The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam

Fredericia, Denmark
September 1996
Release on the IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of
Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use

©1996 International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam

Publication in whole or in part is allowed in all countries provided that attribution is given to the
International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam

President:
Professor K. Watanabe
Keio University
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Faculty of Science & Technology
3-14-1, Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku
Yokohama 223, Japan

Executive Secretary:
Dr. R. B. Dooley
Electric Power Research Institute
3412 Hillview Avenue
Palo Alto, California 94303, USA

This release replaces the corresponding release of 1984 and contains 18 numbered pages.

This release has been authorized by the International Association for the Properties of
Water and Steam (IAPWS) at its Meeting in Fredericia, Denmark, 8-14 September 1996, for
issue by its Secretariat. The members of IAPWS are Argentina, Canada, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States
of America.
The formulation provided in this release is recommended for general and scientific
use; further details about the formulation can be found in an article “New International
Formulation for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and
Scientific Use” by W. Wagner and A. Pruß [1]. This formulation provides the most accurate
representation of the thermodynamic properties of the fluid phases of water substance over a
wide range of conditions available at the time this release was prepared.
IAPWS also has a formulation intended for industrial use.
A minor editorial change was made to this release in September 2006. The only edits
were the correction of a printing error in the calculated liquid enthalpy at the triple point given
on page 4, and an update of Reference [1]. The property calculations are unchanged.
Further information about this release and other releases issued by IAPWS can be
obtained from the Executive Secretary of IAPWS.
 2

The IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of

Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use

1 Nomenclature

Thermodynamic quantities: Superscripts

o
B Second virial coefficient Ideal-gas property
r
cp Specific isobaric heat capacity Residual
cv Specific isochoric heat capacity ′ Saturated liquid state
f Specific Helmholtz free energy ″ Saturated vapor state
h Specific enthalpy
M Molar mass
p Pressure Subscripts
R Specific gas constant c critical point
Rm Molar gas constant V saturation
s Specific entropy t triple point
T Absolute temperature
u Specific internal energy
w Speed of sound
Es Isentropic throttling coefficient
G Reduced density, G = U / Uc
GT Isothermal throttling coefficient
I Dimensionless Helmholtz free energy, I = f /( RT )
NT Isothermal compressibility
P Joule-Thomson coefficient
U Mass density
W Inverse reduced temperature, W = Tc /T

Note: T denotes absolute temperature on the International Temperature Scale of 1990.

 3

2 Reference Constants

Tc = 647.096 K (1)
U c = 322 kg m–3 (2)
R = 0.461 518 05 kJ kg–1 K–1 (3)

The numerical values for the critical temperature Tc and critical density Uc are identical
to those given in the IAPWS revised release on the critical parameters of ordinary water
substance [2]. The value of the specific gas constant R is derived from values of the molar gas
constant Rm [3] and the molar mass M [4], which differ slightly from the accepted values of
these quantities at the time this release was prepared. The use of the more recent values would
yield a specific gas constant which is greater than the value given in Eq. (3) by about
1 part in 60 000. Since the value of R in Eq. (3) has been used in obtaining the coefficients in
the residual part I r , Eq. (6), then this value of R must be used in obtaining property values
from the formulation, Eq. (4).

Due to the use of the specific gas constant, Eq. (4) corresponds to a mass-based
formulation. In order to convert values of specific properties to molar properties, a choice of
the suitable value for the molar mass must be made.

3 The Formulation

The formulation is a fundamental equation for the specific Helmholtz free energy f.
This equation is expressed in dimensionless form, I = f /(RT ), and is separated into two parts,
an ideal-gas part I o and a residual part I r , so that :

b g I aG ,W f
f U, T
a f a f
I o G , W  I r G ,W , (4)
RT
where G = U / U c and W = Tc / T with U c , Tc and R given by Eqs. (2), (1) and (3).

The ideal-gas part I o of the dimensionless Helmholtz free energy is obtained from an
equation for the specific isobaric heat capacity in the ideal-gas state developed by J.R. Cooper
[5] and reads:

I o
lnG  n1o  n2oW  n3o lnW
8
LM OP
 º nio ln 1  e J i W ,
o

i 4
N Q (5)

where G = U / U c and W = Tc / T with Uc and Tc according to Eqs. (2) and (1). Table 1 contains
the coefficients and parameters of Eq. (5).
 4

The form of the residual part I r

of the dimensionless Helmholtz free energy is as follows:

Ir
7 51
º niG diW ti  º niG diW ti eG 
ci 54
º niG diW ti e b
D i G H i g  E bW J g
2
i i
2

56
º ni'biG\ (6)
i 1 i 8 i 52 i 55

with a f
' T 2  Bi G  1
2 ai

1
T 1  W   A aG  1f
i
2 2E
i

e Ci aG 1f  Di W 1 2
2
\ ,

where G = U / U c and W = Tc / T with Uc and Tc according to Eqs. (2) and (1). The coefficients
and parameters of Eq. (6) are listed in Table 2.

Since the 5th International Conference on the Properties of Steam in London in 1956
the specific internal energy and the specific entropy of the saturated liquid at the triple point
have been set equal to zero. Thus, at the triple-point temperature Tt = 273.16 K
uwt 0 , swt 0. (7)

In order to meet this condition, the coefficients n1o and n2o in Eq. (5) have been adjusted
accordingly. As a consequence, after calculating for Tt the saturated liquid density U wt via the
phase-equilibrium condition (see Table 3), Eq. (4) yields for the specific enthalpy of the
saturated liquid at the triple point:
hwt = 0.611 782 J kg−1. (8)

In the liquid-water region, small changes in density along an isotherm cause large changes in
pressure. For this reason, due to an accumulation of small errors, a particular computer code
may fail to return the zeros in Eq. (7) for the saturated liquid density at the triple-point
temperature. In order to avoid this blemish, it is advisable to readjust the constants n1o and
n2o in Eq. (5) by imposing the condition uwt 0, swt 0 with the desired accuracy.

4 Relations of Thermodynamic Properties to the

Dimensionless Helmholtz Free Energy

All thermodynamic properties can be derived from Eq.(4) by using the appropriate
combinations of the ideal-gas part I o , Eq. (5), and the residual part I r ,
Eq. (6), of the dimensionless Helmholtz free energy and their derivatives. Relations between
thermodynamic properties and I o and I r and their derivatives are summarized in Table 3. All
required derivatives of the ideal-gas part and of the residual part of the Helmholtz free energy
are explicitly given in Table 4 and Table 5, respectively.
 5

Besides the single-phase region, the formulation also covers the liquid-vapor saturation
curve. For given saturation temperature and solving simultaneously the three equations of the
phase-equilibrium condition (see Table 3) by iteration, Eq. (6) yields the thermal saturation
properties pV , U w and U ww . Then, all the other properties can be derived from Eq. (4). In this
way, the properties calculated on the saturation curve are thermodynamically consistent with
the properties of the single-phase region.

Note: IAPWS has issued the Supplementary Release on Saturation Properties of Ordinary Water Substance [6]
containing a set of simple equations which yield values for the vapor pressure as well as the density, specific
enthalpy and specific entropy of the saturated vapor and liquid. The values calculated from these equations are
not identical with the corresponding values derived from Eq. (4), but agree with them within the uncertainties of
the simple equations for the saturation properties.

5 Range of Validity

IAPWS has tested the formulation and endorses its validity in the following way:

(1) The formulation is valid in the entire stable fluid region of H2O from the melting-pressure
curve [7] to 1273 K at pressures up to 1000 MPa; the lowest temperature on the melting-
pressure curve is 251.165 K ( at 209.9 MPa) [7], see Fig. 1.

In this entire region, Eq. (4) represents the experimental data available at the time the
release was prepared (except for very few data points) to within their uncertainties.

Although Eq. (4) is also in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data in the
critical region, the equation has some unsatisfactory features in the immediate vicinity of
the critical point. These features involve second order and higher derivatives of the
dimensionless Helmholtz free energy and properties obtained from them. Specifically, the
d b gi
isothermal compressibility N T N T U 1 ‹U /‹ p T , and the specific isobaric heat capacity
cp exhibit unphysical behavior which occurs in a region from Tc to 5 K above Tc for
densities † 0.5 % from Uc . In addition, within a temperature range from 20 mK below Tc
up to Tc , the isochoric heat capacity cv exhibits a maximum and the speed of sound w
exhibits a minimum not at the saturation temperature TV of the corresponding isochore
(as it should be) but in the single-phase region up to 2.5 mK above TV .

(2) In the stable fluid region, the formulation can also be extrapolated beyond the limits given
under item (1).

Tests show that Eq. (4) behaves reasonably when extrapolated to pressures up to about
 6

100 GPa and temperatures up to about 5000 K. This holds at least for the density and
enthalpy of undissociated H2O.

In the gas region at pressures below the triple-point pressure, Eq. (4) behaves reasonably
when extrapolated to the sublimation-pressure curve [7] for temperatures down to 200 K.
Due to the extremely low densities in this region which go down to about 10−6 kg m−3,
attention must be paid to numerical problems.

(3) As far as can be tested with experimental data, the formulation behaves reasonably when
extrapolated into the metastable regions. Eq. (4) represents the currently available
experimental data of the subcooled liquid (solid-liquid metastable region) and of the
superheated liquid (liquid-gas metastable region) to within the experimental uncertainty.
In the case of the subcooled gas (gas-liquid metastable region), no experimental data are
available. In this region, for pressures below 10 MPa, Eq. (4) produces reasonable values
close to the saturation line. For calculations further away from the saturation line, an
alternative equation (the so-called gas equation) is given in reference [1].

For further details see reference [1].

6 Estimates of Uncertainty

Estimates have been made of the uncertainty of the density, speed of sound, and
isobaric heat capacity when calculated from the formulation, Eq. (4). These estimates were
derived from comparisons with the various sets of experimental data together with the
judgement of the Working Group on Thermophysical Properties of Water and Steam of
IAPWS.

For the single-phase region, these tolerances are indicated in Figs. 1 to 3, which give
the estimated uncertainties in various areas. As used here “tolerance” means the range of
possible values as judged by IAPWS, and no statistical significance can be attached to it. With
regard to the uncertainty for the speed of sound and the specific isobaric heat capacity, see
Figs. 2 and 3, it should be noted that the uncertainties for these properties increase drastically
when approaching the critical point. The statement “no definitive uncertainty estimates
possible” for the high-pressure region in Figs. 2 and 3 is based on the lack of experimental
data in this region.

For the saturation properties, the estimates of the uncertainties of vapor pressure,
saturated liquid density, and saturated vapor density are shown in Fig. 4.
 7

7 Computer-Program Verification

To assist the user in computer-program verification, three tables with test values are
given. Table 6 contains values of the ideal-gas part I o and the residual part I r of the
dimensionless Helmholtz free energy together with the corresponding derivatives. Table 7
lists values for the pressure p, the specific isochoric heat capacity cv, the speed of sound w,
and the specific entropy s calculated at selected values of temperature T and density U . Table 8
gives values for the vapor pressure pV , values for the density U w , specific enthalpy h′ and
specific entropy s′ for the saturated liquid, and values for the density U ww , specific enthalpy h″
and specific entropy s″ for the saturated vapor. All these saturation values have been
calculated with Eq. (4) by using the phase-equilibrium condition (see the corresponding
comment in Section 4).

8 References

[1] W. Wagner and A. Pruß, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 31, 387 (2002).

[2] IAPWS Release on the Values of Temperature, Pressure, and Density of Ordinary and
Heavy Water Substances at Their Respective Critical Points (September 1992), in
Physical Chemistry of Aqueous Systems: Meeting the Needs of Industry, edited by
H. White, Jr. et al., Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on the Properties of
Water and Steam, pp. A 101 - A 102, Begell House, New York, 1995.

[3] B. N. Taylor, W. H. Parker and D. N. Langenberg, Rev. Mod. Phys. 41, 375 (1969).

[4] G. S. Kell, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 6, 1109 (1977).

[5] J. R. Cooper, Int. J. Thermophys. 3, 35 (1982).

[6] IAPWS Supplementary Release on Saturation Properties of Ordinary Water Substance

(September 1992), in W. Wagner and A. Pruß, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 22, 783 (1993),
also in Physical Chemistry of Aqueous Systems: Meeting the Needs of Industry, edited by
H. White, Jr. et al., Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on the Properties of
Water and Steam, pp. A 143 - A 149, Begell House, New York, 1995.

[7] IAPWS Release on the Pressure along the Melting and Sublimation Curves of Ordinary
Water Substance (September 1993), in W. Wagner, A. Saul, and A. Pruß, J. Phys. Chem.
Ref. Data 23, 515 (1994), also in Physical Chemistry of Aqueous Systems: Meeting the
Needs of Industry, edited by H. White, Jr. et al., Proceedings of the 12th International
Conference on the Properties of Water and Steam, pp. A 9 - A 12, Begell House, New
York, 1995.
 8

Table 1. Numerical values of the coefficients and parameters of the ideal-gas

part of the dimensionless Helmholtz free energy, Eq.(5)

i nio J io i nio J io
1 –8.320 446 482 01 – 5 0.973 15 3.537 342 22
2 6.683 210 526 8 – 6 1.279 50 7.740 737 08
3 3.006 32 – 7 0.969 56 9.244 377 96
4 0.012 436 1.287 289 67 8 0.248 73 27.507 510 5
 9

Table 2. Numerical values of the coefficients and parameters of the

residual part of the dimensionless Helmholtz free energy, Eq.(6)

i ci di ti ni
–1
1 – 1 –0.5 0.125 335 479 355 23 × 10
2 – 1 0.875 1
0.789 576 347 228 28 × 10
3 – 1 1 1
–0.878 032 033 035 61 × 10
4 – 2 0.5 0.318 025 093 454 18
5 – 2 0.75 –0.261 455 338 593 58
–2
6 – 3 0.375 –0.781 997 516 879 81 × 10
–2
7 – 4 1 0.880 894 931 021 34 × 10
8 1 1 4 –0.668 565 723 079 65
9 1 1 6 0.204 338 109 509 65
–4
10 1 1 12 –0.662 126 050 396 87 × 10
11 1 2 1 –0.192 327 211 560 02
12 1 2 5 –0.257 090 430 034 38
13 1 3 4 0.160 748 684 862 51
–1
14 1 4 2 –0.400 928 289 258 07 × 10
–6
15 1 4 13 0.393 434 226 032 54 × 10
–5
16 1 5 9 –0.759 413 770 881 44 × 10
–3
17 1 7 3 0.562 509 793 518 88 × 10
–4
18 1 9 4 –0.156 086 522 571 35 × 10
–8
19 1 10 11 0.115 379 964 229 51 × 10
–6
20 1 11 4 0.365 821 651 442 04 × 10
–11
21 1 13 13 –0.132 511 800 746 68 × 10
–9
22 1 15 1 –0.626 395 869 124 54 × 10
23 2 1 7 –0.107 936 009 089 32
–1
24 2 2 1 0.176 114 910 087 52 × 10
25 2 2 9 0.221 322 951 675 46
26 2 2 10 –0.402 476 697 635 28
27 2 3 10 0.580 833 999 857 59
–2
28 2 4 3 0.499 691 469 908 06 × 10
–1
29 2 4 7 –0.313 587 007 125 49 × 10
30 2 4 10 –0.743 159 297 103 41
31 2 5 10 0.478 073 299 154 80
–1
32 2 6 6 0.205 279 408 959 48 × 10
33 2 6 10 –0.136 364 351 103 43
–1
34 2 7 10 0.141 806 344 006 17 × 10
–2
35 2 9 1 0.833 265 048 807 13 × 10
–1
36 2 9 2 –0.290 523 360 095 85 × 10
–1
37 2 9 3 0.386 150 855 742 06 × 10
–1
38 2 9 4 –0.203 934 865 137 04 × 10
–2
39 2 9 8 –0.165 540 500 637 34 × 10
–2
40 2 10 6 0.199 555 719 795 41 × 10
–3
41 2 10 9 0.158 703 083 241 57 × 10
–4
42 2 12 8 –0.163 885 683 425 30 × 10
–1
43 3 3 16 0.436 136 157 238 11 × 10
–1
44 3 4 22 0.349 940 054 637 65 × 10
–1
45 3 4 23 –0.767 881 978 446 21 × 10
–1
46 3 5 23 0.224 462 773 320 06 × 10
–4
47 4 14 10 –0.626 897 104 146 85 × 10
–9
48 6 3 50 –0.557 111 185 656 45 × 10
49 6 6 44 –0.199 057 183 544 08
50 6 6 46 0.317 774 973 307 38
51 6 6 50 –0.118 411 824 259 81
i ci di ti ni Di Ei Ji Hi
52 – 3 0 –0.313 062 603 234 35 × 102 20 150 1.21 1
53 – 3 1 0.315 461 402 377 81 × 102 20 150 1.21 1
4
54 – 3 4 –0.252 131 543 416 95 × 10 20 250 1.25 1
i ai bi Bi ni Ci Di Ai Ei
55 3.5 0.85 0.2 –0.148 746 408 567 24 28 700 0.32 0.3
56 3.5 0.95 0.2 0.318 061 108 784 44 32 800 0.32 0.3
 10

Table 3. Relations of thermodynamic properties to the ideal-gas part I o and the residual
part I r of the dimensionless Helmholtz free energy and their derivativesa

Property Relation
Pressure a f
p G ,W
1  GIGr
p b
U 2 ‹ f /‹U gT U RT

Internal energy a f W dIWo  IWr i

u G ,W
u b
f  T ‹ f /‹ T U g RT

Entropy saG ,W f
W eIWo  IWr j  I o  I r
s b
 ‹ f /‹ T U g R

Enthalpy a f
h G ,W
d i
1  W IWo  IWr  GIGr
h b g b
f  T ‹ f /‹ T U  U ‹ f /‹U T g RT

Isochoric heat capacity a f

cv G ,W
e
W 2 IWW
o
 IWW
r
j
cv b‹u /‹ T gU R

Isobaric heat capacity a f

c p G ,W e r 2
1  GIGr  GWIGW j
cp b‹h /‹ T g p R
W 2 IWW
o
e IWW
r
j 
1  2GIGr  G 2IGG
r

Speed of sound a f
w 2 G ,W
1  2GIG  G IGG 
r 2 re1  GIGr  GWIGW r 2
j
w b‹ p/‹U g1s/ 2 RT W dIWW  IWW i
2 o r

Joule-Thomson coefficient eGIGr  G 2IGGr

 GWIGWr
j
P RU
P b‹ T/‹ pgh e1  GIGr GWIGWr j W 2 eIWWo  IWWr je1  2GIGr  G 2IGGr j
2

Isothermal throttling 1  GIGr  GWIGW

r
coefficient GT U 1
b‹h /‹ pgT 1  2GIGr  G 2IGG
r
GT

Isentropic temperature- 1  GIGr  GWIGW

r
Es U R
pressure coefficient
Es b‹ T/‹ pgs e1  GIGr GWIGWr j2 W 2 eIWWo  IWWr je1  2GIGr  G 2IGGr j
Second virial coefficient
B T  dc b
lim ‹ p / U RT /‹U gh i BW  U c lim I r G ,W
G ƒ0 G
a f
U ƒ0 T

Third virial coefficient

L1 O CW  U c2 lim IGG
r
G ,Wa f
C T  lim M e‹ 2 c p/b U RT gh /‹U 2 j P G ƒ0
U ƒ0 N 2 T Q
Phase-equilibrium condition pV
RTU w
a f
1  G wIGr G w,W ;
pV
RTU ww
a f
1  G wwIGr G ww,W
(Maxwell criterion)
pV 1 FG 
1 IJ FG IJ
 ln
Uw
a f a f
I r G w,W  I r G ww,W
H
RT U ww U w K H K
U ww

a Ir LM ‹I r OP , I r LM ‹ 2I r OP , I r LM ‹I r OP , I r LM ‹ 2I r OP , I r LM ‹ 2I r OP , I o LM ‹I o OP , I o LM ‹ 2I o OP .
G MN ‹G PQW GG MN ‹G 2 PQW W MN ‹W PQG WW MN ‹W 2 PQG GW MN ‹G ‹W PQ W MN ‹W PQG WW MN ‹W 2 PQG
 11

Table 4. The ideal-gas part I o of the dimensionless Helmholtz free energy and its derivativesa

º nio ln FH1  eJ i W IK

8 o
I o
= lnG + n1o + n2oW + n3o lnW +
i 4

IGo = 1/G + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0

IGG
o =
−1 / G 2 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0
8 L O
º nioJ io MFH1  eJ i W IK
 1P
o 1
IW o = 0 + 0 + n2o + n3o /W +
i 4 N Q
º n dJ i e FH1  e IK
8 2
o o 2 J ioW J ioW
IWW o = 0 + 0 + 0 – n3o /W 2 – i i
i 4

IGWo = 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0

a Io LM ‹I o OP , I o LM ‹ 2I o OP , I o LM ‹I o OP , I o LM ‹ 2I o OP , IGW
o LM ‹ 2I o OP .
G
MN ‹G PQW GG MN ‹G 2 PQW W MN ‹W PQG WW MN ‹W 2 PQG MN ‹G ‹W PQ
 Table 5. The residual part I r of the dimensionless Helmholtz free energy and its derivativesa

Ir
7 51
º niG diW ti  º niG diW ti eG 
ci 54
º niG diW ti e b
D i G H i g  E bW J g
2
i i
2

56
º ni 'biG\ with ' = T 2  Bi G  1 2 a f ai

i 1 i 8 i 52 i 55
1
T 1  W   A aG  1f
i
2 2E
i

e Ci aG 1f  Di W 1 2
2
\

IGr
7
º ni diG di 1W ti  º ni eG
51 ci
d
G di 1W ti di  ciG ci  i
54
º niG diW ti e b
D i G H i g  E bW J g
2 2
LM d  2D bG  H gOP  º n LM' FG\  G ‹\ IJ  ‹' G\ OP
56 bi

N H ‹G K ‹G Q
i bi
NG Q
i i
i i i
i 1 i 8 i 52 i 55

º ni di bdi  1gG di 2W ti  º ni eG ed id i º niW ti e i b i g i b i g

7 51 54
j
2 2
D G H  E W J
G di 2W ti di  ciG ci di  1  ciG ci  ci2G ci 
ci
IGG
r
i 1 i 8 i 52

b g b g b g L F ‹\ ‹ 2\ I‹'bi ‹\ FG
‹ 2'bi IJ OP
º ni M'bi G 2 ‹G
56
¬ 2D i G di  4D i2G di G  H i
2
 4 diD iG di 1 G  H i  di di  1 G di  2 
i 55 MN H G
‹G 2
 2JK‹G
\  G
‹G

‹G 2H G\
K PQ
IWr
7
º nitiG di ti 1
W
51
 º ni tiG W di ti 1 G ci

54
º niG di ti D i G H i
W e b g  E bW J g
2 2
LM t  2 E bW  J gOP  º n G LM‹' \  ' ‹\ OP
i
56 bi
bi
NW Q
i i
e
i 1 i 8 i 52
i
N ‹W ‹W Q
i
i 55
i

º niti bti  1gG diW ti 2  º niti bti  1gG diW ti 2eG

7 51 ci 54
º niG diW ti e b g b g LMF t  2 E bW  J gI  t  2 E OP
D i G H i
2
 E i W J i
2 2

NH W K W
IWWr  i i
i 1 i 8 i 52 Q i i 2 i


56
º niG
LM‹ '
2 bi
\ 2
‹'bi ‹\
 'bi
‹ 2\ OP
i 55 N ‹W 2
‹W ‹W ‹W 2 Q
º ni ditiG di 1W ti 1  º nitiG di 1W ti 1ddi  ciG ci i eG º niG diW ti e i b i g i b i g LMN Gi  2D i bG  H i gOPQ LMNWi  2 Ei bW  J i gOPQ
7 51 54 2 2
ci D G H  E W J d t
IGWr 
i 1 i 8 i 52

L F ‹\  G ‹ \ I  G ‹' 2 bi
‹\ ‹'bi ‹\ FG
‹ 2 'bi IJ OP
º ni M'bi G ‹W
56

‹G ‹W JK
\ G G\

i 55 MN H ‹G ‹W

‹W ‹G

‹G ‹W H K PQ
Table 5. Continued

Derivatives of the distance function Δbi: Derivatives of the exponential function \ :

‹'bi ‹'
bi 'bi 1 ‹\
‹G ‹G
‹G
a f
 2 Ci G  1 \
‹ 2'bi R|S
bi 'bi 1
‹ 2'
bbi  2 ‹'
g FG IJ U|V
2
‹ 2\
‹G 2 T| ‹G 2  bi  1 '
‹G H K W| ‹G 2
o2 C aG  1f  1t2 C \
i
2
i

‹'bi ‹\
2T bi 'bi 1  2 Di W  1\
‹W ‹W
‹ 2'bi ‹ 2\
‹W 2
b
2bi 'bi 1  4 T 2 bi bi  1 'bi 2 g ‹W 2
n2 D W  1  1s2 D \
i
2
i

‹ 2\
4 C D aG  1fW  1\
1
1
‹ 2'bi ‹'
‹G ‹W
 Ai bi
2
Ei
' bi 1
aG  1f aG  1f 2 2 Ei
b g
 2T bi bi  1 'bi 2
‹G ‹G ‹W i i

aG  1f R|S| A T E2 aG  1f U|
1
‹'
 2 B a aG  1f
2 2 E 1 2 ai 1
with i V|
‹G T W
i i i
i

‹ 2' 1 ‹'
R| F1I 2 R| aG  1f 1 U|2

 aG  1f S4 B a b a  1g aG  1f
2 ai  2 2 2 E 1
aG  1f ‹G |T
2
 2A G J
HE K
2
S| i V|
‹G 2 T W
i i i i
i

4 F 1 I U| 1
 1J aG  1f
2 2 E 2
 AT
E GH 2 E i
K V| i
i i
W
a Ir LM ‹I r OP , I r LM ‹ 2I r OP , I r LM ‹I r OP , I r LM ‹ 2I r OP , I r LM ‹ 2I r OP .
G
MN ‹G PQW GG MN ‹G 2 PQW W MN ‹W PQG WW MN ‹W 2 PQG GW MN ‹G ‹W PQ
 14

Table 6. Values for the ideal-gas part I o , Eq. (5), and for the residual part I r , Eq. (6), of the
dimensionless Helmholtz free energy together with the corresponding derivativesa
for T = 500 K and U = 838.025 kg m–3
I o = 0.204 797 734 × 101 I r = – 0.342 693 206 × 101
IGo = 0.384 236 747 IGr = – 0.364 366 650
IGG
o
= – 0.147 637 878 IGG
r
= 0.856 063 701
IWo = 0.904 611 106 × 101 IWr = – 0.581 403 435 × 101
IWWo = – 0.193 249 185 × 101 IWWr = – 0.223 440 737 × 101
IGWo = 0 IGWr = – 0.112 176 915 × 101
a For the abbreviated notation of the derivatives of I o and I r see the footnotes of Tables 4 and 5, respectively.

Table 7. Thermodynamic property values in the single-phase region for selected values of T and U
T/K U / (kg m–3) p / MPa cv /(kJ kg–1 K–1) w/(m s–1) s/(kJ kg–1 K–1)
a
3 –1 1 4
300 0.996 556 0 × 10 0.992 42 × 10 0.413 018 111 × 10 0.150 151 914 × 10 0.393 062 642
4 2 1 4
0.100 530 8 × 10 0.200 022 514 × 10 0.406 798 347 × 10 0.153 492 501 × 10 0.387 405 401
4 3 1 4
0.118 820 2 × 10 0.700 004 704 × 10 0.346 135 580 × 10 0.244 357 992 × 10 0.132 609 616
–1 1 3 1
500 0.435 000 0 0.999 679 423 × 10 0.150 817 541 × 10 0.548 314 253 × 10 0.794 488 271 × 10
1 1 3 1
0.453 200 0 × 10 0.999 938 125 0.166 991 025 × 10 0.535 739 001 × 10 0.682 502 725 × 10
3 2 1 4 1
0.838 025 0 × 10 0.100 003 858 × 10 0.322 106 219 × 10 0.127 128 441 × 10 0.256 690 918 × 10
4 3 1 4 1
0.108 456 4 × 10 0.700 000 405 × 10 0.307 437 693 × 10 0.241 200 877 × 10 0.203 237 509 × 10
3 2 1 3 1
647 0.358 000 0 × 10 0.220 384 756 × 10 0.618 315 728 × 10 0.252 145 078 × 10 0.432 092 307 × 10
1 3 1
900 0.241 000 0 0.100 062 559 0.175 890 657 × 10 0.724 027 147 × 10 0.916 653 194 × 10
2 2 1 3 1
0.526 150 0 × 10 0.200 000 690 × 10 0.193 510 526 × 10 0.698 445 674 × 10 0.659 070 225 × 10
3 3 1 4 1
0.870 769 0 × 10 0.700 000 006 × 10 0.266 422 350 × 10 0.201 933 608 × 10 0.417 223 802 × 10
a In the liquid-water region at low pressures small changes in density along an isotherm cause large changes in
pressure. For this reason, due to an accumulation of small errors, a particular computer code or a particular PC may
fail to reproduce the pressure value with nine decimal figures. Thus, here only five decimal figures are given.

Table 8. Thermodynamic property values in the two-phase region for selected values of
temperaturea
T = 275 K T = 450 K T = 625 K
–3
pV /MPa 0.698 451 167 × 10 0.932 203 564 0.169 082 693 × 102
U w / (kg m–3) 0.999 887 406 × 103 0.890 341 250 × 103 0.567 090 385 × 103
U ww / (kg m–3) 0.550 664 919 × 10–2 0.481 200 360 × 101 0.118 290 280 × 103
h′/(kJ kg–1)
1
0.775 972 200 × 10 0.749 161 585 × 103 0.168 626 976 × 104
h″/(kJ kg –1)
4 4 4
0.250 428 995 × 10 0.277 441 078 × 10 0.255 071 625 × 10
s′/(kJ kg–1 K–1)
–1
0.283 094 669 × 10 0.210 865 845 × 101 0.380 194 683 × 101
s″/(kJ kg–1 K–1) 0.910 660 120 × 101 0.660 921 221 × 101 0.518 506 121 × 101
a All these test values were calculated from the Helmholtz free energy, Eq. (4), by applying the phase-
equilibrium condition (Maxwell criterion).
 15

Fig. 1. Uncertainties in density, Δ ρ /ρ, estimated for Eq. (4). In the enlarged critical region (triangle), the
uncertainty is given as percentage uncertainty in pressure, Δp /p. This region is bordered by the two
isochores 527 kg m−3 and 144 kg m−3 and by the 30 MPa isobar. The positions of the lines separating
the uncertainty regions are approximate.
 16

Fig. 2. Uncertainties in speed of sound, Δw/w, estimated for Eq. (4). For the uncertainty in the triangle around
the critical point, see the remark in Section 6; for the definition of this region, see Fig. 1. The positions
of the lines separating the uncertainty regions are approximate.
 17

Fig. 3. Uncertainties in specific isobaric heat capacity, Δcp /cp, estimated for Eq. (4). For the uncertainty in the
immediate vicinity of the critical point, see the remark in Section 6; for the definition of the triangle
around the critical point, see Fig. 1. The positions of the lines separating the uncertainty regions are
approximate.
 18

Fig. 4. Uncertainties in vapor pressure, Δpσ /pσ , in saturated liquid density, Δ ρ ′ /ρ ′ , and in saturated vapor
density, Δ ρ ″/ρ ″, estimated for Eq. (4).