G.R. No.

111127 July 26, 1996 because it was raining, causing the bus, which was running at the speed of 50 kilometers per
hour, to skid to the left road shoulder. The bus hit the left traffic steel brace and sign along the
MR. & MRS. ENGRACIO FABRE, JR. and PORFIRIO CABIL, petitioners, road and rammed the fence of one Jesus Escano, then turned over and landed on its left side,
vs. coming to a full stop only after a series of impacts. The bus came to rest off the road. A
COURT OF APPEALS, THE WORD FOR THE WORLD CHRISTIAN FELLOWSHIP, INC., coconut tree which it had hit fell on it and smashed its front portion.
AMYLINE ANTONIO, JOHN RICHARDS, GONZALO GONZALES, VICENTE V. QUE, JR.,
ICLI CORDOVA, ARLENE GOJOCCO, ALBERTO ROXAS CORDERO, RICHARD Several passengers were injured. Private respondent Amyline Antonio was thrown on the floor
BAUTISTA, JOCELYN GARCIA, YOLANDA CORDOVA, NOEL ROQUE, EDWARD TAN, of the bus and pinned down by a wooden seat which came down by a wooden seat which
ERNESTO NARCISO, ENRIQUETA LOCSIN, FRANCIS NORMAN O. LOPES, JULIUS came off after being unscrewed. It took three persons to safely remove her from this portion.
CAESAR, GARCIA, ROSARIO MA. V. ORTIZ, MARIETTA C. CLAVO, ELVIE SENIEL, She was in great pain and could not move.
ROSARIO MARA-MARA, TERESITA REGALA, MELINDA TORRES, MARELLA MIJARES,
JOSEFA CABATINGAN, MARA NADOC, DIANE MAYO, TESS PLATA, MAYETTE JOCSON, The driver, petitioner Cabil, claimed he did not see the curve until it was too late. He said he
ARLENE Y. MORTIZ, LIZA MAYO, CARLOS RANARIO, ROSAMARIA T. RADOC and was not familiar with the area and he could not have seen the curve despite the care he took
BERNADETTE FERRER, respondents. in driving the bus, because it was dark and there was no sign on the road. He said that he saw
the curve when he was already within 15 to 30 meters of it. He allegedly slowed down to 30
kilometers per hour, but it was too late.
MENDOZA, J.:p The Lingayen police investigated the incident the next day, November 3, 1984. On the basis of
their finding they filed a criminal complaint against the driver, Porfirio Cabil. The case was later
This is a petition for review on certiorari of the decision of the Court of Appeals 1 in CA-GR No. filed with the Lingayen Regional Trial Court. Petitioners Fabre paid Jesus Escano P1,500.00
28245, dated September 30, 1992, which affirmed with modification the decision of the for the damage to the latter's fence. On the basis of Escano's affidavit of desistance the case
Regional Trial Court of Makati, Branch 58, ordering petitioners jointly and severally to pay against petitioners Fabre was dismissed.
damages to private respondent Amyline Antonio, and its resolution which denied petitioners'
motion for reconsideration for lack of merit. Amyline Antonio, who was seriously injured, brought this case in the RTC of Makati, Metro
Manila. As a result of the accident, she is now suffering from paraplegia and is permanently
Petitioners Engracio Fabre, Jr. and his wife were owners of a 1982 model Mazda minibus. paralyzed from the waist down. During the trial she described the operations she underwent
They used the bus principally in connection with a bus service for school children which they and adduced evidence regarding the cost of her treatment and therapy. Immediately after the
operated in Manila. The couple had a driver, Porfirio J. Cabil, whom they hired in 1981, after accident, she was taken to the Nazareth Hospital in Baay, Lingayen. As this hospital was not
trying him out for two weeks, His job was to take school children to and from the St. adequately equipped, she was transferred to the Sto. Nio Hospital, also in the town of Ba-ay,
Scholastica's College in Malate, Manila. where she was given sedatives. An x-ray was taken and the damage to her spine was
On November 2, 1984 private respondent Word for the World Christian Fellowship Inc. determined to be too severe to be treated there. She was therefore brought to Manila, first to
(WWCF) arranged with petitioners for the transportation of 33 members of its Young Adults the Philippine General Hospital and later to the Makati Medical Center where she underwent
Ministry from Manila to La Union and back in consideration of which private respondent paid an operation to correct the dislocation of her spine.
petitioners the amount of P3,000.00. In its decision dated April 17, 1989, the trial court found that:
The group was scheduled to leave on November 2, 1984, at 5:00 o'clock in the afternoon. No convincing evidence was shown that the minibus was properly checked for travel to a long
However, as several members of the party were late, the bus did not leave the Tropical Hut at distance trip and that the driver was properly screened and tested before being admitted for
the corner of Ortigas Avenue and EDSA until 8:00 o'clock in the evening. Petitioner Porfirio employment. Indeed, all the evidence presented have shown the negligent act of the
Cabil drove the minibus. defendants which ultimately resulted to the accident subject of this case.
The usual route to Caba, La Union was through Carmen, Pangasinan. However, the bridge at Accordingly, it gave judgment for private respondents holding:
Carmen was under repair, sot hat petitioner Cabil, who was unfamiliar with the area (it being
his first trip to La Union), was forced to take a detour through the town of Baay in Lingayen, Considering that plaintiffs Word for the World Christian Fellowship, Inc. and Ms. Amyline
Pangasinan. At 11:30 that night, petitioner Cabil came upon a sharp curve on the highway, Antonio were the only ones who adduced evidence in support of their claim for damages, the
running on a south to east direction, which he described as "siete." The road was slippery Court is therefore not in a position to award damages to the other plaintiffs.
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the Court hereby renders judgment against defendants III WHETHER OR NOT DAMAGES CAN BE AWARDED
Mr. & Mrs. Engracio Fabre, Jr. and Porfirio Cabil y Jamil pursuant to articles 2176 and 2180 of AND IN THE POSITIVE, UP TO WHAT EXTENT.
the Civil Code of the Philippines and said defendants are ordered to pay jointly and severally to
the plaintiffs the following amount: Petitioners challenge the propriety of the award of compensatory damages in the amount of
P600,000.00. It is insisted that, on the assumption that petitioners are liable an award of
1) P93,657.11 as compensatory and actual damages; P600,000.00 is unconscionable and highly speculative. Amyline Antonio testified that she was
a casual employee of a company called "Suaco," earning P1,650.00 a month, and a dealer of
2) P500,000.00 as the reasonable amount of loss of earning capacity of Avon products, earning an average of P1,000.00 monthly. Petitioners contend that as casual
plaintiff Amyline Antonio; employees do not have security of tenure, the award of P600,000.00, considering Amyline
3) P20,000.00 as moral damages; Antonio's earnings, is without factual basis as there is no assurance that she would be
regularly earning these amounts.
4) P20,000.00 as exemplary damages; and
With the exception of the award of damages, the petition is devoid of merit.
5) 25% of the recoverable amount as attorney's fees;
First, it is unnecessary for our purpose to determine whether to decide this case on the theory
6) Costs of suit. that petitioners are liable for breach of contract of carriage or culpa contractual or on the
theory of quasi delict or culpa aquiliana as both the Regional Trial Court and the Court of
SO ORDERED. Appeals held, for although the relation of passenger and carrier is "contractual both in origin
The Court of Appeals affirmed the decision of the trial court with respect to Amyline Antonio but and nature," nevertheless "the act that breaks the contract may be also a tort." 2 In either
dismissed it with respect to the other plaintiffs on the ground that they failed to prove their case, the question is whether the bus driver, petitioner Porfirio Cabil, was negligent.
respective claims. The Court of Appeals modified the award of damages as follows: The finding that Cabil drove his bus negligently, while his employer, the Fabres, who owned
1) P93,657.11 as actual damages; the bus, failed to exercise the diligence of a good father of the family in the selection and
supervision of their employee is fully supported by the evidence on record. These factual
2) P600,000.00 as compensatory damages; findings of the two courts we regard as final and conclusive, supported as they are by the
evidence. Indeed, it was admitted by Cabil that on the night in question, it was raining, and as
3) P50,000.00 as moral damages; a consequence, the road was slippery, and it was dark. He averred these facts to justify his
4) P20,000.00 as exemplary damages; failure to see that there lay a sharp curve ahead. However, it is undisputed that Cabil drove his
bus at the speed of 50 kilometers per hour and only slowed down when he noticed the curve
5) P10,000.00 as attorney's fees; and some 15 to 30 meters ahead. 3 By then it was too late for him to avoid falling off the road.
Given the conditions of the road and considering that the trip was Cabil's first one outside of
6) Costs of suit. Manila, Cabil should have driven his vehicle at a moderate speed. There is testimony 4 that
the vehicles passing on that portion of the road should only be running 20 kilometers per hour,
The Court of Appeals sustained the trial court's finding that petitioner Cabil failed to exercise
so that at 50 kilometers per hour, Cabil was running at a very high speed.
due care and precaution in the operation of his vehicle considering the time and the place of
the accident. The Court of Appeals held that the Fabres were themselves presumptively Considering the foregoing the fact that it was raining and the road was slippery, that it was
negligent. Hence, this petition. Petitioners raise the following issues: dark, that he drove his bus at 50 kilometers an hour when even on a good day the normal
speed was only 20 kilometers an hour, and that he was unfamiliar with the terrain, Cabil was
I. WHETHER OR NOT PETITIONERS WERE
grossly negligent and should be held liable for the injuries suffered by private respondent
NEGLIGENT.
Amyline Antonio.
II. WHETHER OF NOT PETITIONERS WERE LIABLE
Pursuant to Arts. 2176 and 2180 of the Civil Code his negligence gave rise to the presumption
FOR THE INJURIES SUFFERED BY PRIVATE
that his employers, the Fabres, were themselves negligent in the selection and supervisions of
RESPONDENTS.
their employee.
Due diligence in selection of employees is not satisfied by finding that the applicant possessed unscheduled basis. Neither does Article 1732 distinguish between a carrier
a professional driver's license. The employer should also examine the applicant for his offering its services to the "general public," i.e., the general community or
qualifications, experience and record of service. 5 Due diligence in supervision, on the other population, and one who offers services or solicits business only from a
hand, requires the formulation of rules and regulations for the guidance of employees and narrow segment of the general population. We think that Article 1732
issuance of proper instructions as well as actual implementation and monitoring of consistent deliberately refrained from making such distinctions.
compliance with the rules. 6
As common carriers, the Fabres were found to exercise "extraordinary
In the case at bar, the Fabres, in allowing Cabil to drive the bus to La Union, apparently did not diligence" for the safe transportation of the passengers to their destination.
consider the fact that Cabil had been driving for school children only, from their homes to the This duty of care is not excused by proof that they exercise the diligence of a
St. Scholastica's College in Metro Manila. 7 They had hired him only after a two-week good father of the family in the selection and supervision of their employee.
apprenticeship. They had hired him only after a two-week apprenticeship. They had tested him As Art. 1759 of the Code provides:
for certain matters, such as whether he could remember the names of the children he would be
taking to school, which were irrelevant to his qualification to drive on a long distance travel, Common carriers are liable for the death of or injuries to passengers through
especially considering that the trip to La Union was his first. The existence of hiring procedures the negligence or willful acts of the former's employees although such
and supervisory policies cannot be casually invoked to overturn the presumption of negligence employees may have acted beyond the scope of their authority or in
on the part of an employer. 8 violation of the orders of the common carriers.

Petitioners argue that they are not liable because (1) an earlier departure (made impossible by This liability of the common carriers does not cease upon proof that they
the congregation's delayed meeting) could have a averted the mishap and (2) under the exercised all the diligence of a good father of a family in the selection and
contract, the WWCF was directly responsible for the conduct of the trip. Neither of these supervision of their employees.
contentions hold water. The hour of departure had not been fixed. Even if it had been, the delay The same circumstances detailed above, supporting the finding of the trial court and of the
did not bear directly on the cause of the accident. With respect to the second contention, it was appellate court that petitioners are liable under Arts. 2176 and 2180 for quasi delict, fully justify
held in an early case that: findings them guilty of breach of contract of carriage under Arts. 1733, 1755 and 1759 of the
[A] person who hires a public automobile and gives the driver directions as to the place to Civil Code.
which he wishes to be conveyed, but exercises no other control over the conduct of the driver, Secondly, we sustain the award of damages in favor of Amyline Antonio. However, we think
is not responsible for acts of negligence of the latter or prevented from recovering for injuries the Court of Appeals erred in increasing the amount of compensatory damages because
suffered from a collision between the automobile and a train, caused by the negligence or the private respondents did not question this award as inadequate. 11 To the contrary, the award
automobile driver. 9 of P500,000.00 for compensatory damages which the Regional Trial Court made is
As already stated, this case actually involves a contract of carriage. Petitioners, the Fabres, did reasonable considering the contingent nature of her income as a casual employee of a
not have to be engaged in the business of public transportation for the provisions of the Civil company and as distributor of beauty products and the fact that the possibility that she might
Code on common carriers to apply to them. As this Court has held: 10 be able to work again has not been foreclosed. In fact she testified that one of her previous
employers had expressed willingness to employ her again.
Art. 1732. Common carriers are persons, corporations, firms or associations
engaged in the business of carrying or transporting passengers or goods or With respect to the other awards, while the decisions of the trial court and the Court of
both, by land, water, or air for compensation, offering their services to the Appeals do not sufficiently indicate the factual and legal basis for them, we find that they are
public. nevertheless supported by evidence in the records of this case. Viewed as an action for quasi
delict, this case falls squarely within the purview of Art. 2219(2) providing for the payment of
The above article makes no distinction between one whose principal moral damages in cases of quasi delict. On the theory that petitioners are liable for breach of
business activity is the carrying of persons or goods or both, and one who contract of carriage, the award of moral damages is authorized by Art. 1764, in relation to Art.
does such carrying only as an ancillary activity (in local idiom, as "a 2220, since Cabil's gross negligence amounted to bad faith. 12 Amyline Antonio's testimony,
sideline"). Article 1732 also carefully avoids making any distinction between a as well as the testimonies of her father and copassengers, fully establish the physical suffering
person or enterprise offering transportation service on a regular or scheduled and mental anguish she endured as a result of the injuries caused by petitioners' negligence.
basis and one offering such service on an occasional, episodic or
The award of exemplary damages and attorney's fees was also properly made. However, for rationale behind this is readily discernible. Firstly, the contract of carriage is between the
the same reason that it was error for the appellate court to increase the award of compensatory carrier is exclusively responsible therefore to the passenger, even if such breach be due to the
damages, we hold that it was also error for it to increase the award of moral damages and negligence of his driver (see Viluan v. The Court of Appeals, et al., G.R. Nos. L-21477-81, April
reduce the award of attorney's fees, inasmuch as private respondents, in whose favor the 29, 1966, 16 SCRA 742). 22
awards were made, have not appealed. 13
As in the case of BLTB, private respondents in this case and her coplaintiffs did not stake out
As above stated, the decision of the Court of Appeals can be sustained either on the theory their claim against the carrier and the driver exclusively on one theory, much less on that of
of quasi delict or on that of breach of contract. The question is whether, as the two courts below breach of contract alone. After all, it was permitted for them to allege alternative causes of
held, petitioners, who are the owners and driver of the bus, may be made to respond jointly and action and join as many parties as may be liable on such causes of action 23 so long as
severally to private respondent. We hold that they may be. In Dangwa Trans. Co. Inc. v. Court private respondent and her coplaintiffs do not recover twice for the same injury. What is clear
of Appeals, 14 on facts similar to those in this case, this Court held the bus company and the from the cases is the intent of the plaintiff there to recover from both the carrier and the driver,
driver jointly and severally liable for damages for injuries suffered by a passenger. Again, thus, justifying the holding that the carrier and the driver were jointly and severally liable
in Bachelor Express, Inc. v. Court of because their separate and distinct acts concurred to produce the same injury.
Appeals 15 a driver found negligent in failing to stop the bus in order to let off passengers when
a fellow passenger ran amuck, as a result of which the passengers jumped out of the speeding WHEREFORE, the decision of the Court of Appeals is AFFIRMED with MODIFICATION as to
bus and suffered injuries, was held also jointly and severally liable with the bus company to the award of damages. Petitioners are ORDERED to PAY jointly and severally the private
injured passengers. respondent Amyline Antonio

The same rule of liability was applied in situations where the negligence of the driver of the bus
on which plaintiff was riding concurred with the negligence of a third party who was the driver of
another vehicle, thus causing an accident. In Anuran v. Buo, 16 Batangas Laguna Tayabas
Bus Co. v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 17 and Metro Manila Transit Corporation v. Court of
Appeals, 18 the bus company, its driver, the operator of the other vehicle and the driver of the
vehicle were jointly and severally held liable to the injured passenger or the latters' heirs. The
basis of this allocation of liability was explained in Viluan v. Court of Appeals, 19 thus:
Nor should it make any difference that the liability of petitioner [bus owner]
springs from contract while that of respondents [owner and driver of other
vehicle] arises from quasi-delict. As early as 1913, we already ruled
in Gutierrez vs. Gutierrez, 56 Phil. 177, that in case of injury to a passenger
due to the negligence of the driver of the bus on which he was riding and of
the driver of another vehicle, the drivers as well as the owners of the two
vehicles are jointly and severally liable for damages. Some members of the
Court, though, are of the view that under the circumstances they are liable
on quasi-delict. 20
It is true that in Philippine Rabbit Bus Lines, Inc. v. Court of Appeals 21 this Court exonerated
the jeepney driver from liability to the injured passengers and their families while holding the
owners of the jeepney jointly and severally liable, but that is because that case was expressly
tried and decided exclusively on the theory of culpa contractual. As this Court there explained:
The trial court was therefore right in finding that Manalo (the driver) and spouses Mangune and
Carreon (the jeepney owners) were negligent. However, its ruling that spouses Mangune and
Carreon are jointly and severally liable with Manalo is erroneous. The driver cannot be held
jointly and severally liable with carrier in case of breach of the contract of carriage. The