The Problem with Pensions

August Surprise from Obama?

By John Mauldin

Sadly, I find myself with more than enough time to compose yet another Thoughts from
the Frontline in an airport, as a flight booking error has me at JFK for six hours instead of fishing
in Maine. Details for those interested or amused at the end. But it does allow me to offer you a
peek into a very sobering report on how badly underfunded public pension are. The situation is
worse than you think. Then we will close with a eye-opening report on China from the gracious
Simon Hunt, who is allowing me to reprint his latest missive in toto. You really want to read this
one. And we start with this rumor from Reuters, just in. Read this and weep. It comes from
James Pethokoukis.

Political Risk: An August Surprise from Obama?

“Main Street may be about to get its own gigantic bailout. Rumors are running wild from
Washington to Wall Street that the Obama administration is about to order government-
controlled lenders Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to forgive a portion of the mortgage debt of
millions of Americans who owe more than what their homes are worth. An estimated 15 million
U.S. mortgages – one in five – are underwater with negative equity of some $800 billion. Recall
that on Christmas Eve 2009, the Treasury Department waived a $400 billion limit on financial
assistance to Fannie and Freddie, pledging unlimited help. The actual vehicle for the bailout
could be the Bush-era Home Affordable Refinance Program, or HARP, a sister program to
Obama’s loan-modification effort. HARP was just extended through June 30, 2011.

“The move, if it happens, would be a stunning political and economic bombshell, less
than 100 days before a midterm election in which Democrats are currently expected to suffer
massive, if not historic losses. The key date to watch is August 17, when the Treasury
Department holds a much-hyped meeting on the future of Fannie and Freddie.”

Normally I blow this type of stuff off. But Pethokoukis is a serious journalist with a solid
pedigree and a long list of inside contacts, which you can see at the link below.

I hope this is just a rumor. Seriously. You want to tax renters (about 35% of us) to help
pay for mortgages for people who entered knowingly into a business transaction that sadly did
not end well? I truly feel sorry for them. I have several very good (and responsible) friends who
are in trouble, and I understand the issues. They just bought at the wrong time. But what about
my investment in a start-up that failed? People who are behind on credit cards? If you bought a
new car, you are underwater the moment you drive the car off the lot. Help for those? Where
does it end? Hundreds of billions of debt that our children will have to pay? Say it ain’t so, Joe.
You can read the whole blog if you have adult beverages or blood-pressure medicine nearby.
http://blogs.reuters.com/james-pethokoukis/2010/08/05/an-august-surprise-from-obama/

The Problem with Pensions

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A report just out from the Center for Policy Analysis, by Courtney Collins and Andrew J.
Rettenmaier (solid academic types from Mercer University and Texas A&M respectively), that
indicates that state and local pension funds are drastically underfunded.

I first wrote about public pension problems in 2003, suggesting that pensions would soon
be underfunded by $2 trillion, as a long-term secular bear market would dampen returns. Turns
out that I am once again proven to be a wild-eyed optimist. Quoting from the executive
summary:

“Many state and local government pension plans’ liabilities are calculated using discount
rates that are not commensurate with the risk they may pose to taxpayers. Accounting standards
allow pension funds to calculate their liabilities using a discount rate comparable to the expected
rate of return on the funds’ assets. This typically high discount rate tends to reduce the size of a
pension plan’s accrued liabilities. However, pensioners have a durable legal claim to receive
their benefits and consequently, it is more appropriate to use a lower discount rate in calculating
the plans’ accrued liabilities.

“Due to the use of high discount rates, the liabilities of state and local government
pension plans are underestimated. For example, recent reports by the Pew Center on the States
and others indicate that assets will cover about 85 percent of the pension benefits owed to
participants. But other studies that adopted lower discount rates have found liabilities may
actually be 75 percent to 86 percent higher than reported. As a result, taxpayers’ role as insurer
may be much greater than anticipated.”

You can read the whole report and see how your state is doing at
http://www.ncpa.org/sub/dpd/index.php?Article_ID=19634

Turns out that, by the authors’ calculations, state and local pensions are underfunded by
$3 trillion (with a T). Of course, some states are much worse off than others. The report has
numerous graphs but the following one tells us a lot. It is the unfunded liabilities as a percentage
of state GDP.

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In the paper (less than 20 pages) they cite the work of Novy-Marx and Rauh and another
paper by Biggs. They all use very different methodologies but come up with roughly the same $3
trillion underfunding.

First, understand that in most states the law will not allow for adjustment of pensions.
Taxpayers are completely on the hook. That money WILL be found at the expense of either
higher taxes or reduced services (such as health care, roads, or police).

Second, the hole is getting deeper each year. Most pensions assume they are going to get
an 8% return on their investments. This in a time of a slow economy for years ahead (as I have
shown elsewhere), very low bond yields, and a stock market that I think is still in a long-term
secular bear market for another 6-7 years, which suggests a continuation of the current sideways,
volatile market.

What if instead of getting an 8% return, total returns were 5%? That would mean the hole
would be getting deeper by about $75 billion a year. And what if people lived longer, as is
clearly the trend, as the actuaries keep changing the longevity tables every few years for the
better? (Which for this 60-year old is a very good thing!)

Why use an 8% assumption? Because if you used more conservative numbers, as the
academic studies suggest, you would have to make larger current contributions to the pensions,
when state and local governments and schools are already in fiscal trouble. So what do the
pension plans do? They hire “consultants” who tell them they can expect 8%, as shown by all the

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nice models and papers that back up their “advice.” Note that if you were a consultant who said
you should use a 5% discount rate, you would not be hired. Hmmm, where have we seen that
phenomenon before?

My friend Paul McCulley (of PIMCO, who I hope to see tonight) quipped that the ratings
agencies were supplying fake IDs at a teenage drinking party, when it came to the subprime
mortgage ratings. The pension consultants are providing a similar service to their clients, who are
told what they want to hear, pay large fees for the privilige, and thereby increase the risk to
taxpayers and reduce the current pain for politicians.

This is going to end in tears for many states and municipalities. I mean real tears. Pension
funding in some states will be required by law to consume 25-30% or more of tax revenues. That
is going to mean much higher taxes or reduced services. I would seriously consider checking
how your state and locality are funded. You might not want to retire to a place that is on a
collision course with serious pain. Just a thought.

Whither China?

Now let’s turn to China. I received this report from Simon Hunt (who is based in London,
and who makes my travel schedule look positively pedestrian). Besides being an expert on the
copper market he is a serious student of China, travelling there often. He has developed a number
of very insider contacts over the years. The more I read Simon, the more I take seriously his
analysis. He is very contrarian, but he seems to be getting a lot of things right. So let’s see what
he has to report back from his latest visit to China.

CHINA VISIT: ECONOMIC REPORT

By Simon Hunt

In all likelihood, China has entered the most critical and taxing period since the country was
reopened to the outside world in the 1970s. Domestically, there are a slew of issues, any one of
which could create instability. These issues include:-

 Home affordability
 Leadership instability
 A potential if not actual housing bubble
 The rising income and wealth differential between those who have made it and
those who have not
 The country’s continued dependence on exports as its principal driver of growth
 Cheap credit, which punishes savings and encourages investment/speculation
 The misallocation of capital that springs from the previous factor
 Local/provincial government indebtedness
 A new assertiveness and arrogance at all levels

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 Policy making that focuses on short-termism without addressing structural and

The list could go on, but these issues are evolving at a time when the global environment is
fraught with difficulties and uncertainty, making policy making within China that much more
complex. The infighting within the leadership, which goes beyond the normal tensions that often
occur during the period leading up to a change in leadership (due in 2012), is making policy
management more difficult and has led to conflicting views being expressed by various factions,
in the media.

Few can know the full story of what goes on within the State Council, but there appears to be a
battle royal being fought over the real estate sector. There are those within the leadership who
are concerned that average home prices have gotten too high for most first-time buyers (see our
previous visit report). They want to see average prices fall by 10-20% across the country.
Against this group are not just real estate developers but local governments and many others
within Beijing. This group, of course, depends for much of their revenue, or in the case of
developers, their profits, on rising land and building values. In fact, local governments depend on
land sales for one-third of their revenues. In 2009, land sales brought in RMB 1.6 trillion,
compared with a total budget income of RMB 3.3 trillion. Moreover, land is the most-used
collateral for bank loans; its value is thus crucial to the credit edifice.

Many local governments have not adhered fully to the new restrictions imposed by the central
government on the real estate sector. This has infuriated those in Beijing who are determined to
encourage a fall in home prices. In effect, what is being seen is a battle between central and local
governments. In our view, this is a fight that central government cannot afford to lose.

The scale of speculation in real estate is enormous. There ia a total of 64.5 million apartments
and houses lying purchased but vacant in urban China, about five times the surplus in the USA,
according to an economist from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.

A report written by the National Bureau of Economic Research in July this year provides
interesting data on China’s housing market. Real housing prices have risen by 140% since the
first quarter of 2007. In the first quarter of this year, house prices rose by a record 41%, since
when it appears that prices have stabilised but not fallen. Price increases have not been driven by
any shortage in housing. In five of the eight markets that the authors of the report studied, the net
new number of housing units provided since 1999 was at least as large as the net increase in the
number of households. In the three others, the relatively modest gap does not explain the huge
rise in home prices.

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In Beijing, there has been an almost eight-fold increase in land values since 2003, but since the
end of 2007 land prices have nearly tripled. The impact of rising land prices on home and
apartment prices has been equally great. From 2003 to 2007, the ratio of land-to-house values
hovered between 30% and 40%, but since then it has doubled to just over 60%. The report also
found that when a central government state-owned enterprise (SOE) was a winning bidder for
land, prices rose by about 27% more than if they had not been involved, thus showing the
influence that SOEs bring to bear on land values, an influence that grew in 2009 when they
became more active. A separate report shows that so far this year 82% of Beijing’s land auctions
have been won by SOEs.

Price-to-rent values in Beijing and seven other large markets across the country have increased
from 30% to 70% since the start of 2007, and current price-to-rent ratios imply very low user
costs of no more than 2-3% of house value. Very high expected capital gains appear necessary to
justify such low user costs of owning. The report continues with calculations suggesting that
even modest declines in expected appreciation would lead to large price declines of over 40% in
markets such as Beijing.

In summary, against a background of cheap money and plenty of credit, house prices across the
country have become unaffordable to most first-time buyers. In Beijing, for instance, average
house prices have been between 14 and 15 times incomes for the past three years, but rose to
18.5 times in the first quarter of this year. If average home prices do not fall significantly across
the country, the risk is that Beijing will be forced to tighten policy another notch. A softening in
monetary policy is likely only if average home prices fall within the 10-20% range.

This is what the policy fight is all about, because if these price developments continued
unchecked the leadership would risk encountering social instability. Workers everywhere are
demanding higher wages. The demands are not just amongst the SMEs and foreign companies,
but within the SOEs. We understand that a significant number of SOEs have seen de facto
strikes, just not in name. The workers clock in, go to their stations, put down their tools, and
clock out without doing any work.

The list of grievances is long, with rising wages being one. How government deals with this
situation remains to be seen. We were reminded that in 1989 it was only when the workers joined
the students that an explosive situation developed. No one is expecting anything remotely
similar, but these developments do illustrate the tensions lying beneath the surface which the
leadership is having to grapple with.

Politics in China is all about maintaining social stability. The demographics of the country are
forcing the leadership into a new economic model, which will be partially driven by the level of
average wages over the coming five years being at least double that of the last five years.

Dr Clint Laurent of Global Demographics has consistently stated that China’s statisticians have
overstated the country’s birth rates since 1990. This implied, as he said in a paper in 2005, that

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China’s labour force would peak at 770 million in 2008, falling to 690 million by 2025. Another
major consequence is that the important age group of 20-39 peaked in 2000 at 458 million and
by this year will have fallen by 4%.

The consequences of these demographic changes are immense. First, wage inflation will be a
given, not just in the private and foreign sectors but amongst the SOEs, as we mentioned earlier.
Second, it means that manufacturers will introduce automated machinery to reduce the
workforce (the new booming sector) and improve productivity. Third, rising wages lay the
foundation for better consumer spending; though households, as in the past, will have to cover
the losses racked up by local governments, according to Michael Pettis, a visiting professor in
Beijing. Fourth, disposable income in the rural sector is improving. This development, combined
with subsidies granted to rural households for buying a range of household appliances, has lifted
the demand for these products in rural areas. Nonetheless, it is human nature that when a gift is
offered there is a rush to buy, so how long the subsidies will affect sales of appliances is a moot
point.

Finally, policy makers know that the time has come when the country’s dependence on exports
for growth must be replaced by domestically driven growth that focuses on consumer spending
and not fixed-asset investment. Local coastal governments, however, will fight to see that
exports from their regions continue to drive their own growth; but their success will depend on
global trade.

Much of the surge in exports so far this year has been due to the replenishment of inventory
within the distribution and sales channels and to the expected increase in export prices out of
China. Inventory replenishment has now run its course in Europe and the USA. Given the
expected slowing of consumer spending in the US in the second half of this year, some inventory
liquidation might actually be seen. Even so, exports from China should weaken sharply by year-
end.

The move to de-peg the RMB from the US$ gives Beijing the flexibility to either appreciate or
depreciate the currency depending on global conditions. Any appreciation will be modest given
the small margins that most exporters enjoy. If our profile of the world economy is even half
correct, we should expect to see the RMB depreciate against the US$ and other currencies post-
2012.

Wage inflation threatens to feed into general inflation. Food prices remain quite stable overall for
now, but there is a risk that they will be rising by year-end. Vegetable prices are rising sharply,
according to friends who shop every week. Meat prices are stable for the time being, but wheat
prices had risen well above the government’s sale price of RMB1800, to over RMB2350, when
we last looked. Friends fear that food prices will be rising in the fourth quarter, with some
economists predicting that CPI will be increasing at a 5% rate by then. We are told also that the
cost of getting an electrician, plumber, etc. in to do odd jobs has doubled over the last year in

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Beijing and other major cities. Our general take is that China is on the threshold of seeing an
overall increase in the cost of living. Whether it shows up in official numbers or not, households
will feel it.

A long-term concern is whether China has key resources to maintain the growth profile that the
country has experienced over the last 40-odd years. Water may well be a key constraint. China’s
water-resource capacity is only ¼ of that of the world average. In other words, the country has
20% of the world’s population but only 7% of global water resources. The problem is
compounded by the dispersion of those resources. The area around the Yangtze River accounts
for 36.5% of the country’s land mass, but holds 81% of its water. North of the Yangtze River lies
64% of the country’s territory, but only 19% of its water resources.

A World Bank report shows that more than half of China’s 660 cities suffer from water
shortages; and 90% of cities’ groundwater and 75% of their lakes and rivers are polluted. These
are examples of the physical constraints on growth. China’s rapid pace of industrialisation has
left the country with severe burdens and a massive clean-up, not just in urban areas but
throughout the countryside. Water is a global depreciating resource, as William Houston and
Robin Griffiths showed in their book Water: The Final Resource. History also shows that wars
are fought over access to water.

Local government indebtedness is being exposed as a potential time-bomb, as one friend

No one should be surprised by these numbers. Back last October we were told – and we reported
– that one-third of the fiscal stimulus and bank lending never went into the real economy. There
are likely to be more hidden black holes. One consequence is that credit is tight, with
receivables mounting across a wide swath of manufacturing.

Markets will sense some of these uncertainties. In line with falling global equity markets, which
should start very soon, the Shanghai and other Chinese stock markets are likely to fall sharply by
year-end. This will take the stuffing out of consumers’ willingness to buy large-ticket items like
cars and appliances. Already, so we hear, inventories of these items are growing within the
distribution systems, with production levels likely to fall over coming months.

Many companies believe that the weakness now being seen is seasonal. But others, whose
opinions we respect, believe that weakness will be seen at least until year-end. Prices of raw
materials, semi-fabricated products, and finished goods are likely to start falling very soon.
Instead of accumulating inventory, stocks within the entire manufacturing and distribution
systems will be slashed, repeating to a lesser degree what occurred in the second half of 2008.

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Construction activity will continue to slow, notwithstanding the continued high rate of
completions, consumer spending will slow also, exports will be weak in the fourth quarter, and
growth of fixed-asset investment will be lower. By year-end, the psychology of businessmen and
consumers will have shifted from optimism towards pessimism in line with movements in the
Shanghai stock market. Real business activity will be pretty flat in the fourth quarter. The latest
PMIs from the Government’s Logistical Office and from the HSBC both indicate a slowing
economy. The former is geared more to the SOEs and the latter to the private sector. The HSBC
sub-index of new orders fell from 49.7 in June to 47.9 in July.

In summary, we doubt there will be any easing of policy until average house prices fall into the
10-20% range. China is transiting into a very difficult period as focus shifts towards sustainable
domestic growth and away from short-term measures to defend the 8% GDP mantra. This
transition is occurring when the existing leadership is preparing to give way to the new set in
2012, when social stability could be threatened if there are policy mistakes, when the rest of the
world is starting to stand up to China’s increasing assertiveness, and when foreign companies are
questioning their future in China. China will muddle through, but it won’t be an easy ride.

Maine, Bloomberg, and Europe

I sit in a very hard plastic seat at JFK in New York. This is not in the plan I had. Trey and
I arrived early at La Guardia to get our morning flight to Bangor at 9:30 am. The baggage man
had a little trouble checking us in, then told us our tickets were for 9:30 that night. That couldn’t
be true. But it was. And there were no seats on any other plane to Bangor. The only option was
to go to JFK and take a Jet Blue flight to Portland and drive for five hours, instead of catching
the usual float plane.

Trey took it like a trooper. This is our 5th trip to Maine for the Shadow Fed fishing camp
(Camp Kotok), and it seems that every time something has gone wrong with the flights. This is
not even the worst. Trey has come to expect problems. Normally I have great luck, but when
changing from American things just seem to happen.

Update: Now in Maine. Jet Blue lost my luggage. But 24 hours later they found it and
they are being stand-up guys and delivering it 226 miles away. Stuff happens, but it is nice when
a company does the right thing.

The fishing was great today. Trey and I caught 35 fish, and he leads 18-17. But hopefully
tonight I get my special electronic lure and can break out tomorrow. Great weather. And better
company. The camaraderie with a lot of guys who have been doing this is one of life’s true
pleasures. Too many friends to mention.

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Sadly, you won’t get to see any of it because Bloomberg decided at literally the last
minute not to broadcast, after spending a boatload of money on a monster remote truck and
sending a full crew (who are very nice men and women). Go figure

Oh, and non-farm payrolls was boring, if disappointing. This is not an economy with any
spark. I am quite intrigued by the fact that the group of economists assembled here, who hold
very diverse political and economic views, are quite concerned and think we should extend the
Bush tax cuts for a year or at least until the economy is back on track. Today’s employment
numbers certainly will add to that sentiment.

It’s time to hit the send button. There is a lobster calling my name. Have a great week.

Your just grateful for life analyst,

John Mauldin

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