METHODS OF CONDUCTING TOWN PLANNING

TOWN PLANNING,
Introduction

Concept of town planning inspired by the concept of democracy-

1. Freedom, law
2. Equality
3. Orderliness
4. Space for all
5. Provision of basic amenities to all

People living in the city are city builders. Around 40% of the land is for the development of
public properties.

Rest 60% is for the government to develop, the whole urban area. This 60% includes roads,
transport networks, and infrastructural developments.

The physical form of the city is determined in two ways:

1. Guided by some pre conceived models of future cities.

2. Emerges from the initiative and enterprise of many people.
 TOWN PLANNING,
Introduction

Town and country planning is the process of making decisions on the development and use of

land.

It is a tool for guiding and facilitating development and regeneration in a way that also
preserves the best features of the environment. HISTORY

Planning is concerned with land, its all information,:

1. SHAPE
SOCIA
LAW ECONOMIC GEO
2. FERTILITY L

3. APPEARANCE

4. VALUE
PLANNING
5. GEOGRAPHICAL, ECONOMIC, AND

VISUAL MATTERS.

ARCH. ENGG.
 HOW TOWN PLANNING IS DONE

To plan or re-plan a city, involves an adequate knowledge of the principles, the limitations,
and the possibilities of good planning as applied to cities, but also of a greater or less
number of significant local facts.

These local facts, vary with the individual city, and can be included under the following four
heads:

1. First, facts of the Natural Environment, including those of Climate And Topography.

2. Second, those of the

a. Human And Humanized Environment, the conditions of social life in the

community,

b. Housing Conditions, Working Or Industrial Conditions,

c. Educational And Recreational Opportunities,

d. Transportation Facilities, And Conditions Of Public Health And Safety.

 HOW TOWN PLANNING IS DONE

3. Third, the significant facts as to the Existing Legislation And Form Of Government, In
Conjunction To The Carrying Out And Maintenance Of Any Planning Or Re-planning
Project.

4. Fourth, Economic And Financial Conditions pertaining the particular community, including
its

a. Natural Resources And Its Commercial And Industrial Opportunities,

b. The Land Uses And Land Values,

c. Methods And Extent Of Taxation,

d. The sources and amount of its income and the amount and apportionment of its
expenditure.

It is important to have knowledge of these fundamental facts and conditions for the planning/re-

planning cities.

Knowledge is essential if the city is to be planned as an ideal city- with the Characteristics Of Good

Working Machine And A Beautiful City.

 METHODOLOGY OF CONDUCTING TOWN PLANNING

The Planning Process Is A Three Stage Process:

SURVEY ANALYSIS PLANNING IMPLEMENTATION

Data collection for Analysis of data to Scheduling a Final

the area is done solve the problems plan to cure the implementation
that persist in area problem. of the plan.
to be planned.

After The Implementation, The Monitoring of plan is important.

It is required to check, whether the implemented plan is on the right track or not.

After monitoring realignment of the plan is also done. In this process the problems

and objectives are restated.

 METHODOLOGY OF CONDUCTING TOWN PLANNING
FIRST STEPSURVEYS

Surveys provide data, on which the plan can be based. The surveys should aim at examining
the problems in detail.

Should give an in-depth perception of the issues pertaining to any town, aiding the planner in

devising the right strategy.

Most important step in conducting town planning is of systematic surveys--not only land and
topographic surveys, but also school surveys, recreation surveys, surveys touching all the
important departments of the cities' activities.

One Of The Most Important Surveys In Planning Process Is The Land Use Survey. In this

type of survey, the different uses of lands are established. This helps in identifying the areas
with different activities.
 METHODOLOGY OF CONDUCTING TOWN PLANNING
FIRST STEPSURVEYS
DATA COLLECTION

Basic data collected in a town planning survey are :

1. Existing land uses.

2. Survey of industrial locations.

3. Traffic generation.

4. Population growth.

5. Economic base.

6. Place and status of town in the region.

Collected data is projected forward into the future, so as to visualize the future needs.

1. Size of population after twenty years, its age and sex structure.

2. Land required for providing housing , employment.

3. Educational facilities- primary, secondary, technical education.

4. Volume of traffic and transport facilities needed.

5. Nature and size of social facilities for leisure.

 SURVEY.(APART FROM LANDUSE)

Preparation of questionnaire, incorporating

1. Objectives pertaining to the area/town

2. Exclude matters not pertinent with the theme of investigation.

After questionnaire is prepared method for collecting the information has to be framed.

General procedures involved in surveys are:

1. Recording of field data observation

2. Interviews and answers received to the questionnaire by post.

3. Information available from government and local bodies.

One of the important parameters in surveys is the size of the sample surveys. It is

should be adequate to find out the problems and decide the method of implementation.
 DATA COLLECTION

Collection of data is not planning, rather it is a means to an end.

It is required for framing the planning proposals

Basic data collected from surveys include:

1. Existing land use.

2. Surveys of industrial locations.
3. Traffic generation
4. Population growth.
5. Economic base.
6. Place and status of the town in the region.

The data collected under the above heads is projected for future, as to visualize the
future needs.
 DATA COLLECTION

The projected details include:

1. Size of population after 20 years.

A. Birth rate and death rate of the town.

B. Migration and influx of population from and to an area.

2. Population age and ratio of male and female.

3. Land required for providing housing and employment.

4. Educational facilities required for primary, secondary and higher technical

education.

5. Volume of traffic and the transport facilities needed.

6. Nature and the size of social services and facilities for amusement and pursuit of
leisure.
 METHODOLOGY OF CONDUCTING TOWN PLANNING
FIRST STEPSURVEYS

LAND USE SURVEYS:

Important to know the existing pattern of land use, and characteristics of available

undeveloped land.

Pattern of existing land use is the outcome of towns past growth and present activities, and it

is always changing.

Some buildings are demolished and new ones erected on their sites, some areas start

developing which were originally quite dormant.

So it is important to record these pattern of land uses, to asses them during the preparation of
town plan.
 METHODOLOGY OF CONDUCTING TOWN PLANNING
FIRST STEPSURVEYS

LAND USE SURVEYS:

There are two types of land use maps

1. One type of map depicts various principal uses of land, along with major functions and
activities of different localities in the town.

Shows the land use picture of the town in a broad perspective.

2. Second type of map shows different uses of land and also buildings to enable the planner to
analyze specific problems.

Additional information's have to be supplied along with these maps for assessment.

A. Percentages of various uses of the developed land to the area of the town.

B. Traffic data.

C. Housing statistics, nature and classification of industries.

 METHODOLOGY OF CONDUCTING TOWN PLANNING
FIRST STEPSURVEYS
CLASSIFICATION OF LAND USE:

Land use refers to, man's activities on land which are directly related to the land

Single digit urban land use classification system has the following categories:

1. Residential

2. Commercial

3. Industrial

4. Recreational

5. Public and Semi-Public

6. Transport Related

7. Utilities

8. Vacant land

9. Undeveloped land

In double digit classification there are 99 categories of land use, whereas in three digit
classification 999 categories exist.
 CLASSIFICATION OF LAND USE

Public and semi-public categorization can be further broken down into:

1. Institutional

2. Health clubs

3. All government buildings

Recreational areas can also be sub-divided into:

1. Active areas: for example- playgrounds

2. Passive areas: open spaces and parks

Utilities classification includes the following infrastructural facilities:

1. Water supply, Sewerage, Drainage

2. Power station

3. Sewage treatment plant and water treatment plant.

 CLASSIFICATION OF LAND USE

Developed land and undeveloped land:

1. Land is classified under developed land category, if it has been provided with
urban infrastructure, like water supply, sewerage, drainage, electrification etc.

2. Undeveloped land comprises of agricultural land and water bodies.

Vacant land:

1. It includes the lands which in spite of being a part of developed land are
unoccupied due to some legal conflicts related to the property.
 METHODOLOGY OF CONDUCTING TOWN PLANNING
FIRST STEPSURVEYS

Typically, existing land uses can be categorized into three major classes:

1. Residential

2. Commercial

3. Industrial.

Additional categories can include recreation/open space, agricultural, and

government.

Each major category can be further broken down into other classifications. For example,

1. There can be multi-family (meaning more than one unit) and single family as two
classifications within the residential land-use category.

2. The industrial land use category can be divided into heavy industrial
classifications or light industrial classifications.

Each parcel of land within the community should be classified and identified on a map
with a specific classification.
 IMPORTANCE OF LAND-USE CLASSIFICATION SURVEY

Segregation of land was important and it was incorporated, because after industrial
revolution, the land was subjected to mixed uses, leading to haphazard growth.

It destroyed the very essence of city planning, and lead to the development of a capitalist city.

Therefore to control the growth of the city and to plan it in an organized manner, land use

classification was important. For example, this segregation was needed to prevent residential
areas from the harmful effect of industrial areas.

Trends of urban growth and the change in urban landscape could be monitored and

documented, as monitoring and evaluating urban change is a major issue in planning and
management.

The data should enable land use planners to observe trends and effects, to evaluate

development progress, and to make necessary adjustments and develop and implement
appropriate strategies.
 LAND USE ANALYSIS

Land Use Area Percentages in Area

classification Organically Evolved Percentages in

After the land use classification cities Planned cities
areas are formulated. The analysis Residential 50 45
basically includes the developed
Commercial 3-4 4-5
lands and percentages are worked
out accordingly. Industrial 10 10

The difference in the area analysis
Recreational 8 15
of planned and organically evolved
city is in terms of the percentages Public and Semi- 8 10
of residential and recreational public

areas. Transport related 12-15 12

Utilities 4 5

Vacant land 2
 LAND USE ANALYSIS

The land use analysis has an aspect of Density, which is quite important in the planning
process.

There are different densities related at different levels of planning, and its

implementation

In general density can be defined as

Population/ Dwelling unit/ Floor Area

Town Area/ Developed Area/ Gross Area/ Net Area

1. Overall population density = Population

Town area

2. Developed Area Population Density = Population

Developed Area
 LAND USE ANALYSIS

3. Net Residential Area Density = Population

Net Residential Area

The net area excludes the intermediary roads like distributor roads and local open areas.
And the gross area includes everything inside the town.

Apart from the analysis of population densities another important parameter is the
identification of dwelling densities.

Dwelling Density = Dwelling Units Per Hectare

Critical factor in calculation of the dwelling densities is the Occupancy rate which is

defined as the no. Of persons per habitable room.

Habitable room is the room having an area not less than 9 sqm. And height of 2.7m
minimum.
 LAND USE ANALYSIS

The living conditions in the citys residential areas can be controlled and improved by
controlling the occupancy rate. For a single family the household should have an
occupancy rate of 0.8-1.0 (ideal conditions)

Analysis and calculations of these densities, lead to another aspect of city planning

which determines the control and development of growth. The concept of Floor Area
Ratio and Floor Space Index.

Floor Area Ratio is the measure of the intensity of the site being developed .

Floor Area Ratio is defined as the ratio of covered area on all the floors per unit plot

area.

This F.A.R. and F.S.I. helps in regulating and controlling ground coverage, open
areas on site and complexes, control on the heights of the building with respect to the
site and complexes.

Also provide flexibility and variation in the skyline of the city.

 LAND USE ANALYSIS

FAR is a very important tool in providing zoning control in a particular area.

Use of this ratio leads to a combination of the horizontal and vertical limits into a single
figure, which is quite useful in creating diversity in building design.

One advantage of fixing this parameter, is that floor area correlates with other
considerations relevant to zoning regulation, such as
1. Total parking that would be required for an building,
2. Total load on municipal services, etc.

Amounts of these services tend to be constant for a given total floor area, regardless of
how that area is distributed horizontally and vertically. Thus providing further
flexibility and variation in design.

Allowable FAR has a major impact on the value of the land. Higher allowable FAR
yields higher land value.
 THE ROLE OF DENSITY AND FLOOR SPACE INDEX

DENSITY refers to the measure of intensity of land use.

General notions regarding densities is Higher density is evil and lower density is
desirable. This is not completely correct, as Density values need to be related to the
quality of living conditions in a locality.

Each Locality has its own character and environment, that determine the living
conditions of its inhabitant. Bad living conditions are not the outcome of overcrowding
of land with dwelling units. This condition can also exist in areas with lower densities.

The infrastructural facilities present, the percentage of open spaces as well as the
existing FSI are the determinants of livable conditions, apart from the densities.

There are basically three types of densities, with regard to planning;

1. NET DENSITY
2. GROSS DENSITY
3. OVERALL DENSITY.
 THE ROLE OF DENSITY AND FLOOR SPACE INDEX

NET DENSITY

1. Number of people per acre of the residential area.

2. Including small garden patches, open spaces between buildings, internal roads and half width
of surrounding road up to 20ft.

GROSS DENSITY

1. Number of people per acre over the whole of a defined area.

2. Including public buildings, industrial buildings and large open spaces, plus half width of the
surrounding roads.

OVERALL DENSITY

Number of people per acre over a large area of the town, affecting its general economy.

TOWN DENSITY it is another classification of density, which means number of people per acre

over the entire area of the town, including residential, industrial, commercial, educational,
recreational, transport and other functions.

A town density of 30-40 persons per acre is reasonable, a figure above this signifies overcrowding.
 THE ROLE OF DENSITY AND FLOOR SPACE INDEX

The density is also in accordance with the requirement of sunlight, wind, depending
upon the climate of the town as well.

In cold countries requirement of ample light and sunshine permits lower densities with
lot of open space.

Whereas in hot and humid conditions, requirement is of shading from scorching sun,
hence high density development, with narrow roads having shaded communication
facility.

Thus for determining the population and density of a town, it is necessary to specify for
different areas:
1. Floor Space Index (maximum)
2. Land Required per habitable room (minimum)
3. Occupancy rate per habitable room (maximum).
 METHODOLOGY FOR THE PREPARATION OF MASTER PLAN
I. Project The Population Of The Town For A Target Year:

1. Generally prepared for 20 years.

2. Method of projecting the population are:

A. Trend analysis - Looking to the trend of industry and professional activities

operating in the town and is helpful in ascertaining the employment
opportunities.

B. Time series data - Census gives the population of town for 10 years.

II. How Much Of The Land Will Be Required For The Town In The Target Year:

1. Town area increases in two ways:

A. Certain area that are vacant around the town may be occupied.

B. Existing limits of the town absorbs up the additional population, as the

density increases. Example: single storey buildings are transformed into
double or triple storied complexes, to provide sustenance.

2. The planner has to scan and survey the area, to find out the direction in which the
town has got the tendency to grow.
 METHODOLOGY FOR THE PREPARATION OF MASTER PLAN

III. Where The Town Will Grow

1. Dependent upon the topography of the town.

2. Also determined by the available land.

3. Depending upon the above mentioned criteria also upon the economics generated,
the town may either grow around the periphery or in a certain direction.

IV. What Is The Land Use And Where Is It Located.

I. Determines the placement/location and the percentages of different areas in a

town.

II. Important because every land is not suitable for all the activities. Certain lands are
appropriate for certain specific activities only.
 METHODOLOGY FOR THE PREPARATION OF MASTER PLAN

IV. What Is The Land Use And Where Is It Located.

LOCATION OF INDUSTRIAL AREA

A. Firstly it is important to identify the location of industrial area in the town.

B. These are land extensive activities, meaning they expand horizontally.

C. Generally located in low land value areas, which are peripheral regions of a town.

D. Since they require effective transportation to support their functioning, therefore

should be located along the highway or railroad network.

E. Wind direction is also important and needs to be considered while allocating their
positions. Industries should always be located on the leeward side of the wind
direction.

F. The location of industries should be in the interest of the population and should
not cause any harm to the people or society.
 METHODOLOGY FOR THE PREPARATION OF MASTER PLAN

IV. What Is The Land Use And Where Is It Located.

LOCATION OF COMMERCIAL AREAS

1. Location should be decided in reference to its consumers.

2. Requires a central positioning, with easy accessibility.

3. Since they give high returns to a small area of the land, they are economically most
important not only in the area in which they are located but also to its surroundings.

4. They get located in the centre of the city, because it will outgrow any area, whether
industrial or residential.

5. The growth of the commercial areas is vertical. As the town grows outwards or
expands horizontally, the core expands vertically.

6. Leads to the formation of district centers, creating magnets for the regional
population.

7. Although commercial nodes are created as the town grows, but these remain
subservient to the commercial areas.
 METHODOLOGY FOR THE PREPARATION OF MASTER PLAN

IV. What Is The Land Use And Where Is It Located.

RECREATIONAL AREAS.

1. Planner has to identify regions for recreation.

2. Major areas are located along natural features such as water fronts, ridges.

3. Another place where these recreational areas can be identified is the historic
buildings, conserving these heritage areas.

4. Places of interests need to be identified.

RESIDENTIAL AREAS

1. These areas are identified after the allotment for industrial commercial and
recreational areas has been done.

2. Low lying areas should not be utilized for residential purposes, because drainage of
these areas will be a problem.

3. Also marshy areas should be avoided.

 METHODOLOGY FOR THE PREPARATION OF MASTER PLAN

V. Percentages Of Land Uses:

1. Once the areas have been identified for various purposes, then according to
development rules and spatial standards percentages are allotted.

2. Spatial standards specify the amount of land required for a person, for a particular
activity.

3. The percentages should conform to the balance between demand and supply.

VI. The Best Method To Distribute:

1. The various relationships between different areas are worked out, and there
demand and supply is also considered.

2. Then the best method is adopted after analysis of land-use and the study of
different densities.

3. The old plan deficiencies are made good and best alternative is adopted.
 METHODOLOGY FOR THE PREPARATION OF MASTER PLAN

VII. Transportation Network:

1. It is related to land uses, and is planned accordingly.

CONNECTIVITY
Work Areas Residential Areas

2. Once the broad network of land use is worked out, transportation network
formulation takes places.

3. Land use plan and road network should be in conformity with each other.

4. Determines the alignment of future roads.

5. Land use transport models are worked out. This model takes care of heritage
areas, they should not be intruded nor harmed in any way.

6. In this planning procedure, the deficiencies of transportation network of earlier

plans are identified and mitigated.
 METHODOLOGY FOR THE PREPARATION OF MASTER PLAN

VIII. Phasing Or Sequencing Of Programming For Development:

I. Sequence of development of the city is identified.

II. In this phasing, areas which are easy to develop are identified and developed first.

III. The initial development should consider the those areas for development that
require least infrastructural support.

IV. And areas that require more infrastructural investment should be developed later
after 20-30 years.

V. The development of areas should conform to the income groups.

VI. The housing activities for all income brackets should be provided for and
accordingly planned.

VII. The development of town should be phased, but in a planned manner.

USE OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
SYSTEM (GIS)
&
REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUE
 USE OF GIS AND REMOTE SENSING IN SURVEY

GIS (Geographic Information System) is a kind of software that enables:

1. The collection of spatial data from different sources (Remote Sensing being one of
them).

2. Relating spatial data.

3. Performing spatial analysis.

4. Symbolize and design the layout of a map.

A GIS software can handle both vector and raster data .

After a Remote Sensing analysis has been done, its results are combined within a GIS or
into database of an area, for further analysis (overlaying with other layers, etc).
 USE OF REMOTE SENSING IN SURVEY

It is the measurement or acquisition of information of some property of an object or

phenomenon, by a recording device that is not in physical or intimate contact with the
object or phenomenon under study.

The technique employs devices as the camera, lasers, and radio frequency receivers,

radar systems, sonar, seismographs, gravimeters, magnetometers, and scintillation

counters.

It is used for both in the data acquisition methods, data processing procedures and

techniques.

It is used to survey land cover and land use of a specific area. Land cover refers to the
surface cover on the ground, while Land use refers to the purpose the land serves.

The properties measured with remote sensing techniques relate to land cover, from
which land use can be inferred, particularly with ancillary data or a prior knowledge.
 USE OF REMOTE SENSING IN SURVEY

Remote sensing image-forming devices do not record activity directly. The remote sensor

acquires a response which is based on many characteristics of the land surface, including
natural or artificial cover.

The interpreter uses patterns, tones, textures, shapes, and site associations to derive
information about land use activities from what is basically information about land cover.

Some activities of man, cannot be directly related to the type of land cover.

1. Extensive recreational activities covering large tracts of land are not open to
interpretation from remote sensor data.

Supplemental information such as land ownership maps also is necessary to determine the

use of lands.

Types of land use and land cover identifiable primarily from remote sensor data are used as

the basis for organizing this classification system.

 USE OF REMOTE SENSING IN SURVEY

The kind and amount of land use and land cover information that may be

obtained from different sensors depend on the altitude and the resolution of
each sensor. It is not possible that any one sensor or system will produce good
data at all altitudes.

It is important to evaluate each source of remote sensing data and its application
on the basis of the qualities and characteristics of the source.

CLASSIFICATION LEVEL

Typical data characteristics

1. HIGH-ALTITUDE

2. MEDIUM-ALTITUDE

3. LOW-ALTITUDE
 USE OF REMOTE SENSING IN SURVEY

CLASSIFICATION LEVEL

1. HIGH-ALTITUDE data at 40,000 ft (12,400 m) or above (less than l:8O,OOO scale)

2. MEDIUM-ALTITUDE data taken between 10,000 and 40,000 ft (3,100 and 12,400
m) , (1:20,000 to 1:80,000 scale)

3. LOW-ALTITUDE data taken below 10,000 ft (3,100 m) (more than 1:20,000 scale)

Information at Levels I and II are intended for uses at a nationwide, interstate, or

statewide basis.

More detailed land use and land cover data such as those categorized at Levels III

will be used to generate local information at the intrastate, regional, county, or

municipal level.
 URBAN ENVIRONMENT AND ITS MAPPING

The majority of the worlds population now resides in urban environments

and information on the internal composition and dynamics of these

environments is essential to enable preservation of certain standards of
living.

The availability of urban land cover data is critical because of their ability to
monitor the impact of planning policies, the direction of urban growth and
the development progress.

Urban land cover in metropolitan areas continually changes over time and
space, and local government must be able to update their databases to reflect
current land use.

However, conventional methods of obtaining urban land cover data require a

great deal of time, effort and money to meet fast growing cities.
 IDENTIFYING DATA

Remote sensing can provide an important source of data for urban land
use/land cover mapping and environmental monitoring .

Remote sensing is capable of extracting urban land cover through pixel-based
methods with highly acceptable results.

Urban land covers information has a tremendous capability for improving
urban planning processes .

Recent advances in satellite imaging technology have provided rich data for
urban land use/land cover mapping from high to moderate resolutions.

Remote sensing has potential of obtaining up-to-date spatial land cover data .

The image produced is significant for policy making around the various themes
in the urban planning process such as:
1. Land use planning.
2. Community facilities planning.
3. Transportation planning and
4. Environmental planning.
 APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING

1. LAND USE PLANNING

In land use planning, this data is very appropriate for monitoring the

implementation of land use plans.

Trends of urban growth and the change in urban landscape can be

distinguished. Hence, monitoring and evaluating urban change is a major

issue in urban planning and management.

The obtained data also will enable land use planners to observe trends and
effects, to evaluate development progress, and to make necessary
adjustments and develop and implement appropriate strategies.

The structure and development patterns can also be distinguished.

The data for land use planning on the land supply side can simply be extracted

enabling land use planners to orient future sustainable development.

 APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING

2. Community Facilities Planning

The delivery of urban social services and the supply of basic utilities
infrastructure have management problems associated with them in rapidly
growing urban areas with limited resources .

The lack of urban community facilities is considered to be one of the bigger
problems.

The obtained data is considered very relevant to community facilities
planning, where the maximization of beneficiaries is vital.

These data can support community facilities planners to update the locations
of urban amenities in conjunction with ancillary data (GIS) and techniques
such as the global positioning system (GPS).

In addition, these data enable the identification of service areas of different
facilities in order to utilize it in comprehensive development plans.

They assist in defining the appropriate locations of community facilities (e.g.
proximity to road networks, high populated areas), and in locating the new
services.
 APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING

3. Transportation Planning

Transportation planners require up-to-date information with regard to

roads infrastructure attributes.

These output provides the latest spatial roads infrastructure data set with

some attributes like length and width, which can address better defining of
roads capacity, connectivity and accessibility.

Urban land cover output data is very helpful in defining better public
transportation routes that can maximize the users.

In a more advance sense, this data can quantify transportation- related urban
sustainability indicators (i.e. density, urban compactness, and ecological
footprint).
 APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING

4. Environmental Planning

In environmental planning the urban land cover data is very significant

particularly to distinguish and monitor the urban green.

Urban areas influence local weather and climate, they and also affect wider

regional and global atmospheric systems.

The obtained data facilitates environmental planning tasks where urban green

can be easily quantified and identified.

The total amount of urban green area can reflect the environmental impact
when compared with other land cover energy consumptions like buildings and
transport infrastructure (Ecological footprint analysis).

Urban land cover data have tremendous capacity for improving urban planning.

The applications of remote sensing techniques in urban planning should be

explored to their full capacity.
 SOME OTHER USES OF REMOTE SENSING IN
SURVEY

Land use applications of remote sensing include the following:

1. Natural resource management.

2. Wildlife habitat protection.

3. Urban expansion / encroachment.

4. Routing and logistics planning for seismic / exploration / resource

extraction activities.

5. Damage delineation (tornadoes, flooding, volcanic, seismic, fire).

6. Legal boundaries for tax and property evaluation.

7. Target detection - identification of landing strips, roads, clearings,

bridges.

8. Land/water interface
 CONCLUSION

Rapid development in a city presents many challenges including problems associated

with urbanization for urban managers and policy makers.

Meeting these challenges requires access to timely and reliable information.

Remote sensing can provide timely and relevant urban land cover data that are often

difficult to obtain using traditional data-gathering methods.

For urban purposes, high-resolution satellite images provide better classification results
than low to medium resolution satellite images .

Remote sensing is capable of extracting urban land cover information with robust
results.

Urban land cover information represented a tremendous potential capability in urban

planning.

Land use planning, community facilities planning, transport planning, and

environmental planning all can benefit from this information.

 PROCESS OF PREPARATION OF TOWN PLAN

The process of town planning is divided into six stages

Stage -1 : Determination of space standards for all uses.

Stage-2 : Determination of total amount of land required for the town.

Stage-3: Examination and solution of towns road problems, and problems of other forms of
transport these arise.

Stage-4: The selection of actual sites, at present undeveloped, for urban use in order to
accommodate all the additional areas.

Stage-5: The arrangement of all land uses and transport routes concerned to form as satisfactory
a totality as possible.

Stage-6: The determination of the sequence in which future development shall take place.