations, large portions of fragments were
placed at the base of the "blue - black marble slabs having traces of columns" (Ibidem), in formworks with
wooden slats, fastened at the base with more or less regular intervals and gradually built bottom up as a
function of the necessary steps for concrete drying and hardening. During the restoration many blocks of the
stylobate were replaced according to the alignment of the original ones and others were completely rebuilt in
reinforced concrete (SAIA, Archive Morricone, M 512, M 515, M 579) (Fig. 1).
The columns were intentionally clustered in four consecutive sections spaced several meters, in order to
suggest the volumetric development along the eastern branch of the only surviving peristyle, occupying in
length the entire excavation area, meanwhile limited and accomplished (Fig. 2). Of course the vast working
plan was interrupted, perhaps because of Second World War exacerbation, to the detriment of the fourth
section of the higher colonnade that was subjected to a hurried restoration, inaccurate in the blocks replacing,
in the joints treatment and in the exterior finishes, from then on intended to premature deterioration. Moreover,
the numerous architectural recovered fragments, some prepared to hold metal armor and others already pivoted
on (Fig. 3), show that the anastylosis site in the Palaestra of West Gymnasium was unfinished.
207-4
From the studies and analyzes carried out
that southern portion of the western excavation
appears today in a form radically different from the
meant one, which would have provided the filling
of the excavation carried out to unearth the
foundation of the porch and the raising of at least
one further column, already prepared for the
purpose. (Rossella Martino)
207-5
ancient one, restoring the original fixing systems
too. The de-restoring develops throughout a
sequence of phases: the first one entails the
identification of the ancient blocks (Fig. 4). Then it
follows the second phase, namely the
measurement, meant not only to observe what is
visible but also relevant to the formulation of
hypothesis about what we assume to find during
the dismantling. It is possible to make assumptions
about the preserved dimensions and to recreate the
breach lines.
The relevant quantity of photographic
material (G. Rocco in Livadiotti, Rocco 1996, pp.
144-148) and the presence of fragments in the site
which are assumed to have been object of several
anastylosis lead us to the following step: the Figure 4: Kos, West Gymnasium. Identification of
interpretation of the restoration undertaken in ancient fragments in the first section of the East Porch of
1938-43. We are dealing with pillars made with the Palaestra (Drawing A. Fino).
concrete artificially reproducing columns and
girders simulating Doric beams. The columns
reveal a core circular section made with concrete
anchored to the stylobate. The iron reinforced bars
vertically positioned are settled into two levels and
in some pillars they are replaced by marble
fragments. Moreover, the marble fragments contain
cavities in which we find iron hooks, drowned in
the concrete, functional to the stability of the
fragment within the pillar (cfr. fig. 3).
A long girder runs over all the columns
linking them in a single frame. The marble beams
reveal a cutting with a trapezoidal shape to hold the
horizontal iron bars (Fig. 5). This horizontal iron
structure is composed of vertical brackets which
contain iron bars of different sections (the inferior
ones with a bigger diameter) and instead of double
-T section bars placed side by side, they used
simple railway lines. Figure 5: Kos, West Gymnasium. Detail of architrave
For a correct process to be implemented in restoration (G. Rocco, in Livadiotti, Rocco 1996, p. 147,
our intervention, we can refer to the methods fig. 340).
already well tested in the restoration of the
Acropolis of Athens led by the YSMA (Eleftheriou 2014; Karanassos 2014). After having ascertained the
preserved dimensions of the blocks it is possible to proceed with making the breach lines come to light by
means of hammers and chisels. The use of pneumatics is discouraged as it can seriously prejudice the status of
the craps within the entire structure. Immediately after having clearly distinguished the exact margins of the
block it is important to verify if the same can be moved and removed. If we find clamps it is possible to
proceed with the removal as well as of the lead seal. The removal will be done by firmly binding the block to
the mechanical arm by means of high-resistance lashings or by using ancient lifting systems such as the
olivella. The dismantling of the beam must be carried out with extreme caution, being this block the main site
of structural knots. The starting point will be the centerline of the beam and then by means of uncovered the
breach lines of the block thanks to hammers and chisels, the ancient fragment will be removed from the
conglomerate. If the block is on the capital, once set the breach lines free from the concrete, it will be
necessary to try to lift the underlying block to check if the interested block can be removed with caution after a
number of trials. Afterwards, a chase will be created in the concrete in order to help the removal of the two
207-6
section bars and the definitive disposal of what remains of the girder. What follows then is the take-down of
the columns. Starting from the capitals, the breach lines of the ancient drum of the columns will come on the
surface thanks to the use of hammer and chisel relevant to the removal of the block from the conglomerate.
The operation will go in progress from the top up to the bottom gradually tracking down the ancient blocks.
Also in this case, once the breach lines are clearly visible, it will be necessary to lever the underlying block to
verify whether the block in which we are interested can be removed. On the ground we will move our attention
on all those fragments of columns with coring made to slot iron hooks and filled up with concrete: we will cut,
indeed, the part of the iron hook on the surface and we will remove the conglomerate by means of the water-jet
coring. As Acropolis work demonstrate, one of the advantages of the de-restoring lies in the possibility to
undertake direct investigations on the dismantled blocks, in order to observe their breach lines, their preserved
dimensions and ancient fixing systems: all relevant measurements for the concrete execution of the
integrations an important data for the very knowledge of the monument. (Daniele Mallardi)
207-7
the northern area of the excavation; reintroduction of the green parts (originally already existing and planned
by the Italian projects in the '30s), using greenery as a rehabilitation of the image; DE restoration and
restoration of the brought to light structures; protection and museographic solution in a small antiquarian;
realization of all the arrangement works in the area immediately behind the park, not directly including the
presence of archaeological finds, such as the ticket office on the west side; revival of the greatness and unity of
the monument in its original facies, thanks to the reassembly and reconstruction of the porch, using
environmentally friendly and possibly reversible technologies. All this in order to give back the role of
absolute centrality that this area boasted during his long history.
207-8
REFERENCES
Albertocchi, M. 2010. Considerazioni sul programma decorativo della 'Casa Romana' di Coo: modelli
dell'abitare tra impero e provincia, in Meetings between cultures, XVII Congresso Internazionale di
Archeologia Classica, Roma, settembre 2008, BDA on line 2010, n.1 anno I, special ed.
Chlepa, E.A. 1999. The architecture of the Roman Odeion at Kos, BSA 94, 1999, pp. 415-435.
De Mattia, D. 2012. Il tempio romano dellAsklepieion di Kos: nuovi dati per la sua anastilosi Thiasos, 1,
pp. 61-80.
Eleftheriou, V. 2014. The recent intervention programs on the monuments of the Athenian Acropolis, in Il
restauro dei monumenti antichi. Problemi strutturali: esperienze e prospettive, Atti delle Giornate di
Studio, Agrigento, 23-24 novembre 2012, Thiasos, 3, Convegni, Fourthcoming.
Eleftheriou, V., Markou, A. 2012. The Acropolis of Lindos: the work of redesigning and enhancing the
archaeological site, Thiasos, 1, pp. 29-3.
Giannella, F. 2013. Gli interventi italiani degli anni 30 nelle aree archeologiche della citt di Kos, in
conservazione e valorizzazione dei siti archeologici. Approcci scientifici e problemi di metodo (Atti
del convegno, Bressanone 9-12 luglio 2013), Edizioni Arcadia Ricerche, Venezia, pp. 785-796.
Giovannoni, G. 1931. La conferenza internazionale di Atene pel restauro dei monumenti, BdA 25, 1931,
pp. 408-420.
Herzog, R., Schazmann, P., 1932. Das Asklepieion. Baubeschreibung und Baugeschichte in Kos.
Ergebnisse der Deutschen Ausgrabungen und Forschungen, Heinrich Keller, Berlin.
Ioannidou, M., Lebidaki, E., 2011, The restoration of the monuments of the Athenian Acropolis,
Acropolis Restoration Service, Athens, pp. 9-15.
Karanassos, K. 2011. I sistemi adottati per la conservazione dellambiente urbano e i criteri dintervento
sui monumenti della citt di Rodi durante loccupazione italiana 1912-47: Il restauro dellOspedale
dei Cavalieri e la sistemazione dellarea circostante, in ASAtene, 89, III, 11, t. 1, 287-303.
Karanassos, K. 2014. Criteri di reintegrazione strutturale nel restauro dei monumenti dellAcropoli di
Atene. Problemi metodologici e scelte progettuali, in Il restauro dei monumenti antichi. Problemi
strutturali: esperienze e prospettive, Atti delle Giornate di Studio, Agrigento, 23-24 novembre 2012,
Thiasos, 3, Convegni, Fourthcoming.
Livadiotti, M., Rocco, G., 1996. (Eds). La presenza italiana nel Dodecaneso tra il 1912 e il 1948. La
ricerca archeologica, la conservazione, le scelte progettuali, Edizioni Del Prisma, Catania.
Livadiotti, M., Rocco, G. 2012. Il piano regolatore di Kos del 1934: un progetto di citt archeologica,
Thiasos, 1, pp. 3-18.
207-9
Merletto, A. 2004. The latrine near the Western Baths of Kos: excavation and reconstruction, in
. , Athens, pp. 251-262.
Morricone, L., 1950. Scavi e ricerche a Coo (1935-1943). Relazione preliminare in BdA 35, IV, Roma,
pp. 219-245.
Poupaki, E., 2004. Quarries of the Hellenistic age on the island of Kos and possible uses of the stone
extracted, in Hghammar 2004, pp. 165-179.
Rocco, G., Lanastilosi dellantico. Problemi teorici ed esperienze progettuali, in Selinus 2011, Restauri
dellantico. Ricerche ed esperienze nel Mediterraneo di et greca, Selinunte 2011, forthcoming.
Vrouva, A. 2014. Calculating reinforcement for fragmented architectural members. A three dimensional
approach in Il restauro dei monumenti antichi. Problemi strutturali: esperienze e prospettive, Atti
delle Giornate di Studio, Agrigento, 23-24 novembre 2012, Thiasos, 3, 2014, Convegni,
Fourthcoming.
207-10