Contents

June 2010
armu© ynma&;r*¾Zif;
trSwf 2
uAsm
5 wifrdk; ÓPform;
6 Munfat; uav;wkdYrkd;
7 aeEG,f tay;t&
8 urmykvJ waeYNyD;waeY (okdY)
udkoDv&JU ausmif;uav;
9 armifarmifNidrf;at; q&mtkd\ a0'em
10 pdefyef;ndK vlUavmu
11 a':pdefat; cspfp&mht&G,f? pmoifr,f
12 auZDvif; wGef;vSnf;

umwGef;
13 aersKd;at;? 0PÖaZmf? EkdifiHwum umwGef;
19

jynfwGif;ESihf a&TUajymif;a'o ynma&;owif;

aqmif;yg;
22 ormorwf tpdrf;a&mifoif½kd;ñTef;wrf;
25 t&SifZ0e udk,fawGU bkef;awmfBuD;oif ynma&;
28 q&ma|; om"kac: Mu 'D'ge
34 &JabmfoHcJ olaoudk,f&Sif wkdufyJG0if

40 EkdifOóm
pum;vkH;ocif
pmoif&if; &ifxJatmifhatmifhae
117
45 at;at;jrifh pMum0VmBuD; wpfckvkH;twGuftvS
52 armifarmifvwf ausmif;q&mb0? ausmif;q&m ynma&;
57 arNidrf; 2008 tajccHOya'ESihf ynma&;u@
59 xuf*sLvdkif ynmwwfzkdYta&; 'kdYta&;

94
 22 76

28
ynma&; tzJGUtpnf;rdwfquf
62 jrefrma&TUajymif; ausmif;q&mrsm; tpnf;t&kH; (BMTA)

EkdifiHwum ynma&; owif;

wåKwkd
0
70 armifvGrf;PD ig;r& a&csdK;jyef
76 Nidrf;a0 a&ESihfig;
81 zkd;olawmf
86 cifrrrsKd;
,lwkd;yD;,m;tdrfruf
ydk;pkef;MuL; 67

EkdifiHwum ynma&;aqmif;yg;
94 *grPd ausmif;aumif;? q&maumif;?
ausmif;om;aumif;
99 jrwfyef;&Sif ESpf(30) ynma&;pDrHudef; usqkH;cef;ESihf
tpdk;&opftwGuf pdefac:csuf
102 &Jjrifhausmf wkd;wufvmonfh tm&Swuúodkvfrsm;

140
 ausmif;ynma&; u@
70
110 trEGef *vdkb,f t*Fvdyfpm
114 odef;Ekdif todÓPf tvif;cvkwfzGifhwJh bmom&yfawG

olUtjrif
117 t&Si£ f ó&d, pmMunfhwkdufawGwnfwJh bkef;bkef;&JU &ifwGif;pum;
119 pef;pef; a&TUajymif;a'o ynma&;
120 csdKZifEkdif usrajymjycsifvGef;wJh jynfwGif;u opfyifav;awG taMumif;
123 a&T&Guf0g oif,lcGihfom &Sdr,fqkd&if

j yefvnfcHpm;jcif; (0w¬Kwkd)
126 vlxka':trm awmausmif;q&m&JU okc
28
ifwmAsL;
t
136 orkdif;oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; jyKpkol ½kdq,fvDrufx½dk
140 SOAS ausmif;om; bkdbkdvef;pif

wuúodkvf 0ifcGifh tufaq; (avhusifhp&m)
143 A Person I Admire

nf;ynm
e
146 xG#fjrwfcdkif Photoshop wGifzGmxGufaeaoqHyifrsm;tm; Selection vkyfenf;

nma&;tawG;tac:
y
148 odef;Ekdif 'Drkdua&pDynma&; wnfaqmufrIESihf rdkufu,f'AvsLtyfyJvf

uav;uAsm
156 armifarmifNidrf;at; uav;tcGihfta&;? urÇmBuD;at;jr
157 jidrf;pdk;ol rsKd;cspfyef;

ysdK;cif;&eHY
156 uAsm? pmpDpmukH;? uav;yef;csD
( xufxuf0if;? apmrl;om)

148
 tzGifhpum;
ZGefvqef;\ ykHrSefjrifuGif;rsm;jzifh pmoifESpftopf pwif
wm0efcHt,f'Dwm aeNyD jzpfygonf/ EkdifiHt0Srf;&Sd tjzLtpdrf;wkdY taejzihf arQmfvifh
odef;Ekdif
csufrsm;jzifh ausmif;pmoifcef;rsm;odkY 0ifa&muf ynmoifMum;&if;?
todynm? A[kokwudk &,lawmhrnf/ pmoifcef;rsm;twGif;
0ifa&mufcGihf &&Sdonfh uHaumif;aom uav;rsm;twGuf tem
vufaxmuft,f'Dwm *wf arQmfvifhcsufrsm; xm;&SdEkdifaomfvnf;? pmoifcef; tjyifbuf
a':vdIif? &Jjrihfausmf
rS uav;rsm;twGufrSm &ifav;p&m aumif;vSygonf/ rnfolwdkY
wGif wm0ef &Sdygoenf;/
tjzLtpdrf;acgif;aqmif q&m? q&mrwkdYvnf; ykHrSefpm
½kH;wm0efcH oifESpf\ ynma&; 0wå&m;rsm;udk MunfEl;jcif;wpf0uf? pkd;&drfpdwf
0if;0if;rif;
wpf0ufjzifh pwifaeNyD jzpfonf/ Eke,fysdKjrpfaom pdwfESvkH;rsm;udk
xkqpfykHazmf aeMuolwdkY\ yDwdrSm pmoifcef;rsm; twGif;üomvQif
&&SdEkdifonf r[kwfygvm;/
rsufESmzkH;yef;csD wpfNydKifeufwnf;rSmyif pdefac:csufrsm;pGm yg&Sdaeaom
yef;csD rsdK;jrihf
ausmif; ynma&; wm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifMurnfh q&m? q&mrrsm;
taejzihf tvkyf *kPfodu©mESihf b00rf;pmwkdYtwGuf tylyif
uif;pGm &Sdaeapcsifygonf/ odkYrSomvQif ynma&; wm0efrsm;udk
twGif;yef;csD tifESifhtm;ESihf xrf;aqmifEkdifrnf/ epfemaeMuolrsm;? pdk;&drf
apmclqJ? xG#fatmif? 0PÖaZmf?
aMumifhMu aeMuolrsm;onf pmoifcef;rsm; twGif;wGif tem*wf
oef;Ekdif? NyKH;yef;yGifh?
arQmfvifhcsufrsm;udk rnfodkY ykHazmfEkdifygrnfenf;/
rnfodkYyifqkdap ykHrrSefao;aom rkd;OD;ESihftwl pmoifESpf
topfum; pwifygawmhrnf/ vdktyfaeaom ausmif;topf wnf
umwGef;
aqmuf&ef? oifaxmufulypönf;ESihf zwfpmtkyf tcsdefrD jynfhjynhf
aersdK;at;? 0PÖaZmf? atmifarmf
pkHpkH &&Sdap&ef? q&m tvkHtavmuf jznfhqnf;ay;&ef? uav;wkdif;
ausmif;vmtyfEkdif&ef? oif½kd;ñTef;wrf; vGwfvyfcGihfESifh vGyfvyfpGm
ausmif;tkyfcsKyfcGihfwdkY tjynfht0 &&Sd&ef vdktyfaeygonf/
pmtkyftjyiftqif'DZkdif;
w&m;rQwrI uif;rJhNyD; 'Drdkua&pD tkyfcsKyfa&; qdwfokOf;ae
xG#fjrwfckdif? ol&def
onfh þumv0,f ausmif;rsm;ESihf pmoifcef;rsm;ü 'Drkdua&pDtajc
cH ,Ofaus;rIudk pwif &ygvdrfhrnf/ þonfum; tem*wftwGuf
taocsmqkH;aom csOf;uyfjcif; jzpfygonf/
jzefYcsda&;wm0efcH
avmavmq,fwGif ydkrdk ta&;BuD;onfrSmum; jrefrm
'Dt,fvf
uav;tm;vkH; 2010 ynmoifESpf tpydkif; ZGefvqef; umvwGif
ausmif;pmoifcef;rsm; twGif;odkY a&muf&Sd&ef NrdKUwkdif;? &Gmwkdif;rS
txl; BudK;pm;&ef vdktyfygonf/
qufoG,f&ef
[email protected]
t,f'DwmtzJGU
[email protected]
ZGefv 2010
www.maukkha.org
armu© uAsm

ÚmPf orm;

vdyfjym\&ef? ydwkef;vSefvnf;
yef;rmvfwkdYwGuf r[kwfcJh/ wifrkd;
usm;tEÅ&m,f? rkqkd;u,fvnf;
om;i,fwkdYwGuf? r[kwfcJh/

ydwkef; vdyfjym? vSnfhuGuf&SmNyD

yef;rmvmwkdY nDñGwfMu/

rkqkd;ESihfusm;? ÓPfupm;NyD
om;i,fwdkYvnf; nDñGwfMu/

5
ZGefv? 2010
 uav;wkdY .... rkd; ...
Munfat;

r "mwfBudK;wef;rSmvJ wJGvJ r rkd;ykvJ ... rkd;ykvJ ...

jr&GufcRef;rSmvJ cdkqJG zJG&mrSoJ? oJ&mrSrJ
ZmcsJU jymvJh EJGUwJh rkd;ykvJ ../ jywif;aygufrS oGef;csqJ
r rkd;ykvJvkH; ryDhwyD yifv,fqDvJ vdIif;xefNrJ
tyfeJY ydk;csnf xkd;aumufoD ajcvSrf;usJeJY uJ0ifvm
wvkH;pD ESpfvkH;pD a&G;MupdkY udkudknDnD ppfom;ajcaxmuf awmihfyrm
yg;tkdYeDeD nDrylwl; &maxmifodef;oef; &Gmjzef;jzef;
vSwJh 0wJh uwJh rylwl; wyfrBuD;eJY csDvmprf;uG .../
vnfwkdifqifvkdY &ygbl; .../ r tarh xD;wjcrf; qD;vkdYum
r rkd;ykvJ .. rkd;ykvJ ... ykodrfxD;ysuf rvkH&ufyg
tdrfa&SUvrf;xJ jyefYjzmBuJ 0&HwmrSm tawmfvmwJhrkd;
jrausmufrsuf&GJ yef;ovJ *sdK;*sdK;*sdrfh*sdrfh odrfhwJhrkd;
wcJESpfcJ okH;av;ig;cJ tusÐcRwfNyD; a&xGufcsdK;pkdY
rkd;oD;yl;wJG pm;NrKHUcsif udkat;? udkaxG;? ylwl;? ukdwdk; .../ /
vuf0g;azmif;rkdY jzefYvdkYwif
ig;jym;wefxif q,fjym;wefxif
rcsdKrcsOf
tihf[ifh tMuifoMum;vkH;
b,frSm0g;vkdYpm;vdkY &onfwkef; ../
6
ZGefv? 2010
tay; .... t& ..
aeEG,f
r
rdk;vif;&if
tzdk;a&.....qdkNyD; Edk;wwfwJhuav;
tckawmh [dk; ta0;BuD;rSm xm;cJh&NyD
'Dajcmufq,fem;eD;aewJh tzdk;u
'DajcmufESpfrjynfhao;wJh ajr;rav;udk
bmawGrsm; ay;cJhygovJ ....
r a[m'D EddkifiHawmfBuD;xJrSm
yef;oD;temtqmawGaygwJh acwfBuD;xJrSm
tay:,H xkwfydk;rIvSvSeJY t[m&rygwJh &ufvGef rkefYyJoa&pmawGMum;rSm
BudrfvHk;eJY usL&SifMum;u a&0yfwJh wef;ausmif;av;rSm
udkuf&ifaowwfwJh tusm;tusm;eJY jcifMum;BuD;awG ]]w0D0D}}
ykvJqdyfurf; AHk;BuJav,mOfawG tkyfzGJYysHvmovdk ]]w0D0D}} ...../
r usaemfh&ifaiGYeJY AHk;cdkusif;av; wl;ay;cJhygw,f
usaemfh ,yfawmifwzsyfzsyfeJY at;usif;av;xJrSm vHkNcHKygw,f
usaemfay;cJhygw,f pif'&Jvm;av;eJY zdeyfvSvSav;
reDuav;eJY xD;eDeDuav;
'ku©a&mufaewJh yk&Gufqdwfav;udk twlwlu,fcJhwmav; ay;cJhygw,f
opfaphav;awGudk twlwlpdkufNyD; oD;ay; yGifhay;cJhygw,f ..../
r aeY aeYqdk wdrfav;awG n nqdk Mu,fav;awG
[dk;rSm "l0H [dkYu azsmufqdyf [dkrSm aomMum
orD;emrnfeJY Mu,fuav; wvHk;&SmMunfhrvm;
ar;cGef;rsm;vnf; ay;cJhygw,f ..../
r aemufawmh tOya'awG rOya'awG rw&m;vdkufawmh
rBuD;ri,feJY usaemfajy;&awmh
'Duav; &vdkufwmu tzdk;udk ac:vdkYr&awmhbl; .../
r a& eifaeovdkyJ orD;vnfyif;xJrSm tzdk; eifaew,fuG,f ...
uav;i,frSm bmtjypf&SdvdkYygvJ
orD;vnfyif;xJrSm tzdk; eifaew,fuG,f...../ /

7
ZGefv? 2010
 waeYNyD; ... waeY (odkY)
q
udkoDv&JU ausmif;uav; ...
waeYNyD; waeY toufawGBuD;vmcJh
waeYNyD; waeY tkdum emum aoum urmykvJ
toufawGom BuD;BuD;vmcJh .../
q waeYNyD; waeY urÇmay:rSm rkefwkdif;awG ivsifawG
a&BuD; a&vQHrIawG? {&mr rD;awmufrD;vQHawG
rkd;acgifa&&Sm;? tiwfab; qkdufa&mufrIawG
vltoufudk a>caewJh ul;pufa&m*g ydk;rTm;awG
wzufowf tEkdifusihfaewJh
EkdifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&; ppfyJGBuD;awG taocHAkH;aygufuJGrIawG
waeYNyD; ..waeY ../
q urÇmBuD; wnf&SdaewJhtaMumif;
vlom;awGom ajymrjyEkdifcJh&if .....
urÇmBuD;&JU tvStyawGtaMumif;
vlom;awGom rzefwD;EkdifcJh&if ...
vlom;awG rsdK;quftvdkuf &SifoefEkdifzkdYtwGuf
&if;jrpf uav;i,fawGom r&SdcJh&if ...
uav;i,frsm;twGuf usef;rma&;? ynma&;?
vlrIb0&yfwnfa&; vGwfvyfpGm zHGUNzdK;&SifoefEkdifcGifhr&SdcJh&if ....
rsuf&nfqkdwm u½kPmoufp&m t&mr0ifawmh
uav;i,fwa,muf&JU &,farmoHonfvnf;
MunfEl;cHpm;olrJh ypönf;wckom
waeYNyD; .. waeY .../
q waeYNyD; ..waeY
udkoDv&JU w&m;r0if pmoifausmif;uav;rSm (olwyg;EkdifiHrSmqkdawmh ..)
waeYNyD; .... waeY udkoDv&JU pmoifcef;xJrSm
Armjynfu rdrJh zrJh? aqGrsKd;nmwumrJh? tjypfrJhuav;awG
waeYNyD; ... waeY ....
ydkydk wdk;vkdY wkd;um vmaew,f ...../ /

8
ZGefv? 2010
 q&mtkd\ a0'em armifarmifNidrf;at;

q vJrvdk wJtkdtdk acgiftusJ&,feJY

&GJUvefum x&HawGaygufygvdkY
Murf;cif;0g rckdifaqG;NyDayhg
csKyfn&D ae0ifcsdefrSmjzihf
rD;ZmrSdef qDukefcrf;&SmwJh
Z&mtkd oufjyif;½dIuf
yef;pkdufwJhol ..../
q jrwfvGef;Muif
ywf0ef;usif wJw0kdufrSmjzihf
q MumNyDav
ESpfNcdKufpGm olysKd;avwJh
&moDawG a<u&Gufvkdy
yef;rsKd;awG jzLeDjymaygh
ajroufum tcsdefawGajymif;vQifjzihf
pdrf;ñkd0g ta&miftaoG;pkHygbd
olYO,smOf a&mifpkHjzmrS
a&Tvdyfjym awmifyHum;awGu
yef;rmvm a0a0qmwkdY
jrjrMunfjzL ..../
tcsdKUrSm bk&m;pif
q tajcwrsKd; ajymif;avwJh
auomwGif vef;olvef;
aEGrkd;aqmif; &moDawGrSmjzihf
{nfhcef;rSm x,folx,f
Mum&Snfaeol rem;&SmNyDbk
NrdKUxJ0,f oif;oloif;
,k,um apwemeJY
&GmwGif;rSm arT;olarT;eJY
a0'emajz ajyomovkdy
Nidrf;at;um tajcusygvkdY
aygufwl;tkd wvuf&,feJYaygh
b0awG jynfhpkHykHudkv
&ufqufuG,f a&oG,fum MoZmcsNyD;
jrifawGUBuKH &Tifaysmfrdaomfvnf;
avhrSD;&Sm yef;pdkufenf;awGeJY
olYwJtkd jyifEkdifa&;udkjzihf
EGrf;yGifha<u r&Sd&atmifv
(yef;uav;wkdYa&)
vkHYvaqmifvQif BudK;ygbd
awG;rsuf&nfpkdY ..../ /
tem*wfwGuf &ifrSmyl
arT;MuLum vSapzkdY ..../

9
ZGefv? 2010
 vlUavmu
pdefyef;ndK

tmumwcGif wdrfrJqif
toGifrnfokdY ajymif;rnfenf; .../

awmawmifwcdk rdIif;ndKndK
jrLckd;rnfokdY qkdif;rnfenf; .../

urf;yg;wavQmuf vIdif;armufarmuf
avSapmuf rnfokdY ul;rnfenf; .../

&ifxJu pdwf w'dwf'dwf

twdwfrnfodkY ajymif;rnfenf; .../

ta[mif;rS topf
taESmif;u tjzpfawG
ajymif;vSpf ppfaMum
&ifawG armw,f
tajymus,fwJh ...]]vlYavmu}} ...../ /

10
ZGefv? 2010
 cspfp&mh t&G,f pmoifr,f
a':pdefat;

q eHeufapmapm vif;a&mifjzm q q&moifwJh oifcef;pm

ta&SUbufu a&mifeDvm tNrJusufrSwfyg
tdyf,mxJu vluav; pmajz&mrSm tvGefoGuf
xygawmhav; .../ tJ'g igwkdYtwGuf .../
q rsufESmopfNyD; pmzwf&ef q aeYvnfausmif;qif; rkefYpm;&ef
usufrSwfzkdYu tcsdefwef oli,fcsif;awGeJY csdef;xm;jyef
pmtHtNyD; ararauR; BuHBuHzefzef 'dkYupm;
aumufn§if;ESrf;axmif;av; .../ wlwlykef;wrf;oGm; ....../
q ausmif;csdefusawmh vG,ftdwfvG,f q aeYvnfausmif;wuf acgif;avmif;oH
ausmif;udkoGm;awmhr,f a'gif'if .. a'gif'if jrnfaejyef
aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tif oli,fcsif;rsm; ausmif;cef;qDudk twloGm;
vufwJG wl,SOfoGm; .../ ar;cGef;awGudk 'dkYajzMum; .../
q ausmif;udka&mufawmh oifcef;pm q tm;upm;csdefodkY a&mufvkdYvm
pdwfygvufyg zwfMuwm um,avhusifhwm
a&;yg? zwfyg igwkdYtwGuf usef;rma&;udk tav;xm;
aemifwacwf&JU tm;omcsuf ausmif;vTwfcsdefrSm cJGcGmoGm;
pmoif&mrSm bmrcuf .../ wmhwm ... bkdifhbkdif ..vm; .../

11
ZGefv? 2010
 wGef;vSnf;
auZDvif;

avmuBuD;xJ ig&Sifoefvmwm
ESpfcgvnfomom/
ightokdif;t0dkif;&JU [kdwzufrSm
ighvkdvlawG b0ukHvkH jynfhpkHaew,f/
igeJY&G,fwl aumifrav;u
a&Tvifyef;eJYrsm; tcsif;aq;ovm;/
igua&m . . .
iga&mifpHk abmvHk;upm;uGif;vJ
ra&mufcJhzl;ygbl;/
&mausmfwef &Drkum;vnf; igrydkifbl; ....
qHEG,feD&J tvSuJwJh Adkvfr00&kyfvnf; ighrSmr&Sdbl; ....
naeaeat; avnif;cHzdkYpD;wJh wGef;vSnf; igrodbl; .../
iga&mufzl;wm vrf;wum
ighrSm&Sdwm? tzmw&m OD;xkyfwvHk;
igodwmu ta[mif;pkwfawG pkyHkaewJh
tarh&JU wGef;vSnf; 'DvSnf;av
aexGufae0if waeukefcsif rukefcsifvnf;
aeylcHvdkY &Dqdkufu,f ypönf;awGeJY
igaysmf&w,f/ /
12
ZGefv? 2010
armu© umwGef;

13
ZGefv? 2010
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ZGefv? 2010
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15
ZGefv? 2010
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cuftcJ &Sdaeaom ausmif;om; [k ab;rS &yfMunfh raetm;ol av; tm;vHk;twGuf trsKd;om;
rsm;? pmoifcHkr&Sdaom ausmif; vrf;jy Mu,fMuD;uajymygonf/ ynma&;rdkY 0dkif;0ef;MuzdkY EdI;aqmf
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21
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22
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om;orD;rsm;u tqrwef enf;yg;oGm;onf/ okdYaomf olwdkYom;orD;rsm;aemifa&;
'gaMumifhyif vkyfief;cGif aps;uGufwGif csdefcGifvQm twGuf paw; rcHvkdMu/ odkYjzihf ,cifykHpHa[mif;
onf pD;yGm;a&;? ukefoG,fa&;bufodkYwzufapmif; twkdif; pD;yGm;a&;? bmom&yfrsm;udkom wkduf
eif; tompD; &oGm;onf/ vlrIa&; tusKd;jyK vkyf wGef; oif,laponf/ ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;?
ief;rsm;ESihf v,f,mpdkufysdK;a&; vkyfief;rsm;twGuf urÇmtouf&Snfa&;udk ausmcdkif;vkdufMu onf/
vltiftm; tqrwef enf;yg; rvkHravmuf urÇmu OD;wnf wkdufwGef;aeonfu
jzpfoGm;onf/ wkdif;jynf\ a&&Snfpm;eyf&du©mESihf wpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ urÇmtouf&Sif wnfwHha&;onf
tem*wf tajccH taqmuftODrsm;twGuf ra& t&m&m\a&SUrSOD;aqmifvrf;jy jzpf&rnf/
r&m pdk;&drfp&m jzpfvmonf/ þjyóemonf BudKufonfjzpfap? rBudKufonfjzpfap
csufjcif;vufiif; tajz awmif;qdkaeonfh jyó urÇm\ a&&Snf touf&Sif wnfwHha&;ESihf vl
em jzpfonf/ om;rsdK;EG,f rjyKef;wD; raysmufuG,f oGm;a&;rSm

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vlom;rsdK;EG,f rjyKef;wD;? raysmufuG,foGm;a&;rSm
þywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&; xGufayguf
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pD;yGm;a&; tvGeftuRH e,fcsJUvmrIESihfurÇmh wnf;rS wpfckwnf;om usefawmhonf[l\/ rdb
ywf0ef;usif? urÇmhtouf&Sif wnfwHha&;wdkY rsm; (vlcsrf;om rdbrsm;) ESihf urÇmhynm&SifwkdY
xdyfwkduf&ifqkdif awGUvmonf/ EkdifiHwum t oabmxm; rnfrQ uGmjcm; oGm;ygoenf;/ rdbrsm;
qihf? a'otqihfwkdYwGif tylwjyif; aqG;aEG;&aom bufrS jyif&awmhrnf/ acwf\ awmif;qkdcsufjzpf
t"du taMumif;t&m jzpfvmonf/ tusdK;&v'f onf/
tjzpf vl\ vkdtyfcsufESihf urÇm wnfwHha&;wkYd urÇmhpD;yGm;a&; OD;aqmif vkyfief;&Sifrsm;
nd§EdIif; aexkdifMu&rnf[k qkH;jzwfcsufMuonf/ u 2050 twGuf pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;pOf
odkYaomf zHGUNzdK;qJ EkdifiHrsm;onf tzk opfrsm;ESihf tjrifopf Vision 2050 A New
txpfwpfckESihf &ifqkdif Mu&onf/ zHGUNzdK;qJ t Agenda For Business qdkaom yef;wkdifwck
qihfüom &Sdao;aomaMumihf pD;yGm;a&; ukefoG,f csrSwfvdkufonf/ aemif tESpf 40 tMumwGif
a&;zufokdY ydkrdk tm½kHpkduf&onfh taetxm;rS urÇmBuD; rnfodkY &Sdaeoifhonfukd urÇmh OD;aqmif
½kef;rxGuf EdkifMuao;/ rdbrsm;u urÇmBuD; vkyfief;&SifBuD;rsm;u 18 vMum aqG;aEG; csrSwf
touf&Sif usef;rma&;twGuf ywf0ef;usifxdef; vkdufaom yef;wkdifjzpfonf/ olwkdYtqkdu þodkY
odrf; apmifha&Smufa&;twGuf wm0ef,l&rnfukd jzpfonf/ urÇmhvlOD;a&onf 9 bDvD,H jzpfvm
23
ZGefv? 2010
 rS &vmEkdifrnf/ pdwfykHpHtopf (New mind-
set) vkyfief; uRrf;usifrItopf? aeYpOf tavh
tx topfESihf pkaygif; tm;xkwfaom tavht
usihfopfrsm;jzihf tpm;xkd;&rnf/
urÇmhpD;yGm;a&; OD;aqmif&Sifrsm;uawmh
urÇmhtem*wf touf&Sifaea&;twGuf ,if;t
jrifopf? tvkyfopfrsm;udk csjyaeMuNyD/
uJ ... uRefawmfwdkY zHGUNzdK;qJ EkdifiHrsm;u
bmvkyfMurnfenf;/ rdbrsm;ESihf aemifwpfacwf
vli,frsm;u þtjrifudk em;vnf oabmayguf
pGm rQa0 cHpm;NyD; oif½kd;ñTef;wrf; topfrsm;jzihf
(uRefawmfu tpdrf;a&mifoif½kd;nTef;wrf;[k ac:
xm;onf/) a&SUc&D;udk qufavQmufMu&rnf/
vmrnfh q,fpkESpfwGif vkyfief;aps;uGuf
onf urÇmtouf&Sifa&;udk taxmuftuljyK
aom zHGUNzdK;wkd;wufrI (Sustainable Devel-
opment) jzpfap&rnf/ oD;jcm;e,fy,fwckxJ
uGufí jzpfjcif;r[kwfyJ? av;zufav;wefbufpkH
(Holistic) zHGUNzdK;wkd;wufrI jzpf&rnf/ tajccH
pm;0wfaea&;? pD;yGm;a&;? EkdifiHa&;? ynma&;?
ywf0ef;usifESihf a*[pepfrsm; tm;vkH;twGuf
rnf/ (wpfbDvD,Honf oef; wpfaxmif ta& NcKHikHrdap&rnf/ ukefoG,fa&;? pdkufysdK;a&;? pD;yGm;
twGufjzpfonf) xkd 9 bDvD,Honf tpm tm[m a&;? ynma&;? usef;rma&;? tEkynm? 'DZkdif;?
& zlvkHae&rnf/ aomufa&okH;a& oefY&Sif;pifMu,f odyÜH? tif*sifeD,m ponfh ponfh e,fy,frsm;wGif
ae&rnf/ vlwkdif; trkd;tumatmufü aeEkdif& þtpdrf;a&mif oif½kd;nTef;wrf;opfudk pwif awGU
rnf/ jrifae&NyD/
c&D;oGm;vma&; vkHNcKH acsmarGYap&rnf/ uRefawmfwkdY wwyfwtm; yg0if jznfh
ynma&;ESihf usef;rma&; pHcsdefrD aumif;rGefí qD;í aemif rsdK;qufopfrsm;twGuf touf&Snf
tmrcHcsuf&Sdap&rnf/ þ uwdrsm; tm;vkH;? pMu0- Mum aeEkdifaom urÇmopfwpfckudk vufaqmif
VmESihf ,SOfu tifrwef ao;i,f? tifrwef csdeJY ay;cJhMuygpkdY/
onfhwkdif &EkdiforQaom vlt&if;tjrpf? obm0 ormorwf
o,HZmwrsm;jzifh okH;pJG&if; jyefvnf jznhfwif;&if; (8?4?2010)
jzihf auseyfatmif jznfhqD; ay;Ekdifvdrfhrnf[k
qkH;jzwfcJhMuonf/ þtem*wfykHum; yDjyifjzpf
ajrmufvmap&eftwGuf vlwkdif;yg0if vkyfaqmif

24
ZGefv? 2010
 udk,fawGU bkef;awmfBuD; oif
ynma&;
t&SifZ0e ("r®mp&d,)

ynma&;pepfwck[m vufcHusifhokH;wJh jrdKU tkyf? olMuD;? pma&;pmcsDuae atmufqkH;&GmxJu

vlYtzGJYtpnf;udk ykHazmfay;w,fqdkwm taxGtxl; vlawGtxd 'DvdkykHpHeJY ynm&Sm MuD;jyif;cJYMu&wm/
ajymp&mvdkr,f rxifygbl;/ jrefrmawGoif,lcJYwJh touft&G,ftm;jzifh ig;ESpfajcmufESpfu
ynma&;[mvJ jrefrmvlrIb0ESihf vlYtzGJYtpnf;xJ pwifcJhwJh ynma&;b0[m wq,fhajcmuf
pl;epf0if&mufaewJh "avhp½dkuf? trltusifhawG wq,fhcGef &SifvdifjyefwJh t&G,ftxd? rdef;cav;
tjzpf tJ'Dynma&; pepfuykHazmfay;cJYwmawGyg/ awGqdk&if tysdKabmf0ifp q,hfav; q,fhig; txd
tJ'Dawmh tJ'Djrefrmhynma&;pepfawGudk tckajymr,fhykHpHeJY ynm&Sm cJY&wmyg/ omoemh
b,folawGu tokH;cscJYMuwmvJ/ 'DtaMumif;t abmif qufvuf &yfwnfoGm;Mur,fh olawG
&mawGudk pma&;ol em;vnforSs MudK;pm;wifjy uawmh 'Dxuf tqifhjrifhwJY pmayawGudk jrdKU
oGm;rSmyg/ MuD;awGu ausmif;awGtxd a&TUajymif; ynmoif,l
jrefrmynma&;tp[m tcrJhynma&;yg/ Muygw,f/
jrefrmvlYtzGJYpnf;udk ykHazmfay;wJh 'Dynma&;udk bkef;awmfMuD;ausmif;udk pwifausmif;
oHCmawmfawGuae OD;aqmif wm0ef,lcJhMuwm tyfykHuawmh ausmif;aeawmhr,fh ausmif;om;udk
yg/ jrefrmynma&;taMumif;ajym&if bkef;awmfMuD; rdbujzpfap? &GmxJu vlMuD;olr wpfOD;OD;ujzpfap
ynma&;u rygrjzpf xnfhudk ajymMu&rSmyg/ 'Du bkef;awmfMuD;xH vufzufyGJ 'grSr[kwf uGrf;?
aeYtxdvnf; MoZmvTrf;rdk;qJygyJ/ 'gaMumifh jref uGrf;oD;? aq;yGJ tenf;i,frQESifh vma&muf tyf
rmhvlYtzGJYtpnf;tay: trsm;MuD; vTrf;rdk;cJh? vTrf; ESHavh &Sdygw,f/ bmpm&if;pmtkyfrS r&Sdygbl;/
rdk;qJ jzpfaewJY bkef;awmfBuD; ynma&;pepf t bkef;awmfMuD;u b,fvkd vufcHpmtkyfESifhrQ vuf
aMumif; tm;omcsuf? tm;enf;csuf? jyKjyifp&m cHxm; vdkufwm r[kwfygbl;/ ]]at;at;.. xm;
awG wifjy oGm;csifygw,f/ cJh}} 'gyJ bkef;awmfMuD;u ajymvdkufwmyg/ ausmif;
t&ifqHk; pma&;olwdkY i,fpOf waeYwm om;pm&if; vufcH rSwfykHwifuawmh wpfOD;eJY wpf
oiftH&ykHawG oif,lcJh&ykHawGudk OD;pGmwifjyr,f/ OD; pmpjyD; roifMum;cif yxrOD;qkH; oif&wm
aemufbmawG oif&w,f? 'gawGudk vlrI b0 uawmh &Sdcdk;OD;csenf;ygyJ/ 'gu ta&; MuD;ygw,f/
xJtxd b,fvdk o,faqmifoGm;Muw,fqdkwma&; Ak'¨bmom wpfa,muftwGuf pepfuswJh &Sdcdk;
ygr,f/ OD;csenf;[m r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfygw,f/ ykHpHuswJh
'DuaeYtxd awm&GmtcsKdUrSm awGYEdkifyg &Sdcdk;OD;csenf; rwwfxm;oludk uJh&JU jypfwifwwf
ao;w,f/ pma&;olwdkY i,fpOfuqdk aus;&Gm&JU Muygw,f/ olYudkygrubJ b,fausmif; xGufvJ?
ausmif;aet&G,f wpf0ufausmfausmf[m tck b,folYwynfhvJ pwJh ar;cGef;awG vmwwfwmrdkY
ajymr,fhykHpHeJY oif,lcJh&wmyg/ 'Dxuf a&S;uswJY bkef;MuD;[m &Sdcdk; OD;csenf;udk pwif oifMum;ay;
tcguqdk &GmvkH;uRwf 'DykHpHeJY oif,l cJhMu&wmygyJ/ ygw,f/
25
ZGefv? 2010
 pma&;ol Mum;zl;wJY tar&duefwuúodkvf 0gMuD;awG tm;vkH;uvnf; OD;csjcif;awG vkyfMu
awGrSm wufaewJY ausmif;om;tcsKdU trSm;t,Gif; &ygw,f/ 'gaMumiffhyJ ausmif;om;opfudk bkef;MuD;
jzpfvmjyDqdk olb,fjynfe,fu b,f State poifwm[m OD;csenf;u pygw,f/
ausmif;xGufvJqdkwJY aemufaMumif;vdkuf jzpf&yfrsKd; ausmif;wuf acgif;avmif;xdk;jyD; wef;pD
awGeJY cyfqifqifvdkY qdk&rvm;yJ/ aqmifhaMumifhxdkif vuftkyfcsDvdkY bk&m;&Sdcdk;jcif;udk
,ckacwf Ak'¨bmom,Ofaus;rIoifwef; pwifygw,f/ ausmif;&JUpDeD,m ausmif;om;MuD;wpf
awGrSm oifMum;wJh vuFm&Sdygw,f/ tJ'guawmh- a,mufu a&SUuae wdkifay;ygw,f/ tm;vkH;wnD
]]ajc? vuf? ezl;? wawmif? 'l; ig;OD;nD ñGwfap}} wnGwfwnf; vdkufqdk&ygw,f/ trsm;tm;jzifYawmh
qdkwJY vuFmav;yg/ teaEÅmteEÅ ig;yg;udk &nfnTef;xm;wJh bk&m;&Sdcdk;
'DvuFmtjyif aemufxyf vuFmav;wck udk wdkifay;wmyg/ teEÅig;yg;udk wefzdk;xm;&r,f
&Sdygao;w,f/ tJ'DvuFmav;udk &GwfqdkjyD; vuFm qdkwm vlrSef; odwwfp t&G,fxJu jrefrmawG
yg pmom;twdkfif; jyKvkyfvdkufvQifyJ t*Fg&yf em;xJ toifha&muf pGJjrJaewJY Mo0g' wpfckygyJ/
awGeJY nDnGwfwJY &Sdcdk;enf;udk jzpfapygw,f/ bk&m;&Sdcdk;jyD;wmeJY pmtH pmusufjcif;udk
pwif&ygw,f/ twef;wlqdkwm r&Sdygbl;/ vlig;
]]tckvkd pmtkyfawG ray:ao;cifu q,f&SdvQif pm ig;q,fygyJ/ wpfa,mufwpfrsKd;pDyg/
oifykef;rSm usuf&rnfh pmudk tckvdk pmtkyfawG ray:ao;cifu oifykef;rSm
usuf&rnfh pmudk bkef;MuD;u a&;ay;ygw,f/ pm
bkef;BuD;u a&;ay;ygw,f?
usufwJh tcgrSm wkyf0yfjyD; waxmifu Murf;jyifudk
pmusufwJh tcgrSm wkyf0yfNyD; axmufjyD; taetxm;eJY pmtH&ygw,f/ twef;
wawmifu Murf;jyifudk axmufNyD; wlqdkvdkY uMuD; cauG; Asnf;tu©&m okH;q,fhokH;
vkH;udk oifMuwJh a&mufp ausmif;om;opfav;
taetxm;eJY pmtH &ygw,f ...}} awGvdkY ajymvdkY&r,f xifw,f/ olwdkYvJ tjrJ
]]vufaxmif'l;cs? wawmifcs? ezl;csum twef;wlawmh r[kwfMubl;/
OD;csyg/}} 'DvuFmav;udk &GwfqdkjyD; aqmihfaMumifh aeYpOf bkef;MuD;u ausmif;om;opfawGudk
xdkif taexm;uae pwifygw,f/ vufudk ppfw,f/ Asnf; tm;vkH;udk tvGwf&ol tvGwf
axmufvdkuf&ygw,f/ vufudka&SUudk wdk;vdkufjyD; a&; jyEdkifoludk a&G;xkwfjyD; a&SUudk wufay;w,f/
waxmifudk Murf;jyifudk xdonftxd aemuf- 'DaeY wpfa,mufu pmawG &aejyDqdkjyD; &aeoludk
wqifh vkyf&ygw,f/ 'l;ESpfzufaum wawmif aemufwqifh wufay;vdkufwmygyJ/
ESpfzufaum Murf;jyif xdoGm;jyD;wJYaemuf? ezl;udk ckepfem&Duae udk;em&D txd pmtHcsdef
Murf;jyifESifh xd&ygw,f/ 'gqdk xdjcif;ig;yg;ESifh wpfcsdef/ udk;em&Du q,fem&D txdudkawmh ocsFm
jynfhpkHwJY &Sdcdk;enf;udk jyKvkyfjyD; jzpfapygw,f/ wGufcsdef/ ausmif;om;opfawGuawmh wpfESpfokH;
&Sdcdk;OD;csjcif;udk b,ftcsdefawGrSm vkyfMu av;udk wpfq,f ESpfq,fuae wpf&mwpfaxmif
ovJqdk&if bkef;awmfMuD;ausmif;udk a&mufvmwJY ponftxd wdkifay;wJYtwdkif; vdkufqdk&w,f/
Ak'¨bmom0if wpfa,muf[m ausmif;udk pwif *Pef;ocsFm oifcsdefrSmawmh twef;udk av;ig;rsdK;
a&mufwmeJY yxrOD;qkH; vkyf&wJh tvkyfu uef cGJxm; wwfygw,f/
awmh OD;cs&Sdcdk;wJY tvkyfygyJ/ bk&m;udk &Sdcdk;r,f/ ckeajymovdk *Pef;awGudk wdkifay;wJY
aemuf ausmif;rSm&SdwJY bkef;MuD;udk &Sdcdk;&ygr,f/ ausmif;a&mufcgp ausmif;om;opfawGu wpfzGJY?
jyD;awmh &yfxJ&GmxJu rdbq&morm; oufMuD; taygif; tEIwf tajr§muf tpm;udk cGJxm;jyD; wpf

26 ZGefv? 2010
tkyfpkpD uav;ig;zGJY? taygif; tEIwf tajr§muf udpöawGudk b,fvdk vkyf&r,fqdkwmawG/ 'gawGudk
tpm;udk uRrf;usifjyD; olawGudkawmh opfwef usufrSwf&w,f/ od*Fg avm0g'qkH;rpmvdk rdb
wGuf? {uwGuf? pyg;wGuf pwJY wu,f tokH;0ifwJY 0wf? om;orD;0wf? q&m0wf? wynfh0wf
wGuf enf;awGudk oifay;wmu wpfzGJY? 'Dvdk tzGJU tvkyform;0wf? tvkyf&Sif0wf pkHatmifygw,f/
wpfzGJYpDudk ]]abm}} vdkY ac:wJh ausmufoifykef;MuD; ygvDrefacwfu jynfolYeDwd qdkwmawG[m
wpfckrSm bkef;MuD;u ykpämawG a&;xm;ay;w,f/ a&S;acwf bkef;awmfMuD;ausmif;awGrSm oif&wm
ausmif;om;awGu oifykef;awGeJY wGufMu&w,f/ awGu xkwf,l rSDjirf;wm rsm;w,f/
wGufenf;awGuawmh tpOftquf okH; aeYvnf pma&;pmusufcsdefjyD;wJY tcgrSm
vmcJhwJh enf;awG/ tEIwftwGufqdk vuFmoD;oefY awmh aqmhupm;csdef ay;w,f/ naerSmawmh
usuf&w,f/ wpfrEIwfavmuf udk;vm? ESpfrEIwf waeYwm&JU aemufqkH;tcsdefudk pmtHoHawGeJY
avmuf &SpfvmpwJY vuFmudk usufxm;&w,f/ jyefvnf zGifhvSpfygw,f/ 'DtcsdefrSm pmtHoHawG
tajr§mufwdkY tpm;wdkYtwGufu]]aem {u aem}} u ydkjyD;awmh nHaewwfygw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdk
ac:wJY ygVdwydkif; tvDudk usuf&w,f/ igwdkYu awmh waeYvkH; usufxm;wJh pmawGudk bkef;
awmh ]]aemausw,f}} qdkwJY pum;ykH tokH;tEIH;[m awmfMuD;xH jyefjy&awmhrSmrdkYyg/ pmr&&if qkay;
'Du vmwmav/ 'Pfay;pepfu &Sdaew,fav/ 'Pfu oJ'Pf
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twGif; vkyfMuw,f/ 'gjyD;oGm;awmh bkef;MuD;awG w,f/ 'Dawmh pmudk r& &atmifusuf&w,f/
qGrf;pm;csdef eD;jyD/ qGrf;pm;aMu;pnf xdk;vdkufw,f qkay;wmuawmh MuD;MuD; rm;rm; r[kwfygbl;/
qdk&ifyJ ausmif;om;awG[m wef;pDjyD; xdkifvdkY pmawmfwJh ausmif;om;? vdr®mwJh ausmif;om;udk
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qdkvdkY bk&m; &Sdcdk;Muw,f/ wpfck&Sdw,f/ tJ'guawmh qGrf;pm;uGrf; pm;vdkY
bkef;awmfMuD;awG qGrf;pm;jyD;rS ausmif; &GmuvlawG ac:wJh tvSLawG bmoma&; tcrf;
om;awG aeYv,fpm pm;Mu&w,f/ aeY&JUw0uf tem;awGudk ac:oGm; cH&wmygyJ/
ukefoGm;ygjyD/ vkyfief;awGu &SdaeqJyJ/ aeYv,f nae pmusufcsdefawG ukefqkH;oGm;wJY
tcsdefuawmh pma&;csdef pmoifwJh bkefawmfMuD;[m tcgrSm xkHpHtwdkif; bk&m;&Sdcdk;eJY tqkH;owfygw,f/
ausmif;om;&Sd&if tJ'D&SdorQ ausmif;om;awG&JU xl;jcm;wmwpfcku bk&m;&Sdcdk; jyD;wmeJY omoem
oifykef;awGrSm pma&; ay;&w,f/ bkef;MuD; avQmuf pmwrf;qdkwmudk bk&m;&Sdcdk; wdkifay;olu
vufa&; wlEdkiforQwlatmif vdkufa&; &w,f/ qufjyD; wdkifay;wmygyJ/ ,aeY a&mufaewJY
ausmif;&JU &SdorQ ausmif;om;awG[m rdrdwdkY oif omoemouú&mZf? aumZmouú&mZf v? &uf?
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 armu© txl;aqmif;yg;

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28 ZGefv? 2010
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ZGefv? 2010 29
 vkyfudk pcJhMuygw,f/ 'D'ge[m tcJ tusyftwnf;rsm;vnf; a&mufzdkY qdkwm 'Dvdk e,fpyfvdk
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avmuBuD;jzpfwmrdkY jrefrmEkdifiH ausmif;axmifae&kHavmuf? ykd aemufwkdif; ynma&;pepfrSm
ppftmPm&Sif&JU zdESdyfrIaMumifh aeNrJ? usm;aeNrJ oabmavmuf ynma&; 0efxrf; q&m?q&mr
taMumif;rsdK;pkHjzihf wzufEkdifiH Munfhaumif;&kH oabmavmuf wkdY&JU vpm? aep&m? aeYpOf
e,fpyfokdY a&mufvmMuwJh u xm;aevdkY r&yg/ wkd;wufaom ausmif;okdY toGm;tvm tpD
av;rsm;&JU Migrant ynma&; Migrant ynma&;? xGef;ayguf tpOf pwmawGudk pDrHay;xm;
udkvnf; urÇmay:&Sd tvSL&Sif aom Migrant ynma&;jzpfzkdY EkdifwJhtwGuf q&mq&mrawG
[m olwdkY&JU vkyfief;jzpfwJhpmoif
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30 ZGefv? 2010
Migrant q&mwOD;&JU vpm[m 'gudk rGrf;rH oifwef;aygif;rsm;pGm tvSL&SifESihf Migrant
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ausmif;q&mawG&JU b0yg/ zdkY[m ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ vlrsm; u,fh vdktyfcsufawGudk rodEkdif
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a&G;cs,fEkdifMuayr,fh? *kPfvnf; ausmif;tkyfwdkY ausmif;'g&kdufwm tvSL&SifawGMum; yGifhvif;jrif
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q&mq&mrawG vkyfjzpfMuyg oef; aeMu&wmyg/ tJ'Dtcg rsm; tvkyfvkyf ae&ovkdrsdK;
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ausmif;wpf*gxm? wpf&Gmwpfyk'f Ekdifygbl; 'g[mvnf; pepfrus 0efxrf;rsm;u q&mq&mrrsm;
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ZGefv? 2010 31
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32 ZGefv? 2010
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ZGefv? 2010 33
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34
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35
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36
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37
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38
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jyKcsifw,f/ cifAsm;udkvnf; onf/ BuKd;pm; wkdufyJG0ifae&ygonf/
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39
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ausmif;q&m vkyfay;zkdY ajymvmvkdY cPqkd 0iful ygw,f/ 1984 rSmawmh udk,fhrdbrsm;eJY tdk;ruGm
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udk em;0ifcsdKvdkY (28) ESpfMumoGm;wm/ a,muf 700 avmuf ,SOfNydKif ajzqkd&wJh q&m
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40
ZGefv? 2010
vdkufwJh vkHjcnfawG tokH;t teD;tem; NrdKUawGa&muf/ bD avmufrSmawmh bmvkyf&r,f
aqmifawGeJY pm;aomufp&mawG bDpD? AGDtkdatwkdY xkwfvTihfcsuf qkdwmudk MunfMunfvifvifod
u tm;jzpfvdkY ausmif;q&mb0 wkdif; tvGwfrcHEkdifovkd nn oGm;w,f/
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41
ZGefv? 2010
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usawmh rodawmhbl;/ pdwfraumif;p&myJav/ cdkif;aygh/
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ausmif;wESpf ydwfvdkufNyD; w,f/ 'DtwGuf twef;ydkifeJY vkyfxm;w,f/ ausmif;zGifhp
ausmif;awG jyeftzGifhrSmjyKwfol bmom&yf aumif;aumif;& v,fpdkufcsdefeJY v,fodrf;csdef
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42
ZGefv? 2010
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43
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vdkufwmvJ q&m ..}}vkdYar; vdkvm;tyfwJh tajctae wpfckudk
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44
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 pMum0VmBuD;
wckvkH;twGuf tvS ...
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jzpfcJhygw,f/ usr& mr,hf r s d K ; q u f u av ;a w
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45
ZGefv? 2010
 tJ'DaeYupNyD; ,aeYtxd pmoif omuljyKwfponfjzihfwckr[kwf qkH;oGm;w,f/ ausmif;rSmidkw,f
jzpfoGm;cJhwmyg/ usr pmoif& wck vkyfay;ygw,f/ tJ'Dtcsdef qkdwm usrwpfcgrS rjrifcJhzl;bl;/
wmudk i,fpOfuwnf;uausmif; wkef;u usrnDrav;u 12 ESpf ausmif;udk vmwkdif; NyKH;NyD;vmwJh
rSma&m tdrfrSmyg odyfNyD; q&m orD;uav;yJ &Sdygao;w,f/ 'g olY&JUrsufESmav;udk ,aeYtxd
vkyfwwfygw,f/ a&iwfaewkef; ayr,fh olu okH;av;ESpfuav; jrifa,mifaeqJyg/
a&wGif;xJusqkdovkdygyJ usrol udk pm0kdif;uloifay;ygw,f/ t
i,fcsif;udk csufcsif;yJ wkefYjyefcJh &rf;udk aysmfp&maumif;wJhESpfw (2)
ygw,f/ ESpfudk usrydkifqkdifcJh&wmyg/ tJ'D tcsdefwkef;u BuKH
]]at; ..ig pOf;pm;r,f .. pm tJ'D wESpftwGif;rSm awGUcJh&wJh tjzpftysufuawmh
oifjzpfr,fqkd&if eifhqDudkigvm rxifrSwfyJ ausmif;om; (70) ajz&Sif;&cufcJwJh acgif;pOfygbJ/
cJhr,f}} ausmftxd &cJhygw,f/ usr y oluawmh usr&JU t&if;ESD;qkH;
usr&JU oli,fcsif;u nm oifMum;ay;cJhwJh uav;awG oli,fcsif;yg/ olu ...
t&rf;udk 0rf;omoGm;NyD; ...
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vm; 'gqdk igausmif;om;awG&Sm
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oeyfcg;tazG;om;eJY tNyKH;av;udkyg ausmif;udk
'g[m ynma&;avmu o,faqmifvmwJh uav;i,fav;yg ..../
xJudk yxrqkH; pcswJh ajcvSrf;yJ ausmif;aevkdY wESpfom ukefoGm;w,f?
jzpfygw,f/ udk,fhvl&if;qDrSmyJ ausmif;rSmidkwm usrwpfcgrS rjrifzl;bl; ..../ }}
tyfcsifMuvdkYyg qkdwJh oli,fcsif;?
rdwfaqGawGeJY t&rf;udkcspfp&m trsm;BuD;xJurS xl;qef;wJh u ]]oli,fcsif; eifreufjzefausmif;
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usr&JU araruvnf; oeyfcg; tazG;om;eJY tNyKH;av; tJ'DvdkeJY oli,fcsif;ESpf
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av;awGtwGuf wywfwcgiSuf wJh uav;i,fav;yg/ ausmif; ygw,f/ aps;utjyef rkefYyg0,f
aysmoD;aygif;? uefZGef;OjyKwf? aevkdY oufwrf;wpfESpfom ukef vmcJhNyD; olYtdrfrSmat;at;aq;

46 ZGefv? 2010
aq; pm;aomufNyD;rS tdrfjyefvm xJrSm yg0ifaecJhvdkYygbJ/ usr
cJhygw,f/ olYtdrfu tjyefrSm udk,fwkdif usef;rma&;eJY ywfowf
usr tJ'D jyóem ajz&Sif;zkdYbm NyD;avhvmrI tm;enf;cJhawmh
vkyf&rvJ? b,fvkdqkH;jzwf&r,f b,fvkdae? b,fvdkxkdif?b,fvdk
qkdwm rodawmhbl; jzpfaeyg pm;aomuf&if rul;pufEkdifbl;
w,f/ oli,fcsif; ajymovdkr qkdwJh todynmudk ray;EkdifcJhyg
ajz&Sif;cJh&ifvnf;aemufqufwJG bl;/ rdcifrSm attkdif'Dtufpf
bmawGjzpfvmrvJ bmawGqkH; &Sdayr,fh om;orD;rSm &SdcsifrS&Sd
½IH;ukefrSmvnf;qkdwJh tawG;rsm; rSmygqkdwJhowif;tcsuftvuf
eJY usr[m ESpf&uf qufwkduf avmufawmifrS usrray;EkdifcJh
jyóemw&yf jzpfygw,f/ ygbl;/
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wmyg/ uav;&JU b0aemufcH tJ'Dtcsdefu trsm;BuD;&SdMuay
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tjrifrSm uav;[m uav;yg &Sdayr,fh usr vkyfEkdifcJhwmuawmh tjcm;
yJ/ yuwdtwkdif; tjypfuif; uav;awGeJY cJGjcm;wJh ykHpHjzpf
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udk vlBuD;qkdolawGubmaMumihf avmufawmifrS wkdif;ykHajymcJhygw,f/
rsm;ta&mifqkd;NyD; cJGjcm;qufqH 'D v d k v k y f v k d u f w m[m
cJhMuwmygvJ/ uav;rdbawGudk usr ray;Ekdif uav;i,fudk cJGjcm;qufqH&m
vnf; usr tjypfrjrifygbl;/ cJhbl; ..}} vnf;ra&mufygbl;/ uav;[m
usrwkdY wkdif;jynfrSm&SdwJhjynfol olYq&mrem;rS aecGifh&vdkY aus
awGeJY ,SOf&ifawmh tJ'Dtcsdef eyfaeygw,f/ wjcm;uav;awG
tcgwkef;u pmaytod? owif; qDudkvnf; ykHjyifvSnfhajym&if;
rD'D,mtod? usef;rma&; tod olwkdYav;awG tem;rSmoGm;xkdif
awGeJY ywfowfNyD; us,fus,f aeNyD; rsufESmuav;awGudkvdkuf
jyefYjyefY odcGifh r&cJhao;ygbl;/ Munfh? ajymjy? NyKH;jycJh&ygw,f/
bmjzpfvkdYvnf;qkdawmh usr xrif;pm;wJh tcgrSm
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ZGefv? 2010 47
 pm;yJGxJtwl pm;ygw,f/ tjcm; ynm pmtkyfudk usr zwfNyD;csdef
uav;awGuvnf; 'Duav;udk rSm rlBudKausmif;zGihfjzpfoGm;wm
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yef;uefawG&JUab;rSm zdwfaewJh cJhayr,fh usef;rma&; ynmay;
xrif;? [if;awGvdkufokwf?vkduf pmtkyf[m usreJY tvSrf;uGma0;
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usoGm;cJh&if aoG;uae ul;puf
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awGqD wdk;wdk;wdwfwdwf ajym wJh todyJ&Sdygw,f/ ul;puf oGm;rvm; rodbl;vkdY
ay;zkdY .. oD;oefYxm;w,fqkdwJh tJ'Dtcsdefu attkdif awG;cJhwmyg/ awG;NyD; uav;
taMumif;aygh/ uav;rdbawG 'Dtufpfa&m*g[m aMumufp&m rsufESm armhMunfhvdkufawmh u
vnf ; auseyf a pcsif w ,f a v/ aumif;wJha&m*g r[kwfbl;/ pm; av;u pm;zdkYjyifaewJh q&mrudk
tjcm;uav;eJYrdcifawGudkvnf; aomufaexkdif&if; ul;pufwwf olYpm;p&mawGudk oleJYtwlpm;
bmrS rcHpm;apcsifvkdYyg/ txl; wJha&m*g r[kwfbl; qkdwmudk vdkY aysmf&Tif0if;vufaewJhrsufESm
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udkusr ydkpkd;&drfvkdYyg/ 'Dt&G,f csmcsm &Sif;jywwfcJh&if uav; csufu tu,fí 'Duav;tpm;
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usrwkdY udk,fwkdifvnf; twlpm;w,fqkdwm tm;vkH;od temw& rjzpf&ifawmfNyDuGmvdkY
pmawGrSmoifMum;cJh&zl;ygw,f/ atmif usrzefwD;xm;wJhtwGuf awG;NyD; pm;vkdufwmyg/
pdwfynm bmom&yf (Child uav;i,fu olYtarudk]]q&m tJ'Davmufxd tawG;
Psychology)rSmyg/ 1985 reJYom;u twlwlpm;wm arar acgifNyD; tawG;tac:enf;cJhwJh
ckESpfrSm q&mBuD; OD;tkef;armif&JU &}} vdkYajymawmh olYtaru tm; usryg/ aemufydkif;usrStJ'Da&m
av;v om;uav;awGudkrdbeJY i,faeolyDyD pmemwwfwJh usr *geJY ygwfowfNyD;od&SdvmcsdefrSm
cJGxm;NyD;wrsdK;? twlxm;NyD; w udk[if;awG ydkxnfhay;vdkufwm awmh udk,fhtawG;awGudk udk,fh
rsdK; okawoe vkyfxm;wJh pdwf wdkYoludk,fwkdifvkyfwJh rkefYawG bmomudk,f jyef&Sufrdvmyg

48 ZGefv? 2010
awmhw,f/ (,aeYvnf; urÇm uvnf; tJ'DvdkyJ tJ'DvdkyJjzpfcJh uatmihf cHpm;rIawGvnf;rjzpf
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us,favmifwJh toHawG xGuf awmholYtazeJY tdrfaxmifusNyD; qkH;jzwfcsuf wckudk &ifqkdifzkdYt
ay:vmaeygNyD/attkdif'Dtufpf csdefupNyD; tJ'Db0BuD;xJu ½kef; wGufESpfvrf;&Sdygw,f/
a&m*g ukozkdY aq;r&Sd ao;ay rxGufEkdifcJhyg/ wvrf;u uav;w
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tajrmuftrsm; &Sdaeygw,f/ rSm rlBudKvmxm;wmyg/ usrod uav;trsm;udk qkH;&IH;cHrvm;
wm;qD;wJh enf;vrf; awmhodygw,f/ vufrcHbl;/ aygh/ wa,mufxJudk tqkH;&IH;cH
awG? BudKwifumuG,fwJh enf; jyefac:oGm;yg qkdwJh pum;udk r,fqkd&if olYtarudk b,fvdk
vrf;awG? jzpfvmoludkvnf;az;
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aMumifheJY pD;yGm;a&; trsm;BuD; cspfp&mav;yg pum;vnf; t rlBudKausmif;ajymif;xm;Munfhyg
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aqmifaevdkufw,f/ wmudkvnf; usr odygw,f/ &mu wvrf;yJ&Sdygawmhw,f/
tJ'Duav;i,fav;&JU bmjzpfvkdYvnf; qkdawmh vukef wjcm;rdbawGudk ..
tzGm;uvnf; tajctae NyDav/ tm;emvdkY qufxm;ae& ]]trwkdY uav;awGudk wjcm;rl
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aexkdifcJh&olyg/ uav;&JUrdcif ygbl;/ rdbawG pdwfxJrSm uod ygvm; tr}} vkdYajym&rSmvm;/

ZGefv? 2010 49
 'g[m apmfum;rI tBuD;pm;yJjzpf wJhrdcifawGyg/ usru tysdKqkd
ygw,f/ udk,fhb0 &yfwnfzkdYt awmh om;orD;qkdwJh pum;vkH;udk
wGuf tpuwnf;u awmif;qkd tarawG tazawGqDuyJMum; ]]i,f&G,fEke,fwJh
NyD; ausmif;vmtyfwJh aus;Zl;&Sif cJh&olyg/}} uav;wa,muf[m
awGudk usrb,fvdk wkefYjyef&r ]]udk,fwkdif cHpm;odol r[kwfyg
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vnf; usra&G;vkdY rjzpfygbl;/ ]]tckawmh trwkdY tm;vkH;&JU qkd&if
tJ'Dt csdefwkef;u ausmif;vcu om;orD;awG tm;vkH;u usr&JU
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(jym;qdk wJhpum;vkH;eJY jym;aphawG ]]uav;tm;vkH;udk ydkifqkdifcGifh?
jrifcsif&ifawmh a&Twd*kHbk&m; cspfcGihf&olyg/}} aeYpOfESihftrQ
awmifbufrk'f vdyfuef&SdwJh ae ]]'gaMumihf ..tJ'Duav;ae&m 'Duav;awGudk
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'gqkdvkHavmufygNyD/ usrajymcJh ausmif;xkwfcsifw,f qkd&ifawmh
wJhpum;uawmh .... trwdkY&JU oabmygyJ/ usru
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usrajymr,fh pum;utrwkdYudk ay;wJhtwGuf trwdkYudkaus;Zl;
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50 ZGefv? 2010
rMunfhbJ usr r&yfrem;ajymcJh verse Beauty Co.Ltd qkdwJh udk tvSqifay;zkdY tcsdefrSDyg
wmyg/ pum;vkH;awG NyD;qkH;oGm; pmwrf;av;ygyJ/ tJ'DukrÜPDu ao;w,fvkdY usruav;rsm;udk
rS rsuf&nfawG0JaewJh usrrsuf rsufESmopfqyfjym&JUukrÜPDygyJ/ ajymjycsifvkdufwm&Sif/
vkH;eJY rsuf&nfawGqkdYaewJh rdb olYrsufESmopfqyfjymudkokH;vdkuf tckqkd&if usrvnf;
awG&JU rsufvkH; xdyfwkdufqkHoGm; wJholawG[m pMum0VmBuD;wck touf (40) ausmfoGm;cJhygNyD/
cJhwJhjrifuGif;[m usrwoufrSm vkH;rSm vSyoGm;r,fvdkYwifpm; usr ynmoifay;vkdufwJh u
b,fvkdrS azsmufzsufvkdYr&awmh xm;ykH &ygw,f/ tJ'Dpmwrf; av;awG&JU arG;zGm;vmr,fh rsdK;
ygbl;/ tm;vkH;&JU &ifxJrSmem av;udkusr oabmusoGm;vdkY qufopfawG&JU tzGm;t&G,fudk
usifrIawGudk,fpD&SdaeMuygw,f/ usrvdk&mawG;NyD;'Dacgif;pOfav; usr ydkifqkdifae&ygNyD/ usr t
'g[mvlom;ppfppfawG&JUESvkH; udka&G;cs,fvdkufwmyg/ ouf&SifcGifhawGudk tMumBuD;
om;awGygyJ/ olwkdYbmrS jyefr urÇmay:rSm&SdwJh q&m quf&aeOD;r,f? udk,fhwkdif;jynf
ajymcifrSmyJ olwkdY&ifxJu tajz q&mrawGtm;vkH;&JU uav;awG udk jyefcGifhawG &awmhr,fqkd&if
udk usr BudKodaerdNyDav/ [m urÇmBuD;udkvSyatmifb,f awmh olwdkY&JUrdbawGudk vkduf&Sm
tck tJ'D trawG em; avmuf vkyfaeMuNyDvJ/ vGefcJh- NyD; uav;awG bmawGjzpfukef
vnf ovkdrsdK;om tm;vkH;uem; wJh ESpfaygif; 23 ESpfausmfu MuNyDvnf; ... qkdwJh ar;cGef;
vnfvmMu&if b,favmuf wnf;u usroifMum;ay;vdkuf aygif;rsm;pGmudk udkifaqmifNyD;
aumif;rvJ/ vlom;rppfolawG wJh uav;awG[m tcktcsdef usr vkduf&SmrSmyg/
&JUvufcsufaMumifh aoqkH;oGm; qkd&if pMum0VmBuD;xJrSm b,f olwkdYav;awG&JU t
wJh tjzLeJYtpdrf;awG? ,rf;aiGU ESpfa,muf b,favmufrsm; t aMumif;t&mawGeJY jzwfoef;rI
Mum;u idkNiD;oHawG? ynmoif vSqifEkdifMuNyDvJqkdwm usr t awGudkyg usr ta&mifwifay;
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rsm; 'Pf&mawG jyif;xefaeMuNyD i,fvJ b,ft&G,fa&mufaeNyD ukef;BuD;ay:rSm abmf'gaqmif
vJ awG;rdyg&JU/ vnf; avmuBuD;xJrSmrS ... BuD; aqmufNyD; ysdK;cif;BuD;wpfcif;
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twGuftvSqkdwJh acgif;pOf[m awGuawmh tcsdKUtdrfaxmifus?
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MunfhjzpfoGm;wmuawmh Uni- vdkY odvkduf&csdefrSm avmuBuD;

ZGefv? 2010 51
 ausmif;q&mb0
ausmif;q&m ynma&;
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ausmif;q&m [kqkd&mü tcsdKUae&mrsm;wGif
pOfu vlaerItqihftwef;udk jyefajymif;pOf;pm;
ausmif;q&mrrsm;udkyg wygwnf; qkdvdkygonf/ MunfhNyD; ajymjcif;jzpfygonf/) odkYjzpf&m ausmif;
]]ausmif;q&mqkdwm ausmif;om;awG&JU ynma&; q&m\ vlrIa&;tqifhtwef;onfvnf; ½kyfysuf
twGuf oifjyay;ae&wmyJ/ olwdkY&JU ynma&; qif;ysuf jzpfavmufatmif edrfhusjcif;r&SdcJhacs/
twGuf bmawG a&;BuD;cGifus,fvkyfNyD;? ajymaep odkY&mwGif rqvacwfrSpí Munfh&if;Munfh&if;rSm
&mvkdao;vJ}}[k ar;p&m&Sdygonf/ þar;cGef;\ yif ausmif;q&m\ vlaerItqifhtwef; odod
t"dyÜg,frSm q&mtjzpf&xm;NyD;om; yk*¾KdvfawGygyJ? omomBuD; edrfhusvmcJhonfudk awGU&ygonf/
olwdkYtwGuf ynma&;vdkao;vm;[lí jzpfyg ausmif;q&m\ vlaerI tqifhtwef;
onf/ þae&mü tvkyfcGifxJrSaeí q&mtwwf edrfhusykHudk o½kyfazmfxm;aom 0wåKwkdwpfyk'fudk
oif oifwef;wufjcif;? rGrf;rH oifwef;wufjcif;? usaemf zwfzl;ygonf/ 0wåKwkdrSm pma&;q&m
bJGUr&ao;olrsm; bJGUtwGuf ausmif;qufwuf Ouúvmcifapm\ ]]toufav;q,fausmf tusÐ
jcif;? bJGUvGefoifwef; wufjcif;wkdYudk aqG;aEG;rnf aumfvmNyJ}}[lí jzpfygonf/ pmoifjcif;rSvJGí
r[kwfyg/ bJGUr&ao;olljzpfap? bJGU&NyD;ol jzpfap? bmtvkyfrS rvkyfwwf? tjcm;0ifaiG r&Smwwf?
oifwef;rwuf&ao;ol jzpfap? oifwef;wufNyD; q&muawmfyifvQif txifrBuD;awmh/ ]]touf
oljzpfap? ausmif;q&m? q&mrwkdYtwGuf ynm av;q,fausmf tusÐaumfvmNyJ}}[k oa&mfavSmif
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rsm;jynfolydkif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; BuD;BuD;i,fi,f ajcmufaoGUNyD; NiD;aiGUzG,faumif;vSaom b0udk
rSeforQudk t"r®odrf;,ljcif;? puúLydkufqHrsm;yvlysH xif[yfjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/ usaemf þ0w¬Kudk
atmifxkwfa0jcif;rjyKrD umvtxd? rlvwef;jy zwf&csdefü ausmif;csdeftyrSm ab;yef;0ifaiG&&Sd
q&mrStp at;at;csrf;csrf; ½dk;½dk;om;om; ae a&;twGuf tajy;tvTm;? wzm;zm; tvkyfvkyf
xkdifwwfol ausmif;q&mrSeforQtzdkY pm;0wfae ae&aom ausmif;q&mtcsdKUudk jrifawGUae&yg
a&; 'ku© BuD;BuD;us,fus,f &SdcJhykHr&yg/ (usaemf onf/ trsm;tm;jzihf w&m;r0if usL&Sifjyjcif; jzpf
wkdYudk oifMum;ay;cJhaom q&m? q&mrrsm;\ xkd onf/ ,aeYacwfrSmvdk udk,fhwynfhrsm;udk tEkdif

52 ZGefv? 2010
usihf aiGawmif;jcif;? wynfhrsm;xHrS wHpkd;vuf rdef;rBuD;wa,muf q&mhqD a&mufvmcJhonf/ olY
aqmif,ljcif;wkdYudkawmh rawGU&yg/ om;udk aemufwef;ckHrSaeí a&SUwef;ckHodkY ajymif;
ausmif;q&mb0\ EkHcsmykHESihf ywfowf a&TUae&mcsxm;ay;&ef arwåm&yfcHonf/ aus;Zl;
í q&marmifpGrf;&nf\ uAsmwyk'fudk usaemf rarhyg[kvnf; aiGjzihfjzm;a,mif;onf/ olYom;
rSwfrdygao;onf/ onf rsufpdtjrif tm½kHtm; enf;yg;aeonf[k
ausmif;om;rSty vnf; taMumif;jyonf/ q&mu uav;onf
bmrqkd ½dkusdK;aeus/ rsufpdtjriftm½kH tm;renf;aMumif; taxmuft
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a'gifqkd&if0if? pmudkoif vufavQmhroGm;/ olYom;\ab;u uav;onf
a'gifqkd&if tjyif? &yfavmh pmtoif/ um;'½dkifbm\om;jzpfí þuav;em;rSm olYom;
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tusÐtjzL onf wynhfrsm;ESihf ywfoufí rsufESmBuD;i,f cJG
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olYoHywfrSm r&Snfvmvnf; BuD; ausmif;om;rdcifu olYtvkdtwkdif; vkyfay;
c&D;wmrSm &Snf&SnfvmcJh rnfvm;[k avoHrmrmESifh Ncdrf;ajcmufonf/ q
ckcg av;ig;ajcmufq ckESpfq/ &mu rrI/ aemufqkH;ü xkdausmif;q&m ol&Jaumif;
onf ]]pdefaumif; ausmufaumif;rsm;}} &Sd&m xkd
aiGrJhtmPmrJhb0jzihf ausmif;q&monf rsufESmBuD;ausmif;rSaeí NrdKUpGef\ ]]ausmufp&pfcJ}}
tmPm&Sdol? aiG&SdolwdkYtay: ½dkusdK;ae&onfrSm rsm;&Sd&m ausmif;odkY ajymif;a&TUcHvdkuf&onf/
trSefyifjzpfygonf/ rqv acwfrSm ygwD? aumif 0w¬KwkdrSm pma&;q&m pdMw\ ]]pdefaumif; ausmuf
pDwkdY vufwkdvufawmif; cdkif;apaeonfudk emcH½kd aumif; &Sm;ygbdoeJY}}[líjzpfygonf/ xkd0w¬Kudk
usdK;NyD; wzm;zm; vkyfudkifay;aeMu&aom ausmif; zwfNyD;aemuf ESpfaygif;tawmfMumwGif 0w¬Ka&;ol
q&mrsm;udk usaemfawGUjrif&wkdif; q&marmifpGrf; tESDausmif;q&mol&Jaumif;udk rarQmfvifhbJ us
&nf\ uAsmudk usaemfajy;ajy; trSwf&aerdcJhyg aemf vlcsif;qkHjzpfcJhygonf/ olYykHonf bmrxDykH
onf/ emcH½dkusdK;jcif; r&Sdaom ausmif;q&mrsm; jzpfygonf/ okdY&mwGif olonf ausmif;q&m r
onf tmPm'Pf (odkY) aiG'PfoifhcJhMu&ygonf/ [kwfawmhNyD/ bmrxD vlpm;jzpfí ausmif;q&mb0
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vnf; usaemf rSwfrdaeygao;onf/ b0rSvGwfvmcJhí bmrxD ykHaygufavovm;awmh
&efukefNrdKUv,f&Sd? rsufESmBuD; ausmif;w usaemfra0cJG wwfcJh½dk; trSefyifjzpfygonf/
ausmif; (okdY&mwGif ]]jynfolydkif}} acwfausmif;jzpf usaemfwkdY\ Armjynf vlYtzJGUtpnf;rSm
í tpdk;&ausmif;yif jzpfygonf/) odkY NrdKUqifajc ausmif;q&monf tedrfhqkH;tvTmxJu r[kwf
zkH;? qif;&Jom;&yfuGuf ausmif;wausmif;rS onfhwdkif? vlrIpD;yGm;a&; tqifhtwef; edrfhusjcif;?
ausmif;q&mav;wpfa,muf ajymif;a&TUoGm;cJh vlrItokdif;t0kdif;rSm MoZmt&Sdeft0g uif;rJhjcif;?
onf/ waeYoü a&T? aiG? vuf0wf&wem 'Gg'&m odrfi,fpdk;&THUjcif;wkdYonf ausmif;q&m\ oGifjyif
wkdY qif,ifNyD;? rdwfuyfa&mifpkH jc,fxm;aom vu©PmrSm ay:vGifaeaMumif; awGU&ygonf/ ½k

ZGefv? 2010 53
 &Sm; pma&;q&mBuD; csufaumh (Anton Chek- tjzpf cefYtyfcH&NyD;vQif? txufrSmqkdcJhonfht
hov) uvnf; ausmif;q&m\ oGifjyifvu©Pm wdkif; ]]q&mjzpf}} &NyD;NyD[k txifa&mufaeovm;
ESifhywfowfí þoabmrsdK; a&;cJhonfudkusaemf rodyg/ pmtkyf? pmay zwf½Iavhvmonfh tavh
zwfcJhzl;ygonf/ tusihfudk rvkyfolu rsm;ygonf/ b0&yfwnfa&;
b0tajcrvSjcif; (wenf;)b0EkHcsmjcif; twGuf ukef;½kef;BudK;yrf;ae&í þodkYrvkyfEkdifjcif;
onf ausmif;q&m wOD;csif;tzdkY ajz&Sif;Ekdifaom jzpfonf[kvnf; qkdEkdifygonf/ odkY&mwGif ynm
udpö r[kwfyg/ vlwef;pm;uJGjym;jcm;em;rI? vlwef; ay;ae&olrsm; jzpfonfuwpfaMumif;? rdrdb0t
pm;zdESdyfrI? vlwef;pm; aoG;pkyfrIwkdYonf vlwef; wGufus,fjyefYaom todtjrif&&Sda&;twGufw
pm;pepfESifhqkdifaom jyóemrsm;omjzpfygonf/ aMumif;aMumifh ynmudk &onfhenf;jzihf qufvuf
vlwef;pm;wkdufyJGjzifhom ajz&Sif;Ekdifygonf/ þ qnf;yl;avhvmaezkdY vkdonfuawmh trSefyifjzpf
ae&mü vlwef;pm;ESihf vlwef;pm;wdkufyJGtaMumif; ygonf/
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aMumif;udk þrQavmufom aqG;aEG;vdkygonf/ 'k usaemfwkdY\ q&mjzpfcJhNyD;? aemifESpftawmfMum
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wcgu awm&Gmw&GmrSm rdef;rBuD;ESpf onf/ q&mtwwfoif odyÜHtaMumif; ajym&if;
a,mufu touf 18 ESpft&G,fcefY ausmif;q&m ausmif;q&mrsm;xJwGif pmayavhvm zwf½Iol
rav;wOD;udk MunfhNyD; ]]'Duav;rav;u awmf enf;aMumif; usaemfajymrd&m q&mu ]]ausmif;
vdkufwm[,f? i,fi,fav;eJY q&mjzpfawmif & q&mawGtaMumif; igodwmayghuGm? pmzwfMu
aeNyD}}[k csD;rGrf;onfudk usaemfawGUcJhzl;ygonf/ wmr[kwfzl;uG}}[k qkdygonf/ olqdkvkdonfrSm
olwkdYajymaom ]]q&mjzpf}} [laom pum;aMumifh ausmif;q&mrsm;xJwGif pmayavhvm zwf½Iaom
jrefrmh½dk;&m odkif;? Aefwdkq&mrsm; ajymaom]]q&m tavhtusihf &Sdolenf;aMumif;yif jzpfygonf/
jzpf}} ay;jcif;udk usaemf owd&rdygonf/ odkif;? ydkqkd;onfrSm tajymus,fvSaompmtkyf?
Aefwdk? oifwef;om;rsm;onf ]]q&mjzpf}} r&bJ pmayudk rqkdxm;ESihf rdrdoifMum;ay;ae&aom
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NyD; ]]q&mjzpf}} tqifhay;rSom q&mjzpfonf[k onf/ ausmif;aezufwpfOD; jzpfcJhol tv,fwef;jy
qkdygonf/ t"dyÜg,frSm oif,lp&m ynmukefNyD[lí q&mrwpfOD;ESihf wpfcgqkHcJhrd&m b,ftwef;?
jzpfygonf/ b,f bmom&yfukd oifovJ[k usaemf ar;rdonf/
usaemfawGU&Sd&oavmufajym&vQif (ppf olu ]]igvmr,fhESpfrSm 7 wef; t*Fvdyfpmoifr,f?
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ESihf vJGacsmfaumif; vJGacsmfaeygrnf) ausmif;q&m av;awG rarhatmifvkdYav}}[k jyefajzygonf/
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54 ZGefv? 2010
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vkH;ESihf rdrdoifMum;ay;&aom bmom&yfESihfywf onf/ odkYjzpf&m qufvufqnf;yl;avhvmjcif; r
owfí qufvufavhvmrI rjyKolrsm;jzpfonf/ jyKygu ausmif;q&monf rdrdoifMum;ay;ae&
jrefrmpmoifjyol q&m? q&mr jzpfygvsuf jrefrm aom bmom&yfrSmaomfvnf;aumif;? todtjrif
pm ta&;tom;rsm;? jrefrmpm a0g[m&rsm;ESihf rSmaomfvnf;aumif; (0rf;enf;zG,f&m) wkH;í usef
ywfowfí ausmif;om;rsm; vufcHEkdifavmuf &pfcJhrnf jzpfygonf/
atmif &Sif;vif;rjyEkdifolrsm;? t*Fvdyfpm oifjy ausmif;q&mESifh ywfoufí vltrsm;
aom q&m? q&mrrsm;jzpfygvsuf ausmif;zwfpm ajymavh&Sdaom pum;wcGef;&Sdygonf/ ]]ausmif;
tkyfxJrS t*FvdyfpmavmufudkyifvQif ydkifydkifEkdif q&mqdkwm? "g;aoG;ausmufvkdyJ/ wynfhawGudk
Ekdif r&Sdolrsm;udk usaemfawGUcJhzl;ygonf/ oifay;&if; wynhfawGuom xuf? xufoGm;NyD;
ynma&;bJGUtjyif EkdifiHjcm;bmomoif q&muawmh wkH;NyD;usef&pfcJhw,f}} [lí jzpfyg
wuúodkvfrS t*Fvdyfpm 'DyvkdrmbJGU&xm;aom onf/ rrSefyg/ rdrdukdrdrd &Sifoefxufjrufatmif
t*Fvdyfq&mwpfOD;xHodkY wcgu usaemfoGm;cJh&m tpOfwpdkufavhvmqnf;yl;aeaom q&mrsm;tzkdY
olpmoifaecdkuf jzpfojzihf? usaemfu pmoifcef; ]]wkH;}}NyD; usef&pfcJhp&m taMumif;r&Sdyg/
tjyifrSm &yfapmihfaecJhonf/ usaemfudkjrifawmh þtcsufESifh ywfoufíusaemftxuf
(usaemfESihfvnf; tvGef&if;ESD;ojzihf) pmoifae wef;ausmif;om;b0u usaemfwkdY\ t*Fvdyfpm
&if;u oloifaeaom t*Fvdyfpmoifcef;pmxJrS q&mwpfa,muftaMumif;udk usaemf owd&rdyg
t*FvdyfpmvkH;wvkH;\ t"dyÜg,fukd usaemfhudk vSrf; onf/ q&monf t*Fvdyfpm oifMum;&mü *&rf
ar;ygonf/ rdrd rodonfudk 0efcH&Jaom ol\½kd; rmpmtkyf? zwfpmtkyfudkom vufudkifjyKíoif
om;rIudk usaemftodtrSwfjyKygaomfvnf; t*F Mum;aom q&mr[kwfacs/ t*Fvdyfpm a0g[m&
vdyfpm wdk;wufatmif qufvufavhvmaezkdY ae rsm;taMumif;? 0guswnfaqmufykHtaMumif;wkdYudk
aeomom tbd"mefvSefMunfh&rnfh tvkyfukdyif &Sif;jy&mü olzwfxm;aom pmtkyfrsm;udk &nf
ysufuGufcJhaom ol\ayghqrIuawmh cGifhrvTwf nTef;NyD;? om"u (Example) rsm; xkwfjyavh&Sd&m
Ekdifp&mjzpfygonf/ q&m\ oifMum;jyorIrsm;onf tNrJ&SifoefaecJh
odkY&mwGif ausmif;q&monf rdrdoif& onf/ q&monf t*Fvdyf a0g[m&rsm;taMumif;
aomtwef;\ bmom&yfESifhywfowfí quf udk tNrJvkdvkdyif <u,f0pGm &Sif;jyEkdifcJhonf/ us
vuf qnf;yl;avhvm½HkESihf rvkHavmufyg/ t aemfwkdY 9 wef;? 10 wef;a&mufcsdefu t*Fvdyfpmjy
aMumif;rSm rdrdwynfhrsm;tm; ausmif;oifbmom q&maygufpjzpfcJhaom q&monf aemufydkif;rSm
&yfrsm;udkomru todtjrif? tawG;tac:? pm ausmif;\ wuúodkvf0ifwef;twGuf tm;txm;
&dwåynmrsm;udkyg oifMum;ay;&ef wm0ef&Sdaom &qkH; t*Fvdyfpmjyq&mtjzpf wavQmufvkH; t*F
aMumihfjzpfygonf/ ausmif;rSmoifaom bmom vdyfpm oifjyay;&ygonf/ ausmif;xGufNyD;aemuf
&yfrsm;ESifhywfowfí ]]q&mjzpf}} ay;ír&onfh ydkif; t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh a&;om;xm;aom pmtkyf
enf;wlyif? todtjrif? tawG;tac:rsm;ESihf ywf rsm;udk usaemfwdkYwawG zwf½I&müyif tcuftcJ&Sd
owfívnf; ]]q&mjzpf}} ay;í r&Edkifyg/ vlYavm vQif q&mhxHoGm;a&mufNyD; ar;jref;cJhMu&ygonf/
uBuD; tpOfwkd;wuf ajymif;vJaeonfESifhtrQ q&monf rdrdukd,frdrd tpOf ]]aoG;}} aeoljzpf&m
twwfynmrsm;omru tod?tjrifwkdYonfvnf; tpOf ]]xuf}}í aeygonf/

ZGefv? 2010 55
 usaemfawGUcJhzl;orQ ausmif;q&mrsm;xJ bmom&yfrsm;ESihf ywfoufívnf;aumif;? rdrd\
u todtjrif twkH;rcHbJ? pmtkyfpmay zwf½Iavh todtjrifESihfywfoufívnf;aumif; qufvuf
vmjcif;tm;jzifh rdrdudk,frdrd &SifoefatmifBudK;pm; &Sifoefatmif avhvmqnf;yl;aom ausmif;q&m
aom q&mwpfa,mufrSm tv,fwef;jyq&mwpf rsm;onf tenf;pkom jzpfygonf/ odkYjzpf&m
OD; jzpfonf/ olu orkdif;bmom oifonf/ ol ausmif;q&m trsm;pkonf ausmif;q&mb0rSm
orkdif;oifvQif zwfpmtkyfxJu taMumif;t&m? &SifoefrIr&SdaMumif; 0rf;enf;zG,f&mawGY&ygonf/
tcsuftvufwkdYudk tusOf;csKyfrQ ajymjyNyD;vQif? tvkyform;onf tvkyf&Sif (odkY) tvkyf
oifcef;pmESihf qufpyfaeaom taMumif;t&mrsm; &Sif\ udk,fpm;vS,fESihfvnf;aumif;? rdrd\ b0wl
udk rarmEkdif ryef;Ekdif ajymjyonf/ ]]zwfpmtkyf tvkyform;rsm;ESifhvnf;aumif; aeYpOf qufqHae
xJu tcsufawGudk q&m jyef rajymjyawmhbl;/ &onf/ ukefonfonf t&yfwumokdY a&mufNyD;?
rif;wkdY usufrSwfxm;Muaygh/ tck q&m ajymjy a&mif;ol0,fol pm;okH;olwdkYESifh aeYpOfqufqHae&
aewmawGu pmtkyfxJrSm rygwJh taMumif; onf/ q&m0ef? olemjyKwdkYonf vlemrsm;? vlem
t&mawG? 'gawG[m rif;wdkYtwGuf rSwfom;p&m &Sifrsm;ESihf aeYpOfqufqHae&onf/ xkdYtwlyif
awGbJ}} [k qkdygonf/ v,form;? ½kH;vkyfom;? ukrÜPD0efxrf;? ta&mif;
usaemfausmif;NyD;onfhaemufydkif;? tpdk;& tul? um;armif;orm; ponfholrsm;onf aeYpOf
qefYusifa&;orm;wpfOD;jzpfvmcsdefü q&m yifpif vkyfief;rsm;wGif rdrdwkdYvkyfief;cGifESihf qufpyfywf
,lNyD;aeNyD/ q&mESihfawGUonfhtcdkuf q&mhudk Ekdif ouf&myk*¾Kdvfrsm;ESifh qufqHae&onf/ ausmif;q
iHa&;taMumif; pay;awmh rqvacwf? rqv &m (rlvwef;rS txufwef;txd) onf aeYpOf
ppftmPm&SiftaMumif;ESihf ywfoufí q&mu uav;oli,frsm;ESifh qufqHae&NyD; tvkyfcGif
okH;oyfjy&m usaemftHhMordonf/ xkdpOfu {&mr onf ausmif;0if;ESihf pmoifcef;omjzpfonf/ ]]q
ynmwwfyk*¾dKvfBuD; qkdolrsm;yifvQif (udk,fusdK;pD; &mjzpf}}&NyD[k rSwf,lNyD;? rdrd\ynma&;udk quf
yGm; arQmfrSef;csufaMumifh rqv ppftmPm&Sif p vuf &Sifoefatmif rBudK;yrf;ygu ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
epfudk &J&JrMunfhrdívm;? EkdifiHa&;rSm xkdif;tí usifvnfvmcJhaom þywf0ef;usifrSm todtjrif
vm;rod) ppftpdk;&\ vdrfvkH;? nmvkH;rsm;udk em; vlpOfrrDonfhtjzpfodkY a&mufoGm;zG,f&Sdygonf/
a,mifaeMucsdef jzpfygonf/ usaemfhq&monf tkd rSefaomopömpum;udk qkd&ygvQif þodkY todt
rif;&ifha&mfum tNidrf;pm;,lvdkuf&onfhtcsdeftxd jrif vlpOfrrDawmhaom ausmif;q&mrsm;udk (0rf;
todtjrif &Sifoefaeolygwum;[lí usaemf enf;zG,f&m) usaemf awGUzl;ygaMumif; .../
rSwfcsufcsrdcJhygonf/
þodkYqdk&onfhwkdif rdrdoifMum;&aom armifarmifvwf

]ynma&;} qdkwm twwfynm? ,Ofaus;rI? tusihfw&m;&SdrI? £ajE´wdkYudk

apmihfxdef;rI ponf wdk;yGm;í t0dZÆm paom tjypfa'gorsm;
uif;pif oGm;jcif;udkyif ]ynmtqHk;tr} [kac:onf
(opöw¬yumousrf;)
56 ZGefv? 2010
2008 tajccHOya'
ESihf
ynma&;u@ arNidrf;
vmr,fh oif½dk;opfrSm acwfrDwJh oif½dk; iH wpfEkdifiHtwGuf ta&;ygvSwJh zGJYpnf;yHk tajccH
awG jznfhpGufr,fvkdY ynma&;0efBuD;Xmeuajym Oya'wpf&yf taeeJY 'Dvdk vpf[mtm;enf;csufawG
xm;wmrdkYvdkY vlrIa&;&moif½dk;rSm b,fvdkoifcef;pm &Sdaewm[m tem*wftwGuf jyóemBuD;wpfckyJ
awG jy|mef;rSmvJ qdkwm[m pdwf0ifpm;p&mygyJ/ jzpfygw,f/
'Dae&mrSm ynma&;vdktyfcsufeJY ywfoufNyD; tJ'D tm;enf;csuf&SdaewmaMumifh aemif
vuf&Sd tmPmydkifawG a&;qGJxm;wJh zGJYpnf;yHk wpfcsdef ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifheJY ywfoufvkdY 'Drdk
tajccHOya'udk pOf;pm;oHk;oyfzdkY vdkvmygw,f/ ua&pDenf;usus awmif;qdkwm? jyKjyifwm? a0zef
2008 ckESpf arvrSm jynfolvlxk&JUqE´udk cH,lr,f oHk;oyfwmawGvkyf&wJhtcg jynfolvlxkbufu
qdkwJh zGJYpnf;yHk tajccHOya'rlMurf;&JU ynma&;? cdkifcdkifvHkvHk r&Sdovdk jzpfaeEkdifygw,f/ wu,f
usef;rma&;ESifh pyfvsOf;onfh tajccHrlrsm;tcef;&JU awmh 'g[mzGJYpnf;yHk tajccHOya'&Jh tm;enf;csuf
tcsuf(u)rSmawmh ]]EkdifiHawmfonf jynfolrsm;\ yJ jzpfygw,f/ zGJYpnf;yHk tajccHOya'xJrSm cdkifcdkif
ynma&;ESihf usef;rma&; wkd;wufapzkdYtwGuf t rmrm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; wdwdusus azmfjyxm;rI
av;xm;aqmif&Gufrnf}}vkdY ygygw,f/ 'Dae&m r&SdwJhtwGuf 'g[m a0zefaxmufjy&r,fh tcsuf
rSm azmfjyxm;csuf[m tMurf;zsif;qefvGef;wm ygyJ/
awGY&ygw,f/ vuf&Sd tmPmykdifawG[m EkdifiHwpfEkdifiH
jrefrmEkdifiH[m vuf&SdtajctaerSmynm twGuf ta&;ygvSwJh ynma&;u@udk tvkyfjy½Hk
a&;a&m usef;rma&;rSmyg qdk;qdk;&Gm;&Gm; qkwf,kwf xnfhoGif;ay;xm;ovdk jzpfaeygw,f/ wu,f
usqif;aeygw,f/ ynma&;oD;oefYtaeeJY ajym& awmh ynma&;u@xJrSm ta&;BuD;qHk;vdktyfcsuf
&if acwfrDynma&;? wdk;wufwJhynma&; jzpfzkdYt u ynma&; vGwfvyfcGifh (Academic Freedom)
wGuf tpdk;&taeeJY taxmuftyHhay;&r,fh u@ yJ jzpfygw,f/ 'Drdkua&pD ynma&;[m ausmif;
awG? tpdwftydkif;awGudk wdwdusus&nfñTef; om;awGudk ynma&;vGwfvyfcGifh tjynhft0 ay;
xnfhay;zkdYvdkygw,f/ Oyrm- ausmif;taqmuf xm;&wmjzpfygw,f/ ausmif;om;awG[m ausmif;
tOD vdktyfcsuf? oifaxmufulypönf; vdktyfcsuf? xJ twef;xJawGrSm udk,fhtwef;&JU ausmif;om;
q&mq&mr vdktyfcsuf? oifMum;a&; enf;ynm ukd,fpm;vS,fuaepNyD; ygarmu©? vTwfawmf t
qdkif&m vdktyfcsufeJY vGwfvyfpGm ynmoif,lcGifh rwf? 0efBuD;csKyf? EkdifiHawmfor®wtxdudk udk,fh
awGtwGuf b,fvdk aqmif&Gufay;r,fqdkwmrsdK; tjrifeJY vGwfvyfpGm a0zefcGifh &Sdygw,f/ tJ'DvdkyJ
awGudk wdwdusus xnfhay;&rSm jzpfygw,f/ Ekdif twef;pnf;urf;? ausmif;pnf;urf;uaepNyD; zGJU

ZGefv? 2010 57
 wu,fawmh ynma&; u@xJrSm
ta&;BuD;qHk; vdktyfcsufu
]]ynma&; vGwfvyfcGifh}}
Academic Freedom
yJjzpfygw,f/

pnf;yHktajccHOya'txd rdrdoabmqE´ tjrift eJYtnD &ifabmifwef;EkdifwJh tqifhjrifhynma&;

wdkif; a0zefaqG;aEG; ajymqdkcGifh &Sdygw,f/ 'g[m jzpfzkdYqdkwmudkvnf; arQmfvifhvkdY r&ygbl;/ wu,f
ausmif;om;awGudk olwdkYawGYBuHKMu&r,fh vuf wrf; acwfeJYtnD &ifabmifwef;EkdifwJh tqifhjrifh
awGYavmueJY ausmif;oifcef;pm tquftpyfudk ynma&; jzpfzkdYqdk&if odyÜHeJYenf;ynmqdkif&m bm
ausmif;pmoifcef;xJuae avhusifhay;wmyJ jzpf om&yfawGudk omru vlrIa&;&m bmom&yfvdk
ygw,f/ 0dZÆm bmom&yfawG&JU oif½dk;awGudkyg acwfeJYtrD
EkdifiHwpfEdkifiH&Jh zGJYpnf;yHk tajccH Oya' vkdufEdkifatmif jy|mef;&rSm jzpfygw,f/
qdkwm[m jynfolvlxku ,Hk,HkMunfMunfeJY a&G; 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiHawGrSmuawmh txuf
cs,f wifajrSmufxm;wJh jynfolY udk,fpm;vS,fawGu wef; ausmif;om;awG[m ausmif;0if;xJrSm? pm
0kdif;0ef;pOf;pm;NyD; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf aqG;aEG;wkdif oifcef;xJrSm? jiif;ckefcsufpmwrf; (Argument
yif a&;qGJ&wJh ta&;ygvSwJh tajccHtaqmuft Paper) awGa&;Mu? usbrf; pum;ajymyJGawG vkyf
tHkBuD;wck jzpfygw,f/ tck jrefrmEkdifiHrSmuawmh Mu? tjyeftvSefpum; ppfxkd;yGJ (Debate)awG
jynfolawGawmif aumif;aumif;rodwJh udk,fpm; vkyfMueJY? ynma&; vGwfvyfcGifhudk tjynfht0 cH
vS,fqdkolawGu EIwfydwfacgif;ndwfaxmufcHxm; pm;cGifh&aeMuygw,f/ jrefrmEdkifiHu ausmif;om;
&wJh zGJYpnf;yHktajccHOya' jzpfaeygw,f/ tJ'D t awGrSmawmh ausmif;om;wdkif; cHpm;cGifh&SdwJh ynm
jyif jynfolY&JhqE´udk cH,lNyD;rS jynfolawG oabm a&; vGwfvyfcGifhudk qHk;½IH;ae&½kH omrubJ udk,fh
us axmufcHrS twnfjyK jyXmef;EkdifrSmjzpfwJh EdkifiHtwGuf ta&;ygvSwJh zGJYpnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk
zGJYpnf;yHk tajccHOya'rlMurf;udk a0zef&if ta&;,l awmif a0zefaqG;aEG;ydkifcGifhr&SdbJ jzpfaeygw,f/
tjypfay;r,fvkdY Ncdrf;ajcmufaeygw,f/ wu,f 'gaMumifh ynma&;u@ zGHYNzdK;wdk;wuf
vnf; zrf;qD;tjypfay;wmawG vkyfaeygw,f/ a&;twGuf ta&;ygvSwJh vdktyfcsufjzpfwJh ynm
tJ'Dvdk rw&m;tpdk;&rsdK;u a&;qGJjyXmef; a&;vGwfvyfcGifhtwGuf tmrcHrIrsdK;ay;rxm;wJh zGJY
wJh zGJYpnf;yHk tajccHOya'[m jynfolvlxk trsm;&Jh pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk vufcHzkdYqdkwm[m jynfol
qE´udk udk,fpm;jyKEkdifzkdYqdkwm rjzpfEkdifygbl;/ tJ'D vlxkBuD; taeeJY aoaocsmcsm xnfhoGif; oHk;oyf
vdkyJ tmPmykdifawG&Jh vTrf;rdk;rIeJY a&;qGJ&wJh ynm pOf;pm;&r,fh tcsufyJ jzpfygw,f/
a&;oif½dk;[mvnf; vGwfvyfrI r&SdEkdifwmrdkY acwf arjidrf;
58
ZGefv? 2010
 ynmwwfzkdY ta&; 'dkYta&; ....
xuf*sLvkdif
EkdifiH\vlYtodkif;t0kdif; okH;Muonf/ tcgwGif zcifjzpfolu ]]orD;
wGif ynma&;udk tvGefwefzkd; xd k t ajctaersd K ;wG i f rdef;uav;qkdwmu tcsdefwef
xm;Muonf/ rdrdwkdY\om;orD; orD;rdef;uav;rsm;tay: rdb &if viftdrfygrSmyJav/}}
rsm;udk ynmwwfrsm; jzpfapcsif rsm;\tawG;u ... ]]viftdrfa&mufawmhvnf;r,m;
MuonfrSmvnf; rdbwkdif;\ ]]orD;rdef;uav;qkd&if 0wå&m; rysufuGufatmif csuf
qE´yifjzpfonf/ xkdqE´rSm rd a&;wwf zwfwwf&if awmfNyD} jyKwf auR;arG;&r,f/}}
om;pktwGif; 0ifaiGaumif;jcif;? qkdí twef;ausmif; tenf;i,f ]]om;orD; arG;zGm;&r,f/ olpm
raumif;jcif;ESifh roufqkdifay/ xm;NyD; ausmif;xkwf vkdufMu wwfzdkYuvnf; 3 wef; 4 wef;
rdbrsm;u rwwfEkdifvQif acs; onf/ xkdtrsdK;orD;rsm;\ cHpm; avmufqdk&if iydrSwfwwf? qm;
iSm;íyif ausmif;xm;ay;wwf csufudk usr ar;Munfhzl;onf/ rSwfwwfNyDav? &NyDaygh ../}}
Muonf/ odkYaomf xkdrdbrsm; ]]usru 4 wef;yJ ausmif;wuf [k jyefajzonf/ trsdK;orD;BuD;
onf rjzpfrae om;orD;rsm;udk cJh&wm? 4 wef;atmifwkef;uqdk wcsdKUuawmh ]]pmoifay;r,fh
ynmwwfapcsifonf qkdaomf wjcm;&GmrSm ausmif;oGm;ae&rSm tpm; pufcsKyfav; oifay;&if
vnf; om;orD; rsm;olrsm;\ taru pdwfrcsvdkYqdkNyD; rxm; awmif tdrfrSmae&if; 0ifaiGav;
pOf;pm;csufrSm om;a,musfm; csifbl;/}} vnf; tydk&? tda`E´av;vnf;&?
av;udkomvQif ynmwwf jzpf& ]]tazuawmh orD;rdef;uav;yJ? vifhtay: r,m;0wå&m;vnf;
rnf[laom pOf;pm;csuf&Sdonf/ tdrfaxmif Ekdifeif;zkdYu ydkta&; rysufuGufzl;ayghuG,f ..}}
tb,fhaMumifhqdkaomf BuD;w,fqkdNyD; tarhqDu tdrf ]]pmoifwm aiGtm;BuD;ukefwm?
om;a,musfm;av;rsm;onf rd axmifxdef;odrf;rIawGudk vuf tcsdefwefawmhvnf; ausmif;
budkvkyfauR;&efESihf tdrfaxmif xyf oifckdif;awmhwmyJ..}} q&mrqkdwm wcsdefvkH;ausmif;
OD;pD; jzpfvmrnfholrsm;jzpfí t ]]usrqkd ausmif;aecsifvGef;vdkY rSmae&awmh r,m;0wå&m;awG
&m&mudk odxm;&ef vdktyfonf/ idkawmifidkcJh&wm..}} [k &ifzGifh ysufuGufukefa&m 'Dawmhvnf;
xkdvkdtyfcsufudk jznfhpGrf;Ekdifonf ajymjycJhonfh nDri,fudk qkHzl; tdrfaxmifa&; rom,mbl;aygh}}
rSm ynma&;jzpfonf[k aumif; onf/ [kqkdonf/
aumif; oabmayguf vmMu ]]bmjzpfvkdY orD;rdef;u xkdtawG;tac:t,l
onf/ wwfEkdifaom rdbrsm;u av;awGu a&;wwfzwfwwf tqrsdK;udk b,fwkef;ursm;b,f
yifvQif orD;rdef;uav;rsm;udk wmeJY awmfavmufNyDvkdY xifwm olawG xkdae&mwGifpwif wDxGif
ynmodyfwwf&ef rvdk[k awG; vJ}}[k xkdtawG;tac:&Sdaom NyD; ajymqkdí jzefYa0cJhonfrod/
wwfMuonf/ xkdYaemuf usihf rdbrsm;udk wD;acgufMunfhaom pmrwwfol (odkY) tcsdKU aiGaMu;

59
ZGefv? 2010
 wwfEdkifol? todkif;t 0dkif;rsm;ESifh wifwwfMuonf/ vSyacsmarm rsm; ]]rif;odawmha&m bmvkyf
pmwwfaomzcifudk ydkifqkdifxm; aom trsdK;orD;rsm;onf ydkí ay;EkdifrSmrkdYvdkYvJ pdwf½Iyf&wJht
ol trsdK;orD;rsm;wGifvnf; xkd aps;uGuf0ifonf/ ESpfOD; oabm xJ}}[k tajymcH&onfvnf; &Sd
tawG;tac: vTrf;rkd;wwfonf/ wl r[kwfyJ ESpfzufoabmwl \/ tcsdKUrsm; ]]rif;OD;aESmuf
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wef;avmuftxd ynm oifay; orD;rsm;u ESpfOD;oabmwludk tac: ½kdufoGif;cH&onfh trsdK;
Muonf/ pOf;pm;wwfMuonf/ ESpfzufo orD;rsm;onf wjznf;jznf;ESihf
wcsdKUuawmh tv,f abmwlonfhtajctaeudk jiif; cspfvifrsm;\ vpfvsL½IrIudk cH
wef;ynmwef;txd oifay;Mu wwfMuonf/ xkdtcgynmwwf pm; vm&onf/ cspfvifrsm; t
onf/ (8)wef;(10)wef; avmuf trsdK;orD;rsm;udk trsdK;om;rsm; wGuf rsdK;qufjyefYyGm;jcif;udk wm
txdynmoifzl;aomtrsdK;orD; u tdrfaxmifjyK&mwGif a&Smif 0ef,lay;jcif;? jyKpkjcif;rsm;udk
rsm;onf olwkdY\ &GmESifhNrdKUi,f wwfMuonf/ om jyKvkyfonfh tqifhrSvJGí
rsm;wGif ynmwwf trsdK;orD; xkdxkdaom tawG;t bmrS vkyfcGifh? udkifcGifh r&Sdawmh
rsm;tjzpfowfrSwfwwfMuonf ac:rsm;aMumifhynmrwwfaom yg/
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orD;rdef;uav;rsm; t wGifaemufqufwGJ jyóemrsm; rsm; rdom;pk pD;yGm;a&;tusyft
wGuf vif&Smay;&mwGifvnf; y tjzpf&Sdvmonfudk owdrrlrdMu wnf;ESihf BuHKaomtcg (odkY)
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a,musfm;av;rsm; aps;uGufwif rdrdcifyGef;\ vkyfief;rsm;udk od &GufvQifvlwumtdrfwGifvSnhf
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onfhtay:rlwnfonfh &mxl; raewwfaom trsdK;orD;rsm;u onf/ vlwum\ tajymtqdk
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acR;r&Smolrsm;uvnf; b,f bmjzpfaewmvJ}} [k ar;jref; &G,f ra&mufaom om;orD;rsm;
avmuf ,Ofaus;vdr®mí tdrf vQif ..]]rif;bmrS rodygbl; t &Sdaeaom rdcifjzpfvQif om;orD;
axmifrI xdef;odrf;Ekdifoenf;qkd vkyfudpöyg}} [kajymqkdrIudk cH& rsm;tm; ausmif;rxm;Ekdif? tpm
wJh tcsufay:wGif aps;uGufay: wwfMuonf/ (odkYr[kwf)tcsdKU a&pm t0rauR;arG;EkdifyJ jzpf
60
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awmhonf/ odkYjzpfatmif tm;ay;tm;ajr§muf omjzpfonf/ EkdifiHwpfckvkH;\
trsm;pkaom tdrfaxmif jyKaeaomvlYtodkif;t0dkif;\ t tajctaeudk NcKHíMunfhrnfqkd
OD;pD;qkdolrsm;onf pD;yGm;usvQif awG;tac:udk 0dkif;0ef;xdef;odrf; ygu trsdK;om;rsm;\ xrf;
pdwf"mwfusawmhonf/ xkdtcg Muolrsm;aMumifhvnf;jzpfonf/ aqmif&aom0efrSm tvGefav;
ao&nfaomufpm;jcif;udkjyKvkyf xdk tawG;tac:rsm; vH us,fjyefYvSNyD; trsdK;orD;
wwfonf/ xkdtajctaewGif aMumifh trsdK;orD;rsm;u rdef;r xrf;aqmif&aom0efrSm enf;í
cspfZeD;onfrSm avQmfzGwf? csuf qkdvQif a,musFm;rsm; ypfroGm; rSDcdk vGef;tm;BuD;aeonf/ xkdY
jyKwf½kHrSvJGí bmtBuHrSray; atmifvSaezkdYvdkonf/ aMumifh trsdK;orD;rsm;onf y
wwf/ bmrSrvkyfwwf? rudkif tdrfrIudpöxdef;odrf;Ekdif nmwwfzkdYvkdonf/ EkdifiHom;wpf
wwf? vkyfwwfonfhtvkyfu zkdYvdkonf/ pD;wJha& qnfwJh uef a,muf\ wm0efudk xrf;aqmif
vnf; vl&mr0if/ a,musfm;jzpf oif;? xdef;xdef;odrf;odrf;ESihf acR &ef wm0ef&SdouJhodkY vlom;rsdK;
oluvnf; atmufajcodrf; t wm pkaqmif;wwfjcif;onf t quf jyefYyGm;a&;wm0ef xrf;
vkyfudk rdrd&SdaeygvsufESifh r "du jzpfonf[kom awG;awmí aqmif&efrSmvnf; ta&;BuD;yg
vkyfapvkd? rmewcJGom;jzihf t tcsdefrsm;udk jzKef;ypfwwfMu onf/ rsdK;qufrsm;udk jyefYyGm;ap
usyftwnf;udk &ifqkdifausmfjzwf onf/ a,musfm;rsm;uvnf; p Ekdifaomfvnf; wnfhrwfay;Ekdif
rI rEkdif0ef xrf;jcif;aMumifh? & um;ykHtwkdif; r,m;awmol cyf onfh pGrf;&nfrSm ynma&;jzpf
v'frSm ta<uG;wifjcif;? tdrf at;at; cyfEkHEkHESihf rdrdajymo onf/ xkdYaMumifh trsdK;orD;rsm;
axmifudk rOD;pD;Edkifjcif;? rdef;r rQemcHNyD; oHa,mZOf&Sdaom rdef; udk a&;wwfzwfwwfvQifawmfNyD
tm; wdkifyifazmftjzpf &Sdrae rudkyif rif;bmvkyfwwfrSmrdkYvdkY [laom tawG;tac:t,ludk
jcif;aomaMumifh Mumawmh av vJ? pmrwwf ayrwwfeJY[kqkd wGef;vSef&ef vdkonf/ EkdifiHhwm
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&aom tajctaerSm trsdK;o ESihf BuHhBuHhcHaom tawG;,dkifeJYeJY rsdK;orD; rdcifaumif;rsm; arG;
rD;rsm;tm; rSDcdkoufouf pdwf jzpfcsdef wavmuvkH;udk b,f½I xkwf&ef wkdif;jynf\wm0ef? vlY
"mwfudk arG;ay;aom vlYtokdif; a'gifhrSMunfhMunfhrauseyfawmh todkif;t0dkif;\wm0ef? rdbrsm;
t0dkif;aMumifhjzpfonf/ ay/ tu,fí ynmwwftrsdK; \ wm0efjzpfonf/ xkdwm0ef
trsdK;orD;rsm;udk iyd orD;rsm;ESihf vufqufrdxm;yg rsm;udk ausyGef&efrSmvnf; t
rSwf? qm;rSwfwwf awmfaygh[k u tdrfaxmif0efudk wlnDpGm awG;tac:a[mif;rsm;udk pGefY
awG;wwfaom vlYtodkif;t0dkif; wm0efxrf;aqmifEkdifonf/ vdk vTwfí wkd;wufaom tawG;t
udk tm;ay;xm;aomaMumifhjzpf tyfonfh tBuHÓPfrsm;udk t ac:opf wpf&yf tpm;xkd;Ekdif
onf/ a,musfm;qdkwm tdrf jyeftvSef wkdifyifñ§dEdIif;Ekdifonf/ atmif pDrHaqmif&GufrSom jzpf
axmif OD;pD;[k oGwfoGif;xm; wkd;wufEkdifaom vrf;aMumif;ukd rnf/
aom vlYtodkif;t0dkif;udk tm;jyK tjyeftvSef pOf;pm;í wm0ef xuf*sLvkdif
&aomtrsdK;om;rsm;rSm rEkdif0ef rsm; udk cJGa0,lEkdifonf/ tjyef
udk rajym&J wif;cHíxrf;wwfMu tvSef xlrwfay;Ekdifonf/
onf/ wvJGrmersm;jzihf wif;cH ,ckudpörsm;onf tdrf
umaexkdifwwfMuonf/ xkduJh axmiftwGif;udpö&yfrsm; avmuf
61
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 armu© ynma&;tzGJU tpnf;rdwfquf

jrefrma&TUajymif; a'o q&mq&mrrsm; tpnf;t½kH;

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cg;pnf;rcHEdkifMuawmhaomaMumifhvnf;aumif;? \ ynma&;twGuf xdkif;EdkifiHwpf0Srf;vHk;wGif pm
ratmifjrifaom pD;yGm;a&; rl0g'rsm;aMumifh t oifausmif;aygif; (90) ausmf &Sdonf/ xdktxJrS
vkyftudkif&Sm;ygrI jyóemESifh pD;yGm;a&;usyfwnf; rJaqmufa'owGif ausmif;aygif; (60) ausmf&SdNyD;
rI jyóemrsm;udk ESpf&Snf &ifqdkifaeMu&aom ausmif;om;OD;a& (10000) ausmfESifh q&mq&mr
aMumifh jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYZmwd&yf&Gm OD;a& (500) ausmf &Sdonf/
udk pGefYcGmum jyifyEdkifiHrsm;odkYoGm;a&muf tvkyf xdkq&mq&mr (500) ausmfwdkYonf rdrd
vkyfudkifaeMu&onf/ wdkY oufqdkif&m ausmif;om; tm½Hkpl;pdkuf pmoif
xdkuJhodkY jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm; jyify xGuf Mum;jcif;ESifh ausmif;\ udpöt00udk vkyfudkifae
tvkyfvkyfudkif aeMurIwGif xdkif;EdkifiHodkY w&m;r MuNyD; vkyfazmfudkifzuf q&mq&mr tcsif;csif;
0if enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh 0ifa&mufvkyfudkifaeMujcif; awGUqHk ñd§EIdif;rI tjynhft0 rwnfaqmufEdkifMu
onf trsm;pkjzpfonf/ tmPmydkifwdkY\tpkvdkuf ao;acs/ xdk q&mq&mrrsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh
zrf;qD;jyefydkYrIrsm; aeYpOf&Sdaeonfh Mum;rSyifvm vlxktjrif oabmxm;? pdwfydkif;qdkif&m tajct
a&muftvkyfvkyfudkifolrsm; avsmhyg;oGm;jcif; r&Sd aeESifh q&mq&mr wpfOD;csif;pD\ axmufyhHaMu;?
bJ wpfaeYxufwpfaeY ydkom wdk;vmaeonf/ &ydkifcGifh tcGifhta&;rsm; uGJjym;jcm;em;rI tenf;
xdkif;tpdk;&\ xkwfjyefaMunmcsuft& i,f &SdaeqJ jzpfonf/
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vkyfvkyfudkifol a&TUajymif;tvkyform;OD;a& pkpk onf uav;i,frsm; ynmqufvuf oifMum;cGifh
aygif; (2) oef;&Sdonfhteuf (90) &mcdkifEIef;onf &&Sda&;? ynmoifMum;cGifh r& jzpfaeonfhausmif;ae
jrefrmEdkifiHrSjzpfaMumif;od&onf/ xdk(90) %aom &G,fuav;rsm; ausmif;aecGifh&a&;wdkYtwGuf rdrd
a&TUajymif;jrefrm tvkyform;rsm;teuf (10) % wdkYwGifvnf; wm0ef&SdaMumif; em;vnfvufcHum
onf wmhcfc½dkifa'owGif aexdkif vkyfudkifaeMu apwemudk a&SUwef;wif BudK;pm;vkyfudkifaeMuonf
jcif; jzpfonf/ rJaqmufa'owGif a&TUajymif;tvkyf rSm tm;&zG,f&myifjzpfonf/ xdktcuftcJrsm;?
orm; (1) odef;cefY &Sdonf/ xdka&TUajymif; vkyf jzpfpOfrsm;udk &ifqdkifausmfvTm;Edkif&efESifh ynma&;
orm;rsm;ESifhtwl ¤if;wdkY\ &ifaoG;rsm;yg vdkuf wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;twGuf twlwuGyl;aygif;

62 ZGefv? 2010
vkyfaqmifEdkifMuap&ef Mum;cHaqmif&Gufay;aomtzGJUonf r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfvSsuf &Sdonf/
xkdYaMumifh 2005 ckESpfwGifa&TUajymif; jrefrmtvkyform;rsm; ynma&;aumfrwD (BMWEC)
ESihf (W/E) wdkY yl;aygif;zGihfvSpfcJhaom oifwef;rS rJaqmufa'o&Sd ausmif;aygif;pkHrS q&m?q&mrrsm;\
qE´ESifhtnD tzGJUtpnf;wpfckzGJUpnf;&ef oabmwlnDqHk;jzwfcJhMuNyD; q&m? q&mr tcsif;csif; ydkrdk&if;ESD;
cspfMunfpGmjzifh pkpnf;Edkif&efESifh ynma&;vkyfief;rsm; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvmap&ef qHkcsufwpfcktjzpfa&TUajymif;
a'o q&m?q&mrrsm; tpnf;t½Hk;udk zGJUpnf;EdkifcJhonf/
xdkodkYjzifh a&TUajymif;a'o q&mq&mrrsm;tpnf;t½Hk;\ yxtBudrf tvkyftrIaqmif a&G;cs,f
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tBudrf tvkyftrIaqmif a&G;cs,fwifajr§mufyGJudk 2009 ckESpf atmufwdkbmv (4 - 5) &ufaeYrsm;wGif
vnf;aumif; atmifjrifpGm usif;yjyKvkyfEdkifcJhonf/
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q&mrrsm;\ tcef;u@ ydkrdkxif&Sm; ay:vGifap&ef jzpfygonf/ tpnf;t½Hk;\ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm -
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2/ q&m? q&mrrsm;\ vHkNcHKa&;ESifh b0&yfwnfEdkifrI &Sda&;/
3/ ynma&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif q&m? q&mrrsm; tcsif;csif;? ausmif;tcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef ½dkif;yif;ulnD
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tion) 'k-OuúX ESifY a0S;uvkyf tv,fwef;ausmif;udk wnfaxmifol ausmif;tkyf q&mMuD;
ref;oef;xl; touf (45) ESpfonf arv 6&ufaeY naewGif ½kwfw&uf c&pfawmfü
tdyfaysmfoGm;cJYonf/
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wGif c&pf,mef"r®ynma&; 'Dyvdkrm ESpfESpf oif,lcJYjyD;? tpdk;&v,fpdkuf&Sif; t&m&Sdtjzpf
vkyfudkifcJYonf/ xdkif; jrefrm e,fpyfodkY rdom;pkESifY ajymif;a&TUvmNyD;aemuf? 2002 ckESpf-
wGif a0S;uvkyf tv,fwef;ausmif;udk xlaxmifNyD;? 2004 ckESpfwGif Love and Care
txufwef;ausmif;udk xyfrH xlaxmifcJYonf/
q&mref;oef;xl; qHk;yg;oGm;jcif;onf jrefrma&TUajymif; q&mrsm; tpnf;t½Hk;? q&m q&mrrsm;? vkyfazmfudkif
zufrsm;? ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;ESifY rdom;pktwGuf tzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom qHk;½HI;rI jzpfonf/
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64 ZGefv? 2010
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wJY vli,fawGavmufawmif ausmif;wufaomumvrSmolwdkY Source: Sydney Morning
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w&kwfvli,faeYpOfvlrIa&; ppf vmrI ppfwrf;t& 26 &mcdkif aMumif;? w&kwfvlrsKd;wdkY trSwf
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vli,fawG Ekd;Mum;x<uNyD; wm0ef,lvkdpdwf

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awmf rpfcs,ftdkbm;rm;&JU yxr awGudk yHYydk;ulnD jyKpkysKd;axmif
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67
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aevdkYrS ay:vmwJh a&xJurom iaysmh iSJYay;onfh t&ufcGufudk udkndK'if awGawGai;
vkdyJ?}} yufceJ armhaomuf csvdkuf\/ ai; jzpfoGm;onf/
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aqmifvSrf;atmfac:ojzihfpdwf uRHa&m &ufESpfq,fyJ ..}} vrf;jrif&rvJ rodygvm;}}vkdY
ryg vufrygjzifhudkndK'if 0dkif;xJ ]]bm&ufESpfq,fvJ}}.. awG;aerdjyef\/
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72 ZGefv? 2010
 u qD;BudKí aihgonf/
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awmhqkdOD;? ajymOD;? aopm&Sifpm
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bl;/ ig,kHMunfwm igvkyfwm/ wmyJ r[kwfvm;/ trSefawmh [if;av;udk cyfxnfhay;&if;u
tenf;qkH;awmhuGm okH;v trSefqkdwmuvnf; trSef rvkH; apmapmu pum;jyef
avmufawmh t&ufzkd;rukefbl; [kwfcsifrS [kwfwmyguGm}} qufonf/
aygh/ [kwfvm;? [m;[m;.. }} t&ufESpfvkH;ukefawmh ]]awmhfom;udk awmf
&,farmarm ajymae odef;aqmif 0dkif;ab;rSm acGtdyf 'Dvdk qufxm;ae&ifawmh
onfh odef;aqmif\ trlt,m aeNyD/ udkndK'ifvnf; a&Tbukd umvom;ayguf rjzpfcif
u ayghyg; aysmf&Tif aeykH&onf/ owd jyef&vmonf/ tdrfajy; jzpfcsifjzpf? rjzpf&if
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vm; rBuD;yGm;vm;awmh ig rod iaysmh/ naeus&if wpfvkH; ]]'Daumihf touf
bl;/ rdef;uawmh MunfndKaewm awmh ydkYvkduf/ 'DrSm ykdufqH/}} tydkif;tjcm; rif;ajymaewm
yJuGm/ rif;u ta&;rBuD;yg udkndK'if vkHuGif;udk cg; awGu ESpfeJYcsD MumtkH;r,fh udpö
bl;uGm/ tukodkvfeJY tusdK;ay; pnf;um jyefvmcJhonf/ awGyguGm/ tvJGtacsmfawG
wJhaumifyJ/ wHigcsif; wl&if ]]watmifhqdk xGuf csnf;? rif;uvnf; tawG;
awmif ig;BuD;? ig;aumif;&wJh oGm;vdkufwm awmfwkdY0dkif;u ay acgifvGef;w,f}}
aumif/ tusdK;ay; qkdwmu awmfawmf &SnfMuwmyJ}} udkndK'ifwkdY rdom;pk
rwlMubl;avuGm/ bm bkd; c&D;a&mufrqkduf rvkH; xrif;0dkif;av;u wckckvdktyf

ZGefv? 2010 73
 aeovdk aoGUajcmuf wkd;qdwf ]]udkndK'if udkndK'if}} &JU t&om rif; jrnf;Munfhprf;uGm
vGef;vSonf/ udkndK'if bk&m;pif tdrfa&SUujyifrSm tdyf vkdY ajymajymNyD; aumif;aumif;
ay:u pm;yJGwifem&Dudk Munfh aysmfaeonfh udkndK'ifudk iaysmh wD; ypfvdkufr,fvdkY udkndK'ifaw;
vkdufawmh ESpfem&DausmfNyD a&Tb u vIyfEdI;&if; t&ufykvif;udk xm;onf/ udkndK'if t&ufiSJY
\ ta&mift&dyf taiGUtouf tdrfwkdifab;wGif arS;axmifxm; aepOf a&Tb acgif;idkufpkdufESifh
udk rjrif&? r&I½dIuf&ao;/xrif; vkdufonf/ tdrfxJ 0ifvmonf/
0dkif; odrf;ae&if; rvHk; udkndK'ifudk ]]at; at; reufu ]]tvdk {nfhonfawmf
tuJcwf Munhfaerd\/ t&SdefeJY arS;ceJ tdyfaysmfoGm; BuD; <uyg cifAsm/ <uyg/ b,f
]]awmf xyfoGm; &Sm vdkufwmuGm/ bJMuD;aqm&D; aejynfawmfursm; jref; vmyg
raeeJY iwf&if jyefvmvdrfhr,f/ awmBuD;NrdKifvnfyJ iaysmha&}} vdrfh vm&if;udpöudk rdefYawmfrl
t&G,feJY rvdkufbl; tavvkduf ]]rvkH; rSmoGm;w,f/ ygOD;}}
aewmu}} naeaps;oGm;w,fwJh/ udkndK'if udknKd'if a&Tbudk &dwd
tdrfayguf0u apmifh Ekd;&if ajymvdkufzkdY rSmoGm;w,f/ wd ajym&if; tdrfab; tzDrSm
aMumifhxkdif aq;ayghvdyfudk rD; ]]at; at; iaysmh}} axmifxm;onfh ig;rQm;wHawG
nd§? vrf;xufudk arQmfaeonfh bk&m;pifay:u em&D xJrS cyfawmifhawmifh ajzmifh
udk ndK'if ykHyef;u ½kd;½kd;ESihf qef; udk Munfhvdkufawmh ig;em&D ajzmifh wpfacsmif;udk qJGxkwf
aeoa,mif/ a&Ta&mif uGyf ausmfNyD/ aeyifcsdKaeNyD/ uav vdkufonf/ udkndK'ifykHpHu
xm;onfh wdrfrJndK/ u0aumif ckxd tdrf&dyfreif; tmPmyg;uGufom;[ef
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74 ZGefv? 2010
 vyfwJh tcsdefpmudk oif&
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jyprf; rif;pmtkyf/}}
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vnf; tjrJrjywf qnf;yl;&r,fwJh}} aMumif; wcsKdUudk awGU&onf/
udkndK'if rzwfwwf/
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a&Tb olYtazudk Munfhae aemufxyf wpfcsuf ½kdufvdkufpOf
wwfBuD;&JU? cifAsm; oifaewJh
onf/ tom;ay:usonfh toHxGuf
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vlu vufawmufavmuf? rif; onfh t&may:u xGufvm
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udkrif; bmxifaevJ/ tkd;ypf onfhtoHrsdK; udkndK'if owdxm;
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tdrfypf? tdrfvpf ausmif;vpf? rdvdkufonf/ aumufcg iifcg
ig;pdrf;jrif ig;uifypf?
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ig;yGuf&m ig;pmcs?
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csifwmvJ/ usKyf bmvkyfvkdYvJ}} atmif oGm;oifaewm/ q&m
emusif& aumif;rSef; BuD;u b0udkvnf; oifMum;
rodonfh rsufESmay;jzihf a&Tb &wmyJwJh/ ynmudkvnf; tNrJ
udkndK'ifudk EIwfcrf; wif;wif;aph rjywf qnf;yl;&r,fwJh/ ausmif;
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ZGefv? 2010 75
 hSif i g ;
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76
ZGefv? 2010
 a&odrfuav;ay:wGif olu tm;ri,fyg/ ausmif;om; taetxm; uGmjcm; oGm;
ol wpfa,mufwnf; xkdifae rdbrsm;xHu wpfqifh Mum;& onf/
onf/ onfh owif;t& aemufxyf olu olYausmif; u
tumt&H r&Sdojzifh ausmif;tyfrnfh ausmif;om; rd av;udk onfhxuf b,fvdk wkd;
a&odrfuav; wpf0kduf uGif; brsm; &Sdaeonfudk olodonf/ wuf atmifjrifatmif vkyf&
tESHY jrifae&\/ wGJavmif; cs vuf&Sd ausmif;om;rsm; rnfudk awG;onf/ tm;vyfonfh
xm;onfh ajcaxmufatmuf udk oli,fwef;rS 'kwd,wef;txd tcsdefwkdif; a&odrfuav;ay:
wGif jruf½dkif;rsm; xvsuf/ a& cJGum pmoifcJhonf/ ausmif;p vmxkdifonf/ a&odrfuav;
cef; vsuf&Sdonfh ½kd;uav;rSm wufwufcsif; EkdifiHawmfoDcsif; ay:xkdif&if; awG;onf/ pmzwf
cyfa0;a0; ta&mufwGif aomifyk qkdonf/ ocsFm? t*Fvdyfpm? jref onf/ olUausmif;uav;udk
&GmzufodkY csdK;auGYvdkuf\/ iSuf rmpm bmom&yf okH;ckudkom okH;v twGif; atmifjrif wuf
aysmawmwef;xJ acgif;xkd;NyD; pwifNyD; oifonf/ tjcm; <uonfh pmoif ausmif;uav;
0ifoGm;\/ bmom&yfrsm;udk vdktyfovkd jzpfvm&ef pdwfxufoef vsuf
0g;wHwm; wpfcku ½kd; qufvuf oifoGm;&ef qkH;jzwf &Sdonf/
tv,fwGif aqmufxm;onf/ xm;onf/ ausmif;om; ta& ]]q&mav; q&mawmf
a&odrfuav;ESihf ½kd;xdyfurf; twGuf wnfNidrfonhftcg usrS ac:aew,f}}
yg;udk qufoG,fxm;\/ olu bmompkHoif&ef pOf;pm;onf/ 0g;wHwm; xdyf½dk;ay:
a&odrfuav;ay:wGif xkdif&if; ausmif;pzGihf&ufwnf;u olu wGif ausmif;om; ]armif<uuf
olU pmoif ausmif;uav; um,ynm pkaygif;avhusihfcef; uif} &yfaeonf/ naeydkif;
taMumif;udk pOf;pm;onf/ rsm; aeYwkdif;vkyfonf/ ausmif; aea&mif wapmif; xkd;xm;ojzihf
pmoifausmif; uav; oefY&Sif;a&; ausmif;0if; oefY&Sif; armif<uufuifudk rD;qvdkuf
rSm aqmufvkyfNyD;ump jzpf a&; aeYwkdif;vkyfonf/ txl; xkd;xm;ovkd jzpfaeonf/ t
onf/ okH;yifESpfyif taqmuf ojzihf pkaygif; aqmif&Gufonfh ouf 12 ESpf t&G,f ausmif;
tOD jzpfonf/ vufckyf wpf tvkyfrsm;udk qufwkduf vkyf om;wpfOD; t0wftpm;rsm;rSm
azmif tjrifh&Sdonf/ bkef;awmf onf/ oHNydKif uAsm&Gwfqkd a[mif;EGrf;vsuf? zdeyfryg eD
BuD; ausmif;0if; twGif;wGif jcif;udk tcsdefrSefrSef vkyfonf/ aMumifaMumif qHyifAkwfodkuf
ausmif;xkdif q&mawmf\ cGifh ausmif;om;rsm;u pmoifcsdef? ESihf/
jyKcsufjzihf ausmif;0ef; oyfoyf tm;upm;ESihf tjcm; zHGUNzdK;a&; olu 0g;wHwm;av;
uefYvsuf pmoifausmif;ESihf tvkyfrsm;ukd tcsdefydk vkyf& ay:rS wpfqifh ukef;ay: wuf
bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;rSm NcHpnf; ojzihf tm;vkH;vkdvdk aysmfMu onf/ olESifh armif<uufuifwkdY
½kd;csif; qufovdk jzpfoGm;onf/ onf ausmif;om; tm;vkH; vSnf;vrf;aMumif;udk ausmfum
pmoif ausmif;uav;udk wpf&Gm wufwuf<u<u vkyfMuonf/ bkef;awmfBuD; ausmif;0if; t
vkH;\ pkaygif;aiGjzihf aqmufcJh wvtwGif; ausmif;wufae wGif; 0ifcJhonf/ olwkdYESpfOD;
jcif;jzpfonf/ ausmif;zGifh&uf onfh ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf &GmxJ ausmif;ay: a&mufawmh q&m
wpfv &SdNyD/ pmoifom; 18 u ausmif; raeao;onfh u awmf\ a&SUü &Gmom; okH;av;OD;
a,mufom &Sdonf/ odkYaomf av;rsm; ododomom pdwf"mwf xkdifaeonfudk awGU&\/ xkdif
77
ZGefv? 2010
 ]]usaemfu tJ'D
tacgif;awGudk
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aeolrsm;u olYudk armhMunfh q&mu ausmif;ay:rSm tacgif; 'Dvkd jzpf&wm ausmif;ay:rSm
onf/ awG wifxm;w,fqkdwm [kwf vlaoxnfhwJh acgif;awG wif
]]q&mawmf ac:ckdif; ovm;/ tJ'g usaemfwdkY odcsif xm;vkdY olwkdYom; raumif;qkd;0g;
w,fqkdvkdYyg bk&m;}} vkdYyg}} vkyfcH&wmqdkNyD; awmfhawmfudk
olu xkdifaeolrsm;udk olYrsufESm wpfcsuf pdwfraumif; jzpfaeMuw,f/
tuJcwf&if; q&mawmf\ a&SU ysufovdk jzpfoGm;onf/ pdk;&drf tJ'g q&mav;udk usKyfwkdY vm
wGif 0wfjyKjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfNyD;rS pdwfu ododomom ay:vm ajymwmyJ? ausmif;ay:rSm acgif;
xkdifonf/ armif<uufuifu onf/ odkYaomf trSeftwdkif; awG bmvkyfzkdYwif xm;wmvJ/
ausmif;atmufodkY jyefqif;oGm; rajzvkdYawmh rjzpf/ rxm;apcsifbl;/ NyD;awmh xd
\/ ]][kwfuJh .. acgif;ESpf cdkufxm;wJh ausmif;om;twGuf
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ajymp&m udpö&SdvdkY tac:cdkif; &Sdygw,f tJ'g}} 0if;xJrSm vkyfp&m &Sdwm
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oma&;ema&;toif; vlBuD; tJ'DudpöyJ/ ]]pmoifausmif; tJ'DudpöygyJ}}
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78 ZGefv? 2010
eufaomtcg ausmif;om;BuD; NyD;awmh aemufxyf ajymp&m
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zsufum pmoifckHvkyf&ef pOf;pm; pl;prf;ovkd Munfhonf/ aus;&Gmvlxkqkdonfh
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wGif olxkdifaecJhonf/ oma&;
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NyD;awmh usaemfxifw,f/ 'Dudpö av/ ausmif;ysufoGm;wm csnf;
odkY jyefydkYum rD;½dIU zsufqD;ypf&ef
ausmif;om;rdb tawmfrsm;rsm; yJ/ 'Dwkef;u ausmif;pwufwJh
olYzufu oabmwlonf/ aus;
odaeMuvdrfhr,fvdkY usaemf xif tcsdef pmroifcifrSm ausmif;
&Gmu pmoifckHwcsdKU jznhfqnf;
ygw,f/ b,folu bmrS rajym om;awG tm;vkH; bk&m;&Sdcdk;pm
ay;&ef n§dEdIif; aqG;aEG; aqmif
awmh usaemfu}} &GwfMu&w,f/tckawmh ausmif;
&Gufrnf[k vlBuD;awGzufu
]]'guawmh ausmif; q&m vufxufusawmh tJ'D
uwday;onf/ 'l;wGif 'Pf&m
om; rdbawGu ausmif;q&mudk udpöawG bmjyKvdkY jzKwfvdkufwm
&xm;aom ausmif;om;\ rdb
wkduf½kduf vmajym&rSm cufae vJ/ usKyfwkdY Mum;wmuawmh
rsm; udk,fwkdif ausmif;0if;twGif;
Muw,fav/ 'Dvkd udpörsdK;u ausmif;q&mu bk&m;&Sdckd;pmudk
vma&mufvsuf ½dk;&m ,kHMunfrI
ausmif;q&mu em;vnf&rSm awmif jynfhpkHatmif r&bl;qkd/
t& vkdtyfovdk aqmif&Guf&ef
ayhg/ acgif;awG wifxm;wJh 'gqkd&if uav;awGudk pm
olu oabmwl vdkufonf/
ausmif;ay:rSm ausmif;q&mu b,fvdkvkyfNyD; oifrvJ}}
olurl em;vnf wwfuRrf;jcif;
wpfa,mufxJ tdyfwmqkdawmh q&mawmfbk&m;\
r&Sdojzifh trSm;t,Gif; rjzpf
&Gmu ausmif;q&mudk wpfrsdK; ausmif;rBuD;ay:u jyefqif;vm
ap&ef rdbrsm;udk,fwkdif aqmif
xifaeMuwmvJ &Sdw,fav/ awmh aetawmfapmif;cJhNyD/ wpf

ZGefv? 2010 79
 &Gufapjcif; jzpfaMumif; &Sif;jy ac:xm;&ef qkH;jzwfvdkufonf/ rsm; jcm;vsuf tkef;yif? opfyif
cJh&onf/ olonf vGefcJhaom rsm;Mum;wGif Nidrfoufvsuf/
aeYpOf pmroifcift wpfvcefY uwnf;u aomifyk&Gm rMumcif tarSmifxku aomifyk
apmydkif; bk&m;&Sdcdk;pm &Gwfjcif;udk uav;qD a&mufvmcJhonf/ &Gmuav;ay: vTrf;NcKH vmawmh
aqmif&GufrnfhtaMumif; olu &Gmu pyg;ESihfiSm;onfh ausmif; rnf/ odkYaomf ,if;tarSmifxk
uwday;cJhonf/ xkdodkYuwday; q&mtjzpf tvkyfvkyf &ef BuD;twGif;rSmyif Mu,fa&mif
aepOf olYacgif;xJü bk&m;&Sdckd; a&mufvmjcif; jzpfonf/ ol va&mifrsm; &Sdaeao;onf/
pmwwfol ausmif;om;BuD;wpf a&mufvmawmh &Gmu pmoif aemufwpfaeYwGif aomifyk&Gm
OD;OD;udk acgif;aqmifxm; &Gwf ausmif;uav;wpfck 0kdif;pkNyD; uav;ay: aea&mifjcnfrsm;
qdk&ef pOf;pm; xm;vkdufonf/ aqmufonf/ pmoifausmif;ydkif wzef jyefvnf a&muf&Sdvmay
tu,fí bk&m;&Sdcdk; pm&ol ajroyfoyf ykdif;jcm; owfrSwf OD;rnf/
ausmif;om;BuD; r&Sdao;ygu ay;onf/ oluvnf; udk,fxl olu aemufwpfaeY
oludk,fwkdif q&mawmfbk&m; udk,fx pmoifausmif; tjzpfrS reufwGif olYpmoifausmif;
xHwGif bk&m;&Sdcdk; pmoif,l tpkd;& pmoifausmif; tqifh uav;qD zdeyfryg vrf;avQmuf
&Gwfqkd&ef qkH;jzwfaerdonf/ a&muf&ef cGefwkduf tm;wkdufBudK; vmMuOD;rnfh ausmif;om;
aeapmif;awmh pmoif pm;rnf[k qkH;jzwfonf/ þodkY uav;rsm;udk pdwfrSef;ESihf awG;
ausmif;uav;ay: olwufvm jzifh NrdKUu a&mufvmaom um cGeftm;awG jyefvnf jynfh0
cJhonf/ tdrfrjyefbJ olYudk ausmif;q&mvli,f wpfa,muf vmae\/ /
apmihfaeonfh ausmif;om; \ pdwful; ynma&;vkyfief;
uav; armif<uufuifudk avS wpfck tpjyKcJhonf/ Nidrf;a0
um;&if;wGif rsufESmi,fav; olu olYudk,fol ig;
jzifh awGYvdkuf&onf/ olu wpfaumiftjzpf oabmxm; (vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;okH;q,f
armif<uufuif\ ykckH;udk zdum onf/ aus;&Gmvlxku a&uef ausmfu &GmiSm;ausmif;q&m
ESpfodrfhonf/ rnfodkYyif jzpfyap wpfck/ xkda&uefxJwGif olu b0odkY jyefvnf vGrf;ovsuf)
oluawmh pdwfrysufEkdifyg/ pm ig;wpfaumiftaeESihf pwif
oif ausmif;uav;ay: vSrf; ul;cwfvkdY wpfv rjynfhwpf
wufvmonfh olU ajcvSrf;rsm;u jynhf tcsdefrSmyif jyóemrsm;ESihf
tenf;i,fawmh wkefYqkdif; tm; &ifqkdifwkd;vm&jcif; jzpfonf/
enf; aeonfudkrl olYudk,fol pmoifausmif;uav;
owdjyKrdonf/ aemuf wpfaeY ay:wGif arSmifaeonf/ olu
nupNyD; olESifhtwl ausmif; tvif;a&mif usef&Sdaeao;onfh
om;wcsKdUtwl vmtdyf&ef rdb cg;0ufcefYtjrifh x&Humab;
rsm;xH tultnD awmif;rnf[k wGif oGm;&yfonf/ ausmif;u
olpOf;pm;onf/ armif<uuf av;ay:uwqifh aomifyk&Gm
uifudkawmh onfuaeYn u uav;qD vSrf;Munfhonfh/
wnf;u olESihftwl tdyfazmf aomifyk&Gmuav;u v,fuGuf
80
ZGefv? 2010


wnrSm
usaemf tdyf
rufwck rufonf/
tdrfrufonf &Snfvsm;
vGef;í tao;pdwfEkdifvGef;
onf/ tdrfrufxJrS Zmwf
aumifonf usaemfyifjzpf
onf/ yxrOD;qkH;taeeJY us
aemfonf tif*sifeD,mbJGUudk
&&Sdonf/
xkdYjyif r[mtif
*sifeD,mbJGUudk xyf&onf/ xdk
bJGU&NyD;aemuf usaemf t*Fvef&Sd em
rnfBuD; wuúodkvfwckwGif tif*sifeD,m bm
om&yfESihf roufqkdifovkdjzpfaom EkdifiHa&;odyÜHESihf
vlrIa&;odyÜH ESpfbmomwJGjzihf r[m0dZÆmbJGUwck xyf&onf/
81
ZGefv? 2010
 xkdYaemuf tar&du&Sd wuúodkvfwpfckrS xkdbmom uav;rsm;\ ynma&; tay:pdwfyg0if
&yf ESpfck taMumif;jyKNyD; yg&*lbJGU&onf/ usaemf pm;EkdifrIESihf vdkufEkdifrIrsm;udk tao;pdwf okaw
a'gufwm zkd;olawmf jzpfoGm;onf/ oejyKonf/ xkdYaemuf ynma&;aumfrwDESifh
usaemf jrefrmjynf jyefvmonf/ xkdt ñSdEdIif;NyD; rlvwef;twGuf toifhavsmfqkH;aom
csdefwGifusawmh toufonf okH;q,fawmfawmf zwfpmpmtkyfESihf vufawGUvkyfaqmifa&;pmtkyf
ausmfcJhNyD/ jrefrmjynf jyefa&mufa&mufcsif; yx rsm;udk pepfwus jyifqifonf/
rOD;qk;H taejzihf ywf0ef;usief YJ o[Zmwjzpfatmif xkdrS wqifhwqifhcsif; wufítv,f
vkyf&onf/ qkdonfrSm usaemfh tif*sifeD,m wef;ESihf txufwef;udk acwfpepfESihftnD a'o
bmom&yfe,fy,fodkY jyefoGm;onf/ wGif;EkdifiHrsm;ESihf wef;wlwef;ñSdNyD; oifMum;a&;
cPavmufvkyfMunfhNyD; pdwfr0ifpm;
awmh/ usaemfhpdwfxJjzpfcsifaewm wck&Sdonf/ 'g
udk udk,fh[mudk,fodonf/ tJ'Daemuf usaemf
vuf&SdEkdifiHa&;ygwDwckESifh csdwfqufrdNyD; ygwD
aumfrwD0ifwa,muf jzpfvmonf/ ygwDwGif usaemfh toufav;q,f
usaemf BudK;BudK;pm;pm; aqmif&Gufí ygwD Ouú|
ESihfvlBuD;rsm;\ tm;xm;rIudk &&Sdvmonf/ rjynfhao;cifrSmyJ
usaemf ygwD0ifNyD; aemufwESpfrSmyJ us jrefrmEkdifiH\ toufti,fqkH;
aemfwdkYygwD tmPm&NyD; ygwDtBuD;tuJwOD; Ekdif
iHawmf or®w jzpfoGm;onf/
0efBuD;wyg; jzpfvmonf/
EkdifiHawmf zJGUpnf;ykH tajccHOya'rsm;
vnf;jyifoifhonfrsm; jyifNyD;í tawmftwef
ajymif;vJaeaomtcg or,vnf;jzpfonf/ygwD
vlBuD;onf or®wjzpfNyD; aemufol\ uufbdeuf
pepfESifh oif½kd;rsm;udk topfjyifqifqJGonf/
tzJGUzJGUaomtcg usaemfhtm; 0efBuD;wae&mudk
þvkyfief;vkyf&yf tm;vkH;udk vTwfawmf
ay;onf/ odkYjzifh usaemfh toufav;q,frjynfh
2 ckvkH;u twnfjyKonf/vdktyfaombwf*suf
ao;cifrSmyJ jrefrmEkdifiH\ toufti,fqkH;0ef
rsm;udkvnf; aqmvsifpGm csay;onf/ ynma&;
BuD;wyg;jzpfvmonf/
t&Sdeft[kefrSm ododomom wkd;wufvmonf/
usaemfwm0ef,l&aom 0efBuD;Xmeu
jrefrmEkdifiHtrsdK;om;ynma&;okawoe
]]ynma&;0efBuD;Xme}}
tzJGUudkaocsmzJGUpnf;NyD; ESpfpOfwEkdifiHvkH;wkd;wuf
ynma&;0efBuD; a'gufwmzkd;olawmfonf
rIrsm;udk tpD&ifcHaponf/ wuúodkvfaumvdyf
EkdifiHwumwGif vSnhfvnfNyD; ynmoif,lcJholyDyD
rsm;ESihfywfowfNyD; tyGifhoabmaqmifaom y
tajccHtm;aumif;aom ynma&;pepfudk em;vnf
nma&;pepfudk tpysdK;ay;onf/
onf/ xkdYaMumifh ynma&;pepfrsm;udk tajccHrS
q&mrSoif? ausmif;om;rS vkdufrSwfpepf
pí vkdtyfonfrsm;udk wqifhcsif;ajymif;vJ onf/
tm; zsufodrf;onf/ q&m? ausmif;om; vGwfvyf
aus;&Gmrsm;\ rlvwef;ausmif;rsm;xd udk,fwkdif
pGm aqG;aEG;awG;ac:rI ykHpHtm; OD;pm;ay;onf/
udk,fusoGm;NyD; q&m?q&mrrsm;ESihfaqG;aEG;onf/

82 ZGefv? 2010
 ausmif;om;? ausmif;
olrsm;udk vGwfvyfpGm 0wfqif wuúodkvfrsm;onf puf½HkBuD; wckESihf
aponf/ todÓPfjrifhrm;NyD; wlaeNyD;ausmif;om;rsm;onf bJGUwHqdyf
ynmwwfyDoap&ef pnf;urf;
wif;usyfpGmrxdef;uGyfyJ ausmif; trsdK;rsdK;uyf xkwfukefrsm;jzpfaeMuonf/
om;trsm; vufcHEkdifatmif y xkdwHqdyftrsdK;rsdK;uyf xkwfukefrsm;onf
nmay; todtjrif Zmwfvrf;
rsdK;ESihfaqmif;yg;rsm;pGm a&;om;
aps;uGufwGif a&mif;wef; r0ifacs/
NyD; vli,fxk ausmif;om;xkMum; aps;uGuf0ifaomfvnf; wefzkd;csjcif;
jzefYa0onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;
cH&onf/
t&ifuvdk rqkd;ayawmh/
t&ifu .. zkd;olawmf wuú o d k v f r sm;onf atmifjrifjzpfxGef;rI\
i,fpOfausmif; wufpOfu puf ½kHBuD;wckESifhwlaeNyD;ausmif; toD;tyGifhudk rMumcifjrif&acs
ausmif;om;rsm; qkd;onfqkdonf om;rsm;onf bJGUwHqdyftrsdK;rsdK; awmhrnf/ odkYESihfynma&;0efBuD;
rSm wuúodkvfausmif;om; ykHpH uyfxkwfukefrsm;jzpfaeMuonf \vkyfEkdifaom yg0grsm;udkokH;í
qkd;jcif;r[kwf/ uav;qefqef xkdxGufvmaom wHqdyftrsdK; tvkyf jzpfatmif vkyfcJhaomf
qkd;jcif;jzpfonf/ ykHpHrsm;onf rsdK;uyfuyf xkwfukefrsm;onf vnf;ol\ rlv yxrausmif;
vnf; uav;qefMuonf/pmay aps;uGufwGif aps;uGufr0ifacs/ wufcJh&m wuúodkvfjzpfaom
oifMum;rIqkdonfudk em;rvnf aps;uGuf0ifaomfvnf; wefzkd;cs enf;ynmqkdif&m wuúodkvfrSm
Mu/ tcsdefwefvQif ausmif;oGm; jcif;cH&onf/ xkdjzpfpOfrsm;tm; tm;enf;aeonf/ xkdudpöukd
onf/ twef;vpfcsifvpfrnf/ vkH;udk odESifhcHpm;cJhESihf&aom od y H Ü E S i h f ; enf ; ynm0ef B uD ; tm;
q&mawGudk ½dkao[efaqmifí ynma&;0efBuD; a'gufwmzkd;ol ajymqkdaomfvnf; touft
q&mvmvQif vuftkyfcsDNyD; awmfonf wuúodkvfpepfBuD; &G , f B uD ; aeonf u waMumif ; ?
]]r*Fvmyg q&m}} EIwfqufrnf/ wckvkH;udkjyefvnfjyifqifonf/ 0dZÆmbJGUwbJGUom&&SdcJhíEkdifiHa&;
pdwfxJwGif rygMu/ xkH;wrf;pOf trsdK;om; ynma&; okawoe ajcvSrf;wGif awmfaomaMumihf
vmBuD;wckvkd jyKrIMuonf/ Xme\ OD;aqmifrIjzifh EkdifiHESifh 0efBuD;jzpfaeNyD; olYvufatmuf
ausmif;om; 100vQif t0ef;Zkefrsm; owfrSwfíaqmif udpöudk rnfokdYrQ rwwfEkdifyJjzpf
90avmufu wuúodkvf0ifwef; &Gufonf/ onf/ i,f&G,faom0efBuD;wyg;
atmifí wuúodkvfodkY jzpf&kd; tpd k ; &onf y nma&; ajymonfudkvnf; aumif;rSef;
jzpfpOf vmwufMujcif;jzpfonf/ ud k r sm;pG m tav;ay;aeaom odaomfvnf;vufcHaqmif&Guf
ynma&;\ tESpfom&? wuú tcsddef jzpfaomaMumifhynma&; jcif;rjyKcsifyJ wvJGrmeBuD;ae
odkvf\ tESpfom&udk bJGU&oGm; bwf*sufudpötm;vGwfawmfrS onf/
onftxd odroGm;Muacs/wnf cGihfjyKonf/oufqkdif&mjynfe,f ynma&;0ef B uD ; onf
&Sdaeaom wuúodkvfrsm;onf ^wkdif;a'otvdkufynma&;Zkef xkdudpötwGuf &wufrat;bJ
vnf; xkdodkY tESpfom& od&Sd pDrHudef;rsm; cJGNyD; txl;zHGUNzdK;a&; jzpfaeonf/ wjcm;wuúodkvf
atmifvkyfray; EkdifMuacs/ taejzihf aqmif&Gufonf/ udpörsm;wGif rsm;pGmaumif;rGefNyD;

ZGefv? 2010 83
 a'owGif;EkdifiHrsm; ykckH;,SOfEkdif 0efBuD;csKyf jzpfvmonf/ 0efBuD;
aeNyDjzpfaomf EkdifiHwEkdifiH\ t csKyfjzpfvmawmh touf 40
"duenf;ynmtcef;u@rS yg pGef;½kHom&Sdao;onf/
0ifrnfh enf;ynmwuúokdvfESihf 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfvmaom
uGefysLwm wuúodkvfrsm;onf tcg yxrOD;qkH; aqmif&Guf
jzpfjzpfajrmufajrmufbmrS jzpf aomudpörSm jrefrmjynf wjynf
rvmao;yg/ vkH;&Sd enf;ynmwuúodkvfrsm;
a'owG i f ; Ek d i f i H r sm;rS ESifh aumvdyfrsm; uGefysLwm
enf ; ynmwuú o d k v f r sm;wG i f wuúodkvfrsm;\ udpöjzpfonf/
tmumoodyÜHESihfqkdifaomynm oif½kd;nTef;wrf;rsm;udk tajccH
&yfrsm; rsm;pGm jzpfxGef;aeNyD; oDtkd&Drsm;avmufom csefxm;
N*dKvfwkaygif; rsm;pGm prf;oyf cJhNyD; usefaoma[mif;EGrf;aeNyD
]a'gufwm
vkyfudkifaeMucsdefwGifrdrdEkdifiH\ jzpfaom oif½kd;nTef;wrf;rsm;udk
enf ; ynmwuú o d k v f r sm;onf zkd;olawmfonf jyifqifNyD; acwfrD enf;ynm
puúLjzihf av,mOfysHacgufonf jrefrmEkdifiH\ yxrqkH; bmom&yfrsm;jzifh tpm;xkd;ap
udkyif 2 rsdK;xufykdí roifay; onf/ trsdK;om; odyÜHESihf enf;
Ekdifacs/ toufti,fqkH; ynmA[dkaumfrwDudk zJGUpnf;NyD;
uHtm;avsmfpGm a'guf 0efBuD;csKyf jzpfvm qkdif&mudpö&yfrsm;udk aqmif&Guf
wm zkd;olawmfwdkY ygwDonf onf/
aemufwBudrf or®w oufwrf;
onf/ tmumood y Ü H y nm
twGufqufvuf tEkdif&oGm; 0efBuD;csKyf udktxl;pdwf0ifpm;onfjzpf &m
onf/ or®wBuD;onf ynma&; jzpfvmawmh oufqdkif&m ausmif;om;
0efBuD;\ vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk rsm;tm; EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;
txl;oabmus ESpfoufí touf (40) pGef;½kHom (tar&du?w½kwf)odkY apvTwf
0efBuD;tjyif 0efBuD;csKyf&mxl;udk &Sdao;onf/ } NyD; avhvmaponf/
ygwJGzufay;vkdufonf/ or®w vufawGUwGif þodkY
BuD ; \0ef B uD ; csKyf & mxl ; ay;rI vkyfr&yg/ r&onfhtaMumif;
tm; uefYuGufrIrsm;pGm &Sdí &if;rSm ,ckoif½dk;nTef;wrf;pm
jynfolYqE´cH,lyJG jyKvkyfNyD;rJcJG tkyfrsm;onf acwfrDaeNyDjzpf
qkH;jzwf&m jynfolvlxkonf aomaMumifhjzpfonf/ wzef
a'gufwm zkd;olawmf\ vkyf aZmufxkd;vefoGm;aom bmom
aqmif c suf r sm;tm;txl ; o &yftcsdKUrSvJGí odyÜHynm&yfrsm;
abm usíuefYuGufrJr&Sdaxmuf \oif½kd;onf ododomom r
cHrJrsm;ESihfom qE´jyMu&ma'guf ajymif;vJyg/ oif½dk;pmtkyfa&;
wmzkd;olawmfonfjrefrmEkdifiH\ om;jyKpkolrsm;tBuHjyKonfh oif
yxrOD;qkH; toufti,fqkH; ½kd; ykHpHtwkdif; vkdufemoifMum;

84 ZGefv? 2010
jcif;&Sd^r&Sduawmh oyfoyfudpö
jzpfonf/
udk,fwkdifvnf;tmum
oodyÜHESihf &if;ESD;rI&Sdatmif av
wyfodkYoGm;í av,mOfarmif;
oifonf/ txufvTwfawmf
trwfwcsdKUuefYuGufaomfvnf;
rJqE´ESihf tEkdif&,lNyD;0efBuD;csKyf
onfav,mOfarmif;oifNyD;av
,mOfarmif;wufcJhonf/ av
,mOf a rmif ; wwf c J h o nf E S i f w
NydKifeuf trsdK;om;avaMumif; apmifhtjzpf ay;xm;onf/ ]]rvdkufeJY .. rvkdufeJY }}[k ajym
ESihf tmumoAsL½dk wnfaxmif 0efBuD;csKyfonf pmay vdkufonf/
NyD ; avaMumif ; ysH o ef ; rI q k d i f & m 0goem ygonfh tm;avsmfpGm ]]a[haumif bmudk
udpö&yfrsm;ESihf pnf;rsOf; pnf; ynma&; qkdif&m aqmif;yg;rsm; rvkdufeJYvJ}] vdkY toHMum;í ig
urf;rsm;qkdif&m Oya'rsm;udk ESihf&opmay rsm;udk xkwfa0 vdk0efBuD;csKyfudk 'Dvdkjyefajymo
ynm&Sifrsm; tultnD&,lNyD; onf/ &opmayrsm;rSm jynfol vm;qkdNyD; atmfrnftjyKwGif
jyefvnfjyifqifwnf;jzwfonf/ vlxk y&dwfowf\tm;ay;rIudk vefYEdk;oGm;NyD; ab;rStcef;azmf
aemufqkH;xGuf&Sdaom rsm;pGmcH&NyD; pma&;q&mwOD; \bmudkrvkdufeJYvJ[k ar;aom
Oya'opft& aiGaMu;wwfEkdif taejzihfvnf; jynfolcspfaom toHudk aocsmpGmjyefMum;vdkuf
aomEkdifiHom;rsm;onf udk,fydkif pma&;q&m jzpfaeonf/ &onf/
av,mOfysHESifh &[wf,mOf 0,f 0efBuD;csKyf\ tdrf þwGif tdrfrufNyD;\ ..
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rsm;vSjyD/ b,fawmhrS pm; qufqHwmudk ajymaewm vkyftudkifeJY udkufnDwJh oGifjyif
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rtdkauyJ eifhqdk jyD;jyD;a&m vkyf ]]at;yg xufxuf xm;vdkY udk,fhom; orD; t&if;
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87
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 ajymr,fhom ajym&ayr,fh ol udpö awGus&ifvJ rodcsifa,mif ]]eifu tyifawGt
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twm tcHEdkifqHk;/ oabm rkef;awmhvJ bmjzpfvJ olr 'gyJ ajymvdkufEdkifawmh
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*kyfcG pD;oGm;rSm pdk;vdkUom owd wGufrS r[kwfwm/ apwemeJU atmifEdkifwdkYuawmh olwdkYac:
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twef;jyD;&ifawmh ac:ajymrS& wJhtoHMum;jyD; eifu Adkufqm jzpfonf/ odkYayr,fh jyóemqdk
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88 ZGefv? 2010
ae&jcif; jzpfonf/ jzpfonfh jy ay:onf/ &yfwnf aeMu&rSm/ igwdkYu
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ajymqdk vmMuwm jzpfonf/ &OD;rSm }} avmuftmaygufrwwf ajymjyD;
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ZGefv? 2010 89
 wmav;awG vkyfaeMuwm/ *wfawGtwGuf vkyfay;aeyg olru &,fusJusJESifh
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avmufudk oifay; Edkifw,f eJYawmhuGm/ jyD;wmyJ/ 'Davmu bmvdkY jyHK;pdpd jzpfae&wmvJ/
qdk&if aygif;vdkufawmh axmifh xJrSm raeeJYawmh/ rdxufusL&Sif 'DusL&Sifudk eifu acgif;cHzGifh
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90 ZGefv? 2010
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[email protected]
[email protected]
www.maukkha.org

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 ESpf (30) ynma&; pDrHudef; usqkH;cef;ESihf
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102
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EdkifiHrsm;u 10-30 &mcdkifEIef; oHk;pGJonf/tar&d vdkufpm;cGifY&SdrI(multidisciplinary breadth)ESifY
uefjynfaxmifpku *sD'DyD&S,f,mxJu,ljyD;tajccH jzefYusufazmufxGuf pOf;pm;Edkifa&;twGuf ysKd;
odyÜH&SmazGrItay: w&kwfxuf 10q ausmf ydk axmifay;rI (cultivation of critical thinking)
toHk;jyKonf/ aemuf*syef[m ppfa&;eJYroufqdkif qdkwJhESpfcsuf w½kwfwGif vpfuGufjzpf aeonf/
wJh okawoevkyfief;twGuf tpdk;&toHk;p&dwfu tpOftvmtm;jzifh tm&Swuúodkvfrsm;
2008 ckESpfrSm 14 &mcdkifESIef;yJ &Sdygw,f/ tar&du wGif 17-18 t&G,f ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh tqifh
u 73 &mcdkifEIef; toHk;jyKonf/ jrifyh nmawG pvdu k Mf urnf/ trd wuúov kd &f ifciG u
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odkYESifYwdkif tm&Stpdk;&rsm;[m R&D rSm vGwfoGm;awmh qufvufavhvmrI jywfoGm;
OD;pm;ay;Muwmudkawmh oHo, jzpfp&m rvdkyg/ wwfonf/ Oa&my? tar&du wuúodkvfMuD;rsm;ESifh
w½kwf&JU R&D toHk;p&dwfu rMumcifESpfrsm;u rwlwmu w&kwf? *syef? awmifudk&D;,m;wdkY&JU
tvsiftjref wdk;wufvmonf/ 1995 ckESpfwGif oifMum;a&; enf;emu tvGwfusufrSwfrSI (rote
wdkif;jynf *sD'DyD 0.6 &mcdkifEIef; oHk;pGJ&muae learning) yHkpHtay:vHk;vHk; ajcpHkypf tm;udk;vGef;
2005 ckESpfwGif 1.3 &mcdkifEIef;txd wufvm onf/ ausmif;om;awGu ikwfwkwftjyKcH oif,l
onf/ 'DoHk;pGJrIEIef;xm;u zGHUNzdK;qJ EdkifiHBuD;rsm;xuf oloufouf (passive learners) twef;awGxJ
enf;aeaomfvnf;yJ? rMumcif wufvmzG,f&Sdyg rSm olwdkY ygarmu©awGudk pdefac:aqG;aEG;wm jzpf
onf/ awmifhjzpfcJ/ oifMum;a&;u rmwdumwGif yg0if
w½kwftpdk;&onf2020 ckESpfwGif *sD'DyD&JU orQtwdkif; tajymif;tvJr&Sd/
2.5 &mcdkifEIef;udk R&D wdk;jr§ifYoHk;pGJzdkY vsmxm; oif½kd;ñTef;wrf;ESifY oifMum;a&;enf;em

ZGefv? 2010 107

 udkcsnf;uyfwJh tm&StpOftvmyHkpHu tif*sifeD,m qdk&&if oifMum;enf; pwdkif ajymif;vJ
wdkY tpdk;&0efxrf;wdkYtwGuf tvkyf jzpfaumif;jzpf &jcif;[m oif½dk;ñTef;wrf; ajymif;vJ&jcif;xuf ydk
Edkifrnf/ acgif;aqmifrIopfarG;xkwfzdkYESifh wDxGif cufygonf/ pmoifcef;eJY ausmif;om; tcsKd;tpm;?
qef;opfrI topfawGay:vmzdkYawmhodyfr[efvS/ q&mawG&JU enf;em topfawGudk tNrJ csnf;uyf
wdkif;jynf pD;yGm;a&; a&&Snf wdk;wufrSIudk &SmazGrI pwmawG&Sdrnf/ 'gaMumifhtm&S&JU tpOf
xdef;ay;zdkY vdktyfwJh vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:zefwD;Edkif tvm oifMum;enf; vTrf;rdk; cHxm;&wJh w&kwf?
rIu tm&Sausmif;om;awGwGif &Sm;yg;csKdUwJh ae *syef? awmifudk&D,m;wdkYrSm acwfopfoifMum;
wwfonf/ wcgwav ausmif;om;awG&JU bmom enf;pepfawGtwGuf pdefac:rSIawG &Sdaeonf/
&yfwpfckxJ txl;jyK,lrIu olwdkY pdwful; awG;ac: tck 'Dpdefac:rIawGudk ajz&Sif; ajymif;vJ
rIawGudk wHk;oGm;apwwfonf/ ypfzdkYtwGuf w&kwfu t&rf; pdwftm;xufoef
tar&duef wuúodkvfawG uawmY aejyD;? EdkifiH&yfjcm;rSm ynmoif,lcJhwJh ygarmu©
wuúodkvf a&mufvmonfh ausmif;om;udk t"du rsm;udk rufvHk; trsKd;rsKd;ay; qGJaqmifaeonf/
txl;jyK bmom&yfBuD; ra&G;cs,frD ESpfESpftwGif;? taemufrSm tm&Sausmif;om;awG qnf;yl;cGifY
tjcm; bmom&yfrsKd;pHk &SmazG avhvmcGifhjyKxm; &r,f? taemufu ausmif;om;awGvnf; tm&S
onf/ 'DcGifhjyKrI &nf&G,fcsufu ausmif;om;rsm; wuúodkvfawGrSm vma&mufavYvmcGifY&r,fqdk&if
ynm bmom&yfaygif;pHk xdawGUcGifh &jcif;jzifh? ol tajymif;tvJawGjzpfzdkY t&Sdeft[kef jrSifYwifEdkif
wdkY&JU urÇmBuD;tay: MunfhyHk ½IyHkawGuvnf; Murnf/
ajymif;vJvmrnf/ pdefac:vmr,fh rjrifEdkifwJh odkYESifhwdkif w&kwftaeESifh ynma&;
vufonf;0Suf jyóemrsm;twGuf olwdkY MudKwif tcif;tusif; wcGifwjyifvHk; tajymif;tvJ
jyifqifay;jyD;om; jzpfoGm;rnf/ vkyfzdkYtwGuf wuúodkvfrsm; OuúX&mxl;ESifY
bpfZeuf? aq;ynm? Oya'? tkyfcsKyfa&; uGefjrLepfygwD twGif;a&;rSL;&mxl; pnf;ydkif;jcm;
pwJh bmom&yfrsm;rSm OD;aqmifol jzpfvdkwJY ypfzdkYvdkrnf/ ESpfckpvHk; cGudkifxm;vdkYrjzpf/ t
ausmif;om;awG[m rdrdpdwfudk pnf;urf;tusifh qifYjrifY ynma&; vkyfydkifcGifhudk wuúodkvfaumif-
wpfck arG;jrLxm;zdkYvdkrnf/ 'guawmh tqufr pDvufxJ? ygarmu©csLyfwdkYvufxJ tyfxm;&
jywf ajymif;vJaewJh tajctaerSm t[wfnDnD vdrfYrnf/ w&kwf wuúodkvfrsm; ynma&;
nd§EIdif; vdkufygaewwfzdkY? tcsuftvufawGudk zGJYpnf;yHkwGif jyóem tcuftcJ &Sdaewmudk
&ifqdkifzdkYESifY jyóemawGtwGuf azmufxGuf tpdk;& udk,fwdkifu ,ck todtrSwfjyKjyD;? ynm
awG;ac: pOf;pm;MuzdkYyif jzpfonf/ a&;0efMuD;Xmeu jyefvnfoHk;oyfaeonfh twGuf
þtusifhaumif;awG xlaxmifzdkYqdkvQif tm;wufp&m aumif;ygonf/
ausmif;om;awG[m q&moifay;wJh tcsuft
vufawGudk ppfaMumrI rjyKbJ oabmwl vufcHol m ta&SU taemuf vufcsif;quf
(passive recipients) tjzpfxuf tqifhjrifhzdkYvdk vlxk? ukefypönf;ESifh owif;tcsuf
tyfrnf/ ausmif;om;u rdrdudk,fwdkif awG;awm tvufwdkY&JU pD;qif;rI t[efYtwm;awG wpp
pOf;pm;wwfatmif oif,l&rnf/ atmufpzdkY'fESifY avsmYus ukefjyD/ 'Dawmh pD;yGm;a&; zGHjzdK;rI wdk;wuf
uif;b&pfcsfwdkYonf tJ'DoifMum;enf; pepf&JU pHjy vmwmeJYtrQ? tm&SEdkifiHawGtaeeJY wuúodkvf
o&kyfouef jzpfonf/ MuD;awGudk xdyfwef; a&mufatmif qufzefwD;zdkY

108 ZGefv? 2010

vdktyfvmygjyD/ ausmif;om;rsm;&JU ,Ofaus;rI tawGYtMuHK tdkif'D
tm&SawGtaeeJY wuúodkvf &if;jrpfawGudk ,m zvS,fa&; tpDtpOfawG ydkrsm; vmonf/
wefzdk;xm;jyD; wdk;wuf jrifhrm;atmif vkyfr,f? aemufqHk; ajym&vSsif urÇmtESH ,Ofaus;
urÇmtESHYu todynm yg&rD? ADZ&SdolawGeJY rdwf rI wdk;wufvmzkdYqkd&if t&nftcsif; jynfhrDaom
zGJYr,f? vGwfvyfpGmazmfjycGifh pl;prf;cGifhawG tm;ay; ukef xkwfpGrf;tm; jr§ifYwifEdkifaom EdkifiHom;rsm;
r,fqdk&if? urÇmhxdyfwef; wuúodkvfMuD;awG t ae&mwdkif;wGif ay:xGef;apzkdYvkdrnf/ urÇmj*dK[f\
jzpf atmifatmifjrifjrif wnfaqmufEdkifrSm uHMur®monf vlYtzGJYtpnf;wdkif;&JU jyóemudk
trSefyg/ 'g[m aeYcsif;ncsif; ay:xGufvmrSmawmh e,fpyfjzwfausmf yl;aygif; ajz&Sif;Murnfh vlom;xk
r[kwfbl;/ q,fpkESpfawG Mumatmif tcsdef,l tay: wnfrSDaeonf/
tm;xkwf Mu&rnf/ aocsmwmu t&if emwm&Snf qif;&JrGJawrI? a&m*gb,
&mpkrsm;u xufawmh ydkjrefqef Edkifygonf/ jyefYESHYrI? EsLuvD;,m;vufeuf jyefYESHUrI? oefY&Sif;wJY
taemuf taeeJYvnf;? tm&S\ wuú aomufoHk;a& jywfvwfrI? urÇmMuD; ylaEG;vmrI
odkvfrsm; jrifhwufvmjcif;[m jcdrf;ajcmufrI r[kwf wdkYudk e,fpnf;rjcm; yl;aygif; aqmif&GufMu&rnf/
bJ? tcGifYta&;wpfckvdk jrifEdkifzdkY vdktyfrnf/ tqifYjrifYynmwwf EdkifiHom;rsm;? awG;awm
'Dae&mrSm tar&duef a,;vfwuúodkvf b,fvdk qifjcif tarQmftjrifMuD;onfh acgif;aqmifaumif;
tjrwfawG xkwfaeovJyJ pOf;pm;Munfhyg/ xif rsm;uom urÇmBuD; tem*wfudk u,fwifEdkif
&Sm;wJh rsKd;&dk;ADZ ynm&Sif Tian Xu eJY olYtzGJY[m ygvdrfhrnf/
a,;vf wuúodkvf "gwfcGJcef;awGeJY &Sef[dkif;zl'ef
wuúodkvf "gwfcGJcef;awG tMum; tcsdefcGJjyD; &nfñTef;/
vl;vm; acgufjyef ajy;aeMuonf/ Top Of The Class By Richard C Levin
aemufausmfMum;wJY a,;vfwuúodkvfu (Richard C Levin onf tar&duef pD;yGm;a&;
tyifawG&JU ZD0aA' ygarmu© Xing Wang Deng ynm&SifjzpfjyD;? Yale wuúodkvfOuúXESifY tar&d
[m yDuif; wuúodkvfESifh yl;wGJ tvkyfvkyfaeol uef? wuúodkvfMuD;rsm; Ivy League &JU OuúX
jzpfonf/ olwdkYESpfa,mufudpöudk Munfh&if? w&kwf vnf;jzpfonf/)
u a,;vfwuúodkvf tausmftarmfawGudk ae&m
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awGudk a,;vfuq&mrsm;eJY yl;aygif;tvkyfvkyfcdkif;
jcif;jzpfonf/ ESpfOD;ESpfbuf tusKd;tjrwf &Sdonf
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aemufta&SUtaemuf ausmif;om;rsm;
tMum; tdkif'D,m zvS,fa&; tpDtpOfrsm; aqmif
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rwluGJjym;wJY ,Ofaus;rSIrsm; zvS,frItawGUtMuHK
awGudk tav;uJaponf/ 'gaMumifYyif tm&Swuú
odkvfrsm; wdk;wuf vmwmESifYtrQ ta&SUtaemuf

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 armu© ynma&;u@

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t*Fvdyfpm ajymaeMuonf? Mum;ae&onf/ t*Fvdyfpmonf ,ckumv 21 &mpkwGif
r&Sdrjzpf vdktyfvmNyD[kyif qkd&awmhrnf/
odkYaomf t*Fvdyfpm pmoifom;trsm;pk? txl;ojzihf zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiHawGu pm
oifom;trsm;pktzkdY t*FvdyfpmwGif ykHpHrsdK;pkH&Sdonfukd rodMu/ enf;ynm t*Fvdyfpm
(Technical English - TE) qkdwm&Sdonf/ ynma&;e,fy,fokH; t*Fvdyfpm (English
For Academic Pruposes - EAP) qkdwm&Sdonf/ NyD; .. EkdifiHwumokH; t*Fvdyfpm
(English as an International Language - EIL) [k&Sdonf/ wu,fwrf;ajym&&if
zHGUNzdK;qJEkdifiHawGuausmif;om;rsm;twGuf EIL u ydkrkdoifhavsmfonf[kqkd&vdrhfrnf/
EIL u vkyfief;cGifh tokH;cszkdYtwGuf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; xkd;azmuftusdK;jyK
onf/ taMumif;rl ,ckacwf vkyfief;&Sifrsm;u ukefoG,fa&; tydkif;ESihf enf;ynm
tydkif;rsm;wGif t*Fvdyfpm uRrf;uRrf;usifusif tokH;jyKEkdifolrsm;udkom OD;pm;ay;vkd
vm; vmMuaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ atmufyg aqG;aEG;csufrsm;onf EIL vkyfief;
cGifudk ydkrkdem;vnfvmap&efESihf vkyfief;cGifb0wGif ydkrkd atmifjrifvmapEkdif&eftwGuf
jzpfonf/

110 ZGefv? 2010

 EIL twGuf yxrtcsufrSm t*Fvdyf
pmonf urÇmtESHY jyefYESHYaeonfh oabm&Sd&murÇmh ]]t*Fvdyfpmonf
EkdifiHtoD;oD;\ wkdif;&if;om; bmompum; t urÇmtESHY jyefYESHYae&m
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vnf;þobm0rS rvGwf/ Oyrm ..uGefysLwm?
wkdif;&if;om; bmompum;rsm;twGif;odkY
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&dkuftoHvS,f pmvkH;rsm;[k ac:onf/ þa0g[m
&rsm;udk EIL a0g[m&rsm;[k ac:qkdEkdifonf/ wajy;nD wlnDaeaom pmr[kwf/ uae'g t*F
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;twGuf tcuftcJr&Sd arG;pm;okH; vdyfpmonf tEkpdwfuav;rsm;ü tar&duef
jcif;jzpfonf/ t*FvdyfpmrS uGJonf/ xkdYtwl MopaMw;vsonf
EIL twGuf 'kwd,tcsufrSm odyÜHESihf tkdif,mvefrS uJGonf/ ponf ..ponfjzifh
enf;ynme,fy,fwGif jzpfonf/ trsm;odNyD; jzpf t*Fvdyfpum;ajym EkdifiHrsm;tcsif;csif;twGif;
onfhtwdkif; odyÜHESihf enf;ynm[lonf vufawGU (NAdwdef? tar&duef? uae'g? awmiftmz&du?
aeYpOfb0 tokH;jyKaeMu&rIudk EIwfy,fvkdufygu MopaMw;vs? e,l;ZDvef? a[mifaumif? puFmyl)
okawoeaMumifh aemufawGUtopfrsm;twGuf tEkpdwfuav;rsm;ü a0g[m&ESifh tokH;tEIef;rsm;
a0g[m& topfrsm; pOf;pm;wDxGif owfrSwfay; uJGjym;Muonf/
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Oyrm .. tEkjrL &lyaA'wGif auGqm wnf;aom t*Fvdyfpm (Standardizing English)
(QUASAR) [laom a0g[m&rsdK;/ aemuf Ne- vkyfír&/ odkYaomf odyÜHESifh enf;ynmydkif;wGif uJG
ologism qkdonfh a0g[m&/ NEO qdkwmtopf? vJGír&/ xkdtcg wajy;nD wykHpHwnf;jzpfaom
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pum;vkH;udk wkdif;&if;om; pum;trsdK;rsdK;jzifh jcpf enf;ajym&aomf EIL udk okH;vm&onf/ þonf
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azG bmomjyefaejcif;xuf wkduf&kdufaumuf,lokH; pum;ajym (8) EkdifiHwGif wEkdifiHcsif;pDü t*Fvdyf
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EIL a0g[m&rsm; jzpfvmonf/ OD;usdK; emcHvm&rnf/ EIL onf urÇmhukvor*¾
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t*Fvdyfpmonf trsm;xifouJhokdY wurÇmvkH; \ EIL urÇm rdom;pkBuD; jzpfvmcJhNyD/ tiftm;

ZGefv? 2010 111

 BuD;rsm;\ ADwkdtmPmr&SdaomaMumifh ukvr*¾
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wnf&SifoefvQufyif &Sdao;onf/ EIL udkokH;í
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ta&SUrS,Ofaus;rIt& tay:pD;rStxufpD;rS &Sdao;onf .../
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onf r[kwfygvm;/
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Formal Education Informal Education

It has some definite aim. It has no definite aim.
It is imparted through well It is not imparted through
planned means. well planned means.
There is a definite course There is no such definite
during a definite period. course and period.
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agency or Government. hind the process.
It starts and ends at a par-
It is a life long process.
ticular age.

ZGefv? 2010 113

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114
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116
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118 ZGefv? 2010

 xkdif;e,fpyfjrefrma&TUajymif;
ausmif;q&mrav; pef;pef;
usremrnfu rpef;pef;yg/ xdkif;EdkifiH
rJaqmufjrdKU S.A.W ausmif;u q&mrjzpfygw,f/
jynfwGif;rSm 10wef;atmifjyD; puawmY &Gmurlv
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pef;pef;
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tck S.A.Wausmif;rSm q&mrvkyf&if; odyfr&Mubl;/ &wJY aiGaMu;eJYvnf; rdom;pk pm;zdkY
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usrtkyfcsKyf&wm uav;ta,muf (50) &Sdyg aqmif vmtyfMu&wmaygY/
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wm0ef,l pDrHay;& ygw,f/ trsm;pk uif;uGmaewJh uav;awGudk enf;rsKd;pHkeJY
jynfwGif;rSmwkef;uawmY uav;awG&JU tkyfcsKyf&ygw,f/ usrtwGufawmh tawGYtMuHK
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pmtkyfutp cJwHtqHk; rdbawGu &kef;uef&SmazG rdb&ifcGifeJY rdom;pkt&dyfatmufrSm
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tcsKdU ausmif;rsm;rSmqdk uav;awG xdkifp&m eJYa&m rdbtaeeJYyg aeay;jyD;? olwdkYav;awG&JU
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aMumif;at;wmaygY/ uav;twGuf tm;vHk;jynfhpHk q&mr wpfa,muftaeeJY ajym&&if e,fpyf
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'gayrJh tm;vHk; taumif;csnf;yJawmY &wm usr tjrJ *kPf,l aerdygw,f/
r[kwfygbl;/ 'Dbufudk a&mufvmMuwJY rdbawG
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ZGefv? 2010 119

 usrajymjycsifvGef;wJh
jynfwGif;u opfyifav;awGtaMumif; csdKZifEkdif
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pOfyg/ usroGm;&r,fYae&muawmh rJaqmufjrdKU e,fpyfolrsm;ajrrSm a&TUajymif;ynmtyif pdkufysKd;
yg/ rJaqmufjrdKUtaMumif;udk jynfwGif;rSm aepOf Mu&wmao;vSwJY wm0efrSr[kwfMuwm/
uwnf;u tjrJMum; aecJh&ygw,f/ oli,fcsif; 'gayrJh usr awGYjrifcGifY&wJh Migrant
awGu wqifh? toHvGifh XmeawGuwqifh 'DjrKdU ynmyef;av;awG[m q&m? q&mrwdkU&Jh arwåm?
av; taMumif; odcGifh&cJhygw,f/ tpuwnf;u apwem? u½kPmw&m;awGaMumifh vef;qef;wifh
pdwfvSIyf&Sm;p&mawGeJY jynfhaer,fh jrdKUuav;vdkY w,faeygw,f/ ausmif;taqmuftODawG qdk&if
owdxm;rdygw,f/ a&pufvdkY qdk& rvm;rod/ vnf; jynfwGif;u wcsKdUausmif;awGeJY ,SOf&if
wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkifyJ roGm;rjzpf udpöu ay:vm t&rf;udk crf;em;vSygw,f/ oifaxmufulypönf;
w,fav/ rsm;vnf;pHkvifvSygw,f/ EdkifiHwum&JU ulnDrI?
rJaqmufjrdKU a&mufwJYtcg usrudk q&m?q&mrwdkY&Jh arwåmw&m;awGaMumifh xkdif;Edkif
tqGJaqmifedkifqHk;uawmh Migrant ynma&;yg/ iHa&muf jrefrmh &ifaoG;av;awG ynmudkaumif;
rJaqmufjrdKUrSm&SdwJh jrefrma&TUajymif; tvkyform; rGefpGm oif,lEdkifwmudkMunfhjyD; azmfjyvdkY r&atmif
awG&Jh &ifaoG;awG ynmyef;qufvuf vef;qef; 0rf;omrdygw,f/ tcuftcJawGMum;u &ifaoG;
apr,fY Migrant ynma&;udk usrodcsifpdwfapm i,fwdkY ynma&;twGuf 'Dtqifha&mufatmif
aecJhygw,f/ usrtwGuf tcGifh&Sdr,fqdk&if Mi- jrefrmjynfom;awG MudK;yrf; xm;Muwmav/ wq
grant ynma&; awmwef;MuD;xJrSm opfyifav; uf x J r S m vnf ; 0rf ; enf ; cH p m;&wmawG v nf ; &S d y g
wpfyifjzpfcGifh &csifaerdcJhygw,f/ w,f/ jrefrmjynfuxGufvmwm rMumao;wJh
ynmavhvmoif,l&wmudk usr t&rf; usrtwGuf rJaqmufu Migrant ynma&;eJY
cHkrifovkd wwfxm;wJh udk,fjynfwGif;rSm wwfcJY jynfwGif;u ynma&; taetxm;awGudk aoao
oifcJYorSsudk jzefYa0ay;&wmuvnf; usrb0&JU csmcsm ,SOfxdk;Munfhrd&if; jzpfvmwJh usr&ifwGif;u
aeYpOftvkyfeJY &nfrSef;csuf tdyfrufawGygyJ/ cHpm;rIyg/
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cGifh&cJhygw,f/ aemufawmh tvkyfeJY qufpyfjyD;? awGxufawmif trsm;MuD; omygw,f/ 'Du
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usr Mum;cJY&zl;wJh Migrant ausmif;awG? &wJh uav;i,fawGudk jrif&wkdif;? yef;csD*DwpwJh
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120 ZGefv? 2010

vdk acwfrSD ynm&yfawG wwfajrmufcGifh&SdwJh
uav;i,fawGudk jrif&wdkif;? usr usifvnfcJY&wJh
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qdkifvdk ae&maygif;pHkrSm tvkyf0ifvkyf&wJh ausmif; MuD;wdkYuvnf; uav;awG&Jh vkdtyfcsufawGudk
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pnfyifom,m trIdufyHkawGrSm trIdufaumuf&if; 'gaMumifh wcsdKU bkef;awmfMuD; ausmif;awGrSm
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&G,f uav;i,fawGvnf; trsm;tjym; &Sdygw,f/ ay;&ygw,f/
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aps;wdkYvdk vlpnfum;&m ae&mawGrSmawmif;&rf; awGuawmh &efukefjrdKU qifajczkef; &yfuGufu
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r&J jzpfaeMurSmygyJ/ wm0efawG cGJa0 ,l&ygw,f/ ausmif;rwufcif
ynmoifMum;cGifh&wJh uav;i,fawGrSm ig;&Sm? xrif;[if;csuf? yJEIwf? pyg;o,f? 0uftpm
vnf;a&;wwf? zwfwwf&Hkavmufom wwfajr- auR;pwJh Edkifoavmuf tvkyf wm0efawG cGJa0
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ZGefv? 2010 121

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udk,fwdkif udkifwG,f toHk;jyKcGifh r&Sdygbl;/ rsKd;qufvdkuf todtusifh jrifYapzdkYtwGuf ynm?
jynfwGif;u ynmoifMum;&wJh tajctae[m Opöm&S,f,m vkyfMuzdkY r[kwfbl;vm;/
rJaqmufrSmxuf trsm;MuD; qdk;vSygw,f/ jynf jrefrmjynfudk usr jyefoGm;wJhtcg rJ
wGif;u usrwdkY&JU armifnDri,fav;awG acwfrD- aqmufjrdKUuausmif;awGvdk oifaxmuful ypönf;
wJh pmoifMum;a&; pepfatmufrSm aiGaMu; ukef pHkpHkvifvifeJY ausmif;rsKd;av;awG jrdKU&Gm tESHYrSm
usrI r&Sdap&bJ ynmqnf;yl; oif,lcGifh &Sda&;[m MudK;pm; wnfaqmufr,f/ usrwdkY ausmif;wuf
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122 ZGefv? 2010

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e*dktwdkif; zkae xpfae cGufae rod y gbl ; /ausmif ; wH p uf N rd w f tvHwdkifxuf jrifhwmvnf;
wmrdkY ausmif;wdkifawGutvdkvdk u a&us&if uswJha&u wif aocsmygw,f/xdkif;wpfEdkifiHvHk;

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trdk;u xef;½Guf? usD;,ufu0g;? NrdwfatmufrSm rdk;a&pD;ajrmif; wpfa,mufa,mufu ajymvm&if
tumeJYcef;qD;u 0g;eJY,ufxm; wl;ay;xm;w,f/ NyD;awmh vnf; uGßefawmfu [kwfw,fvdkY
wJhx&H? a½Ta&mifaygufjyD; zdwf ausmif;t0ifvrf;udk a&mifpHk qdkvdkufcsifygw,f/
zdwfawmufaew,f/ bmaq;rS ausmufwHk;uav;awG uGßef jyD;awmh ausmif;cef;xJ
okwfzdkYrvdkbl;/ obm0ta&mif awmfu uav;awG taumuf pmoifcHkawGu b,fausmif;om;
eJYvSvdkYyvdkY/ cdkif;NyD;? t*Fvdyf pmvHk; tufpf b,favmufaqmhvdkYrS usdK;Edkif?
ausmif ; a&S U rS m awmh yHkoP²mef ausmif;t0ifvrf;u yJhEdkifwJh cHkrsdK;awG r[kwfygbl;/
opfudkif; aumufaumufauG; av;vkyfNyD; wpfzufwpfcsuf bmvdkYvJqdkawmh qefaxmif;wJh
auG;awGudk a½G;NyD; ajrxJpdkufNyD; ausmufwHk;awG tpD cdkif;xm;yg qHkBuD;awGavmuf t0½SdwJh opf
opfudkif;aumufeJYyJ wef;½dkuf w,f/ wHk;BuD;awGudk wpfaypD jzwfNyD;cs
xm; vdkufawmhwpfrsdK;wpfzHkqef; xm;wmrdkY0ufom;qdkifu pOf;wD

ZGefv? 2010 129

 wHk;BuD;awG pDxm;ovm;atmuf pmvHk;aygif;wcsdKU 2 Budrf 3 cJhjyD;? wGufcdkif;xm;wJh ykpämawG
arh&ygw,f/ uav;awGu'Dopf Budrfyg;pyfu atmfjyD; tvGwf udk uGßefawmfu ausmufoifykef;
wHk;awGay:rSm xdkifw,f/ 'DwHk; aygif;cdkif;vdkufNyD;rS uGßefawmfu ay:rSm wGufjyvdkufw,f/ NyD;
awGay:rSm pma&;w,f/ trsdK;pHk ausmufoifykef;rSm a&;ay;NyD; awmh rif;wdkYwGufxm;wmeJYwdkuf
toHk;csvdkY&ygw,f/wpfckyJowd ]]tJ'g..... ul;a&;Mu}} vdkY Munfh? rSefrrSef udk,fzmomudk,f
xm;&w,f/ 'DwHk;BuD;awG ajc ajym&ygw,f/ ppfMuvdkYvnf; cdkif;vdkufw,f/
axmufay: rusatmifawmh*½k 'gjyD;&if 2-wef;udkjyzdkY vkyfaeus yHkrSefuawmhtvD w
pdkufrS/ vmcJh&w,f/ 'DtcsdefrSm trsdK; csdKUqdkcdkif;? ykpämeJY ywfoufvdkY
uGßefawmfh ausmif;xJrSm aumif;om;uav;rsm;u 1 u ½Sif;p&m½Sdwmudk ½Sif;jy&wmaygh
ausmif;om; 60 ausmf pk`yGwfNyD; 1 txd ul;a&;NyD;vdkY wa,mufeJY av/ jyD;rS.....
oGwfxm;ygw,f/ 1-wef; eJY wa,muf BudKufoavmuf ]]tukefvHk;b,folrSefovJa[h}}
2-wef;u ausmif;&JU 0Jbufjcrf; pum;ajymae MuygNyD/uGßefawmf ]]at;...... aumif;w,f}}
rSm? 3-wef;eJY 4-wef;u ,mbuf upm;yGJudk BudrfeJYwcsuf Asef;ceJ ]]b,folu b,ftyk'frSm;ovJ/
jcrf;xJrSmyg/ toHay;vdkufawmh ckeutoH rSm;wJhvlu q&mwGufjywmudk
ul;NyD;jyifMu}} vdkYcdkif;NyD; ½Sif;p&m
]tcsif;csif; xkd;Mu? BudwfMu? owfMu? ykwfMu ½Sdwmudk enf;enf;½Sif;jy vdkuf&
ygw,f/
jzpfaeMuygNyD 'Dtcsdefqdk&if yxr
emwJh[muvnf; rsuf&nfeJY idkvdkYatmfvkdYayhg/ wef;uav;awG pmvHk;aygif;ul;
Budrfudk vufvTwfvdkY r&ygbl;? wmNyD;aeygNyD/ 'gaMumifh tcsif;
BudrfoHMum;awmhcPjzpfrcsnf; csif; xdk;MuBudwfMu owfMuykwf
Mu jzpfaeMuygNyD/ emwJh[mu
wdwfoGm;jyefwmayhg ...} vnf; rsuf&nfeJY idkvdkY atmfvdkY
uRef a wmf v k y f a eus awG tm;vHk; NAKef;qdk wdwfoGm; aygh/ BudrfudkvufvTwfvdkY r&
wpfaeYwm pmpoifyHku? yxr MuNyD; olwdkY avhusifhcef; pmtkyf ygbl;/ BudrfoHMum;awmhcPjzpf
qHk; 4-wef; ausmif;om;awG&JU uav;awGjyMuzdkY wcgwnf; rcsnf; wdwfoGm;jyefwmaygh/ 3-
ausmufoifykef;ay:rSm *Pef; wef;pDvdkufw,f/ uGßefawmfu wef;udk jyefa&mufawmh olwdkY
ykpäm 3-yk'f? 3-wef;ausmif;om; pmtkyfwdkif;udk tjrefqHk; enf;eJY ykpämav;awGudk ajz½Sif;ay;vdkuf
awG&JU ausmufoifykef;ay:rSm rSefw,fqdkwmudk jcpfay;vdkuf w,f/ tJ'gNyD;&if tvGefpdwfyg
ykpäm 3-yk'fa&;NyD; olwdkYudk 'g w,f/ 'DtrSwf[m uav;wdkif; vufyg pum; vufqHkusaeMu
wGufMuvdkY cdkif;vdkuf&w,f/tJ'D udk NyKH;oGm;apw,f r[kwfvm;/ wJh 4-wef;om;awGqDudk jyef0if
uNyD;rS 2-wef; bufudkajy;NyD;? uav;wdkif;uvnf; rSefMuw,f &ygw,f/ olwdkYudkawmh w
xdkif;pmeJY tm&AD*Pef; 1?2? 3? av/ NyD;&if tEkwf*Pef; 3 yk'f a,mufqDrSm wtkyfwnf;om
4 udk ta&;cdkif;&w,f/ tJ'g ausmufoifykef;ay: a&;ay;cJhNyD;? ½SdwJh xdkif;zwfpmtkyfudk tzwf
NyD;awmhrS yxrwef;udk ul;& olwdkY udk twGufcdkif;cJh? NyD;awmh cdkif;&ygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh uav;
w,f/ 'Duav;awGudk tajccH 3-wef;eJY 4-wef; zufudk jyeful; awGu 'golwdkY tvSnfhyJ?q&mudk

130 ZGefv? 2010

uvJhpm;acs r,fvdkY atmufarh &cif yxrwef;uaumifawG &Edkifr,f rxifygbl;/
w,fxifyg&JY/ zwfpmxJuuAsm 0kdif;atmfp&m ausmufoifykef; uGßefawmf bef'Hky½dkifrSm
udk uGßefawmf OD;aESmufysuf ay:rSm pmvHk;aygif; wcsdKUudka&; 5-ESpfausmf ausmif;q&mvkyfNyD;
avmufatmif atmfNyD;zwfMuyg ay;NyD;? ]]ul;Mua[h}}vdkYajymvdkuf wJhtcgawmh wcgwav a&iwf
a&m/ w,f/ ajyav;aomufvdkY aumif;wJh
'geJY...... tJ'g NyD;&if 4-wef;zdkY atmfvSsdKifqdkifuav; wqdkifw
]]a[haumifawG? tjyifxGufNyD;? tcsdefa&mufygNyD? 'gaMumifh av½SdwJh NrKdYem;eD;eD; ausmif;u
tJ'D opfyif&dyfawGatmufrSm ausmufoifykef;ay:rSm ]]zGJYpnf;yHk av;rsdK;udk ajymif;a½TYcsifygw,f/
zwfacsMuuGm}} vdkY vTwfvdkuf& tajccHvGwfvyfcGifheJY? xdkif;vlrsdK; tEdkYayr,fh uGßefawmhfae&mudk
w,f/ tvkyfjzpfygw,f/ ol wdkY wdkY&JU vlYtcGifhta&;rsm;}} udkul; vmr,fh vlpm; r&vdkYwJh/ (atmf
ausmif ; jyif a &muf o G m ;awmh a&;ay;vdkufNyD;..... vSsdKifqdkwm w½kwf qdkifua&mif;
q&mhvufpGJpmtkyfudk zGifhvdkuf ]]uav;wdkY ul;MuuGm}} wJhEdkYrygwJh umzDjyif;jyif;udk o
ygw,f/ 'Dpmtkyfvnf; bmompHk vdkY cdkif;&jyefw,f/ Mum;eJYa&cJeJY aomuf&wJhtat;
wtkyfwnf; pkaygif;xnfhxm;wJh uGßefawmf pD;u&uf aomufp&myg/) uGßefawmf 'D½Gm
pmtkyfyg/ qufaomufvdkY ukefwJhtcsdefrSm urajymif;Edkifawmh uGßefawmfeJY
]]'Drdku&ufwpf tpdk;&&JY aeY v nf a usmif ; qif ; csd e f w d k i f 'D½Gmom;awGeJY vnfyif;zufBuD;
rl0g'rsm;}} qdkwJh tcef;udk zGifh oGm;ygNyD/ 'Denf;eJY reufydkif; wJh i,foli,fcsif;awGvdk oifh
vdkufNyD;? wrsufESmvHk;udkausmuf ausmif;wufcsdefrsm;udk ukefvGef jrwfaeMuyg awmhw,f/
oifykef;ay:rSm a&;csay;vdkuf ap&ygw,f/ bef'Hky½dkif½Gmom;awG
NyD;.... uGßefawmf pmoifMum; &JUb0uvnf; tyltyif vHk;0
]]uJ..... tJ'g ul;Mu}} vdkY jyoay;aeyHkeJY ywfoufvdkYbmrS r½Sd/ aomuuif;MuvGef;vdkY ol
uGßefawmfu atmfcdkif;vdkufawmh toHk;rusbl;/ acwfaemufus rsm;awG remvdkwdk ½Snfawmh
uav;awGtm;vHk;u ½dk½dkusdK; w,f odyfnHhzsif;wJh oifenf; vnf;jzpfavmufp&mygyJ/ ol
usdK; vdkufemMuygw,f/ pojzifh b,folurqdk BudKuf wdkY ½Gmuav;u awmifajcrSm
'D t csd e f a &muf a wmh ovdk a0zefyg/ uGßefawmfudk,f rsufESmcsif;qdkif 2-tdrfwef; tdrf
uGßefawmhvnfacsmif;u uGJr wdkif oifMum;wwfajrmufcJh & ajc 65-tdrf½SdwJh ½Gmuav;yg/
wwfajcmufaeygNyD/ acgif;u wmurS 'Davmufrjrifh?'Davmuf olwdkY&JU t"du pD;yGg;a&;u v,f
vnf; w'dwf'dwfxdk;aeygNyD/ 'g raumif;cJhbJeJY uGßefawmfu ,mpdkufysdK;a&;yg/ tJ'Dawmhv,f
aMumifh tufpfy&ifaq; 2 jym; b,fynma&;yg&*l wa,mufvdk pdkufNyD;wJh tcsdefupNyD; r&dwf
udk ausmif;cef;axmifhu ajr oifjywwfyghrwHk;/ uGßefawmfh odrf;&rcsif; tm;aevdkufwJh ol
aomufa&tdk;xJu rdk;a&eJY q&mawGu uGßefawmfhudk oifjy wdkYb0udk uGßefawmfu remvdk
aomufcsvdkuf&ygw,f/acsmif; ay;vdkufovdk uGßefawmfolwdkYudk wdk½Snf jzpfrdwm {uefyg/ ol
wcsufavmuf qdk;vdkufNyD;? pD;u oifjyay;wmyJ[m/ uGßefawmfh wdkYu tJ'D&ufawGrSm waeYvHk;
&ufudk rD;nd§NyD; wzGmESpfzGm ausmif;uav;vdk ausmif;rSm aomufpm; aysmfyg;&if; tcsdef
aomufNyD;awmh 2-wef;zuf * 'DxufydkjyD; ½IyfaxG;ayGvDwJh ukefMuygw,f/ aomufvdkufMu
Pef;wGufae&mudk rvSnfhvdkuf oifyHkoifenf; awGvnf;vkyfvdkY yHkrsm;uawmh olwdkY vnfacsmif;

ZGefv? 2010 131

 awGeJY tpmtdrfawG[m aMu;eD tdkuf'Gg;taMumif; pum;pyfrdvdkY
us tcsdefwdkifvm&if uGßefawmfh
jym;awGrsm; cif;xm;avovm; ajym&tHk;r,f/ 'Daumifu 'D½Gm
AdkufuuGßrf;ol ykefxNyD; ajAmif;
atmufarh&ygw,f/ 'Davmuf rSm uGßefawmfh t&if;csmqHk; rdwf
qefatmif awmif;qdkvm aeyg
aomufpm;aevdkY toHk; tjzKef; aqGyg/ 'Dw½GmvHk;rSm uGßefawmf
NyD/ 'Dvdkjzpfwm[m wu,fawmh
BuD;vSw,fvdkY rxifeJY/ olwdkY uvnf; tdkuf'Gg;xuf ydkcifrif
uGßefawmfh tm;enf;nHhzsif;csuf
aomuforSs t&uftm;vHk; tdrf wJhvlr½Sdygbl;/ tdkuf'Gg;uvnf;
aMumifhyg/ olrsm;u wdkufvm&if
wGif;jzpfcsnf;&,fyg/ tdrfwdkif;rSm uGßefawmfhtay: 'Dtwdkif;jzpfrSm
uGßefawmfu b,fvdk jiif;&rSef;
udk,fvkyfaewJh v,fuGufxJrSm yg/ olu tckrStouf 22-ESpf
rodbl;/ rjiif;&ufbl;/ odyftm;
icsd w f a umuf n § i f ; uav;awG ½Sdao;wm/ uGßefawmhfxuf 5ESpf
emwwfwm/ a&mufp yxrESpf
wuGufp ESpfuGufp ESpfwdkif;xnfh vHk;vHk;i,fygw,f/ 'gayr,fh
wkef;u tm;emvdkY wpufESpf
pdkufygw,f/ tJ'g[m rD;awmuf awmrSmaewJh touf 22-ESpf
puf rsdKcsrd&if tr,fav; vnf
t&ufpdrfzdkY oufoufyg/ om;u NrdKUaetouf 40-t½G,f
acsmif;wavSsmuf avmifqif;
olwdkYrSm 'DaomufyGJ[m avmufxuf i,fr,f rxif&yg
oGm;vdkufwm rD;xawmufae
aeYwdkif;usif;ywm jzpfNyD;? 'gyJ bl;/ tvkyf yifyifyef;yef;vkyf
&pfw,f rSwf&ygw,f/
ol w d k Y & J Y a ygif ; oif ; quf q H a &;? &vdkY 'Dvdktdkpmovm;awmhrajym
'kwd,ESpfa&mufawmh
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wusdKufcsif;awmh &vmygNyD/
wdkY&JU tyef;ajzem;ae&m tvkyf 0ifrsm;vdkY 'Dvdktdkpmovm;vnf;
uGßefawmfu 'Davmufav;rS
yg/ 'D½Gmom;awGtzdkY uG,f&mu rajymwwfygbl;/
rpGrf;&ifvnf; rdef;rolawGu
twif;ajymjcif;? wzufom;udk tdkuf'Gg;u t&yfu
awmif uGßefawmfhtay:raxrJh
raumif; MuHjcif;vnf; r½Sdygbl;/ vnf; tykav;&,f/ olYcE¨mudk,f
jrifapmfum;armfum; vkyfcsif
aysmfaysmf½Tif½Tif pkaygif; pm; u tcsdK;tpm; uswmr[kwfbl;/
vmMuNyD[mudk;/ tJ.....
aomufaeMuwmyJ/ olwdkY pdwf cg;txufu udk,fydkif;u tvGef
pwkw¬ESpfa&mufawmh uGßefawmf
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u taomuf0dZÆm"dk&f &ygNyD/
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b,f rdef;rurS uGßefawmfhudkvm
tJ'DrSm tqdk;qHk;jzpfEdkifwmu aewJhvl/ tJ'Dawmh olYMunfh&wm
av owåd½Sd&if NydKifaomuf&
xdkif;xHk;pH eyrf;owfyGJ txdjzpf uGßJvdkyJ/ tay:udk,fBuD;u BuD;
atmifvdkY rcsJ&Jawmhygbl;/
csif jzpfr,f/ 'DrSm vlowfrIjzpf aeawmifhaeoavmuf atmuf
aomufvHk;tBuD;qHk;qdkwJh vl
bl;/ wa,mufudkwa,muf r u *ifwdkwdkuav;rdkY t½kyf
rsm;eJY &ifabmifwef;aeygNyD/
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olwdkYtxJu ajr~uGufwGif;BuD;
rufvdk aysmufoGm;NyDrdkY uvJhpm; uvnf; toHk;cswm enf;vSay
vdkY emrnfBuD;vSwJh tdkuf'Gg;eJY
acsw,f qdkwmvJ rMum;zl;yg r,fh tvGefBuD;wJh acgif;yg/ olY
NydKifaomufMu&mrSmawmif Edkif
bl;/ acgif;[m tD;0rfeJY tcsDtcs
w,fvdkY tqHk;tjzwf ray;Edkif
uGßefawmf 'D½Gma&muf npfwD;npfywfuAsm tvuFm
avmufatmif uGßefawmfwdkY ESpf
NyD;vdkY 4-ESpfMumawmh uGßefawmf rsdK; tNydKif½GwfzwfMuwmvGJ&if
a,mufvHk; ajray:vdrfhaeMuwm
vnf; 'D½Gmut&ufudk pGJvmNyD wjcm;bmrS toHk;uswm r[kwf
yJ[m/
vdkYajym&awmhrSmyJ/ aomufae ygbl;/

132 ZGefv? 2010

tdkuf'Gg;u vlb,favmuft½kyf ylaZmfyo&w,f/ Oyrmqdkyg vdkufwmvnf; waMumif;? 2 ck
qdk;tusnf;wefvdkY ½GmacG;u awmh? rD;awmuf t&ufwykvif; aygif;NyD; uGßefawmf[m olYt
awmif jrifjyif;uwfvdkY a[mif eJY MuufaumifvHk;NyKwf? 'grS oufocifyJvdkY olu todt
a[mif olYoefrmawmifhwif;rI r&&if rD;awmufyHk;eJY 0ufaumif rSwfjyKvdkufw,f/ 'gaMumifhuGßef
rsdK;eJY ta&;[Jh taMumif;[Jhqdk&if vHk;NyKwfaygh/ tvGefpdk;&drfzG,f awmfhtay:udk aus;Zl;½Sif tae
olYyg;pyfu ajymwwfqdkwwfrI aumif;avmufatmif emzsm;r eJY tvGef½dkusdK;orI ½Sdwmyg/
u ½GmxJu rdef;rolrsm;udkpdwf0if usef;jzpfNyDqdk&ifawmh t&uf tdkuf'Gg;uomyg/wjcm;
pm;apEdkifwJhvlyg/ jyD;awmh tdkuf 5-pnf eJY EGm;waumifqdkwmrsdK; vlawGu 'Daq;jym;uav;i,f
'Gg; ½dk;om;wm? &ufa&mwm wifo&w,f/ 'DtwiftoawG pDemaMumifh tdkuf'Gg; usef;rmvm
uvnf; t½kyfqdk;rIudk zHk;uG,f udk olwdkYewfawGutaiGYompm; w,fvdkY r,Hkygbl;/ ausmufay:
apEdkifavmufatmif ½Sdygay wmaomufwmjzpfavawmhewf ocifeJY ausmufr,focifrwdkY
w,f/ olu uGßefawmfhudk olYrdb awGvnf; pm;awmfaomufawmf apmifrvdkY ckvdk tHhMopzG,faejyef
vdk cspfwmyg/ uGßefawmfhtwGuf ac:vdkY NyD;ygava&m? bmrSr aumif;oGm;wmvdkY ,Hkygw,f/
qdk&if olYtoufay;zdkY tqif avsmhyg;wJh aomufp&m pm;p&m 'gaMumifh tdkuf'Gg;qDu t&uf
oifh½Sdygw,f/ uGßefawmfhudk aus; rsm;udk ½Gmol½Gmom; tm;vHk;u 10 pnfeJY uGßJ 2-aumif aemuf
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yaewJh cspfp&mh 'Dt&nftaoG; MuwmygyJ/ w,f/ oHk;aeYeJYoHk;n rdk;rvif;
awG[m ynma&;eJY bmrSrqdkif tJ ..... tdkuf'Gg; wrf;aomufMuwmjzpfavawmh
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vdkY toHk;vHk;aus½Hkom½Sdwm/ 10 pnf ½SdygNyD? uGßJvnf; awmh MunfhvdkufMu&oaygh/
tdkuf'Gg;u iSufzsm;eJY 2aumif½SdygNyD? wifwmowm/ tJ'DyGJrSm olBuD;vnf;
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NyD; uGßefawmfhaus;Zl;rsm; olYt ygbl;/ acgif;rmvdkufwm? tdkuf olBuD;orD;vnf; xrif; wtdk;NyD;
ay:½Sdw,fvdkY ,lqxm;ygw,f/ 'Gg;ujzifh aocgeD;aeNyD/ tJ'DrSm wtdk; csufauGß;&vdkY ajcukef
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ZGefv? 2010 133

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134 ZGefv? 2010

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ZGefv? 2010 135

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136 ZGefv? 2010

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ygw,f/

ZGefv? 2010 137

 usr Cornell wuúodkvfrSm yg&*lbGJU Ph.D u vltrsm;pku pmcsKyfrl&if;udk olwdkYzwfcGifYr&Mu
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138 ZGefv? 2010

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ZGefv? 2010 139

 SOAS ausmif;om;
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140 ZGefv? 2010
,SOfrSwfwJhenf;eJY aq;pmukd BudK;pm;rSwfajzcJhw,f/ pmoifvJaumif; (oDcsif;qkdvJaumif;)
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avmuf pnf;urf;vJjywfw,f/ ckdifrmatmif a&S;ynm&SdawGeJYjcm;wJh tjrifopf

ZGefv? 2010 141

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vmol rnfolrqkdeJY ESD;aESmzvS,fygw,f/ ulwef ynmrSm jr§KyfESHrS wkdif;jynf[m tem*wf&Sdygvdrfhr,f/
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ukdifay;&ovkd {&m0wDrSmvJ jrefrmh rsufESmzkH;awG

142 ZGefv? 2010

 armu© Essay
pmar;yGJ0ifcGifY tufaq;
,ckvrS pjyD; txufwef;qifY ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm; twGuf G.C.E.’O’Level ESifY G.E.D tqifY&Sd wuúodkvf aumvdyf 0ifcGifY
tufaq;rsm;udk a0g[m& &Sif;vif;csufESifY twl rdwfquf ay;oGm;ygrnf/ atmufwGif puFmyl&Sd Cambridge wuúodkvf 0ifcGifY
tufaq; wpfyk'fudk erlem a&G;cs,f xm;ygonf/

A Person I Admire
One person that I really admire is a handicapped lady who lives in the
block next to mine. She is the mother of two children aged seven and five. Her
husband died in an accident. The same accident that killed her husband, made
her a cripple. She is now wheelchair bound and has lost a lot of the mobility
that she used to have. I remember seeing her and her husband going jogging
almost everyday. Suddenly she was robbed of so many things.
In spite of losing the power of her lower limbs, Ms. Lim still works for
a living. She is an interior decorator and is among the most respected in her
profession. In fact she and her husband were partners in the company that she
now runs alone. She drives a car that has been specially designed for her and it
is educational to watch her get into and out of the car without any assistance.
She moves her wheelchair beside her car door, opens the door and slips into
the driver’s seat, then folds her wheelchair and takes it into her car. Then she
starts her car and drives away confidently. In the evening the whole process is
reversed.
I admire Ms. Lim’s courage in facing life squarely instead of wallow-
ing in self pity. I can see that she is not perfectly happy, no one can be under

ZGefv? 2010 143

 the circumstances, but I see a warrior look in her eyes. She has a spirit that
cannot be beaten by a handicap. Strange as it may seem, she has a worthless
brother—with perfect limbs—living in a nearby block and he is unemployed.
Ms. Lim is not on good terms with him and I am not surprised. She spends
a lot of time with her children and is a familiar figure in the neighbourhood.
She is caring and is a member of the Residents’ Committee. I believe she is
the treasurer. She is also a charitable person and I understand that she gives
generally to organized charity.
Ms. Lim is an example who will inspire many to great heights. It is not
surprising that when talking to her, we usually forget that she is a handicapped
person. The truth is she has a physical handicap, but her alert and active mind
brushes it aside and she goes on living as normal a life as possible. Indeed she
is a great preson.

w Glossary

1. admire (v)
av;pm;? tm;us? oabmus
2. admirer (n) oabmusol? ESpfoufol? ydk;yef;ol/ he has many admirers.
3. adminring (adj) ESpfvkdaom? cspfMunfaom/ admiringly (adv)
4. handicapped (adj) pdwfydkif;? ½kyfydkif; csdKUwJhaom? roefpGrf;aom/ a mentally
handicapped (n) the disabled person rpGrf;roefol
5. next to (prep) ab;rSm? eHab;rSm?uyfvsuf she sat next to me on the sofa.
6. cripple (n) roefrpGrf;ol/ tBuD;tus,f xdcdkufzsufqD;onf/
(v) Burma has been crippled by the military rule.
7. mobility (n) a&TUvsm;EkdifrI
8. mobile (adj) a&TUajymif;Ekdifaom? ,laqmifoGm;Ekdifaom/ a mobile phone.
9. used to + V t&ifu .. aecJhzl;? &SdcJhzl;? jzpfcJhzl; ..ponf/ I used to live
in Bangkok. ( atmufu be used to ESifh ra&mygapESihf )
10. be used to + V tckusihfom;&? txmus/ I am used to working hard.
11. jog (v) ajz;ajz;rSefrSefajy;onf/ jogging (n) &G&Gajy;jcif;/
12. rob (v) vk,ufonf? "g;jywkdufonf? qkH;½IH; vufvTwfvdkuf&onf/
I was robbed of my purse.
13. interior decorator (n) tdrfwGif; tvSqifol/
14. profession (n) tqihfjrifhynm uRrf;usifrIwkdYjzihf oufarG;vkyfudkifrI/
15. professional (adj) ynm&Sif? ynmonf yDoaom/
16. assistance (n) tultnD/ taxmuftyHh

144 ZGefv? 2010

17. fold (v) acgufonf? csdK;onf/ a folded newspaper.
18. confidently (adv) udk,fhudk,fudk,f ,kHMunfpdwfcsrI tjynfhjzihf/
19. reverse (adj) ajymif;jyef? aemufjyef/ go in the reverse direction.
20. wallow (v) &THUvl;? tkdifvl;/ ...... instead of wallowing in self-
pity. rdrdudk,fudk,f wpdrfhpdrfh oem;*½kPmoufaer,fhtpm;/
under the circumstances, .... 'DtajctaeawGatmuf
rSm ....
21. a warrior look ppfonf&Jruf&JU ykHyef;rsdK;/ She has a spirit that
cannot be beaten by a handicap. rpGrf;roefrIu
xkaxmif;rypfEkdifwJh pdwf"mwfolUrSm&Sd/
22. a worthless brother bmrS okH;pm;r&wJh tudkwa,muf/
23. unemployed (adj) tvkyfvufrJh jzpfaom/
24. she is not on good terms with him. olru oleJY roifhjrwf/
25. a familiar figure in the neighbourhood. tdrfeD;em;csif;awGeJY uRrf;0ifwJh yk*¾dKvf/
26. treasurer (n) b@ma&;rSL;? b@mxdef;/
27. charitable (adj) csdKUwJholrsm;udk ulnDwwfaom/ charity (n)
28. inspire (v) vIHYaqmfonf/ aphaqmfonf/ inspiration (n) tEkynm
ponfwdkYwGif OmPfuGefYjrL;jzif;/
29. Her alert brushes her troubles aside. olr&JU Edk;Mum;rIu olr&JU 'ku©awGudk ab;csdwf
xm;Ekdifw,f/

uav;tm;vkH;twGuf ynmtvif;a&mif
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usaemf pD;yGm;a&; ynm&SifeJY 0efBuD;csKyf jzpfvm&wm/
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 armu© enf;ynm
Photoshop wGifzGmxGufaeaom
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146 ZGefv? 2010

 tJ'D Fill Tool eJY yHkrSmjyxm;wJhtwdkif; Fill vkyfygr,f/ Fill tool
udka&G;jyD; vlyHk&SdwJh {&d,mxJudk Click vkyf&HkygyJ/

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ZGefv? 2010 147

 armu© ynma&; tawG;tac:
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148 ZGefv? 2010

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ZGefv? 2010 149

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]]ynma&; oDwif;ywf Education Week}} pmpOf jzpfMuonfh ayg0Dvpf? rufZif;*&if;ESihf aygvdk
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om;xkwfa0cJhonfh ]]oabmw&m;ESihfoif½dk;nTef; yk*¾vtjrifjzpfaom? xkwfazmf jyo0Hhaom? xdkYt
wrf;}} pmtkyfudk &mpkESpftwGuf pmtkyfpm&if; jyif EkdifiHa&;qefNyD; jrifuGif;us,f ½Ijrif oHk;oyfrI
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'DZifbmvxkwf ]]ynma&; tawG;tjrif*sme,f}} acwfumvwGif ]]vlom;qefaom pmwrf;wpf
wGif ol\ avhvma&;om;csufrsm;udk ]vlxkausmif; apmif}}[kwifjycJhonf/ *&if;rSvnf; ]]auseyfaysmf
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tyfonf}} [lí aMunm ay;cJh&onf/ ynm}} pmtkyfrS axmufcHxm;&Sdonfh twkdif;yif
1995 ckESpfwGif ynm&Sif ]]*Ref*sL0D vuf rdkufu,ftJyfyJvfrSm qef;ppfawG;ac:rIESihf 'Drkdu
csm}} twGuf tyfyJudk a&G;cs,fcJhMuonf/ þvuf a&pDynma&; wnfaqmufrI awmfvSefwdkufyGJwGif
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onf/ twGJvdkufa&;om;cJhonfh ]]ynma&;ESifh tm odef;Edkif
Pm}} (1982 ckESpfa&;? 1995 ckESpfwGif jyefwnf; udk;um;pm&if;
jzwf) udk [m;Awfynma&;&DAsL;rS ]]tvGefta&; (1) Fifty modern thinkers on Education

BuD;aom avhvmcsuf? ar;cGef;rsm;? avhvmoHk;oyf (2) Michael W.Apple, Education and Power, New York:

csufrsm;ESihf t"dyÜg,fzGihfqdkrIrsm; yg&Sdaom pmtkyf}} Routledge, p.21, 1982.

[lí wifpm;cJhonf/ ]]pmMunfhwdkuf*sme,f}} wGif (3) Michael W.Apple, Cultural Politics and Education,

]]awG;ac:rI euf½dIif;NyD;? usKd;aMumif;qifjcifwHk chap. 4, with Christopher Zenk, New York: Teachers

w&m;vnf;ygaom? qGJaqmifrI&SdvSaom pmtkyf College Press, Columbia University, p.99, 1996.

tjzpf}} todtrSwf jyKcJhonf/ ]]q&mrsm;ESihf zwf (4) M.W.Apple and N.R.King, ‘What do Schools Teach?’,

pmrsm;}} ynma&;wGif vlwef;pm;ESihf vdifquf in A.Molnar and J A. Zahorik (eds), Curriculum Theo-

EG,frI EkdifiHa&;abm*aA'” pmtkyfwGif ynm&Sif ry, Washington, DC: The Association for Supervision

*Da&mh Giroux rS tyfyJvfonf ausmif;ynma&;\ and Curriculum Development, pp.108–26, 1977.

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r tcGifhta&; ... tcGifhta&; r opfyifpdkufpdkY nDaxG;&,f
uav;tcGifhta&;/ t&dyf&ygw,f ./
r tcGifhta&;eJY wm0ef[m r toD;pm;r,f qkdygawmh
tNrJwGJaewm/ csddKcsOfpkHvSaygh ../
tcGifhta&;qdkwm &,lzdkY r awmifukef;armharmh ajrajymifajymif
wm0efuawmh ay;qyfzdkY/ rkd;r&GmbJ acgif ../
r &zdkYwpfckwnf; vkyfaqmifwm r rkd;acgifwJhtcg ae&Sdefjyif;
tcGifhta&; r[kwfyg/ aomufa&okH;a&uif; ../
wm0efrSeforQ ausyGefrS r v,f,majrwGif; ajcmufumav
tcGifhta&;&/ yufMum;tufvkdYae .../
armifarmifNidrf;at; r awmaumifav;awG aoaMuMu
tkd;tdrfrJhae& .../
r pdkufMuysdK;Mu opfyifawG
ae&mtESHYav ../
r ajrqDvTmudk xdef;odrf;rS
owå0gawG csrf;omMu
urÇmBuD; at;jr .../
armifarmifNidrf;at;

156 ZGefv? 2010

 avmuvHk;oabmaqmifaom t&m
vlom;\ vlrIa&; rnDrQrIrsm;udk ajrnDuGif;jzpfatmif zefwD;ay;Edkifaom
tmedoif ]]ynm}} wGif trSefyif &Sdygonf/ ynmwGif yx0Dr&Sd? vlrsKd;r&Sd?
ta&mifr&Sd/ ynmum; avmuvHk; oabmaqmifay\/
bif*smrif 'pfpa&vD

rsKd;cspfyef; q&mY arwåm

r q&mharwåm prf;a&yrm
woGifoGif pD;qif; prf;acsmif;av;rSm
ausmufqpf? ausmufcJ?
ausmufwkH;ay:rSm ajyjypfpGmyJ
pD;qif;oGm;wm .../
r xkdenf;wlpGm q&mwkdYrSm
jyóemrsm; ausmfvTm;cJh&m
zGihf[rajym odkodrfhíom
&ifrSmcHpm; NyKH;rsufESmESihf
r tm½kPfOD;rSm vif;a&mifjzm b,folajymajym pdwfr,kdifbJ
rsdK;cspfyef;av; yGifhvdkYvm/ oHrPdvdk tm;rmefcJvkdY
r jrefrm&ifaoG; owdåwdk; aemif0,fvif;rnfh Mu,fyGihfav;awG
trsdK;*kPfwGuf tm;opfNzdK;/ qufvif;EkdifzkdY vrf;jyOD;rnf ../
r rsdK;cspfyef;av; n§if;avaqmif r aEG tyl'PfaMumifh
ae&mwdkif;rSm &eHYatmif/ prf;acsmif;av;om crf;ajcmufoGm;rnf
r &SnfMumaESmifzGJU ckdifrma&; q&mwkdY apwemum;
jrefrmjynf&JU yef;vSav; ,ckraysmuf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm
jyKpk,k, ysdK;axmifay;/ wnfaeOD;rnfom .../ /
Nidrf;pdk;ol xufxuf0if;
avmutvS tGefvdkif;r*¾Zif;rS ... owårwef; (qmrlaxmfausmif;)

ZGefv? 2010 157

 armu© ysdK;cif;&eHY (pmpDpmukH;)

rlvwef;ausmif;\
rarhEkdifaomaeYav;rsm; apmrl;om
CDC
avmuwGif tyltyifuif;NyD; aysmf&Tifp om;b0 yxrqkH;aeYudk ,aeYwkdifrarhEkdifao;bJ
&maumif;aom b0rSm ausmif;om;b0yif jzpfyg trSwf&aeqJ jzpfonf/ xkdaeYu trdk;udk,fwkdif
onf/ usaemfonfvnf; aysmf&Tifp&m aumif;aom &Gmausmif;uav;qD vkduftyfESHay;cJhonf/ t
b0udk ydkifqkdifxm;aom ausmif;om; wOD;jzpfyg aqmhoefNyD;ynmoifMum;vkdpdwfr&Sdaom usaemf
onf/ usaemf 0vkH; a&;cJhaom oli,fwef;ausmif; onf ausmif;udka&mufaomtcg tm;&yg;&atmf
om;b0rSpí ,ck ynmoifESpftxd tyltyif idkaerdygonf/ idkoHMum;uyifwa,mufaomol\
uif;pGm ynmoif,lcGihf&onfhtwGuf tvGef aus pum;oHudk em;xJwGifMum;aeygonf/ tjcm;ol&JU
eyfaysmf&Tifrdygonf/ þodkY aysmf&Tifp&m aumif; pum;oHr[kwfyg/ trkd;&JU pum;oHyif/
aom ynmoifumvwGif rlvwef; ausmif;om; ]]rikdygeJY zkd;cGm;&,f? trkd;ukdcspf&ifausmif;
b0onf usaemhftwGuf tvGwfvyfqkH;ESihf aysmf wufNyD;ynmoif&r,faemf? trdk;wdkYb0rjynfhpkH
&Tifp&m taumif;qkH;yif jzpfygonf/ awmh zkd;cGm;udk qif;&JwGif;xJ repfapcsifbl;
rlvwef;tqihfonf usaemhf ynma&; zkd;cGm;&,f .../ trkd;udkoem;&if ynmwwfBuD;
c&D;vrf;pyifjzpfonf/ xkdYjyif vlYb0c&D;ESif&eft jzpfatmif BudK;pm;&r,faemf ...}} [laom trkd;
wGufvnf; yxrqkH;ajcvSrf;[k qkdEkdifonf/ ynm pum;onf usaemfhudk idkoHwdwfapNyD;ausmif;wuf
oifumvwGif rlvwef;tqifh ynma&;udkykdifEkdif
pGm ausmfjzwfcJhrSomvQif tv,fwef;? txuf
wef;ESihf tqihfjrifh ynm&yfrsm;udk vG,fulacsm
armpGmjzwfoef;Ekdifrnf jzpfygonf/ rlvwef;
ausmif;om;b0uyif ZJG? vkHYv? 0D&d, [laom
rdwfaqGokH;OD;udk tazmfjyKNyD;pnf;urf;udkvufudkif
jyKxm;ygu ynma&;c&D;vrf;udk atmifjrifpGm
avQmufvSrf;EkdifrnfrSm rvJG{uefyif jzpfonf/
xkdYaMumihfyif a&S;ynm&Sdrsm;uvnf; ]]tpaumif;
rS taESmif;aocsm}}[k qdkprSwfjyKcJhMujcif;jzpfrnf/
ausmif;om;wkdif; jzwfoef;cJh&aom rlv
wef;ausmif;om;b0udk touf 5 ESpft&G,fwGif
usaemfpwifcJhygonf/ usaemf pwufcJh&aom
ausmif;rSm usaemhfZmwdNrdKU xef;ESpfyifNrdKU&Gm&Sd
rlvwef; ausmif;uav;jzpfonf/ usaemhfausmif;

158 ZGefv? 2010

csifpdwfjyif;xefvmatmif wGef;tm;ay;aeawmh rlvwef;ausmif;om;b0wGif usaemhfudk yxrOD;
onf/ qkH; ynmoifay;cJhaomolrSm q&mrBuD; a':0if;csdK
xkdYaMumifh usaemfhtzkdY rlvwef;ausmif; yifjzpfonf/ q&mrBuD;onf usaemfwkdY tay:wGif
om;b0onf tokdufuav;xJrS tjyifavmu apwem? 0goem? tepfem [laom emokH;emudk
odkY tysHoifxGufvmaom iSufuav;yrm vlYb0 &if0,fydkufNyD; ausmif;uav;odkY rsufpdoli,fjzifh
\tawGUtBuKHopf? ywf0ef;usifopfrsm;udk pwif a&muf&Sdvmaom wynfhav;rsm;udk &if0,fwnf
cJh&ygonf/ xkdaeYu usaemfh b0woufrarhEkdif aom aoG;om;&if;yrm rarmEkdif ryef;Ekdif ynm
aomaeYuav;waeYyif jzpfygonf/ p oifMum; ay;ygonf/
usaemfwkdY rlvwef;ausmif;uav;wnf usaemf ausmif;wufpwGif ]]0vkH;}}av;
aqmufxm;ykHrSm t*Fvdyf tu©&m (E) ykHo@mef udk 0kdif;0dkif;av; a&;wwfvmatmif q&mrBuD;
jzpfonf/ rkd;avvkHatmif zufrsm;jzihf rkd;xm;NyD; udk,fwkdifu ]]okdYrS odkYa&; EIwfoHav;ESihf nDaxG;
pmoifcef;rsm;udkrl 0g;x&Hrsm;jzihf um&Hxm;yg onfhES,f? vufoef;<u,fESihf xufvufwkdYum;
onf/ ausmif;uav;u cefYnm; xnf0grIr&Sdaomf þodkYxm;rS vufrxdyfokdY vufñd§K;ydwfí}}[k
vnf; obm0ususav; wnfaqmufxm;aom vufxm;ykH vufxm;enf;rsm;utp pdwf&SnfpGm
aMumihf aecsifpzG,f aumif;vSonf/ tjrifrvS oifMum; ay;cJhaom q&mrBuD; aus;Zl;aMumihfyif
ayr,fh b0ifusp&m aumif;aeonf/ ausmif; usaemfeJYtwl twef;azmfoli,fcsif;tm;vkH; vuf
ywf0ef;usif opfyifrsm;? awmt&dyf ½Icif;rsm; a&;rSm ykvJvkH;nDBudK;ESihfoDxm;ouJhodkY aoao
aMumifh tjrifrqef;ayr,hf b0ifcsrf;ajrhp&m oyfoyf a&;wwfvmMuonf/ ausmif;rwufcsif
aumif;aeawmhonf/ aom oli,fcsif;rsm;udkvnf; q&mrBuD;urdbrsm;
usaemfwkdY ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;trnfrSm ESihftwl vufwJGum Ncdrf;wcg? ajcmufwvSnfh
OD;atmifNrdKifjzpfonf/ q&mBuD;rSm pdwfoabm qkH;rwwfayonf/
xm;jzLpifNyD; pum;ajym&mwGif yGihfyGihfvif;vif; q&mrBuD;u usaemfwdkY vufa&;0dkif;0dkif;
ajymqkdqufqHwwfonf/ olYpum;tcsdKUudk ,aeY pma&;wwfvmatmif oifMum;ay;cJhonfomru
wkdif usaemfhem;xJu rxGufatmif &Sdaeygao; pmzwfuRrf;usifvmatmifvnf; uAsmrsm;&Gwfzwf
onf/ oifMum;ay;onf/ rlvwef;wGif &GwfqkdcJhaom
]]wynfhwkdY avmurSm vl[lorQynmudk uAsmtcsdKUudk ,aeYwkdif rarhEkdifatmiftrSwf&qJ
wwfatmifoif&r,f? rnfonfh ynmrS roifwJh jzpfygonf/ ]]0gqkd0gacgif a&awGBuD;vdkY}} tpcsD
vl[mvlr[kwfbl;uJGU? 'gaMumihf vlyDozkdY ynm uAsmuav;udkrl oli,fcsif;rsm;ESihf rarmEkdif
wwfwa,mufjzpfvmzkdY i,fpOfuxJu tpGrf; ryef;Ekdif oHNydKif&GwfqkdNyD; [efyef trlt&mrsm;ESihf
ukefBudK;pm;Mu&r,f ../}} wuG oDqkdykHrsm;udk ,aeYwdkif owd&aerdygonf/
q&mBuD; pum;onf usaemfh&nfrSef;csuf xkdYaMumifh rlvwef;ausmif;om;b0udk jyefvnf
yef;wkdifvrf;p azmfay;vkdufjcif;yif jzpfygonf/ awG;awmrdwdkif; uAsm&GwfqkdoHrsm;udk jyefvnf
pnf;urf;BuD;aom q&mBuD;onf tvkyfvkyf&mwGif Mum;a,mifum q&mrBuD;rsm; rsufESmudkvnf;
tvGefaocsmol jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifhvnf; us xif;ueJjrifa,mif vmcJhrdygawmhonf/
aemfwdkY ausmif;ol? ausmif;om;rsm;omru w&Gm q&m? q&mrrsm;onf usaemfwdkYudk
vkH;u q&mBuD;udk cspfcifav;pm;Mujcif;jzpfonf/ ausmif;pmrsm; oifMum;ay;½kHomru bufpkHzHGUNzdK;

ZGefv? 2010 159

 wkd;wufatmifvnf; avhusifhoifMum;ay;ygonf/ [k ajymvdkufaom pum;onf usaemfhtm; oif
q&m? q&mrrsm;\ pepfusaom yJhudkifay;rI cef;pmay;vkdufovdk cHpm;&ygonf/
aMumifhusaemfwdkYonf rlvwef; ausmif;om;b0 usaemfhtzkdY rlvwef;ausmif;om;b0
uyif udk,fEIwf? ESvkH;? vdr®m ,Ofaus;pGm ajymqkd onf rdb&ifcGifrS pwifcJGcGmí ausmif;&ifcGifxJodkY
oGm;vmaexkdifwwfonfh tavhtusihfaumif; pwifckdvIH&aom umvav;yif jzpfygonf/ xkdt
rsm;udk arG;jrLEkdifcJhayonf/ ynm&Sm&mwGif ]]wkwf csdefrSpí usaemfwkdYonf udk,hfudk,fudk tm;udk;p
uG ykqpf? q&mppfa&SUü? ajcokwfykqdk;? a>rqG,f jyKvm&onf/ ausmif;rSefrSefwufNyD; pmrSefrSef
usdK;uJhokdY? rmef[kefESdrfhcs? ½dkwkwfuGjzihf wav;w usuf&ygonf/ q&m? q&mrrsm;\ oGefoifqkH;r
pm;oif,l&rnf}} [laom q&mrBuD;\ qkH;rMo0g rIrsm;cH,lum wynfh0wå&m;rsm;udk pwifoabm
' pum;onf usaemfh b0wouf tzkd;rjzwfEkdif aygufem;vnfvmcJhaom tcsdefyifjzpfonf/
avmufatmif jzpfcJhygonf/ rlvwef; ausmif;om;b0wGif ausmuf
i,fpOfuwnf;u taqmhoefaom us oifykef;av;rsm;jzihf pma&;NyD; q&mrsm;xHokdY wkd;
aemfonf tm;upm; 0goemygol wOD;jzpfonf/ a0SYumtrSefjcpf awmif;cH&onfhaeYrsm;udk usaemf
w&ufom; ausmif;qif;csdefwGifoli,fcsif;rsm;ESihf ,aeYwkdif owd&aerdygonf/ oli,fcsif;rsm;ESihf
twl abmvkH;upm;&if; acsmfvJNyD; ajcaxmuf ajy;vTm;aqmhupm;&onfrSmvnf; aeYpOf avh
wGif aoG;rsm;xGufvmonf/ q&mrBuD; jrifoGm; usihfcef;wckyifjzpfonf/ i,fpOf ausmif;om;b0
aomtcg ajy;xGufvmNyD; usaemfudk twif;0dkif; ynmoifaeYav;rsm;onf usaemfhtzkdY aysmf&Tif
ayGUcsD&if; ajcaxmuf aq;xnfhay;onf/ xkdjrif zG,faumif;aom edAÁmefbkHav;wrQ jzpfygonf/
uGif;rSm usaemhfwouf rarhEkdifrnfh trSwftom; rlvwef;ausmif;om;b0 ynmoifaeYuav;rsm;
wHqdyfyifjzpfonf/ udkusaemf jyefvnfawG;awmrdwkdif; q&morm;
rlvwef; ausmif;om;b0uyif tysif; rsm;\ Mo0g'pum;rsm;udk em;xJwGif jyefvnf
xlaom usaemhfudk trkd;udk,fwkdif pufbD;jzihf Mum;a,mifum i,fpOfykH&dyfrsm; xif;ueJ jrifvm
ausmif;BudKydkY vkyfay;cJhonf/ waeYausmif;oGm;csdef ygawmhonf/
&Gmxdyf aps;wef;av;udktjzwf rxifrSwfaom xkdYaMumifh tyltyifuif;NyD; vGwfvyf
jrifuGif;tcsdKUudk jrifawGUvdkuf&onf/ xkdjrifuGif;u aysmf&TifzG,faumif;aom rlvwef;ausmif;om;b0
tjcm;r[kwf eHeufapmapm vrf;ab;wGif yvwf ynmoifaeYav;rsm;udk usaemf arhypfvkdY &Ekdif
pwpfbl;tcHG vkdufaumufaeolrsm;ESihf awmif;&rf; aumif;rnfr[kwfay/
olrsm; jrifuGif;jzpfonf/ xkdjrifuGif;udk usaemfu
pdwf0ifpm;vkdY trdk;udk ar;Munfhaomtcg trkd;u
acgif;udkyGwfay;&if; ]]zkd;cGm; tJ'g ynmrwwfvdkY? apmrl;om
ysif;&dNyD; ynmrwwfwJholawG[m cufcJMurf;wrf; G -11 (CDC)
wJhb0rSm yifyifyef;yef; vkyfudkifpm;&w,f ..}}

160 ZGefv? 2010