SCHOOL E-VOTING SYSTEM

CHAPTER 2

Related Literature

The fingerprint shows the most promising future in real-worldapplications. Because of their

uniqueness and consistency over time, fingerprints have been used for identification and authentication

purpose. However, there are some challenges in using fingerprint in real-world application. We are

interestedin designing and analyzing the Mobile voting system using fingerprint texture, which is the core

in current modern approach for fingerprint analysis. As themobile phone become a part of the human,

it is very convenient to use. We areusing the mobile phone for the purpose of voting. It helps the user to

poll their vote in spite of any location and also in short period of time. Biometric, Fingerprint, Minutiae,

Mobile phone. Elections allow the populace to choose their representatives and express their

preferences for how they will begoverned. Naturally, the integrity of the election process is fundamental

to theintegrity of democracy itself. The election system must be sufficiently robust to with stand a variety

of fraudulent

Behaviors and must be sufficiently transparentand comprehensible that voters and candidates

can accept the results of anelection. Most of the countries in the world e-Voting system have been used.

Dueto rapid growth of technology security problems are getting increased. So insteadof developing e-

voting systems, also there is a lot research work is being done tomake these systems more secure.
 Mobile Voting System (MVS) is a system that will operate inparallel with the existing manual and

automated voting processes. It will enablelegitimate voters to cast their vote from wherever they please

using their mobiledevices unlike other means that require the voter to appear at the polling station.This

will help alleviate the nuisance of long queues at poll-sites which waste a lotof time. It will also ease

the vote-counting process which will be done instantlyas the voting progresses and a graphical display

will be available on a site (attached to the system) stakeholders to view progress, hence

ensuringtransparency. According to Nadjaet al (2009) [6], Mobile voting falls under acategory of

voting called e- Voting, which is short for electronic voting ,and refersto the option of using

electronic means to vote in referendums and elections.There are systems such as DRE (Direct

Electronic Recording) voting machinesthat record the vote without that vote being transmitted over the

Internet oranother network. The interface of a DRE machine can be a touch screen or ascanner that

scans the ballot paper where the voter marked the vote.

The vote isthen registered and stored in the voting machine. Then there is voting over theInternet

that uses a PC with an Internet-connection to cast the vote and send it to. Be stored in another

remote computer. Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), telephones or can also be used to cast

a vote electronically mobile phones.In this century of computer generation, many organizations rely on

fastdelivery of information using latest technologies that would allow them to be moreproductive and

efficient. There are many ways in sending messages nowadaysand that is by using E-mail services or

by using Mobile Technologies. Like inschool, Bulletin Boards or sometimes word of mouth are the

method use indelivering a message to the student and faculty but sometimes the student orothers does

not received the messages because they dont read the bulletin
Board often or the information is really failed in reaching them. Sendinginformation in a large amount of

people using E-mail requires a lot of work andsometimes the information that needs urgent response

does not always received.The culprit of that is because people are not always able to check their E-

mail.On the other hand, mobile technology is one of the most effective ways insending and receiving

messages as fast as possible. Because almost all peoplein the world has their own cellular phone and

they usually have them always. Thedelivery of the messages using this medium is more ideal and

efficient in sendingmessages in large. Amount of people. Universal SMS Broadcast System is asystem

that can send mobile messages in large quantity of people using a GSM modem or using an SMPP

Protocol

Information technology has played a vital role throughout the world and so in our country. Short

Message Service (SMS) is the text communication service component of phone, web or mobile

communication systems, using standardized communications protocols that allow the exchange of

short text messages between fixed line or mobile phone devices. The use of SMS as data application

in the world is enormous, with 2.4 billion active users, or 74% of all mobile phone subscribers. Therefore,

there is the need of a significant alternative to this conventional system in the delivery of trusted elections.

This paper develops an SMS Based Voting System that can be used in conducting at rust worthy,

secure and robust election. This will allow a fully automated SMS Based Voting System where electoral

vote counts are done instantly by the end of Election Day. The design requires the use of a national SIM

card module during the electoral process. Using the design for a typical election scenario, thee valuation

results show a Voting System that can be used for efficient processing and fast delivery of result within

less than 24 hours,

The Evolution of Voting Systems Over the years there have been major changes in

the way Americans cast their votes. In the precolonial period, voting was often viva voce

publicly and out loud. This began to change quickly after independence. Population

growth, increased suffrage, and public pressure made voting by voice unwieldy and

unpopular. As a result, various states and localities adopted printed ballots, though

unorthodox methods also were used, such as using beans or corn to stand for different

candidates. Even with printed ballots, voting often remained public, as ballots of different

sizes or colors3 were printed by the political parties and included only the names of that

partys candidates.26 Toward the end of the nineteenth century the secret, or Australian,

ballot (named after the country of its origin) became common. This government-printed

ballot, containing the names of all of the candidates, was filled out in private and dropped

into a designated box. Accompanying the introduction of paper ballots, including secret

ones, was an onslaught of problems, including bribery, fraud, stolen ballot boxes, and all

forms of counting irregularities. In some elections the vote totals bore little relation to the

number of votes cast.27 Changes in Voting Equipment over Time Just as systemic

changes in society and reformist impulses created pressure for changing the way citizens

vote, technological innovations have made the

Electronic card tabulator. These systems were the first to incorporate

computer-ized vote counting into the election process. They quickly gained popularity with
election officials and voters and by 1986 they overtook lever machines as the most

frequently used system. Although Punch card system reintroduced the practice of voting

on a tangible medium, and thus made

It once again possible to physically recount ballots, they were not without their short

comings. As voters learned in the 2000 election, chads did not always fall cleanly from

the punch card, and the character of the holes made in the ballots could change when

they were run through a computerized card reader a second or third time. Thus recount

could to discrepancies. In vote tallies when chads fell out of the ballots or when ballots

were examined closely by hand.

If the ballots used in the United State were simple and short and include only a few

candidates or parties and were free of complexities, such as election that allow selection

of more than One candidate for given office or opportunities for write-in votes, there would

be little need to conduct research on voting system. If voting systems and ballots were

better publicized so citizens would know the exact appearance of the paper ballot or

electronic screen they would be voting on head of time, there also would be less need for

research on voting. The same would be true if citizen were given more opportunities to

practice voting before entering the voting booth or if voting technology and ballot formats

had remained unchanged the generation.

The administration of election also could benefits from additional research the

hardware and Software and soft incorporated into contemporary voting devices whether

electronic, optical scan or other are not simple to set up the morning of an election,
 Operate over the course of a typical sixteen-hour election day, or dissemble at the

end of these device are complex and no intuitive, and because no system is perfectly

reliable, problems inevitably arise. Computerized election rolls, containing the names and

identifying information of eligible voters, also require poll workers to have a minimum

knowledge of computerized technologies and some specific training on the technology in

use. Research could identify ways to simplify the tasks poll workers are expected to

perform, to ascertain the minimum skill levels needed to perform them, and to develop

strategies for recruiting individuals with the requisite skills to work as poll workers. More

research also would probably benefit a variety of election related processes, including

those used to create and maintain the accuracy of voter registration rolls.