Interview

SAS Interview Questions:Base SAS
Very Basic:
What SAS statements would you code to read an external raw data file to a DATA
step?
INFILE statement.
How do you read in the variables that you need?
Using Input statement with the column pointers like @5/12-17 etc.
Are you familiar with special input delimiters? How are they used?
DLM and DSD are the delimiters that Ive used. They should be included in the
infile statement. Comma separated values files or CSV files are a common type of
file that can be used to read with the DSD option. DSD option treats two delimiters
in a row as MISSING value. DSD also ignores the delimiters enclosed in quotation
marks.
If reading a variable length file with fixed input, how would you prevent SAS
from reading the next record if the last variable didn't have a value?
By using the option MISSOVER in the infile statement.

If the input of some data lines are shorter than others then we use TRUNCOVER
option in the infile statement.
What is the difference between an informat and a format? Name three informats or
formats.
Informats read the data. Format is to write the data.
Informats: comma. dollar. date.Formats can be same as informats
Informats: MMDDYYw. DATEw. TIMEw. , PERCENTw,
Formats: WORDIATE18., weekdatew.
Name and describe three SAS functions that you have used, if any?
LENGTH: returns the length of an argument not counting the trailing blanks.(missing
values have a length of 1)
Ex: a=my cat;
x=LENGTH(a); Result: x=6
SUBSTR: SUBSTR(arg,position,n) extracts a substring from an argument starting at

position for n characters or until end if no n.
Ex: A=(916)734-6241;
X=SUBSTR(a,2,3); RESULT: x=916
TRIM: removes trailing blanks from character expression.

Ex: a=my ; b=cat;
X= TRIM(a)(b); RESULT: x=mycat.
SUM: sum of non missing values.

Ex: x=Sum(3,5,1); result: x=9.0
INT: Returns the integer portion of the argument.
How would you code the criteria to restrict the output to be produced?
Use NOPRINT option.

What is the purpose of the trailing @ and the @@? How would you use them?
@ holds the value past the data step.
@@ holds the value till a input statement or end of the line.
Double trailing @@: When you have multiple observations per line of raw data, we
should use double trailing signs (@@) at the end of the INPUT statement. The line
hold specifies like a stop sign telling SAS, stop, hold that line of raw data.
Trailing @: By using @ without specifying a column, it is as if you are telling

SAS, stay tuned for more information. Dont touch that dial. SAS will hold the
line of data until it reaches either the end of the data step or an INPUT statement
that does not end with the trailing.
Under what circumstances would you code a SELECT construct instead of IF

statements?
When you have a long series of mutually exclusive conditions and the comparison is
numeric, using a SELECT group is slightly more efficient than using IF-THEN or IF-
THEN-ELSE statements because CPU time is reduced.
SELECT GROUP:
Select: begins with select group.
When: identifies SAS statements that are executed when a particular condition is
true.
Otherwise (optional): specifies a statement to be executed if no WHEN condition is
met.
End: ends a SELECT group.
What statement you code to tell SAS that it is to write to an external file? What
statement do you code to write the record to the file?
PUT and FILE statements.
If reading an external file to produce an external file, what is the shortcut to

write that record without coding every single variable on the record?
If you're not wanting any SAS output from a data step, how would you code the
data statement to prevent SAS from producing a set?
Data _Null_
What is the one statement to set the criteria of data that can be coded in any
step?
Options statement: This a part of SAS program and effects all steps that follow it.
Have you ever linked SAS code? If so, describe the link and any required
statements used to either process the code or the step itself.
How would you include common or reuse code to be processed along with your
statements?
By using SAS Macros.
When looking for data contained in a character string of 150 bytes, which
function is the best to locate that data: scan, index, or indexc?
SCAN.
If you have a data set that contains 100 variables, but you need only five of
those, what is the code to force SAS to use only those variable?
Using KEEP option or statement.
Code a PROC SORT on a data set containing State, District and County as the
primary variables, along with several numeric variables.
Proc sort data=
BY State District County ;
Run ;
How would you delete duplicate observations?
NONUPLICATES
How would you delete observations with duplicate keys?
NODUPKEY
How would you code a merge that will keep only the observations that have matches
from both sets.
Check the condition by using If statement in the Merge statement while merging
datasets.
How would you code a merge that will write the matches of both to one data set,
the non-matches from the left-most data.
Step1: Define 3 datasets in DATA step
Step2: Assign values of IN statement to different variables for 2 datasets
Step3: Check for the condition using IF statement and output the matching to first
dataset and no matches to different datasets
Ex: data xxxmerge yyy(in = inxxx) zzz (in = inzzz);by aaa;if inxxx = 1 and inyyy =
1;run;
What is the Program Data Vector (PDV)? What are its functions?
Function: To store the current obs;
PDV (Program Data Vector) is a logical area in memory where SAS creates a dataset
one observation at a time. When SAS processes a data step it has two phases.
Compilation phase and execution phase. During the compilation phase the input
buffer is created to hold a record from external file. After input buffer is
created the PDV is created. The PDV is the area of memory where SAS builds dataset,
one observation at a time. The PDV contains two automatic variables _N_ and
_ERROR_.
Does SAS 'Translate' (compile) or does it 'Interpret'? Explain.

SAS compiles the code
At compile time when a SAS data set is read, what items are created?
Automatic variables are created. Input Buffer, PDV and Descriptor Information
Name statements that are recognized at compile time only?
PUT
Name statements that are execution only.
INFILE, INPUT
Identify statements whose placement in the DATA step is critical.

DATA, INPUT, RUN.
Name statements that function at both compile and execution time.
INPUT
In the flow of DATA step processing, what is the first action in a typical DATA
Step?
The DATA step begins with a DATA statement. Each time the DATA statement executes,
a new iteration of the DATA step begins, and the _N_ automatic variable is
incremented by 1.
What is _n_?
It is a Data counter variable in SAS.
Note: Both -N- and _ERROR_ variables are always available to you in the data step.
N- indicates the number of times SAS has looped through the data step.
This is not necessarily equal to the observation number, since a simple sub setting
IF statement can change the relationship between Observation number and the number
of iterations of the data step.
The ERROR- variable ha a value of 1 if there is a error in the data for that
observation and 0 if it is not. Ex: This is nothing but a implicit variable created
by SAS during data processing. It gives the total number of records SAS has
iterated in a dataset. It is Available only for data step and not for PROCS. Eg. If
we want to find every third record in a Dataset thenwe can use the _n_ as follows
Data new-sas-data-set;Set old;if mod(_n_,3)= 1 then;run;Note: If we use a where
clause to subset the _n_ will not yield the required result.
Under what circumstances would you code a SELECT construct instead of IF

statements?
A: I think Select statement are used when you are using one condition to compare
with several conditions like
select pass
when Physics >60
when math > 100
when English = 50;
otherwise fail;
What is the one statement to set the criteria of data that can be coded
in any step?
A) Options statement.
What is the effect of the OPTIONS statement ERRORS=1?

A) The ERROR- variable ha a value of 1 if there is a error in the data for that
observation and 0 if it is not.
What's the difference between VAR A1 - A4 and VAR A1 -- A4 ?
A: There is no diff between VAR A1-A4 an VAR A1A4. Where as If u submit VAR A1---
A4 instead of VAR A1-A4 or VAR A1A3, u will see error message in the log.
What do the SAS log messages "numeric values have been converted to character"
mean? What are the implications?
It implies that automatic conversion took place to make character functions
possible
Why is a STOP statement needed for the POINT= option on a SET statement?
Because POINT= reads only the specified observations, SAS cannot detect an end-of-
file condition as it would if the file were being read sequentially.
How do you control the number of observations and/or variables read or written?
FIRSTOBS and OBS option
Approximately what date is represented by the SAS date value of 730?

31st December 1961
Identify statements whose placement in the DATA step is critical.

A: INPUT, DATA and RUN
Does SAS 'Translate' (compile) or does it 'Interpret'? Explain.

A) Compile
What does the RUN statement do?

a) When SAS editor looks at Run it starts compiling the data or proc step, if you
have more than one data step or proc step or if you have a proc step Following the
data step then you can avoid the usage of the run statement.
Why is SAS considered self-documenting?

A) SAS is considered self documenting because during the compilation time it
creates and stores all the information about the data set like the time and date of
the data set creation later No. of the variables later labels all that kind of info
inside the dataset and you can look at that info
using proc contents procedure.
What are some good SAS programming practices for processing very large data sets?
A) Sort them once, can use firstobs = and obs = ,
What is the different between functions and PROCs that calculate the
same simple descriptive statistics?
A)Functions can used inside the data step and on the same data set but with proc's
you can create a new data sets to output the results. May be more ...........
If you were told to create many records from one record, show how you
would do this using arrays and with PROC TRANSPOSE?
A) I would use TRANSPOSE if the variables are less use arrays if the var are
more ................. depends
What is a method for assigning first.VAR and last.VAR to the BY group

variable on unsorted data?
A) In Unsorted data you can't use First. or Last.
How do you debug and test your SAS programs?

A) First thing is look into Log for errors or warning or NOTE in some cases or use
the debugger in SAS data step.
What other SAS features do you use for error trapping and data
validation?
A) Check the Log and for data validation things like Proc Freq, Proc means or some
times proc print to look how the data looks like ........
How would you combine 3 or more tables with different structures?

A) I think sort them with common variables and use merge statement. I am not sure
what you mean different structures.
other questions:
What areas of SAS are you most interested in?

BASE, STAT, GRAPH, ETS
Briefly describe 5 ways to do a "table lookup" in SAS.

Match Merging, Direct Access, Format Tables, Arrays, PROC SQL
What versions of SAS have you used (on which platforms)?

SAS 8.2 in Windows and UNIX, SAS 7 and 6.12
What are some good SAS programming practices for processing very large data sets?
Sampling method using OBS option or subsetting, commenting the Lines, Use Data Null
What are some problems you might encounter in processing missing values? In Data
steps? Arithmetic? Comparisons? Functions? Classifying data?
The result of any operation with missing value will result in missing value. Most
SAS statistical procedures exclude observations with any missing variable values
from an analysis.
How would you create a data set with 1 observation and 30 variables from a data set
with 30 observations and 1 variable?
Using PROC TRANSPOSE
What is the different between functions and PROCs that calculate the same simple
descriptive statistics?
Proc can be used with wider scope and the results can be sent to a different
dataset. Functions usually affect the existing datasets.
If you were told to create many records from one record, show how you would do this
using array and with PROC TRANSPOSE?
Declare array for number of variables in the record and then used Do loop
Proc Transpose with VAR statement
What are _numeric_ and _character_ and what do they do?

Will either read or writes all numeric and character variables in dataset.
How would you create multiple observations from a single observation?

Using double Trailing @@
For what purpose would you use the RETAIN statement?

The retain statement is used to hold the values of variables across iterations of
the data step. Normally, all variables in the data step are set to missing at the
start of each iteration of the data step.
What is the order of evaluation of the comparison operators: + - * / ** ()?

(), **, *, /, +, -
How could you generate test data with no input data?

Using Data Null and put statement
How do you debug and test your SAS programs?

Using Obs=0 and systems options to trace the program execution in log.
What can you learn from the SAS log when debugging?
It will display the execution of whole program and the logic. It will also display
the error with line number so that you can and edit the program.
What is the purpose of _error_?

It has only to values, which are 1 for error and 0 for no error
How can you put a "trace" in your program?

By using ODS TRACE ON
How does SAS handle missing values in: assignment statements, functions, a merge,
an update, sort order, formats, PROCs?
Missing values will be assigned as missing in Assignment statement. Sort order
treats missing as second smallest followed by underscore.
How do you test for missing values?

Using Subset functions like IF then Else, Where and Select
How are numeric and character missing values represented internally?

Character as Blank or and Numeric as.
Which date functions advances a date time or date/time value by a given interval?
INTNX.
In the flow of DATA step processing, what is the first action in a typical DATA
Step?
When you submit a DATA step, SAS processes the DATA step and then creates a new SAS
data set.( creation of input buffer and PDV)
Compilation Phase
Execution Phase
What are SAS/ACCESS and SAS/CONNECT?

SAS/Access only process through the databases like Oracle, SQL-server, Ms-Access
etc. SAS/Connect only use Server connection.
What is the one statement to set the criteria of data that can be coded in any
step? OPTIONS Statement, Label statement, Keep / Drop statements.
What is the purpose of using the N=PS option?

The N=PS option creates a buffer in memory which is large enough to store PAGESIZE
(PS) lines and enables a page to be formatted randomly prior to it being printed.
What are the scrubbing procedures in SAS?

Proc Sort with nodupkey option, because it will eliminate the duplicate values.
What are the new features included in the new version of SAS i.e., SAS9.1.3?
The main advantage of version 9 is faster execution of applications and centralized
access of data and support.
There are lots of changes has been made in the version 9 when we compared with the
version 8. The following are the few:
SAS version 9 supports Formats longer than 8 bytes & is not possible with version
8.
Length for Numeric format allowed in version 9 is 32 where as 8 in version 8.
Length for Character names in version 9 is 31 where as in version 8 is 32.
Length for numeric informat in version 9 is 31, 8 in version 8.
Length for character names is 30, 32 in version 8.
3 new informats are available in version 9 to convert various date, time and
datetime forms of data into a SAS date or SAS time.
ANYDTDTEW. - Converts to a SAS date value

ANYDTTMEW. - Converts to a SAS time value.
ANYDTDTMW. -Converts to a SAS datetime value.
CALL SYMPUTX Macro statement is added in the version 9 which creates a macro
variable at execution time in the data step by
Trimming trailing blanks Automatically converting numeric value to character.
New ODS option (COLUMN OPTION) is included to create a multiple columns in the
output.
WHAT DIFFERRENCE DID YOU FIND AMONG VERSION 6 8 AND 9 OF SAS. The SAS 9
Architecture is fundamentally different from any prior version of SAS. In the SAS 9
architecture, SAS relies on a new component, the Metadata Server, to provide an
information layer between the programs and the data they access. Metadata, such as
security permissions for SAS libraries and where the various SAS servers are
running, are maintained in a common repository.
What has been your most common programming mistake?

Missing semicolon and not checking log after submitting program, Not using
debugging techniques and not using Fsview option vigorously.
Name several ways to achieve efficiency in your program. Explain trade-offs.

Efficiency and performance strategies can be classified into 5 different areas.
CPU time
Data Storage
Elapsed time
Input/Output
Memory
CPU Time and Elapsed Time- Base line measurements Few Examples for efficiency
violations: Retaining unwanted datasets Not sub setting early to eliminate unwanted
records.
Efficiency improving techniques: Using KEEP and DROP statements to retain necessary
variables. Use macros for reducing the code. Using IF-THEN/ELSE statements to
process data programming. Use SQL procedure to reduce number of programming steps.
Using of length statements to reduce the variable size for reducing the Data
storage.
Use of Data _NULL_ steps for processing null data sets for Data storage.
What other SAS products have you used and consider yourself proficient in using?
Data _NULL_ statement, Proc Means, Proc Report, Proc tabulate, Proc freq and Proc
print, Proc Univariate etc.
What is the significance of the 'OF' in X=SUM (OF a1-a4, a6, a9);
If dont use the OF function it might not be interpreted as we expect. For example
the function above calculates the sum of a1 minus a4 plus a6 and a9 and not the
whole sum of a1 to a4 & a6 and a9. It is true for mean option also.
What do the PUT and INPUT functions do?

INPUT function converts character data values to numeric values. PUT function
converts numeric values to character values.
EX: for INPUT: INPUT (source, informat)
For PUT: PUT (source, format)
Note that INPUT function requires INFORMAT and PUT function requires FORMAT. If we
omit the INPUT or the PUT function during the data conversion, SAS will detect the
mismatched variables and will try an automatic character-to-numeric or numeric-to-
character conversion. But sometimes this doesnt work because $ sign prevents such
conversion. Therefore it is always advisable to include INPUT and PUT functions in
your programs when conversions occur.
Which date function advances a date, time or datetime value by a given interval?
INTNX: INTNX function advances a date, time, or datetime value by a given interval,
and returns a date, time, or datetime value. Ex: INTNX(interval,start-from,number-
of-increments,alignment)
INTCK: INTCK(interval,start-of-period,end-of-period) is an interval functioncounts
the number of intervals between two give SAS dates, Time and/or datetime. DATETIME
() returns the current date and time of day. DATDIF (sdate,edate,basis): returns
the number of days between two dates.
What do the MOD and INT function do? What do the PAD and DIM functions do? MOD:
Modulo is a constant or numeric variable, the function returns the reminder after
numeric value divided by modulo.
INT: It returns the integer portion of a numeric value truncating the decimal
portion.
PAD: it pads each record with blanks so that all data lines have the same length.
It is used in the INFILE statement. It is useful only when missing data occurs at
the end of the record.
CATX: concatenate character strings, removes leading and trailing blanks and
inserts separators.
SCAN: it returns a specified word from a character value. Scan function assigns a
length of 200 to each target variable.
SUBSTR: extracts a sub string and replaces character values.
Extraction of a substring: Middleinitial=substr(middlename,1,1); Replacing
character values: substr (phone,1,3)=433; If SUBSTR function is on the left side
of a statement, the function replaces the contents of the character variable.
TRIM: trims the trailing blanks from the character values.
SCAN vs. SUBSTR: SCAN extracts words within a value that is marked by delimiters.
SUBSTR extracts a portion of the value by stating the specific location. It is best
used when we know the exact position of the sub string to extract from a character
value.
How might you use MOD and INT on numeric to mimic SUBSTR on character Strings?
The first argument to the MOD function is a numeric, the second is a non-zero
numeric; the result is the remainder when the integer quotient of argument-1 is
divided by argument-2. The INT function takes only one argument and returns the
integer portion of an argument, truncating the decimal portion. Note that the
argument can be an expression.
DATA NEW ;
A = 123456 ;
X = INT( A/1000 ) ;
Y = MOD( A, 1000 ) ;
Z = MOD( INT( A/100 ), 100 ) ;
PUT A= X= Y= Z= ;
RUN ;
A=123456
X=123
Y=456
Z=34
In ARRAY processing, what does the DIM function do?
DIM: It is used to return the number of elements in the array. When we use Dim
function we would have to re specify the stop value of an iterative DO statement
if u change the dimension of the array.
How would you determine the number of missing or nonmissing values in computations?
To determine the number of missing values that are excluded in a computation, use
the NMISS function.
data _null_;
m = . ; y = 4 ; z = 0 ;
N = N(m , y, z);
NMISS = NMISS (m , y, z);
run;
The above program results in N = 2 (Number of non missing values) and NMISS = 1
(number of missing values).
Do you need to know if there are any missing values?

Just use: missing_values=MISSING(field1,field2,field3); This function simply
returns 0 if there aren't any or 1 if there are missing values.
If you need to know how many missing values you have then use
num_missing=NMISS(field1,field2,field3); You can also find the number of non-
missing values with non_missing=N (field1,field2,field3);
What is the difference between: x=a+b+c+d; and x=SUM (of a, b, c ,d);?

Is anyone wondering why you wouldnt just use total=field1+field2+field3; First,
how do you want missing values handled? The SUM function returns the sum of non-
missing values. If you choose addition, you will get a missing value for the result
if any of the fields are missing. Which one is appropriate depends upon your needs.
However, there is an advantage to use the SUM function even if you want the results
to be missing. If you have more than a couple fields, you can often use shortcuts
in writing the field names If your fields are not numbered sequentially but are
stored in the program data vector together then you can use: total=SUM(of fielda--
zfield); Just make sure you remember the of and the double dashes or your code
will run but you wont get your intended results. Mean is another function where
the function will calculate differently than the writing out the formula if you
have missing values.
There is a field containing a date. It needs to be displayed in the format

"ddmonyy" if it's before 1975, "dd mon ccyy" if it's after 1985, and as 'Disco
Years' if it's between 1975 and 1985. How would you accomplish this in data step
code? Using only PROC FORMAT.
data new ;
input date ddmmyy10. ;
cards;
01/05/1955
01/09/1970
01/12/1975
19/10/1979
25/10/1982
10/10/1988
27/12/1991
;
run;
proc format ;
value dat low-'01jan1975'd=ddmmyy10.
'01jan1975'd-'01JAN1985'd="Disco Years"
'01JAN1985'd-high=date9.;
run;
proc print;
format date dat. ;
run;
In the following DATA step, what is needed for 'fraction' to print to the log?
data _null_;
x=1/3;
if x=.3333 then put 'fraction';
run;
What is the difference between calculating the 'mean' using the mean function and
PROC MEANS?
By default Proc Means calculate the summary statistics like N, Mean, Std deviation,
Minimum and maximum, Where as Mean function compute only the mean values.
What are some differences between PROC SUMMARY and PROC MEANS?
Proc means by default give you the output in the output window and you can stop
this by the option NOPRINT and can take the output in the separate file by the
statement OUTPUTOUT= , But, proc summary doesn't give the default output, we have
to explicitly give the output statement and then print the data by giving PRINT
option to see the result.
What is a problem with merging two data sets that have variables with the same name
but different data?
Understanding the basic algorithm of MERGE will help you understand how the step
Processes. There are still a few common scenarios whose results sometimes catch
users off guard. Here are a few of the most frequent 'gotchas':
1- BY variables has different lengths
It is possible to perform a MERGE when the lengths of the BY variables are
different,
But if the data set with the shorter version is listed first on the MERGE
statement, the
Shorter length will be used for the length of the BY variable during the merge. Due
to this shorter length, truncation occurs and unintended combinations could result.
In Version 8, a warning is issued to point out this data integrity risk. The
warning will be issued regardless of which data set is listed first:
WARNING: Multiple lengths were specified for the BY variable name by input data
sets.
This may cause unexpected results. Truncation can be avoided by naming the data set
with the longest length for the BY variable first on the MERGE statement, but the
warning message is still issued. To prevent the warning, ensure the BY variables
have the same length prior to combining them in the MERGE step with PROC CONTENTS.
You can change the variable length with either a LENGTH statement in the merge DATA
step prior to the MERGE statement, or by recreating the data sets to have identical
lengths for the BY variables.
Note: When doing MERGE we should not have MERGE and IF-THEN statement in one data
step if the IF-THEN statement involves two variables that come from two different
merging data sets. If it is not completely clear when MERGE and IF-THEN can be used
in one data step and when it should not be, then it is best to simply always
separate them in different data step. By following the above recommendation, it
will ensure an error-free merge result.
Which data set is the controlling data set in the MERGE statement?
Dataset having the less number of observations control the data set in the merge
statement.
How do the IN= variables improve the capability of a MERGE?

The IN=variables
What if you want to keep in the output data set of a merge only the matches (only
those observations to which both input data sets contribute)? SAS will set up for
you special temporary variables, called the "IN=" variables, so that you can do
this and more. Here's what you have to do: signal to SAS on the MERGE statement
that you need the IN= variables for the input data set(s) use the IN= variables in
the data step appropriately, So to keep only the matches in the match-merge above,
ask for the IN= variables and use them:
data three;
merge one(in=x) two(in=y); /* x & y are your choices of names */
by id; /* for the IN= variables for data */
if x=1 and y=1; /* sets one and two respectively */
run;
What techniques and/or PROCs do you use for tables?

Proc Freq, Proc univariate, Proc Tabulate & Proc Report.
Do you prefer PROC REPORT or PROC TABULATE? Why?

I prefer to use Proc report until I have to create cross tabulation tables,
because, It gives me so many options to modify the look up of my table, (ex: Width
option, by this we can change the width of each column in the table) Where as Proc
tabulate unable to produce some of the things in my table. Ex: tabulate doesnt
produce n (%) in the desirable format.
How experienced are you with customized reporting and use of DATA _NULL_ features?
I have very good experience in creating customized reports as well as with Data
_NULL_ step. Its a Data step that generates a report without creating the dataset
there by development time can be saved. The other advantages of Data NULL is when
we submit, if there is any compilation error is there in the statement which can be
detected and written to the log there by error can be detected by checking the log
after submitting it. It is also used to create the macro variables in the data set.
What is the difference between nodup and nodupkey options?

NODUP compares all the variables in our dataset while NODUPKEY compares just the BY
variables.
What is the difference between compiler and interpreter? Give any one example
(software product) that act as an interpreter?
Both are similar as they achieve similar purposes, but inherently different as to
how they achieve that purpose. The interpreter translates instructions one at a
time, and then executes those instructions immediately. Compiled code takes
programs (source) written in SAS programming language, and then ultimately
translates it into object code or machine language. Compiled code does the work
much more efficiently, because it produces a complete machine language program,
which can then be executed.
Code the tables statement for a single level frequency?

Proc freq data=lib.dataset;
table var; *here you can mention single variable of multiple variables seperated by
space to get single frequency;
run;
What is the main difference between rename and label?

1. Label is global and rename is local i.e., label statement can be used either in
proc or data step where as rename should be used only in data step. 2.If we rename
a variable, old name will be lost but if we label a variable its short name (old
name) exists along with its descriptive name.
What is Enterprise Guide? What is the use of it?
It is an approach to import text files with SAS (It comes free with Base SAS
version 9.0)
What other SAS features do you use for error trapping and data validation? What are
the validation tools in SAS?
For dataset: Data set name/debug
Data set: name/stmtchk
For macros: Options:mprint mlogic symbolgen.
How can you put a "trace" in your program?

ODS Trace ON, ODS Trace OFF the trace records.
How would you code a merge that will keep only the observations that have matches
from both data sets?
Using "IN" variable option. Look at the following example.
data three;
merge one(in=x) two(in=y);
by id;
if x=1 and y=1;
run;
or
data three;
merge one(in=x) two(in=y);
by id;
if x and y;
run;
What are input dataset and output dataset options?

Input data set options are obs, firstobs, where, in output data set options
compress, reuse.Both input and output dataset options include keep, drop, rename,
obs, first obs.
How can u create zero observation dataset?

Creating a data set by using the like clause.
ex: proc sql;
create table latha.emp like oracle.emp;
quit;
In this the like clause triggers the existing table structure to be copied to the
new table. using this method result in the creation of an empty table.
Have you ever-linked SAS code, If so, describe the link and any required statements
used to either process the code or the step itself?
In the editor window we write
%include 'path of the sas file';
run;
if it is with non-windowing environment no need to give run statement.
How can u import .CSV file in to SAS? tell Syntax?

To create CSV file, we have to open notepad, then, declare the variables.
proc import datafile='E:\age.csv'out=sarath

dbms=csv
replace;
getnames=yes;
proc print data=sarath;
run;
What is the use of Proc SQl?
PROC SQL is a powerful tool in SAS, which combines the functionality of data and
proc steps. PROC SQL can sort, summarize, subset, join (merge), and concatenate
datasets, create new variables, and print the results or create a new dataset all
in one step! PROC SQL uses fewer resources when compard to that of data and proc
steps. To join files in PROC SQL it does not require to sort the data prior to
merging, which is must, is data merge.
What is SAS GRAPH?

SAS/GRAPH software creates and delivers accurate, high-impact visuals that enable
decision makers to gain a quick understanding of critical business issues.
Why is a STOP statement needed for the point=option on a SET statement?

When you use the POINT= option, you must include a STOP statement to stop DATA step
processing, programming logic that checks for an invalid value of the POINT=
variable, or Both. Because POINT= reads only those observations that are specified
in the DO statement, SAScannot read an end-of-file indicator as it would if the
file were being read sequentially. Because reading an end-of-file indicator ends a
DATA step automatically, failure to substitute another means of ending the DATA
step when you use POINT= can cause the DATA step to go into a continuous loop.
What is the difference between nodup and nodupkey options?

The NODUP option checks for and eliminates duplicate observations. The NODUPKEY
option checks for and eliminates duplicate observations by variable values.
1. Have you used macros? For what purpose you have used?
Yes I have, I used macros in creating analysis datasets and tables where it is
necessary to make a small change through out the program and where it is necessary
to use the code again and again.
2. How would you invoke a macro?

After I have defined a macro I can invoke it by adding the percent sign prefix to
its name like this: % macro name a semicolon is not required when invoking a macro,
though adding one generally does no harm.
3. How we can call macros with in data step?

We can call the macro with CALLSYMPUT
4. How do u identify a macro variable?

Ampersand (&)
5. How do you define the end of a macro?

The end of the macro is defined by %Mend Statement
6. For what purposes have you used SAS macros?

If we want use a program step for executing to execute the same Proc step on
multiple data sets. We can accomplish repetitive tasks quickly and efficiently. A
macro program can be reused many times. Parameters passed to the macro program
customize the results without having to change the code within the macro program.
Macros in SAS make a small change in the program and have SAS echo that change
thought that program.
7. What is the difference between %LOCAL and %GLOBAL?
% Local is a macro variable defined inside a macro.%Global is a macro variable
defined in open code (outside the macro or can use anywhere).
8. How long can a macro variable be? A token?

A component of SAS known as the word scanner breaks the program text into
fundamental units called tokens. Tokens are passed on demand to the compiler. The
compiler then requests token until it receives a semicolon. Then the compiler
performs the syntax check on the statement.
9. If you use a SYMPUT in a DATA step, when and where can you use the macro
variable?
Macro variable is used inside the Call Symput statement and is enclosed in quotes.
10. What do you code to create a macro? End one?

%MACRO and %MEND
11. What is the difference between %PUT and SYMBOLGEN?

%PUT is used to display user defined messages on log window after execution of a
program where as % SYMBOLGEN is used to print the value of a macro variable
resolved, on log window.
12. How do you add a number to a macro variable?

Using %eval function
13. Can you execute a macro within a macro? Describe.

Yes, Such macros are called nested macros. They can be obtained by using symget and
call symput macros.
14. If you need the value of a variable rather than the variable itself what would
you use to load the value to a macro variable?
If we need a value of a macro variable then we must define it in such terms so that
we can call them everywhere in the program. Define it as Global. There are
different ways of assigning a global variable. Simplest method is %LET.
Ex:A, is macro variable. Use following statement to assign the value of a rather
than the variable itselfe.g.%Let A=xyzx="&A";This will assign "xyz" to x, not the
variable xyz to x.
15. Can you execute macro within another macro? If so, how would SAS know where the
current macro ended and the new one began?
Yes, I can execute macro within a macro, what we call it as nesting of macros,
which is allowed. Every macro's beginning is identified the keyword %macro and end
with %mend.
16. How are parameters passed to a macro?

A macro variable defined in parentheses in a %MACRO statement is a macro parameter.
Macro parameters allow you to pass information into a macro. Here is a simple
example: %macro plot(yvar= ,xvar= ); proc plot; plot &yvar*&xvar; run;%mend plot;
17. How would you code a macro statement to produce information on the SAS log?
This statement can be coded anywhere?OPTIONS, MPRINT MLOGIC MERROR SYMBOLGEN;

We can call the macro with CALLSYMPUT, Proc SQL and %LET statement.
19. Tell me about call symput?

CALL SYMPUT takes a value from a data step and assigns it to a macro variable. I
can then use this macro variable in later steps. To assign a value to a single
macro variable, I use CALL SYMPUT with this general form:
CALL SYMPUT (macro-variable-name, value);
Where macro-variable-name, enclosed in quotation marks, is the name of a macro
variable, either new or old, and value is the value I want to assign to that macro
variable. Value can be the name of a variable whose value SAS will use, or it can
be a constant value enclosed quotation marks.
CALL SYMPUT is often used in if-then statements such as this:

If age>=18 then call symput (status,adult);
Else call symput (status,minor);
These statements create a macro variable named &status and assign to it a value of
either adult or minor depending on the variable age.
Caution: We cannot create a macro variable with CALL SYMPUT and use it in the same
data step because SAS does not assign a value to the macro variable until the data
step executes. Data steps executes when SAS encounters a step boundary such as a
subsequent data, proc, or run statement.
20. Tell me about % include and % eval?

The %include statement, despite its percent sign, is not a macro statement and is
always executed in SAS, though it can be conditionally executed in a macro.
It can be used to setting up a macro library. But this is a least approach. The use
of %include does not actually set up a library. The %include statement points to a
file and when it executed the indicated file (be it a full program, macro
definition, or a statement fragment) is inserted into the calling program at the
location of the call. When using the %include building a macro library, the
included file will usually contain one or more macro definitions.
%EVAL is a widely used yet frequently misunderstood SAS(r) macro language function
due to its seemingly simple form. However, when its actual argument is a complex
macro expression interlaced with special characters, mixed arithmetic and logical
operators, or macro quotation functions, its usage and result become elusive and
problematic. %IF condition in macro is evaluated by %eval, to reduce it to true or
false.
21. Describe the ways in which you can create macro variables?
There are the 5 ways to create macro variables:
%Let
%Global
Call Symput
Proc SQl
Parameters.
22. Tell me more about the parameters in macro?

Parameters are macro variables whose value you set when you invoke a macro. To add
the parameters to a macro, you simply name the macro vars names in parenthesis in
the %macro statement.
Syntax:
%MACRO macro-name (parameter-1= , parameter-2= , parameter-n = );
macro-text
%MEND macro-name;
23. What is the maximum length of the macro variable?

32 characters long.
24. Automatic variables for macro?

Every time we invoke SAS, the macro processor automatically creates certain macro
var. eg: &sysdate &sysday.
25. What system options would you use to help debug a macro?
Debugging a Macro with SAS System Options. The SAS System offers users a number of
useful system options to help debug macro issues and problems. The results
associated with using macro options are automatically displayed on the SAS Log.
Specific options related to macro debugging appear in alphabetical order in the
table below.SAS Option Description:
MEMRPT Specifies that memory usage statistics be displayed on the SAS Log.
MERROR: SAS will issue warning if we invoke a macro that SAS didnt find. Presents
Warning Messages when there are misspellings or when an undefined macro is called.
SERROR: SAS will issue warning if we use a macro variable that SAS cant find.
MLOGIC: SAS prints details about the execution of the macros in the log.
MPRINT: Displays SAS statements generated by macro execution are traced on the SAS
Log for debugging purposes.
SYMBOLGEN: SAS prints the value of macro variables in log and also displays text
from expanding macro variables to the SAS Log.
26. If you need the value of a variable rather than the variable itself what would
you use to load the value to a macro variable?
If we need a value of a macro variable then we must define it in such terms so that
we can call them everywhere in the program. Define it as Global. There are
different ways of assigning a global variable. Simplest method is %LET.
Ex:A, is macro variable. Use following statement to assign the value of a rather
than the variable itselfe.g.%Let A=xyzx="&A";This will assign "xyz" to x, not the
variable xyz to x.
27. Can you execute macro within another macro? If so, how would SAS know where the
current macro ended and the new one began?
Yes, I can execute macro within a macro, what we call it as nesting of macros,
which is allowed. Every macro's beginning is identified the keyword %macro and end
with %mend.
28. How are parameters passed to a macro? A macro variable defined in parentheses
in a %MACRO statement is a macro parameter. Macro parameters allow you to pass
information into a macro. Here is a simple example: %macro plot(yvar= ,xvar= );
proc plot; plot &yvar*&xvar; run;%mend plot;
29. How would you code a macro statement to produce information on the SAS log?
This statement can be coded anywhere?OPTIONS, MPRINT MLOGIC MERROR SYMBOLGEN;

We can call the macro with CALLSYMPUT, Proc SQL and %LET statement.
31. What are SYMGET and SYMPUT?

SYMPUT puts the value from a dataset into a macro variable where as SYMGET gets the
value from the macro variable to the dataset.
32. What are the macros you have used in your programs?
Used macros for various puposes, few of them are..
1) Macros written to determine the list of variables in a dataset:

%macro varlist (dsn);
proc contents data = &dsn out = cont noprit;
run;
proc sql noprint;
select distinct name into:
varname1-:varname22
from cont;
quit;
%do i =1 %to &sqlobs;
%put &i &&varname&i;
%end;
%mend varlist;
%varlist(adverse)
2) Distribution or Missing / Non-Missing Values

%macro missrep(dsn, vars=_numeric_);
proc freq data=&dsn.;
tables &vars. / missing;
format _character_ $missf. _numeric_ missf.;
title1 Distribution or Missing / Non-Missing Values;
run;
%mend missrep;
%missrep(study.demog, vars=age gender bdate);
3) Written macros for sorting common variables in various datasets

%macro sortit (datasetname, pid, investigator, timevisit)PROC SORT DATA =
&DATASETNAME;
BY &PID &INVESTIGATOR;
%mend sortit;
4) Macros written to split the number of observations in a dataset
%macro split (dsnorig, dsnsplit1, dsnsplit2, obs1);

data &dsnsplit1;
set &dsnorig (obs = &obs1);
run;
data &dsnsplit2;
set &dsnorig (firstobs = %eval(&obs1 + 1));
run;
%mend split;
%split(sasuser.admit,admit4,admit5,2)
33. What is auto call macro and how to create a auto call macro? What is the use of
it? How to use it in SAS with macros?
Enables the user to call macros that have been stored as SAS programs. The auto
call macro facility allows users to access the same macro code from multiple SAS
programs. Rather than having the same macro code for in each program where the code
is required, with an autocall macro, the code is in one location. This permits
faster updates and better consistency across all the programs.
Macro set-up:
The fist step is to set-up a program that contains a macro, desired to be used in
multiple programs. Although the program may contain other macros and/or open code,
it is advised to include only one macro.
Set MAUTOSOURSE and SASAUTOS:

Before one can use the autocall macro within a SAS program, The MAUTOSOURSE option
must be set open and the SASAUTOS option should be assigned. The MAUTOSOURSE option
indicates to SAS that the autocall facility is to be activated. The SASAUTOS option
tells SAS where to look for the macros.
For ex: sasauto=g:\busmeas\internal\macro\;
34. What %put do?

It displays the macro variable value when we specify
%put (my first macro variable is &..)
% Put _automatic_ option displays all the SAS system macro variables includind
&SYSDATE AND &SYSTIME.
1. What are the three types of join?

A. The three types of join are inner join, left join and right join.
The inner join option takes the matching values from both the tables by the ON
option. The left join selects all the variables from the first table and joins
second table to it. The right join selects all the variables of table b first and
join the table a to it.
2. Have you ever used PROC SQL for data summarization?

A. Yes I have used it for summarization at times
For e.g if I have to calculate the max value of BP for patients 101 102 and 103
then I use the max (bpd) function to get the maximum value and use group by
statement to group the patients accordingly.
3. Tell me about your SQL experience?

A. I have used the SAS/ACCESS SQL pass thru facility for connection with external
databases and importing tables from them and also Microsoft access and excel files.
Besides this, lot of times I have used PROC SQL for joining tables.
4. Once you have had the data read into SAS datasets are you more of a data step
programmer or a PROC SQL programmer?
A. It depends on what types of analysis datasets are required for creating tables
but I am more of a data step programmer as it gives me more flexibility.
For e.g creating a change from baseline data set for blood pressure sometimes I
have to retain certain values use arrays .or use the first. -and last. variables.
5. What types of programming tasks do you use PROC SQL for versus the data step?
A. Proc SQL is very convenient for performing table joins compared to a data step
merge as it does not require the key columns to be sorted prior to join. A data
step is more suitable for sequential observation-by-observation processing.
PROC SQL can save a great deal of time if u want to filter the variables while
selecting or u can modify them apply format.creating new variables ,
macrovariablesas well as subsetting the data.
PROC SQL offers great flexibility for joining tables.
6. Have u ever used PROC SQL to read in a raw data file?

A. No. I dont think it can be used.
7. How do you merge data in Proc SQL?

The three types of join are inner join, left join and right join. The inner join
option takes the matching values from both the tables by the ON option. The left
join selects all the variables from the first table and joins second table to it.
The right join selects all the variables of table b first and join the table a to
it.
PROC SQL;
CREATE TABLE BOTH AS
SELECT A.PATIENT,
A.DATE FORMAT=DATE7. AS DATE, A.PULSE,
B.MED, B.DOSES, B.AMT FORMAT=4.1
FROM VITALS A INNER JOIN DOSING B
ON (A.PATIENT = B.PATIENT) AND
(A.DATE = B.DATE)
ORDER BY PATIENT, DATE;
QUIT;
8. What are the statements in Proc SQl?

Select, From, Where, Group By, Having, Order.
PROC SQL;
CREATE TABLE HIGHBPP2 AS
SELECT PATIENT, COUNT (PATIENT) AS N,
DATE FORMAT=DATE7., MAX(BPD) AS BPDHIGH
FROM VITALS
WHERE PATIENT IN (101 102 103)
GROUP BY PATIENT
HAVING BPD = CALCULATED BPDHIGH
ORDER BY CALCULATED BPDHIGH;
Quit;
9. Why and when do you use Proc SQl?

Proc SQL is very convenient for performing table joins compared to a data step
selecting or we can modify them, apply format and creating new variables,
macrovariablesas well as subsetting the data. PROC SQL offers great flexibility
for joining tables.
SAS GRAPH:
1. What type of graphs have you have generated using SAS?

A. I have used Proc GPLOT where I have created change from baseline scatter plots.
I have also used Proc LIFETEST to create Kaplan-Meier survival estimates plots for
survival analysis to determine which treatment displays better time-to-event
distribution.
2. Have you ever used GREPLAY?

A. YES, I have used the PROC GREPLAY point and click interface to integrate 4
graphs in one page. Which were produced by the reg procedure.
3. What is the symbol statement used for?

A. Symbol statement is used for placing symbols in the graphics output.
Associated variables can specify the color, font and heights of the symbols
displayed.
4. Have you ever used the annotate facility? What is a situation when you have had
to use the ANNOTATE facility in the past?
A. Yes, I have used the annotate facility for graphs. I have used the annotate
facility to position labels in the Kaplan-Meier survival estimates, where I had to
specify the function as label and give the x and y co-ordinates and the position
where this label is to be placed.
ODS (OUTPUT DELIVERY SYSTEM):
1. What are all the ODS procedure have u encountered?

Tracing and selecting the procedure Output;
ODS Trace on;
Proc steps;
Run;
ODS Trace off;
ODS Select statement,
Proc steps; ODS Select output-object-list; Run;
ODS Output statement,
ODS output output-object= new SAS dataset;
ODS html body = path\marinebody.html

Contents = path\marineTOC.html
Page = path\marinepage.html
Frame= path\marineframe.html;
..
ODS html close; ODS rtf file = filename.rtf options;

Options like columns=n, bodytitle, SASdate and style.
ODS rtf close;
Similarly
ODS Pdf file = filename.pdf options; .. ODS pdf close;
2. What is your experience with ODS?

A. I have used ODS for creating files output formats RTF HTML and PDF as per the
requirement of my manager. HTML files could be posted on the web site for viewing
or can also be imported into word processors.
ODS HTML body = path
Contents= path
Frame = path
ODS HTML close;
ODS RTF FILE = path

ODS RTF close;
When we create RTF output we can copy it into word document and edit and resize it
like word tables.
3. What does the trace option do?

A. ODS Trace is used to find the names of the particular output objects when
several of them are created by some procedure.
ODS TRACE ON;
ODS TRACE OFF;
SAS UNIX:
PROC SQL:
1. What are the three types of join?

A. The three types of join are inner join, left join and right join.
The inner join option takes the matching values from both the tables by the ON
option. The left join selects all the variables from the first table and joins
second table to it. The right join selects all the variables of table b first and
join the table a to it.
2. Have you ever used PROC SQL for data summarization?

A. Yes I have used it for summarization at times
For e.g if I have to calculate the max value of BP for patients 101 102 and 103
then I use the max (bpd) function to get the maximum value and use group by
statement to group the patients accordingly.
3. Tell me about your SQL experience?

A. I have used the SAS/ACCESS SQL pass thru facility for connection with external
databases and importing tables from them and also Microsoft access and excel files.
Besides this, lot of times I have used PROC SQL for joining tables.
4. Once you have had the data read into SAS datasets are you more of a data step
programmer or a PROC SQL programmer?
A. It depends on what types of analysis datasets are required for creating tables
but I am more of a data step programmer as it gives me more flexibility.
For e.g creating a change from baseline data set for blood pressure sometimes I
have to retain certain values use arrays .or use the first. -and last. variables.
5. What types of programming tasks do you use PROC SQL for versus the data step?
A. Proc SQL is very convenient for performing table joins compared to a data step
selecting or u can modify them apply format.creating new variables ,
macrovariablesas well as subsetting the data.
PROC SQL offers great flexibility for joining tables.
6. Have u ever used PROC SQL to read in a raw data file?

A. No. I dont think it can be used.
7. How do you merge data in Proc SQL?

The three types of join are inner join, left join and right join. The inner join
option takes the matching values from both the tables by the ON option. The left
join selects all the variables from the first table and joins second table to it.
The right join selects all the variables of table b first and join the table a to
it.
PROC SQL;
CREATE TABLE BOTH AS
SELECT A.PATIENT,
A.DATE FORMAT=DATE7. AS DATE, A.PULSE,
B.MED, B.DOSES, B.AMT FORMAT=4.1
FROM VITALS A INNER JOIN DOSING B
ON (A.PATIENT = B.PATIENT) AND
(A.DATE = B.DATE)
ORDER BY PATIENT, DATE;
QUIT;
8. What are the statements in Proc SQl?

Select, From, Where, Group By, Having, Order.
PROC SQL;
CREATE TABLE HIGHBPP2 AS
SELECT PATIENT, COUNT (PATIENT) AS N,
DATE FORMAT=DATE7., MAX(BPD) AS BPDHIGH
FROM VITALS
WHERE PATIENT IN (101 102 103)
GROUP BY PATIENT
HAVING BPD = CALCULATED BPDHIGH
ORDER BY CALCULATED BPDHIGH;
Quit;
9. Why and when do you use Proc SQl?

Proc SQL is very convenient for performing table joins compared to a data step
selecting or we can modify them, apply format and creating new variables,
macrovariablesas well as subsetting the data. PROC SQL offers great flexibility
for joining tables.
SAS GRAPH:
1. What type of graphs have you have generated using SAS?

A. I have used Proc GPLOT where I have created change from baseline scatter plots.
I have also used Proc LIFETEST to create Kaplan-Meier survival estimates plots for
survival analysis to determine which treatment displays better time-to-event
distribution.
2. Have you ever used GREPLAY?

A. YES, I have used the PROC GREPLAY point and click interface to integrate 4
graphs in one page. Which were produced by the reg procedure.
3. What is the symbol statement used for?

A. Symbol statement is used for placing symbols in the graphics output.
Associated variables can specify the color, font and heights of the symbols
displayed.
4. Have you ever used the annotate facility? What is a situation when you have had
to use the ANNOTATE facility in the past?
A. Yes, I have used the annotate facility for graphs. I have used the annotate
facility to position labels in the Kaplan-Meier survival estimates, where I had to
specify the function as label and give the x and y co-ordinates and the position
where this label is to be placed.
ODS (OUTPUT DELIVERY SYSTEM):
1. What are all the ODS procedure have u encountered?

Tracing and selecting the procedure Output;
ODS Trace on;
Proc steps;
Run;
ODS Trace off;
ODS Select statement,
Proc steps; ODS Select output-object-list; Run;
ODS Output statement,
ODS output output-object= new SAS dataset;
ODS html body = path\marinebody.html

Contents = path\marineTOC.html
Page = path\marinepage.html
Frame= path\marineframe.html;
..
ODS html close; ODS rtf file = filename.rtf options;

Options like columns=n, bodytitle, SASdate and style.
ODS rtf close;
Similarly
ODS Pdf file = filename.pdf options; .. ODS pdf close;
2. What is your experience with ODS?

A. I have used ODS for creating files output formats RTF HTML and PDF as per the
requirement of my manager. HTML files could be posted on the web site for viewing
or can also be imported into word processors.
ODS HTML body = path
Contents= path
Frame = path
ODS HTML close;
ODS RTF FILE = path

ODS RTF close;
When we create RTF output we can copy it into word document and edit and resize it
like word tables.
3. What does the trace option do?

A. ODS Trace is used to find the names of the particular output objects when
several of them are created by some procedure.
ODS TRACE ON;
ODS TRACE OFF;
SAS UNIX:
1. Unix environment?
SAS can effectively be used with Unix operating system. We have some options that
would let the programmer to extract files from the terminal as well as save the
Output to the terminal.
2. When would you use UNIX instead of PC SAS?

When we need to submit the program in a batch/ non-interactive mode.
When we are concerned with security issues.
3. What operating systems can you sit down at today and be productive?
I can be productive on Unix and Windows system.
4. Are you comfortable at the command line?

A. Yes, I am comfortable at the command line mode.
I can write commands like for listing all files (-a), Listing directory itself (-d)
and ls, ls-l privileges.
5. Setting permissions?
A. r Read permission
w Write permission
x Execute permission
- no permission
Change permissions on file
Chmod [options] file
Chmod u + w file [gives the user (owner) write permission]
Chmod g + r file [gives the group read permission]
Chmod o x file [removes execute permission for others]
6. Can you write shell scripts?

A. Yes, I can write shell scripts. I have used the VI editor (multiple commands) (n
editor, single line) to write shell scripts (which is a group of commands to be
executed at once).
Command VI opens the editor.
(Escape..colon wq) for saving any file and will quit the editor.
For executing the shell scripts we write the filename.sh
I have written a shell script to match a user id to a persons name.
7. Do you know how to use the VI editor?

A. It uses standard alphabetic keys for command. We can create a newfile by this
command. VI filename.In command mode, the letters of the keyboard perform editing
functions (like moving the cursor, deleting text, etc.). To enter command mode,
press the escape key SAS can effectively be used with Unix operating system. We
have some options that would let the programmer to extract files from the terminal
as well as save the Output to the terminal.
1.Describe the phases of clinical trials?

Ans:- These are the following four phases of the clinical trials:
Phase 1: Test a new drug or treatment to a small group of people (20-80) to

evaluate its safety.
Phase 2: The experimental drug or treatment is given to a large group of people
(100-300) to see that the drug is effective or not for that treatment.
Phase 3: The experimental drug or treatment is given to a large group of people
(1000-3000) to see its effectiveness, monitor side effects and compare it to
commonly used treatments.
Phase 4: The 4 phase study includes the post marketing studies including the drug's
risk, benefits etc.
2. Describe the validation procedure? How would you perform the validation for TLG
as well as analysis data set?
Ans:- Validation procedure is used to check the output of the SAS program,
generated by the source programmer. In this process validator write the program and
generate the output. If this output is same as the output generated by the SAS
programmer's output then the program is considered to be valid. We can perform this
validation for TLG by checking the output manually and for analysis data set it can
be done using PROC COMPARE.
3. How would you perform the validation for the listing, which has 400 pages?
Ans:- It is not possible to perform the validation for the listing having 400 pages
manually. To do this, we convert the listing in data sets by using PROC RTF and
then after that we can compare it by using PROC COMPARE.
4. Can you use PROC COMPARE to validate listings? Why?

Ans:- Yes, we can use PROC COMPARE to validate the listing because if there are
many entries (pages) in the listings then it is not possible to check them
manually. So in this condition we use PROC COMPARE to validate the listings.
5. How would you generate tables, listings and graphs?

Ans:- We can generate the listings by using the PROC REPORT. Similarly we can
create the tables by using PROC FREQ, PROC MEANS, and PROC TRANSPOSE and PROC
REPORT. We would generate graph, using proc Gplot etc.
6. How many tables can you create in a day?

Ans:- Actually it depends on the complexity of the tables if there are same type of
tables then, we can create 4-5 tables in a day.
7. What are all the PROCS have you used in your experience?
Ans:- I have used many procedures like proc report, proc sort, proc format etc. I
have used proc report to generate the list report, in this procedure I have used
subjid as order variable and trt_grp, sbd, dbd as display variables.
8. Describe the data sets you have come across in your life?
Ans:- I have worked with demographic, adverse event , laboratory, analysis and
other data sets.
9. How would you submit the docs to FDA? Who will submit the docs?
Ans:- We can submit the docs to FDA by e-submission. Docs can be submitted to FDA
using
21 CRF part 11 forms. In this doc we have the documentation about macros and
program and E-records also. Statistician or project manager will submit this doc to
FDA.
10. What are the docs do you submit to FDA?

Ans:- We submit ISS and ISE documents to FDA.
11. Can u share your CDISC experience? What version of CDISC have you used?
Ans: I didn't get any chance to work in CDISC extensively. But I have helped my
project manager and statistician in CDISC. I have used version 3 of the CDISC.
12. Tell me the importance of the SAP?

Ans:- This document contains detailed information regarding study objectives and
statistical methods to aid in the production of the Clinical Study Report (CSR)
including summary tables, figures, and subject data listings for Protocol. This
document also contains documentation of the program variables and algorithms that
will be used to generate summary statistics and statistical analysis.
13. Tell me about your project group? To whom you would report/contact?
My project group consisting of six members, a project manager, two statisticians,
lead programmer and two programmers.
I would report to the lead programmer. If I have any problem regarding the
programming I would contact the lead programmer. If I have any doubt in values of
variables in raw dataset I would contact the statistician. For example the dataset
related to the menopause symptoms in women, if the variable sex having the values
like F, M. I would consider it as wrong; in that type of situations I would contact
the statistician.
14. Explain SAS documentation.

SAS documentation includes programmer header, comments, titles, footnotes etc.
Whatever we type in the program for making the program easily readable, easily
understandable are in called as SAS documentation.
15. How would you know whether the program has been modified or not?
I would know the program has been modified or not by seeing the modification
history in the program header.
16. Project status meeting?

It is a planetary meeting of all the project managers to discuss about the present
Status of the project in hand and discuss new ideas and options in improving the
Way it is presently being performed.
17. Describe clin-trial data base and oracle clinical

Clintrial, the market's leading Clinical Data Management System (CDMS).
Oracle Clinical or OC is a database management system designed by Oracle to provide
data management, data entry and data validation functionalities to Clinical Trials
process.
18. Tell me about MEDRA and what version of MEDRA did you use in your project?
Medical dictionary of regulatory activities. Version 10
19. Describe SDTM?

CDISCs Study Data Tabulation Model (SDTM) has been developed to standardize what
is submitted to the FDA.
20. What is CRT?

Case Report Tabulation
21. What is annotated CRF?

Case report form, its a collection of the forms of all the patients in the trial.
22. What do you know about 21CRF PART 11?

Title 21 CFR Part 11 of the Code of Federal Regulations deals with the FDA
guidelines on electronic records and electronic signatures in the United States.
Part 11, as it is commonly called, defines the criteria under which electronic
records and electronic signatures are considered to be trustworthy, reliable and
equivalent to paper records.
23. Have you did validation in your projects?

I did validation of the fellow programmers work to ensure that the logic and intent
of the program is correct and that data errors are detected.
e.gVerify error and warning messages are generated when the macro is called more
than 10 times which means to add more than 10 titles. Verify the error message when
TITLENUM parameter is invalid.
Verify a warning message is generated if the total length of texts specified in the
input parameters LEFT, CENTER, and RIGHT is greater than 132 characters. Also
verify precedence is given to string in input parameter LEFT if the total string
length is more than 132 characters.
Verify there is no error/warning message generated if the macro is used within a
data step and all input parameters are valid.
24. What are the contents of AE dataset? What is its purpose? What are the
variables in adverse event datasets?
The adverse event data set contains the SUBJID, body system of the event, the
preferred term for the event, event severity. The purpose of the AE dataset is to
give a summary of the adverse event for all the patients in the treatment arms to
aid in the inferential safety analysis of the drug.
25. What are the contents of lab data? What is the purpose of data set?
The lab data set contains the SUBJID, week number, and category of lab test,
standard units, low normal and high range of the values. The purpose of the lab
data set is to obtain the difference in the values of key variables after the
administration of drug.
How did you do data cleaning? How do you change the values in the data on your own?
I used proc freq and proc univariate to find the discrepancies in the data, which I
reported to my manager.
26.Tell me about this company in India? How big it is? Why are they using SAS?
CENTRAL DRUGS STANDARD CONTROL ORGANIZATION
Human/Clinical pharmacology trials (phase I)
Exploratory trials (Phase II)
Confirmatory trials (Phase III)
About ACT turnover of around $30 million dollars. Headquarters in India.
27.Have you created CRTs, if you have, tell me what have you done in that?
Yes I have created patient profile tabulations as the request of my manager and and
the statistician. I have used PROC REPORT and Proc SQl to create simple patient
listing which had all information of a particular patient including age, sex, race
etc.
28. Have you created transport files?

Yes, I have created SAS Xport transport files using Proc Copy and data step for the
FDA submissions. These are version 5 files. we use the libname engine and the Proc
Copy procedure, One dataset in each xport transport format file. For version 5:
labels no longer than 40 bytes, variable names 8 bytes, character variables width
to 200 bytes. If we violate these constraints your copy procedure may terminate
with constraints, because SAS xport format is in compliance with SAS 5 datasets.
Libname sdtm c:\sdtm_data;

Libname dm xport c:\dm.xpt;
Proc copy;
In = sdtm;
Out = dm;
Select dm;
Run;
29. How did you do data cleaning? How do you change the values in the data on your
own?
I used proc freq and proc univariate to find the discrepancies in the data, which I
reported to my manager.
30. Definitions?
CDISC- Clinical data interchange standards consortium.
They have different data models, which define clinical data standards for
pharmaceutical industry.
SDTM It defines the data tabulation datasets that are to be sent to the FDA for
regulatory submissions. (CRTs)
ADaM (Analysis data Model)Defines data set definition guidance for creating
analysis data sets.
ODM XML based data model for allows transfer of XML based data .
Define.xml for data definition file (define.pdf) which is machine readable.
ICH E3: Guideline, Structure and Content of Clinical Study Reports
ICH E6: Guideline, Good Clinical Practice
ICH E9: Guideline, Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials
Title 21 Part 312.32: Investigational New Drug Application
31. have you ever done any Edit check programs in your project, if you have, tell
me what do you know about edit check programs?
Yes I have done edit check programs .
Edit check programs Data validation.
1.Data Validation proc means, proc univariate, proc freq.
Data Cleaning finding errors.
2.Checking for invalid character values.
Proc freq data = patients;
Tables gender dx ae / nocum nopercent;
Run;
Which gives frequency counts of unique character values.
3. Proc print with where statement to list invalid data values.
[systolic blood pressure - 80 to 100]
[diastolic blood pressure 60 to 120]
4. Proc means, univariate and tabulate to look for outliers.
Proc means min, max, n and mean.
Proc univariate five highest and lowest values
[ stem leaf plots and box plots]
5. PROC FORMAT range checking
6. Data Analysis set, merge, update, keep, drop in data step.

7. Create datasets PROC IMPORT and data step from flat files.
8. Extract data LIBNAME.
9. SAS/STAT PROC ANOVA, PROC REG.
10. Duplicate Data PROC SORT Nodupkey or Noduplicate
Nodupkey only checks for duplicates in BY
Noduplicate checks entire observation (matches all variables)
For getting duplicate observations first sort BY nodupkey and merge it back to the
original dataset and keep only records in original and sorted.
11.For creating analysis datasets from the raw data sets I used the PROC FORMAT,
and rename and length statements to make changes and finally make a analysis data
set.
32. What is Verification?

The purpose of the verification is to ensure the accuracy of the final tables and
the quality of SAS programs that generated the final tables. According to the
instructions SOP and the SAP I selected the subset of the final summary tables for
verification. E.g Adverse event table, baseline and demographic characteristics
table.
The verification results were verified against with the original final tables and
all discrepancies if existed were documented.
33. What is ANNOTATED CRF?

An annotated CRF is a CRF in which the variable names are written next to the
spaces provided for the investigator. It serves as a link between the database/data
sets and the questions on the CRF.
34. What is Program Validation?

Its same as macro validation except here we have to validate the programs i.e
according to the SOP I had to first determine what the program is supposed to do,
see if they work as they are supposed to work and create a validation document
mentioning if the program works properly and set the status as pass or fail.Pass
the input parameters to the program and check the log for errors.
35. What do you lknow about ISS and ISE, have you ever produced these reports?
ISS (Integrated summary of safety):

Integrates safety information from all sources (animal, clinical pharmacology,
controlled and uncontrolled studies, epidemiologic data). "ISS is, in part, simply
a summation of data from individual studies and, in part, a new analysis that goes
beyond what can be done with individual studies."
ISE (Integrated Summary of efficacy)
ISS & ISE are critical components of the safety and effectiveness submission and
expected to be submitted in the application in accordance with regulation. FDAs
guidance Format and Content of Clinical and Statistical Sections of Application
gives advice on how to construct these summaries. Note that, despite the name,
these are integrated analyses of all relevant data, not summaries.
36. Explain the process and how to do Data Validation?

I have done data validation and data cleaning to check if the data values are
correct or if they conform to the standard set of rules.
A very simple approach to identifying invalid character values in this file is to
use PROC FREQ to list all the unique values of these variables. This gives us the
total number of invalid observations. After identifying the invalid data we have
to locate the observation so that we can report to the manager the particular
patient number.
Invalid data can be located using the data _null_ programming. Following is e.g
DATA _NULL_;
INFILE "C:PATIENTS,TXT" PAD;
FILE PRINT; ***SEND OUTPUT TO THE
OUTPUT WINDOW;
TITLE "LISTING OF INVALID DATA";
***NOTE: WE WILL ONLY INPUT THOSE
VARIABLES OF INTEREST;
INPUT @1 PATNO $3.
@4 GENDER $1.
@24 DX $3.
@27 AE $1.;
***CHECK GENDER;
IF GENDER NOT IN ('F','M',' ') THEN
PUT PATNO= GENDER=;
***CHECK DX;
IF VERIFY(DX,' 0123456789') NE 0
THEN PUT PATNO= DX=;
***CHECK AE;
IF AE NOT IN ('0','1',' ') THEN PUT
PATNO= AE=;
RUN;
For data validation of numeric values like out of range or missing values I used
proc print with a where statement.
PROC PRINT DATA=CLEAN.PATIENTS;
WHERE HR NOT BETWEEN 40 AND 100 AND
HR IS NOT MISSING OR
SBP NOT BETWEEN 80 AND 200 AND
SBP IS NOT MISSING OR
DBP NOT BETWEEN 60 AND 120 AND
DBP IS NOT MISSING;
TITLE "OUT-OF-RANGE VALUES FOR NUMERIC
VARIABLES";
ID PATNO;
VARHR SBP DBP;
RUN;
If we have a range of numeric values 001 999 then we can first use user
defined format and then use proc freq to determine the invalid values.
PROC FORMAT;
VALUE $GENDER 'F','M' = 'VALID'
' ' = 'MISSING'
OTHER = 'MISCODED';
VALUE $DX '001' - '999'= 'VALID'
' ' = 'MISSING'
OTHER = 'MISCODED';
VALUE $AE '0','1' = 'VALID'
' ' = 'MISSING'
OTHER = 'MISCODED';
RUN;
One of the simplest ways to check for invalid numeric values is to run either PROC
MEANS or PROC UNIVARIATE.
We can use the N and NMISS options in the Proc Means to check for missing and
invalid data. Default (n nmiss mean min max stddev).
The main advantage of using PROC UNIVARIATE (default n mean std skewness kurtosis)
is that we get the extreme values i.e lowest and highest 5 values which we can see
for data errors. If u want to see the patid for these particular observations
..state and ID patno statement in the univariate procedure.
37. Roles and responsibilities?

Programmer: Develop programming for report formats (ISS & ISE shell) required by
the regulatory authorities.
Update ISS/ISE shell, when required.
Clinical Study Team:
Provide information on safety and efficacy findings, when required.
Provide updates on safety and efficacy findings for periodic reporting.
Study Statistician
Draft ISS and ISE shell.
Update shell, when appropriate.
Analyze and report data in approved format, to meet periodic reporting
requirements.
38. Explain Types of Clinical trials study you come across?

Single Blind Study
When the patients are not aware of which treatment they receive
Double Blind Study
When the patients and the investigator are unaware of the treatment group assigned
Triple Blind Study
Triple blind study is when patients, investigator, and the project team are unaware
of the treatments administered.
39. What are the domains/datasets you have used in your studies?
Demog
Adverse Events
Vitals
ECG
Labs
Medical History
PhysicalExam
40. Can you list the variables in all the domains?
Demog: Patient Id, Age, Sex, Race, Screening Weight, Screening Height, BMI
Adverse Events: Protocol no, Investigator no, Patient Id, Preferred Term,
Investigator Term, (Abdominal dis, Freq urination, headache, dizziness, hand-food
syndrome, rash, Leukopenia, Neutropenia) Severity, Seriousness (y/n), Seriousness
Type (death, life threatening, permanently disabling), Visit number, Start time,
Stop time, Related to study drug?
Vitals: Subject number, Study date, Procedure time, Sitting blood pressure, Sitting
Cardiac Rate, Visit number, Change from baseline, Dose of treatment at time of
vital sign, Abnormal (yes/no), BMI, Systolic blood pressure, Diastolic blood
pressure.
ECG: Subject no, Study Date, Study Time, Visit no, PR interval (msec), QRS duration
(msec), QT interval (msec), QTc interval (msec), Ventricular Rate (bpm), Change
from baseline, Abnormal.
Labs: Subject no, Study day, Lab parameter (Lparm), lab units, ULN (upper limit of
normal), LLN (lower limit of normal), visit number, change from baseline, Greater
than ULN (yes/no), lab related serious adverse event (yes/no).
Medical History: Medical Condition, Date of Diagnosis (yes/no), Years of onset or

occurrence, Past condition (yes/no), Current condition (yes/no).
PhysicalExam: Subject no, Exam date, Exam time, Visit number, Reason for exam, Body
system, Abnormal (yes/no), Findings, Change from baseline (improvement, worsening,
no change), Comments
41. Give me the example of edit ckecks you made in your programs?
Examples of Edit Checks
Demog:
Weight is outside expected range
Body mass index is below expected ( check weight and height)
Age is not within expected range
DOB is greater than the Visit date
Invalid Gender value
Adverse
Stop is before the start or visit
Start is before birthdate
Study medicine discontinued due to adverse event but completion indicated (COMPLETE
=1)
Labs
Result is within the normal range but abnormal is not blank or N
Result is outside the normal range but abnormal is blank
Vitals
Diastolic BP > Systolic BP
Medical History
Visit date prior to Screen date
Physical
Physical exam is normal but comment included
42. What are the advantages of using SAS in clinical data management? Why should
not we use other software products in managing clinical data? ADVANTAGES OF USING A
SAS-BASED SYSTEM
Less hardware is required. A Typical SAS-based system can utilize a standard file
server to store its databases and does not require one or more dedicated servers to
handle the application load. PC SAS can easily be used to handle processing, while
data access is left to the file server. Additionally, as presented later in this
paper, it is possible to use the SAS product SAS/Share to provide a dedicated
server to handle data transactions.
Fewer personnel are required. Systems that use complicated database software often
require the hiring of one ore more DBAs (Database Administrators) who make sure
the database software is running, make changes to the structure of the database,
etc. These individuals often require special training or background experience in
the particular database application being used, typically Oracle. Additionally,
consultants are often required to set up the system and/or studies since dedicated
servers and specific expertise requirements often complicate the process.
Users with even casual SAS experience can set up studies. Novice programmers can
build the structure of the database and design screens. Organizations that are
involved in data management almost always have at least one SAS programmer already
on staff. SAS programmers will have an understanding of how the system actually
works which would allow them to extend the functionality of the system by directly
accessing SAS data from outside of the system.
Speed of setup is dramatically reduced. By keeping studies on a local file server

and making the database and screen design processes extremely simple and intuitive,
setup time is reduced from weeks to days.
All phases of the data management process become homogeneous. From entry to
analysis, data reside in SAS data sets, often the end goal of every data
management group. Additionally, SAS users are involved in each step, instead of
having specialists from different areas hand off pieces of studies during the
project life cycle.
No data conversion is required. Since the data reside in SAS data sets natively,
no conversion programs need to be written.
Data review can happen during the data entry process, on the master database. As
long as records are marked as being double-keyed, data review personnel can run
edit check programs and build queries on some patients while others are still being
entered.
Tables and listings can be generated on live data. This helps speed up the
development of table and listing programs and allows programmers to avoid having to
make continual copies or extracts of the data during testing.
43. Have you ever had to follow SOPs or programming guidelines?

SOP describes the process to assure that standard coding activities, which produce
tables, listings and graphs, functions and/or edit checks, are conducted in
accordance with industry standards are appropriately documented.
It is normally used whenever new programs are required or existing programs
required some modification during the set-up, conduct, and/or reporting clinical
trial data.
44. Describe the types of SAS programming tasks that you performed: Tables?
Listings? Graphics? Ad hoc reports? Other?
Prepared programs required for the ISS and ISE analysis reports. Developed and
validated programs for preparing ad-hoc statistical reports for the preparation of
clinical study report. Wrote analysis programs in line with the specifications
defined by the study statistician. Base SAS (MEANS, FREQ, SUMMARY, TABULATE, REPORT
etc) and SAS/STAT procedures (REG, GLM, ANOVA, and UNIVARIATE etc.) were used for
summarization, Cross-Tabulations and statistical analysis purposes. Created
Statistical reports using Proc Report, Data _null_ and SAS Macro. Created, derived
and merged and pooled datasets,listings and summary tables for Phase-I and Phase-II
of clinical trials.
45. Have you been involved in editing the data or writing data queries?
If your interviewer asks this question, the u should ask him what he means by
editing the data and data queries
46. Are you involved in writing the inferential analysis plan? Tables
specifications?
47. What do you feel about hardcoding?

Programmers sometime hardcode when they need to produce report in urgent. But it is
always better to avoid hardcoding, as it overrides the database controls in
clinical data management. Data often change in a trial over time, and the hardcode
that is written today may not be valid in the future.Unfortunately, a hardcode may
be forgotten and left in the SAS program, and that can lead to an incorrect
database change.
48. How do you write a test plan?

Before writing "Test plan" you have to look into on "Functional specifications".
Functional specifications itself depends on "Requirements", so one should have
clear understanding of requirements and functional specifications to write a test
plan.
49. What is the difference between verification and validation?

Although the verification and validation are close in meaning, "verification" has
more of a sense of testing the truth or accuracy of a statement by examining
evidence or conducting experiments, while "validate" has more of a sense of
declaring a statement to be true and marking it with an indication of official
sanction.
50.What other SAS features do you use for error trapping and data validation?
Conditional statements, if then else.
Put statement
Debug option.
51. What is PROC CDISC?

It is new SAS procedure that is available as a hotfix for SAS 8.2 version and comes
as a part with
SAS 9.1.3 version. PROC CDISC is a procedure that allows us to import (and export
XML files that are compliant with the CDISC ODM version 1.2 schema. For more
details refer SAS programming in the Pharmaceutical Industry text book.
79) What is LOCF?

Pharmaceutical companies conduct longitudinalstudies on human subjects that often
span several months. It is unrealistic to expect patients to keep every scheduled
visit over such a long period of time.Despite every effort, patient data are not
collected for some time points. Eventually, these become missing values in a SAS
data set later. For reporting purposes,
the most recent previously available value is substituted for each missing visit.
This is called the Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF).
LOCF doesn't mean last SAS dataset observation carried forward. It means last non-
missing value carried forward. It is the values of individual measures that are the
"observations" in this case. And if you have multiple variables containing these
values then they will be carried forward independently.

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SAS Interview Questions:Base SAS

How do you read in the variables that you need?

By using the option MISSOVER in the infile statement.

SUBSTR: SUBSTR(arg,position,n) extracts a substring from an argument starting at

TRIM: removes trailing blanks from character expression.

SUM: sum of non missing values.

INT: Returns the integer portion of the argument.

Use NOPRINT option.

Trailing @: By using @ without specifying a column, it is as if you are telling

Under what circumstances would you code a SELECT construct instead of IF

PUT and FILE statements.

If reading an external file to produce an external file, what is the shortcut to

By using SAS Macros.

How would you delete duplicate observations?

How would you delete observations with duplicate keys?

Does SAS 'Translate' (compile) or does it 'Interpret'? Explain.

Name statements that are recognized at compile time only?

Name statements that are execution only.

Identify statements whose placement in the DATA step is critical.

Under what circumstances would you code a SELECT construct instead of IF

What is the effect of the OPTIONS statement ERRORS=1?

Approximately what date is represented by the SAS date value of 730?

Identify statements whose placement in the DATA step is critical.

Does SAS 'Translate' (compile) or does it 'Interpret'? Explain.

What does the RUN statement do?

Why is SAS considered self-documenting?

What is a method for assigning first.VAR and last.VAR to the BY group

How do you debug and test your SAS programs?

How would you combine 3 or more tables with different structures?

What areas of SAS are you most interested in?

Briefly describe 5 ways to do a "table lookup" in SAS.

What versions of SAS have you used (on which platforms)?

What are _numeric_ and _character_ and what do they do?

How would you create multiple observations from a single observation?

For what purpose would you use the RETAIN statement?

What is the order of evaluation of the comparison operators: + - * / ** ()?

How could you generate test data with no input data?

How do you debug and test your SAS programs?

What is the purpose of _error_?

How can you put a "trace" in your program?

How do you test for missing values?

How are numeric and character missing values represented internally?

What are SAS/ACCESS and SAS/CONNECT?

What is the purpose of using the N=PS option?

What are the scrubbing procedures in SAS?

ANYDTDTEW. - Converts to a SAS date value

What has been your most common programming mistake?

Name several ways to achieve efficiency in your program. Explain trade-offs.

What do the PUT and INPUT functions do?

Do you need to know if there are any missing values?

What is the difference between: x=a+b+c+d; and x=SUM (of a, b, c ,d);?

There is a field containing a date. It needs to be displayed in the format

How do the IN= variables improve the capability of a MERGE?

What techniques and/or PROCs do you use for tables?

Do you prefer PROC REPORT or PROC TABULATE? Why?

What is the difference between nodup and nodupkey options?

Code the tables statement for a single level frequency?

What is the main difference between rename and label?