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IS 1528-16 (2007): Methods of Sampling and Physical Tests

for Refractory Materials, Part 16: Determination of Thermal
Conductivity According to Hot-Wire Method (Paralled) [MTD
15: Refractories]

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 IS 1528 (Part 16) :2007
ISO 8894-2:1990

Indian Standard
METHODS OF SAMPLING AND PHYSICAL TESTS
FOR REFRACTORY MATERIALS
PART 16 DETERMINATION OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY ACCORDING TO
HOT-WIRE METHOD (PARALLEL)

( First Revision)

ICS 81.080

@ 61S 2007

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

Sepfember2007 Price Group 5

Refractories Sectional Committee, MTD 15

NATIONAL FOREWORD

This Indian Standard (Part 16) (First Revision) which is identical with ISO 8894-2: 1990 Refractory
materials Determination of thermal conductivity Part 2: Hot-wire method (parallel) issued by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards
on the recommendation of the Refractories Sectional Committee and approval of the Metallurgical
Engineering Division Council.

This standard was originally published in 1991. This revision of the standard has been taken up to
align it with ISO 8894-2: 1990 by adoption, under dual numbering system.

The text of ISO Standard has been approved as suitable for publication as an Indian Standard without
deviations. Certain conventions are, however, not identical to those used in Indian Standards.
Attention is particularly drawn to the following:

a) Wherever the words International Standard appear referring to this standard, they should
be read as Indian Standard.

b) Comma (,) has been used as a decimal marker, while in Indian Standards, the current
practice is to use a point (.) as the decimal marker.

In this adopted standard, reference appears to certain International Standards for which Indian
Standards also exist. The corresponding Indian Standards, which are to be substituted in their
places, are listed below along with their degree of equivalence for the editions indicated:

International Standard Corresponding Indian Standard Degree of

Equivalence
ISO 5022 : 1979 Shaped refractory IS 1528 (Part 7) : 1974 Methods of Technically
products Sampling and acceptance sampling and physical tests for refractory Equivalent
testing materials: Part 7 Methods of sampling
and criteria for conformity (first revision)

ISO 8894-1 : 1987 Refractory materials IS 1528 (Part 21) : 2007 Methods of Identical
Determination of thermal conductivity sampling and physical tests for refractory
Part 1: Hot-wire method (cross-array) materials: Part 21 Determination of
thermal conductivity according to hot-wire
method (cross-array)

For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the
final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in
accordance with IS 2 : 1960 Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised). The number of
significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value
in this standard.
 IS 1528 (Part 16):2007
ISO 8894-2:1990

Indian Standard
METHODS OF SAMPLING AND PHYSICAL TESTS
FOR REFRACTORY MATERIALS
PART 16 DETERMINATION OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY ACCORDING TO
HOT-WIRE METHOD (PARALLEL)

( First Revision)

1 Scope I SO 5022: 1979, Shaped refractory products Sampling and

acceptance testing.

1.1 This part of ISO 8894 specifies a hot-wire method for the
ISO 88941 :1987,Refractory materials Determination of
determination of the thermal conductivity of refractory prod-
thermal conductivity Part 1: Hot-wire method (cross-arra y).
ucts and materials.

1.2 The method is applicable at temperatures up to and in- 3 Definitions

cluding 1 250 C and to materials whose thermal conductivity
is less than 25 W/(mK). Electrically conducting materials are For the purposes of this part of ISO 8894, the following defi-
excluded. nitions apply.

1.3 Subject to the limits in 1.2 the method is applicable to 3.1 thermal conductivity, A: Density of heat flow rate
powdered or granular materials (see 7.2). divided by temperature gradient.

NOTES The unit of thermal conductivity is the watt per metre-kelvin.

1 The thermal conductivity of bonded bricks and of prepared un-

shaped (monolithic) refractories may be affected by the appreciable 3.2 thermal diffusivity, a: Thermal conductivity divided by
amount of water that is retained after hardening or setting and is heat capacity per unit volume.
released on firing. These materials may therefore require pre-
treatment; the nature and extent of such pre-treatment and the period
The unit of thermal diffusivity is the metre squared per second.
for which the test piece is held at the measurement temperature, as a
preliminary to carrying out the test, are details that are outside the
scope of this part of ISO 8894 and should be agreed between the 3.3 power, F: Product of current and potential difference.
parties concerned.

2 In general it is difficult to make measurements on anisotropic The unit of power is the watt (volt-amoeres)
materials, particularly those containing fibres, and the use of this
method for such materials should also be agreed between the parties
concerned.
4 Principle

1.4 The determination of thermal conductivity by the hot- The hot-wire method (parallel) is a dynamic measuring pro-
wire method (cross-array) is the subject of ISO 88941. cedure based on the measurement of the temperature increase
at a certain location and at a specified distance from a linear
heat source embedded between two test pieces.

2 Normative references The test pieces are heated in a furnace to a specified

temperature and maintained at that temperature. Further local
The following standards contain provisions which, through heating is provided by a linear electrical conductor (the hot
reference in this text, constitute provisions of this part of wire) that is embedded in the test piece and carries an electrical
ISO 8894. At the time of publication, the editions indicated current of known power that is constant in time and along the
were valid. All standards are subject to revision, and parties to length of the test piece.
agreements based on this part of ISO 8884 are encouraged to
investigate the possibili~ of applying the most recent editions A thermocouple is fitted at a specified distance from the hot
of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and ISO wire, the thermocouple leads running parallel to the wire (see
maintain registers of currently valid International Standards, figure 1). The increase in temperature as a function of time,

1
IS 1528 (Part 16) :2007
ISO 8894-2:1990

measured from the moment the heating current is switched on, NOTE -- An instrument of class 0,2 or better (see IEC 51-2: 1984,
is a measure of the thermal conductivity of the material of D/rect acting /rrd/eating analogue electrical measuring instruments and
which the test pieces are made. the!r accessories Part 2: Special requirements for ammeters and
voltmeters) is suitable.

5 Apparatus 5.6 Data acquisition system.

A temperature-time registration device with a sensitivity of at

5.1 Furnace, electrically heated, capable of taking one or
least 2 pV/cm or 0,05 uV/ Digit, with a time resolution better
more test assemblies (see 6.2) up to a maximum temperature of
than 0,5 s, and a temperature measurement to 0,05 K.
1 250 C. The temperature at any two points in the region oc-
cupied by the test pieces shall not differ by more than 10 C.
The temperature measured on the outside of the test assembly 5.7 Containers (for use if the testis performed on powdered
during a test (of duration about 15 rein) shall not vary by more or granular material), having internal dimensions equal to those
than t 0,5 C, and shall be known with an accuracy of + 5 C. of the solid test assembly specified in clause 6, so that the test
assembly shall consist of two sections as specified in 6.2. The
bottom container shall have four sides and a base, and the top
5.2 Hot wire, preferably of platinum or platinum/rhodium,
container shall have four sides only, plus a detachable cover
about 200 mm in length and not exceeding 0,5 mm in diameter,
(see figure 3).
the actual length being known to within * 0,5 mm. One end of
the wire is atttached to the lead for supply of the heating cur-
rent. This may also be a continuation of the wire itself, and shall
in any case be of the same diameter as the wire when within the 6 Test pieces
assembly. The other end is attached to a lead for measurement
of voltage drop, which shall be of diameter not greater than that 6.1 Sampling
of the hot wire when within the assembly. Leads outside the
assembly shall consist of two or more tightly twisted 0,5 mm The number of items of the material to be tested shall be deter-
diameter wires. External to the furnace the current lead connec- mined in accordance with ISO 6022 or another standard
tions shall be made with heavy-gauge cable {20 A/2,5 mmz). sampling plan.

NOTE A hot wire made of base metal is also permitted, in which

event the lead wires shall be made of the same material and shall con- 6.2 Dimensions
form in other respects to the requirements of this sub-clause.
Each test assembly shall consist of two identical test pieces,
not less than 200 mm x 100 mm x 50 mm in size.
5.3 Power supply to the hot wire, stabilized a.c., not vary-
ing in power by more than 2 A during the period of measure- NOTE It is recommended that the size of each test piece
ment. A supply to the hot wire of at least 80 W is required be230mm xl14mmx64mmor 230mmx114mmx76 mm.
(equivalent to 250 W/m for a 200 mm long wire). A constant Standard-size bricks may then be used as the pieces forming the test
power supply, if available, is to be preferred. assembly, subject to the requirements of 6.3.

5.4 Differential platinum/platinum-rhodium thermo- 6.3 Surface flatness

couple (Type R or S), formed from a measurement thermo-
couple and a reference thermocouple connected in opposition The surfaces of the two test pieces forming the test assembly
(see figure 1). The leads of the measurement thermocouple which are in contact with each other shall, if necessary, be
shall run parallel to the hot wire at a distance of ground so that the deviation from flatness between two points
15 mm * 1 mm (see figure 2). The output of the reference not less than 100 mm apart is not more than 0,2 mm.
thermocouple shall be kept stable by placing it between the top
outer face of the upper test piece and a cover of the same
6.4 Groove in dense materials
material as the test piece (see figure 1). The diameter of the
thermocouple wires shall be the same as that of the hot wire
In dense materials, a groove to accommodate the hot wire and
and the thermocouple wires shall be long enough to extend
the thermocouple shall be machined in either both the contact
outside the furnace where connections to the measuring ap-
faces or in the lower face only of the test assembly (see
paratus shall be made by wire of a different type. The external
figure 4). The width and depth of the groove shall permit the
connections of the thermocouple shall be isothermal.
arrangement shown in figure 4 to be achieved, where required.

NOTES
NOTE Grooves in both faces will be necessary for materials of higher
1 Base metal thermocouples are also permitted for use at conductivity, e.g. greater than 5 W/(mK).
temperatures below 1000 C.

2 An insulating layer berween the cover and the upper test piece is
allowed. 7 Procedure

5.5 Digital multimeter, for measuring the current in the hot 7.1 Arrange the test assembly ready for testing. Place the hot
wire and the voltage drop across it, and capable of measuring wire (5.2) and differential thermocouple (5.4) between the two
both to an accuracy of at least 10,5 %. test pieces, with the hot wire along the centreline of the brick

2
 IS 1528( Part 16):2007
ISO 8894-2:1990

faces in contact with each other and cement them into the in table 1. The power levels are based on a recorder deflection
grooves where appropriate, using a cement made from finely of 0,8 x full-scale deflection for a given maximum duration of
ground test material mixed with a small amount of a suitable the test (f ~ax), and table 1 also shows the required accuracy for
binder (e.g. 2 % dextrin and water). Ensure that the wires are the measurement of time (accuracy /),
cemented evenly, to allow equal heat transfer to the two test
pieces, as shown in figure 4. NOTE The appropriate level of power input to the hot wire will differ
from equipment to equipment and needs to be evaluated in preliminaw
tests, but may eventually be based on experience,
7.2 If the test is being performed on powdered or granular
material, fill the bottom container (5.7) with the test material UP
to its top, and place on it the hot wire and differential thermo- 7.6 When the furnace reaches the test temperature, verify
that the temperature in the region occupied by the test
couple as shown in figure 1. Place the top container (5.7) on
the bottom one and fill with the test material. Cover the test assembly is uniform and constant. The differential thermo-
couple (5.4) shall not show a variation of more than 0,05 C
assembly with a slab of the same material as that of the con-
tainers. Determine the apparent bulk density of the test material over a period of 10 min immediately prior to the test.

in the poured, untamped state.

7.7 When the conditions of 7.6 are met, close the heating cir-
NOTE The container may be filled by vibration or by pressing to give cuit and make a record of the output of the differential ther-
a specific bulk density, where a figure has been agreed upon.
mocouple with time. Mark the exact moment the power input
to the hot wire was made. If not using an automatically con-
7.3 Place the test assembly in the furnace (5.1), resting each trolled power supply, measure and record the voltage drop
assembly (to ensure uniform heating) on three supports of a across the hot wire and the current in it immediately after
material similar to that being tested and having dimensions switching on the heating citcuit and again at intervals during
of 125 mm x 10 mm x 20 mm. The supports shall rest on the test period.
a 125 mm x 10 mm face, and be placed parallel to the
114 mm x 76 mm (or 100 mm x 50 mm) faces of the test
7.8 After an appropriate heating time (see table 1), discon-
assembly about 20 mm in from these faces.
nect the heating circuit and discontinue recording the output of
the differential thermocouple.
7.4 Connect the test assembly to the measuring apparatus
(5.5). With the hot-wire circuit open, raise the temperature of
7.9 Allow time for the hot wire and test assembly to reach
the furnace, at not more than 10 K/rein, to the first test
temperature equilibrium. Verify the uniformity and constancy
temperature required.
of the temperature as specified in 7.6. Repeat the procedures of
7.7 and 7.8, so obtaining a further measurement of the rate of
NOTE Heating rates should be low enough to ensure that there is no
rise of temperature of the hot wire under the same conditions.
risk of thermal shock damage.

7.10 Raise the temperature of the furnace to the next higher

7.5 Set the power input to a value that (from preliminary
test temperature at not more than 10 K/rein. Carry out again
tests) is known to produce, for a chosen recorder sensitivity, an
the ~rocedure described in 7.5 to 7.9.
instrument deflection of at least 60 A, and preferably about
80 XO, of full-scale deflection.
7.11 Repeat the procedure of 7.10 until at least two
A guide to the choice of power input for a range of thermal measurements have been obtained at each of the required test
conductivities and for a range of recorder sensitivities is given temperatures.

3
IS 1528 (Part 16):2007
ISO 8894-2:1990

Table 1 Recommended choice of scales and of power level

(based on a deflection of 0,8 x full-scale)

Thermal Maximum Accuracy of Recommended powar level (Wlm)

conductivity, duration of measurement
test [ma, of t o to 20 pv o to 50 pv o to 100 pv o to 200 pv
W/(mK) s s scale scale scale scale

0,1 2 5C0 4,0 7,5 15

0,4 1260 2,0 15 30 60
1,0 900 2,0 15 40 75 150
2,0 450 1,0 30 75 150
4,0 350 1,0 60 150 300
8,0 190 0,4 120 300
16 100 0,2 240 .
25 65 0,2 375

NOTE The figures in table 1 are based on the use of type S thermocouples (see 5.4), and should be adjusted
if a type R thermocouple is used.

8 Expression of results A9[2t)

the expression
fter etermnng hd(f)
Calculate the thermal conductivity, A, of the material, in watts
per metre kelvin, at each test temperature from the equation _Ei -+
k calculated from table 2.
4al
()
-.(-rz)

).=
V.1 ~ -[z) The values of A which can be considered accurate are those
4X1 AO(I) AO(21)
between 1,5 and 2,4.
h{ch correspond 0 alues f AO(f)
where

1 is the heating current, in amperes;

9 Test report
V is the voltage, in volts;
The test report shall include the following information:

/ is the length, in metres, of the hot wire between the

a) the testing establishment;
voltage taps P and Q in figure 2;

b) the date of the test;

A(W) is the temperature difference, in kelvins, between
the measurement and reference thermocouples at time f; c) reference to this part of ISO 8894;

t is the period of time, in seconds, between switching on d) the material tested (manufact~rer, product, type, batch
and switching off the heating circuit; number, etc.);

r is the separation, in metres, of the hot wire and the e) any pre-treatmeht given to the test material (see note 1
measurement thermocouple; to clause 1);

a k the thermal diffusivity, in square metres per second; f) in the case of powders or granular materials, the ap-
parent bulk density in the poured, untamped state (see 7.2);
_Ei ~
()
4ai
is an exponential integral of. the form
g) the furnace atmosphere;

h) the test temperature or temperatures and, for each of

them, the individual and mean values of thermal conductivity.
 IS 1528 (Part 16):2007
ISO 8894-2:1990

()
Av(2/)
Table 2 Ei ~ as a function of
Ao(i)

\()(21)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
.\()(l)
i
1,1 6,9287 6,2966 5,7689 5,32? 3 4,9366 4,6021 4,3085 4,0483 3,8162 3,6077
1,2 3,4192 3,2480 3,0918 2,9485 2,8166 2,6949 2,5820 2,4772 2,3795 2,2883
1,3 2,2028 2,1227 2,0473 1,9764 1,9094 1,8461 1,7863 1,7295 1,6757 1,6245
1,4 1,5758 1,5295 1,4852 1,4431 1,4028 1,3642 1,3274 1,2920 1,2582 1,2257
1,5 1,1945 1,1646 1,1358 1,1081 1,0814 1,0557 1,0310 1,CQ7 1 0,9841 0,9619
1,6 0,9405 0,9197 0,8997 0,8803 0,8616 0,8434 0,8259 0,8089 0,7924 0,7764
1,7 o,76a 9 0,7459 0,7313 0,7171 0,7034 0,6900 0,6770 O,EW 4 0,6521 0,6402
1,8 0,6286 0,6173 0,6063 0,5956 0,5852 0,5750 0,5652 0,5555 0,5461 0,5370
1,9 0,5280 0,5193 0,5108 0,5025 0,4944 0,4865 0,4788 0,4712 0,4639 0,4567
_
2,0 6449 6 0,4428 0,4360 0,4295 0,4230 0,4168 0,4106 0,4046 0,3987 0,3929
2,1 0,3873 0,3818 0,3764 0,371 1 0,3659 0,3608 0,3558 0,3510 0,3462 0,3415
2,2 0,3369 0,3324 0,3280 0,3237 0,3194 0,3152 0,3112 0,3072 0,3032 0,2994
2,3 0,2956 0,2919 0,2882 0,2846 0,281 1 0,2776 0,2742 0,2709 0,2676 0,2644
2,4 0,2613 0,2%3 2 0,2551 0,2521 0,2491 0,2462 0,2434 0,2406 0,2378 0,2351
2,5 0,2325 0,2298 0,2273 0,2247 0,2222 0,2198 0,2174 0,2150 0,2126 0,2103
2,6 0,2081 0,2058 0,2036 0,2015 0,1993 0,1972 0,1952 0,1931 0,191 1 0,1892
2,7 0,1872 0,1853 0,1834 0,1816 0,1797 0,1779 0,1761 0,1744 0,1727 0,1710
2,8 0,1693 0,1676 0,1660 0,1644 0,1628 o,~61 2 0,1597 0,1582 0,1567 0,1552
2,9 0,1537 0,1523 0,1509 0,1495 0,1481 0,1487 0,1454 0,1441 0,1427 0,1414

3,0 0,1402 0,1389 0,1377 0,1364 0,1352 0,1340 0,1329 0,1317 0,1305 0,1294
3,1 0,1283 (),127 2 0,1261 0,1250 0(1239 0,1229 0,1218 0,1208 0,1198 0,1188
3,2 0,1178 0,1168 0,1158 0,1149 0,1139 0,1130 0,1121 0,1112 0,1103 0,1094
3,3 0,1085 0,1076 0,1068 0,1059 0,1051 0,1043 0,1034 0,1026 0,1018 0,1010
3,4 0,1002 0,0995 0,0987 0,0979 0,0972 0,0964 0,0957 0,0850 0,0843 0,0936
3,5 0,0928 0,0922 0,0915 0,0908 0,090 7 0,0895 0,0888 0,0861 0,0875 0,0869
3,6 0,0862 0,0856 0,0850 O,ow 4 0,0838 0,0832 0,0826 0,0820 0,0814 0,0808
3,7 0,0803 0,0797 0,0791 0,0786 0,0780 0,0775 0,0770 0,0764 0,0759 0,0754
3,8 0,0749 0,0744 0,0739 0,0734 0,0729 0,0724 0,0719 0,0714 0,0709 0,0705
3,9 0,0700 0,0695 0,0691 0,0686 0,0682 0,0677 0,0673 0,0669 0,0664 0,0660
.
4,0 0,0656 0,0652 i,064 7 0,0643 0,0639 0,0635 0,C63 1 0,0627 0,0623 0,0619
4,1 0,061 5 0,0612 0,0608 0,0604 0,0600 0,0597 0,0593 0,0589 0,0586 o,05a 2
4,2 0,0579 0,0575 0,0572 0,0568 0,0565 0,0561 0,0558 0,0555 0,0551 0,0548
4,3 0,0545 0,0542 0,0538 o,o&3 5 0,0532 0,0529 0,0526 0,0523 0,0520 0,0517
4,4 0,0514 0,051 1 0,0508 0,0505 0,0502 0,0499 0,0496 0,0494 0,0491 0,0488
4,5 0,0485 0,0482 0,0480 0,0477 0,0475 0,0472 0,0469 0,0467 0,0464 0,0462
4,6 0,0459 0,0456 0,0454 0,0452 0,0449 0,0447 0,0444 0,0442 0,0439 0,0437
4,7 0,0435 0,0432 0,0430 0,0428 0,0425 0,0423 0,C!42 1 0<0419 0,04? 7 0,0414
4,8 0,0412 0,0410 0,0408 0,0406 0,0404 0,0402 0,0400 0,0398 0,0396 0,0393
4,9 0,0391 0,0389 0,0387 0,0386 0,0384 0,0382 o,03a o 0,0378 0,0376 0,0374

5,0 0,0372 0,0370 0,0368 0,0367 0,0365 0,0363 0,0361 0,0359 0,0358 0,0356
5,1 0,0354 0,0352 0,0351 0,0349 0,0347 0,0346 0,0344 0,0342 0,0341 0,0339
5,2 0,0337 0,0336 0,0334 0,0333 0,0331 0,0329 0,0328 0,0326 0,0325 0,0323
5,3 0,0322 0,0320 0,0319 0,0317 0,0316 0,0314 0,031 3 0,031 1 0,0310 0,0309
5,4 0,0307 0,0306 0,0304 0,0303 0,0302 0,0300 0,0299 0,0297 0,0296 0,0295
5,5 0,0293 0,0292 0,0291 0,0290 0,0288 0,0287 0,0286 0,0284 0,0283 0,0282
5,6 0,0281 0,0279 0,0278 0,0277 0,0276 0,0275 0,0273 0,0272 0,0271 0,0270
5,7 0,0269 0,0268 0,0266 0,0265 0,0264 0,0263 0,0262 0,0261 0,0260 0,0258
5,8 0,0257 0,0256 0,0255 0,0254 0,0253 0,0252 0,0251 0,0250 0,0249 0,0248
5,9 0,0247 0,0246 0.0245 0,0244 0,0243 0,0242 0,0241 0,0240 0,0239 0,0238
6,0 0,0237

NOTES

1) Table 2 has been made up of statements in the literature (see annex B, It 1, 121and [31)

2) The expressions 4Ati~- and Ei

()
~2

4 al
are quoted in the literature as
.~...]
Ei

- Ei( r)
_x
7
and - Ei ( .x) respectively
IS 1528 (Part 16):2007
ISO 8894-2:1990

1 Optional insulating
layer

Measurement
thermocouple

Mc.atinn
t-rl \ II

Figure 1 Diagram showing location of heating circuit and measurement circuit

[differential thermocouple circuit)

Reference
Cover
-thermocouple
Temperature-time
registration
device

PQ = Hot-wire
measurement
length

I Voltmeter

Figure 2 Diagram showing measurement arrangement

IS 1528 (Part 16):2007
ISO 8894-2:1990

Annex A
(informative)

Example of the determination of thermal conductivity

rable A.1 Example of an evaluation of the measurements for the determination

of the thermal conductivity by the parallel hot-wire method

Thermal k
Time,
s

6
t

0,55
,
0,054 4,46
I
_Ei
(H
0,0496
rz

4 at
conductivity,
W/(mK)

13,2
A mean
W/(m.K)

12 2,47 0,241 2,46 0,2434 14,5

18 4,45 0,434 1,96 0,4788 15,8
24 6,08 0,593 1,78 0,6521 15,7
30 7,47 0,729 1,69 0,7764 15,3 15,5
36 8,72 0,851 1,61 0,9197 15,5
4a 10,82 1,056 1,52 1,1358 15,4
60 12,60 1,22!3 1,46 1,3274 15,5
72 14,05 1,371
96 16,47 1,607
120 18,40 1#795

v. [
()
~2 A/3(2t)
= 14,32 Wlm The Ei ~ values associated with the individual
4nl 4 at At?(c)
,
values ar~ taken from table 2, interpolated where necessa~,
In column 2 of table Al, the differential thermocouple emf,oin and entered in column 5 of table A. 1.
microvolt, is given at the various times t.

In column 3 of table A.1, this emf is converted to kelvins (K),

By substituting

input and length

the expressions

of the hot wire

Ei ~
() , Ad((), power

in theequ_ation in clause 8,
It is essentiai that the correct thermo-emf is used in the conver. A is calculated and entered in column 6 of table A. 1.
sion of temperature. Thermo-emf values for a range of thermo-
couple types can be obtained from US National Bureau of The time from which J becomes almost constant depends on
Standards Monograph 125. the material,

AM2[) is stated, The actual value of A ~or the test is the mean value of the ac-
In column 4 of table A.1, the expression
Ad(t) curate values in column 6 of table A.1.

This expression is calculated by dividing the temperature dif- The mean value of two tests at any one temperature shall be
ference after a period 2/ by the temperature difference after a reported. The individual value of 1 as determined in each test
period I. shall not deviate by more than 5 Yo from their mean value.

This expression can be calculated from the data measured (see

column 2 of table A. I).

EXAMPLES

,A(N2[) A(?(60) 1,229 K

= 1,69
A6(f) = ~(30) = 0,729 K

,40(2[) A8(96) 1,607 K

= 1,52
_&W) = A(7(48) = 1,066 K
 IS 1528 (Part 16):2007
ISO 8894-2:1990

Annex B
(informative)

Bibliography

[11 CARLSLAW, A. S., and JAEGER, I. C., Conduction of heat in so/ids, 2nd ed,, 1959, Clarendon Press, Oxford,

[21 Handbook of mathematical tables, edited by Abramowitz, M., and Stegun, 1.A., 1972, New York, AMS 55,

A V(21)
[31 GROSSKOPF, B. and KILIAN, B., Table book with Ei ( -x) and ~ va/ues, 19B0,
Kubel-Druck, Wiesbaden, FRG.

9
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