Math Circle Lecture 3

Columbia Area Math Circle: Session 3
Marcus Neal
October 18, 2008
1. If Suzy has 6 coins worth 23 cents, how many nickels does she have?
2. Three primes, p,q, and r, satisfy p + q = r and 1 < p < q. Find the value of p.
3. In base 10, the number d456d is divisible by 18. Find the value of the digit d
4. How many positive factors are there of the number 280?
5. How many perfect squares divide the number 29 35 74 ?
6. The integer n is the smallest positive multiple of 15 such that every digit of n
n
is either 0 or 8. Compute 15
7. Find the number of triples (a, b, c) of positive integers which satisfy the simul-
taneous equations:
ab + bc = 44
ac + bc = 23
8. Find the units digit of 31001 71002 131003
9. Find the units digit of 2(3 )

456789
n13
10. Find the least positive integer n for which 5n+6
is a non-zero reducible fraction
11. For a certain integer n, 5n + 16 and 8n + 29 have a common factor larger than
one. What is that common factor?
12. What is the largest positive integer n for which n3 + 100 is divisible by n + 10?
13.
Find the
number of distinct pairs of integers (x, y) such that 0 < x < y and

1984 = x + y
1
14. Show that gcd(m, m n)|n
15. Show that if gcd(m, n) = 1, then gcd(m n, m + n) = 1 or 2
16. Prove that if n is odd then 8|n2 1
17. Let an = 6n + 8n . Determine the remainder on dividing a83 by 49. [6 AIME

1983]
18. Find the number of integers n, 1 n 2003, such that n2003 1 is divisible by
10. [2003 Duke Math Meet]
19. Find the number of integers n, 1 n 120, such that n2 leaves a remainder of
1 when divided by 120. [2003 Duke Math Meet]
20. Let p(x) = x2 + bx + c, where b and c are integers. If p(x) is a factor of both
x4 + 6x2 + 25 and 3x4 + 4x2 + 28x + 5, what is the value of p(1)?
21. What is the remainder when x100 2x99 + 4 is divided by x2 3x + 2?
22. A lattice point in the plane is a point whose x and y coordinates are integers.
Let S be the set of lattice points in the plane such that for every pair of distinct
x1 +x2 y1 +y2
points (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) in S, 2
, 2 is not a lattice point. What is
the biggest possible size of S? [28 USC Math Contest 1987]
23. Let S = {1, 12 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 19 , 12

1
, . . .}, the set of rational numbers of the form 1
2p 3q
for
non-negative integers p and q. Find the sum of the members of S.
24. Assume that a, b, c, and d are positive integers such that a5 = b4 , c3 = d2 , and
c a = 19. Determine the value of d b [7 AIME 1985]
25. Find 3x2 y 2 if x and y are integers such that y 2 + 3x2 y 2 = 30x2 + 517 [5 AIME
1987]
26. Let [r, s] denote the least common multiple of positive integers r and s. Find
the number of ordered triples (a, b, c) of positive integers for which [a, b] = 1000,
[b, c] = 2000, and [c, a] = 2000 [7 AIME 1987]
27. The polynomial p(x) leaves a remainder of 6 when divided by x 5 and a

remainder of 5 when divided by x 6. Find the remainder when p(x) is divided
by (x 5)(x 6)
28. Two distinct numbers a and b are randomly chosen from the set {2, 22 , 23 , . . . , 225 }.
What is the probability that loga b is and integer? [35 AIME-12 2005]
2
29. Let S be the sum of the base 10 logarithms of all the proper divisors of 1,000,000.
(Note that a proper divisor means a positive integral divisor other than 1 and
the number itself). What is the integer nearest to S?
30. Find x2 yz if x,y, and z are distinct positive integers such that y 2 zx = 103
and z 2 xy = 22 [Dropped AIME problem]
31. Let S be a subset of {1, 2, 3, . . . , 100} so that, if a and b are any (not necessarily
distinct) elements of S, then their product, ab, is not an element of S. What is
the maximum number of elements of S? [Dropped AIME problem]
32. The numbers in the sequence 101, 104, 109, 116, ... are of the form an = 100+n2 ,
where n = 1, 2, 3, ... For each n, let dn be the greatest common divisor of an and
an+1 . Find the maximum value of dn as n ranges through the positive integers.
[13 AIME 1985]
33. Find the largest possible value of k for which 311 is expressible as the sum of k
consecutive positive integers.
34. Show that the line y = 47 x + 51 does not pass through any lattice point in the
plane. (Recall that lattice points are points with integer coordinates). What is
the minimum distance between the line y = 47 x + 15 and any lattice point in the
plane? [2003 Duke Math Contest]
35. Note that 2002 = 22 91, and so 2002 is a multiple of the number obtained by
removing its middle 2 digits. Generalizing this, how many 4-digit palindromes,
abba, are divisible by the 2-digit palindrome, aa? [2002 Duke Math Contest]
36. Consider the equation x1 x2 + x2 x3 + x3 x4 + . . . + xn1 xn + xn x1 = 0, where

xi {1, 1} for i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , n.
a. Show that if the equation has a solution, then n is even.
b. Show that if n is divisible by 4, then the equation has a solution.
c. Show that if the equation has a solution, then n is divisible by 4.
37. Suppose a, b, and c are integers such that c divides an +bn for all integers n 1.
If the greatest common divisor of a and b is 7, what is the largest possible value
for c? [2002 Duke Math Contest]
38. Olympiad Problem: Solve the equation x5 1 = y 2 in integers.

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Columbia Area Math Circle: Session 3

4. How many positive factors are there of the number 280?

5. How many perfect squares divide the number 29 35 74 ?

8. Find the units digit of 31001 71002 131003

9. Find the units digit of 2(3 )

15. Show that if gcd(m, n) = 1, then gcd(m n, m + n) = 1 or 2

16. Prove that if n is odd then 8|n2 1

17. Let an = 6n + 8n . Determine the remainder on dividing a83 by 49. [6 AIME

21. What is the remainder when x100 2x99 + 4 is divided by x2 3x + 2?

23. Let S = {1, 12 , 13 , 14 , 16 , 19 , 12

27. The polynomial p(x) leaves a remainder of 6 when divided by x 5 and a

36. Consider the equation x1 x2 + x2 x3 + x3 x4 + . . . + xn1 xn + xn x1 = 0, where

38. Olympiad Problem: Solve the equation x5 1 = y 2 in integers.

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