2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. L7-1 November 2010 Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical
Chapter Overview Customer Training Material
In this chapter, performing steady-state thermal analyses in Mechanical will
be covered: A. Geometry B Assemblies Solid Body Contact B. C. Heat Loads D. Solution Options E. Results and Postprocessing F. Workshop 7.1
The capabilities described in this section are generally applicable to ANSYS
DesignSpace licenses and above, except for an ANSYS Structural license.
Note: advanced topics including thermal transient analyses are covered in
the ANSYS Thermal Analysis training course.
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Basics of Steady-State Heat Transfer Customer Training Material
For a steady-state (static) thermal analysis in Mechanical, the
temperatures {T} are solved for in the matrix below:
[K (T )]{T } = {Q(T )} Assumptions: No transient effects are considered in a steady-state analysis [K] can be constant or a function of temperature {Q} can be constant or a function of temperature
Remember Mechanical Static Analysis:
[K]{u}={F} where: [K]: Array of stiffness matrix. {u}: Array of displacement {F}: Array of applied forces
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Basics of Steady-State Heat Transfer Customer Training Material
Fouriers Law provides the basis of the previous equation:
Heat flow within a solid (Fouriers Law) is the basis of [K] Heat flux, heat flow rate, and convection are treated as boundary y conditions on the system {Q} Convection is treated as a boundary condition although temperature- dependent film coefficients are possible It is important to remember these assumptions related to performing thermal analyses in Mechanical.
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A. Geometry Customer Training Material
In thermal analyses all body types are supported:
Solid, surface, and line bodies. Line bodies cross-section and orientation is defined within DesignModeler. The Point Mass feature is not available in thermal analyses.
Shell and line body assumptions:
Shells: no through-thickness temperature gradients. Line bodies: no through thickness variation. Assumes a constant temperature across the cross-section. Temperature variation will still be considered along the line body
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Material Properties Customer Training Material
The only required material property for steady state is thermal
conductivity.
Thermal Conductivity is input in the Engineering Data application pp (Linear Analysis)
Temperature-dependent th thermall conductivity d ti it iis input as a table (Non-Linear Analysis)
If any temperature-dependent material properties exist, this will
result lt in i a nonlinear li solution. l ti
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B. Assemblies Solid Body Contact Customer Training Material
As with structural analyses, contact regions are automatically created to
enable heat transfer between parts of assemblies.
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Assemblies Contact Region Customer Training Material
If parts are initially in contact heat transfer can occur between them. If parts are initially out of contact no heat transfer takes place (see pinball explanation p below). ) Summary:
Heat Transfer Between Parts in Contact Region?
Contact Type Initially Touching Inside Pinball Region Outside Pinball Region Bonded Yes Yes No No Separation Yes Yes No Rough Yes No No Frictionless Yes No No Frictional Yes No No
The pinball region determines when contact occurs and is automatically
defined and set to a relatively small value to accommodate small gaps in the model
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Assemblies Contact Region Customer Training Material
If the contact is bonded or no separation,
then heat transfer will occur (solid green lines) when the surfaces are within the pinball radius.
Pinball Radius
In this figure on the right, the
gap between the two parts is bigger than the pinball region, so no heat transfer will occur between the parts
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Assemblies Thermal Conductance Customer Training Material
By default, perfect thermal contact conductance between parts is
assumed, meaning no temperature drop occurs at the interface. Numerous conditions can contribute to less than perfect contact conductance: surface flatness surface finish oxides entrapped fluids T contact pressure surface temperature T use of conductive grease .... x
Continued . . .
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Assemblies Thermal Conductance Customer Training Material
The amount of heat flow across a contact interface is defined by the
contact heat flux q:
q = TCC (Ttarget Tcontact )
where Tcontact is the temperature of a contact node and Ttarget is the temperature of the corresponding target node node. By default, TCC is set to a relatively high value based on the largest material conductivity defined in the model KXX and the diagonal of the overall o e a geo geometry et y bou bounding d g bo box ASMDIAG. S G
TCC = KXX 10,000 / ASMDIAG
This essentially provides perfect conductance between parts.
TCC: Thermal Contact Conductance
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Assemblies Thermal Conductance Customer Training Material
In ANSYS Professional licenses and above, the user may define a
finite thermal contact conductance (TCC) for Pure Penalty or Augmented Lagrange Formulations. TCC is input for each contact region in the Details view. If thermal contact resistance is known, invert this value and divide by the contacting area to obtain TCC value.
Thermal contact conductance can
be input which is the same as including thermal contact resistance at a contact interface. interface
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Assemblies Spot Weld Customer Training Material
Spot welds provide discreet heat transfer points:
Spotweld definition is done in the CAD software (currently only DesignModeler and Unigraphics).
T2
T1
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C. Heat Loads Customer Training Material
Heat Flow: A heat flow rate can be applied to a vertex, edge, or surface. The load is distributed for multiple selections. Heat flow has units of energy/time. Perfectly insulated (heat flow = 0): Available to remove surfaces from previously applied boundary conditions. Heat Flux: Heat flux can be applied to surfaces only (edges in 2D). Heat flux has units of energy/time/area. Internal I t l Heat H t Generation: G ti An internal heat generation rate can be applied to bodies only. Heat generation has units of energy/time/volume.
A positive value for heat load will add energy to the system.
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Thermal Boundary Conditions Customer Training Material
Temperature, Convection and Radiation:
At least one type of thermal boundary condition must be present to prevent the thermal equivalent of rigid body motion. motion Given Temperature or Convection load should not be applied on surfaces that already have another heat load or thermal boundary condition applied to it. Perfect insulation will override thermal boundary conditions.
Given Temperature: Imposes I a temperature t t on vertices, ti edges, d surfaces f or bodies b di Temperature is the degree of freedom solved for
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Thermal Boundary Conditions Customer Training Material
Convection: Applied to surfaces only (edges in 2D analyses). Convection q is defined by y a film coefficient h,, the surface area A,, and the difference in the surface temperature Tsurface & ambient temperature Tambient q = hA(Tsurface f bi t ) Tambient h and Tambient are user input values. The film coefficient h can be constant or temperature dependent
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Thermal Boundary Conditions Customer Training Material
Temperature-Dependent Convection: Select Tabular (Temperature) for the coefficient type. Enter coefficient vs temperature tabular data. In the details, specify how temperature is to be handled for h(T).
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Thermal Boundary Conditions Customer Training Material
Several common convection correlations can be imported from a
sample library. New correlations can be stored in libraries.
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. . . Thermal Boundary Conditions Customer Training Material
Radiation: Applied to surfaces (edges in 2D analyses)
Where: ( QR = FA Tsurface 4 Tambient 4 ) = Stefan-Boltzman constant = Emissivity y A = Area of radiating surface F = Form factor
Correlations: To ambient (form factor assumed to be 1) OR Surface to surface (view factors calculated).
Stefan Boltzman constant is set automatically
based on the active working unit system
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D. Solution Options Customer Training Material
Inserting the Steady-State Thermal from the
Workbench toolbox will set up a SS Thermal system in the project schematic. In Mechanical the Analysis Analysis Settings Settings can be used to set solution options for the thermal analysis. Note, the same Analysis Data Management options discussed in chapter 4 regarding static analyses are available here. here
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Solving the Model Customer Training Material
To perform a thermal-stress solution link a structural analysis to
the thermal model at the Solution level. An imported load branch is inserted in the Static Structural branch along with any applied structural loads and supports. supports Solve the Structural branch.
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E. Results and Postprocessing Customer Training Material
Various results are available for postprocessing:
Temperature Heat Flux Reaction Heat Flow Rate User defined results
In Mechanical, results are usually
y requested before solving, g but they y can be requested afterwards, too. A new solution is not required for retrieving output of a solved model.
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Temperature Customer Training Material
Temperature: Temperature is a scalar quantity and has no direction associated with it.
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Heat Flux Customer Training Material
Heat flux contour or vector plots are available:
Heat flux q is defined as
q = KXX T Total Heat Flux and Directional Heat Flux can be requested The magnitude & direction can be plotted as vectors by activating vector mode
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Reaction Heat Flow Rate Customer Training Material
Reaction heat flow rates are available for Given Temperature,
convection or radiation boundary conditions: Reaction heat flow rate is requested by inserting a probe - OR Alternately users can drag and drop a boundary condition onto the Solution branch to retrieve the reaction.
Select from Probe menu OR
Drag and drop
boundary condition
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F. Workshop 7 Steady State Thermal Analysis Customer Training Material
Workshop 7.1 Steady State Thermal Analysis
Goal: Analyze the pump housing shown below for its heat transfer characteristics.
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