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    CT and PT

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    Instrument transformers like voltage and current transformers are used to step down voltages and currents to measurable levels for meters and relays. Kappa has published a reference manual covering voltage and current transformers that describes their principle of operation, standards, tests, and specifications. The document focuses on voltage transformers, explaining that they aim to make the secondary voltage proportional to and in phase with the primary voltage, within acceptable error limits, to serve as an "ideal" transformer.

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    CT and PT

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    rk_mbd
    171 views3 pages
    Instrument transformers like voltage and current transformers are used to step down voltages and currents to measurable levels for meters and relays. Kappa has published a reference manual covering voltage and current transformers that describes their principle of operation, standards, tests, and specifications. The document focuses on voltage transformers, explaining that they aim to make the secondary voltage proportional to and in phase with the primary voltage, within acceptable error limits, to serve as an "ideal" transformer.

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    Instrument transformers like voltage and current transformers are used to step down voltages and currents to measurable levels for meters and relays. Kappa has published a reference manual covering voltage and current transformers that describes their principle of operation, standards, tests, and specifications. The document focuses on voltage transformers, explaining that they aim to make the secondary voltage proportional to and in phase with the primary voltage, within acceptable error limits, to serve as an "ideal" transformer.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    171 views3 pages

    CT and PT

    Uploaded by

    rk_mbd
    Instrument transformers like voltage and current transformers are used to step down voltages and currents to measurable levels for meters and relays. Kappa has published a reference manual covering voltage and current transformers that describes their principle of operation, standards, tests, and specifications. The document focuses on voltage transformers, explaining that they aim to make the secondary voltage proportional to and in phase with the primary voltage, within acceptable error limits, to serve as an "ideal" transformer.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    Instrument transformers are used to step down current and voltage values for measurement and protection purposes. They allow equipment to operate on standardized values.

    Instrument transformers are used for measurement and protective applications in electrical systems. They 'step down' the current or voltage to measurable values like 5A or 1A for current transformers and 110V or 100V for voltage transformers.

    Typical terms used to specify a voltage transformer include rated primary voltage, rated secondary voltage, rated burden, and accuracy class required.

    Technical information on Kappa products

    Instrument transformers are used for measurement and


    protective application, together with equipment such as
    meters and relays. Their role in electrical systems is of
    primary importance as they are a means of "stepping down"
    the current or voltage of a system to measurable values,
    such as 5A or 1A in the case of a current transformers or
    110V or 100V in the case of a voltage transformer. This
    offers the advantage that measurement and protective
    equipment can be standardized on a few values of current
    and voltage.

    Voltage transformers

    Current transformers

    Kappa has published a reference manual on


    instrument transformers

    Voltage transformers

    Principle of operation
    Definitions
    Standards
    Tests
    Typical Specifications

    Principle of operation

    The standards define a voltage transformer as one in which


    "the secondary voltage is substantially proportional to the
    primary voltage and differs in phase from it by an angle
    which is approximately zero for an appropriate direction of
    the connections."

    This, in essence, means that the voltage transformer has to


    be as close as possible to the "ideal" transformer. In an
    "ideal" transformer, the secondary voltage vector is exactly
    opposite and equal to the primary voltage vector, when
    multiplied by the turns ratio.

    In a "practical" transformer, errors are introduced because


    some current is drawn for the magnetization of the core and
    because of drops in the primary and secondary windings
    due to leakage reactance and winding resistance. One can
    thus talk of a voltage error,which is the amount by which
    the voltage is less than the applied primary voltage ,and the
    phase error, which is the phase angle by which the reversed
    secondary voltage vector is displaced from the primary
    voltage vector.

    Kappa designs its VT's so that the resistance and reactance


    drops are minimized. It also uses the best grades of cold
    rolled grain oriented electrical steels which enables
    operation at optimum levels of magnetic induction, thus
    reducing both the size and the cost of the VT.

    Definitions

    Typical terms used for specifying a voltage transformer


    (VT)

    a. Rated primary voltage: This is the rated voltage of


    the system whose voltage is required to be stepped
    down for measurement and protective purposes.

    b. Rated secondary voltage: This is the voltage at


    which the meters and protective devices connected
    to the secondary circuit of the voltage transformer
    operate.

    c. Rated burden: This is the load in terms of volt-


    amperes (VA) posed by the devices in the secondary
    circuit on the VT. This includes the burden imposed
    by the connecting leads. The VT is required to be
    accurate at both the rated burden and 25% of the
    rated burden.

    d. Accuracy class required: The transformation errors


    that are permissible, including voltage (ratio) error
    and phase angle error. Phase error is specified in
    minutes. Typical accuracy classes are Class 0.5,
    Class 1 and Class 3. Both metering and protection
    classes of accuracy are specified. In a metering VT,
    the VT is required to be within the specified errors
    from 80% to 120% of the rated voltage. In a
    protection VT, the VT is required to be accurate
    from 5% upto the rated voltage factor times the
    rated voltage.

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