Reinforced

CONCRETE ROOF
SYSTEM
GROUP 2:
 Reinforced
Concrete
Is concrete in which reinforcing bars or other
types of reinforcement have been integrated to
improve one or more properties of the concrete.

Can be molded essentially into any shape or

form, is inherently rigid, and is inherently re-
resistant.

Reinforced concrete can provide viable and

cost-effective solutions in a variety of
applications.
 Mechanics of
Reinforced
Concrete
Concrete is a brittle, composite material that is strong in
compression and weak in tension.

Cracking occurs when the concrete tensile stress in a

member reaches the tensile strength due to externally
applied loads, temperature changes, or shrinkage.
 Concrete members that do not have any type of
reinforcement in them will typically fail very suddenly
once the rst tension cracks form because there is nothing
to prevent the cracks from propagating completely
through the member.
 Reinforced
Concrete in Roofs
The most common types are classified as:

- One-way systems

- Two-way systems
A) ONE-WAY SYSTEM
- It is primarily subjected to the effects from
bending (and the accompanying shear),
members in which commonly referred to
as Flexural members.

- Members in a one-way system are usually

horizontal but can be provided at a slope if
needed. Sloped members are commonly used at
the roof level to accommodate drainage
requirements.
- The one-way slab transfers the load to the joists, which
transfer the loads to the column-line beams (or,
girders). This system utilizes standard forms where the
clear spacing between the ribs is 30 in. or less.
B) TWO-WAY SYSTEM
- Two-way roof systems transfer the supported
loads in two directions. Flexural
reinforcement must be provided in both
directions.

- This popular system, which is frequently used

in residential buildings, consists of a slab
supported by columns.

- The simplest of all oor and roof systems

because the underside of the slab is at, it is
commonly used as the ceiling of the space below;
this results in signicant cost savings.
Reinforced
Concrete Roof
Because of their weight, concrete roofs typically must be
Decks
supported by concrete walls.

In order to assure that the concrete shell structure will

resist the imposed destructive forces, it is essential that
the roof structure provides:
- a competent structural diaphragm incorporating a
cast-in-place reinforced concrete slab.
 - or well-connected precast concrete planks in order
to develop the full potential of a concrete shell.
 Reinforced Concrete Roof
Slabs
Cast-In-Place Construction
Pan joist construction
o refers to a one-way structural system using a ribbed slab
formed with pans. The system achieves economy
through the re-use of standard forming pans.
o Standard pan forms produce dimensions of 20 or 30
inches and depths range from 6 to 20 inches, although
other sizes are available. Spans normally range from 15
to 50 feet, but may be extended by posttensioning.
o Joists may have openings in the ribs to accommodate
mechanical systems. Slabs between the joists can readily
accommodate duct openings or sleeves.
 Waffles
Waffle plates are coffered flat plates that result in a two-way
structural system. Forming domes are available in standard sizes or
may be custom-made to suit specific job requirement s. Repetition of
form use permits overall economy.
Standard 30-by- 30- inch- square domes have depths of 8, 10, 12, 14,
16 or 20 inches. They have 3-inch flanges from which 6-inch-wide
joist ribs at 36-inch centers are formed. Standard domes 19 by 19
inch square have a depth of 6, 8, 10, 12, or 14 inches, and 5-inch-
wide joist ribs at 24-inch centers are formed from 212-inch flanges.
Waffle plates provide convenient two-way cantilevering. Recesses
formed by the domes provide convenient space for lighting fixtures
and other mechanical services. Holes may be provided to
accommodate mechanical functions within the depth of the slab.
 Flat Plates
A flat plate is a two-way reinforced concrete framing system utilizing
the simplest of structural shapesa slab of uniform thickness. The
flat ceiling is economical to form and may be used for the finished
surface without additional treatment. The simple forming and two-
way structural action permit economical cantilevers and other
architectural projections.
Slabs generally range from 5 to 14 inches in thickness. Spans are up
to 35 feet, but may be extended by post- tensioning. Flat plates
provide a continuous solid ceiling with complete flexibility for
locating partitions and mechanical equipment. Columns need not be
in straight lines to accommodate the building arrangement. Only a
minimum structural depth is required, thus providing savings in wall
height and total enclosed volume. Electrical conduits and ducts may
readily be embedded in the flat slab. A flat-plate system is well suited
for roof parking or where other heavy loads are anticipated.
Flat Slabs
A flat slab is a two-way reinforced structural system that includes
either drop panels or column capitals at columns. It is essentially a
flat plate roof with additional depth near the columns to resist heavier
loads, thus permitting longer spans.
Flat-plate thicknesses, usually 2.5 or 3 percent of the span, are a
minimum of 4 inches with drop panels and 5 inches without drop
panels. The size of the drop panel is about 33 percent of the span and
25 to 50 percent of the slab thickness. The diameter of the column
cap, if required, can be 8 to 10 times the slab thickness. Spans up to
40 feet are normal. Columns should be about equal distance apart.
Flat slabs are well suited for heavy roof loads and may be especially
useful for roof-top parking. Electrical raceways and conduits may be
embedded in the slab and lighting fixtures may be placed within the
depth of the drop panel.
For a strong, ductile and durable
construction the reinforcement needs to
have the following properties:
High relative strength
High toleration of tensile strain
Good bond to the concrete, irrespective of pH,
moisture, and similar factors
Thermal compatibility, not causing unacceptable
stresses in response to changing temperatures.
Durability in the concrete environment,
irrespective of corrosion or sustained stress
 WATERPROOFING OF REINFORCED
CONCRETE FLAT ROOF
ROOF MEMBRANE SYSTEMS
The waterproofing membrane is considered to be most
important component of the roofing system as it serves the
main function of keeping water out of the building.
Below are some common roof waterproofing membranes:
o a. Liquid-applied membranes
Liquid-applied membranes are applied on site in a liquid form
which is allowed to set and form into a water impermeable
membrane. Bituminous-based (except those containing coal tar)
and polymeric-based membranes can be applied when they are
cold while those containing coal tar are usually applied when
heated. Liquid-applied membranes are seamless, semi-flexible,
easy to apply, detail, maintain and repair. However careful
supervision and control during application is needed,
particularly in ensuring proper curing of concrete, consistent
thickness and uniform application.
 b. Pre-formed sheet membranes
o One type of pre-formed membranes is the polymer-modified bitumen membranes
and they are applied by heat or attached with an adhesive. These blended or
modified asphaltic product are bonded to a high strength fabric of polyester or
fiberglass and produced into rolls. They have elongation and recovery properties
which make them suitable to protect against stresses created by wind, temperature
fluctuation and normal structural expansion and contraction of the building. Some
of these products are also modified to increase their resistance to fire, thus
increasing their fire-rating. Styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) rolls are modified
with 'rubbers' and compatible with petroleum products. Atactic Polypropylene
Polymer (APP) rolls are modified with 'plasticizers' and not compatible with all
petroleum-based products, grease and oils.
o Another type of pre-formed membrane is made of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC).
Although PVC is a hard resin, it is modified with the addition of plasticisers to
make it more supple and pliable for use as roofing membranes. PVC membranes
are mainly produced by either the calendering or extrusion process. In the
calendering process, a reinforcement layer of glass fibre or polyester scrim is
normally incorporated into the membrane to provide greater strength and
dimensional stability. Like all thermoplastic membranes, they turn soft when
subjected to heat. Some proprietary membranes are formulated with heat
reflective compounds capable of lowering the surface temperature of the roof
membrane by as much as 15%.
 Failure of steel reinforced
concrete
Reinforced concrete can fail due to inadequate strength,
leading to mechanical failure, or due to a reduction in its
durability. Corrosion and freeze/thaw cycles may damage
poorly designed or constructed reinforced concrete. When
rebar corrodes, the oxidation products (rust) expand and tends
to flake, cracking the concrete and unbinding the rebar from
the concrete
o Mechanical failure
o Carbonation (or neutralisation)
o Chlorides
o Alkali silica reaction
o Conversion of high alumina cement
o Sulphates
M A T E R I A L S:
Depends on what type of reinforced concrete roof system

Important Materials:
a) Reinforced Concrete
b) Waterproofing material
c) Insulation
 Green Roofing
ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
Advantages Disadvantages
- Capable of supporting - Construction process is
high dead loads slow, requiring specialist
contractors.
- Classified as a 'stable
deck' simplifying - Long 'drying out'
waterproofing detailing. period, before

- Long 'design life'.

 Advantages
and renovations in the
- Cost efficiency: The
event of a leak caused by
high durability preserves
a puncture of the roofing
maximum value and
membrane
guarantees minimal
maintenance costs.
- Functionality: Flexible
- Safety: Compact, fully and easy installation of a
bonded insulation system gradient through
preventing large-scale prefabricated tapered
slabs.
E X A M P L E S:
NOTRE-DAME DU HAUT Le Corbusier 1954
Chapel, International Style brought the organic trends of the
19th century back to geometric structure, the shapes are
created with reinforced concrete
Villa Savoie
By: Le Corbusier, in France
Habitat 67
Montreal, Canada, By : Architect Moshe Safdie

Habitat 67 comprises 354 identical, prefabricated

concrete forms arranged in various combinations,
reaching up to 12 storeys in height. These units create 146
residences of varying sizes and configurations, each
formed from one to eight linked concrete units

Each unit is connected to at least one private terrace,

which can range from approximately 225 to 1,000 square
feet (20 to 90 m2) in size.
The J. Edgar Hoover Building office building
Located at 935 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington D.C. in
the United States

Headquarters of the Federal Bureau of Investigation

(FBI)

The exterior is buff - colored precast and cast-in-place

concrete with repetitive, square, bronze-tinted windows
set deep in concrete frames. A massive, three-story roof
deck overhanging the main building on E Street, with
glass curtain wall-enclosed walkways
Saarinen TWA Building 1962
This is an airline terminal, first made for TWA, recently
remodelled by the new owners Jet Blue. The building is
soaring and birdlike, at once dynamic and symbolic .

The building is made from reinforced concrete

RIZAL THEATRE,
Ayala Avenue, Makati City

Built in 1960, its 40 meter span reinforced concrete

folded plate roof was the first and one of the longest
spanned structures of this type ever constructed in the
Philippines at that time.