An American National Standard

Designation: A 178/A 178M – 02

Standard Specification for

Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon Steel and Carbon-
Manganese Steel Boiler and Superheater Tubes1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 178/A 178M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.

1. Scope * E 213 Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Metal Pipe

1.1 This specification2 covers minimum-wall-thickness, and Tubing4
electric-resistance-welded tubes made of carbon steel and E 273 Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Longitudinal
carbon-manganese steel intended for use as boiler tubes, boiler Welded Pipe and Tubing4
flues, superheater flues, and safe ends. 3. Ordering Information

--```,,`,`,``````,``,`,`,`,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
NOTE 1—Type C and D tubes are not suitable for safe-ending for forge 3.1 Orders for material under this specification should
welding.
include the following, as required, to describe the desired
1.2 The tubing sizes and thicknesses usually furnished to material adequately:
this specification are 1⁄2 to 5 in. [12.7 to 127 mm] in outside 3.1.1 Quantity (feet, metres, or number of lengths),
diameter and 0.035 to 0.360 in. [0.9 to 9.1 mm], inclusive, in 3.1.2 Name of material (electric-resistance-welded tubes),
minimum wall thickness. Tubing having other dimensions may 3.1.3 Grade (A, C, or D, Table 1),
be furnished, provided such tubes comply with all other 3.1.4 Size (outside diameter and minimum wall thickness),
requirements of this specification. 3.1.5 Length (specific or random),
1.3 Mechanical property requirements do not apply to 3.1.6 Optional requirements (product analysis, Section 7;
tubing smaller than 1⁄8 in. [3.2 mm] in inside diameter or 0.015 crush test, Section 10; hydrostatic or nondestructive electric
in. [0.4 mm] in thickness. test, 11.6),
1.4 Optional supplementary requirements are provided and 3.1.7 Test report required (Certification Section of Specifi-
when desired, shall be so stated in the order. cation A 450/A 450M),
1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units 3.1.8 Specification designation,
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the 3.1.9 Individual supplementary requirements, if required,
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each and
system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must 3.1.10 Special requirements.
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi- 4. Manufacture
cation. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” 4.1 The steel for Grade D shall be killed.
designation of this specification is specified in the order. 4.2 Tubes shall be made by electric-resistance welding.
2. Referenced Documents 5. Heat Treatment
2.1 ASTM Standards: 5.1 After welding, all tubes shall be heat treated at a
A 450/A 450M Specification for General Requirements for temperature of 1650°F [900°C] or higher and followed by
Carbon, Ferritic Alloy, and Austenitic Alloy Steel Tubes3 cooling in air or in the cooling chamber of a controlled-
atmosphere furnace. Cold-drawn tubes shall be heat treated
after the final cold-draw pass at a temperature of 1200°F
[650°C] or higher.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee 6. Chemical Composition
A01.09 on Carbon Steel Tubular Products.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2002 . Published November 2002. Originally 6.1 The steel shall conform to the requirements as to
published as A 178 – 35 T. Last previous edition A 178/A 178M –95 (2002).
2
chemical composition prescribed in Table 1.
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications see related Specifi-
cation SA-178 in Section II of that Code.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.01.
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

Copyright ASTM International 1

Provided by IHS under license with ASTM Licensee=Bechtel Corp Loc 1-19/9999056100, User=Ibanez, Efren
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 10/17/2006 19:18:36 MDT
 A 178/A 178M – 02
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements Tensile strength, min, ksi [MPa] 47 [325]
Composition, % Yield Strength, min, ksi [MPa] 26 [180]
Elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm, min, % 35
Element Grade A, Grade C, Grade D, Carbon-
Low-Carbon Medium- Man- 10. Crush Test
Steel Carbon Steel ganese Steel
10.1 When required by the purchaser, crushing tests shall be
Carbon 0.06–0.18 0.35 max 0.27 max
Manganese 0.27–0.63 0.80 max 1.00–1.50 made on sections of tube 21⁄2in. [63 mm] in length which shall
Phosphorus, max 0.035 0.035 0.030 stand crushing longitudinally without cracking, splitting, or
Sulfur, max 0.035 0.035 0.015 opening at the weld, as follows:
Silicon ... ... 0.10 min
Wall Thickness of Height of Crushed Section, in. [mm]
Tubes, in. [mm] Grade A Tubes Grade C and D Tubes

0.135 [3.43] and under ⁄ [19] or until outside

34 Crush tests not required
6.2 When a grade is ordered under this specification, sup- folds are in contact
Over 0.135 [3.43] 11⁄4 [32] ...
plying an alloy grade that specifically requires the addition of
any element other than those listed in Table 1 is not permitted. 10.2 Table 3 gives the computed minimum elongation
values for each 1⁄32-in. [0.8 mm] decrease in wall thickness.
7. Product Analysis Where the wall thickness lies between two values shown
7.1 When requested on the purchase order, a product analy- above, the minimum elongation value shall be determined by
sis shall be made by the manufacturer or supplier from one tube the following equation:
per 100 pieces for sizes over 3 in. [76.2 mm] and one tube per E 5 48t 1 15.00 @E 5 1.87t 1 15.00#
250 pieces for sizes 3 in. [76.2 mm] and under; or when tubes
are identified by heat, one tube per heat shall be analyzed. The where:
chemical composition thus determined shall conform to the E = elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm, %, and,
t = actual thickness of specimen, in. [mm].
requirements specified.
7.2 If the original test for product analysis fails, retests of
two additional lengths of flat-rolled stock or tubes shall be
10.3 For tubing less than 1 in. [25.4 mm] in outside
made. Both retests, for the elements in question, shall meet the
diameter, the length of the specimen shall be 21⁄2 times the
requirements of the specification; otherwise all remaining
outside diameter of the tube. Slight surface checks shall not be
material in the heat or lot (Note 2) shall be rejected or, at the
cause for rejection.
option of the producer, each length of flat-rolled stock or tube
may be individually tested for acceptance. Lengths of flat- 11. Mechanical Tests Required
rolled stock or tubes which do not meet the requirements of the 11.1 Flattening Test:
specifications shall be rejected. 11.1.1 For Grade A, one flattening test shall be made on
NOTE 2—A lot consists of 250 tubes for sizes 3 in. [76.2 mm] and under specimens from each of two tubes from each lot (Note 2) or
and of 100 tubes for sizes over 3 in. [76.2 mm], prior to cutting to length. fraction thereof, and from each 2000 ft [600 m] or fraction
thereof of safe-end material.
8. General Requirements 11.1.2 For Grades C and D, one flattening test shall be made
8.1 Material furnished under this specification shall con- on specimens from each of two tubes from each lot (Note 2) or
form to the applicable requirements of the current edition of fraction thereof.
--```,,`,`,``````,``,`,`,`,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Specification A 450/A 450M unless otherwise provided herein. 11.2 Flange Test:
11.2.1 For Grade A, one flange test shall be made on
9. Tensile Requirements specimens from each of two tubes from each lot (Note 2) or
9.1 Grade C and D tubes shall conform to the requirements fraction thereof, and from each 2000 ft [600 m] or fraction
as to tensile properties prescribed in Table 2. thereof of safe-end material.
11.2.2 For Grades C and D, one flange test shall be made on
NOTE 3—Explanatory Note—For purposes of design the following specimens from each of two tubes from each lot (Note 2) or
tensile properties may be assumed for Grade A tubes:
TABLE 3 Minimum Elongation Values
Wall Thickness Elongation in 2 in. or 50
TABLE 2 Tensile Requirements mm, min, %A
in. mm
Grade C Grade D
⁄ (0.312)
5 16 8 30
9⁄32 (0.281) 7.2 29
Tensile strength, min, ksi [MPa] 60 [415] 70 [485]
1⁄4 (0.250) 6.4 27
Yield strength, min, ksi [MPa] 37 [255] 40 [275]
7⁄32 (0.219) 5.6 26
Elongation in 2 in. or 50 mm, min, % 30 30
For longitudinal strip tests a deduction for 1.50A 1.50A 3⁄16 (0.188) 4.8 24
5⁄32 (0.156) 4 22
each 1⁄32-in. [0.8 mm] decrease in wall
thickness below 5⁄16 in. [8 mm] from the 1⁄8 (0.125) 3.2 21
basic minimum elongation of the 3⁄32 (0.094) 2.4 20
following percentage points shall be 1⁄16 (0.062) 1.6 18
made. A
Calculated elongation requirements shall be rounded to the nearest whole
A
See Table 3 for the computed minimum values. number.

Copyright ASTM International 2

Provided by IHS under license with ASTM Licensee=Bechtel Corp Loc 1-19/9999056100, User=Ibanez, Efren
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 10/17/2006 19:18:36 MDT
 A 178/A 178M – 02
fraction thereof. The width of the flange shall not be less than structive electric test. The purchaser may specify which test is
75 % of that specified in Specification A 450/A 450M. to be used.
11.3 Crush Test—For Grade A, when required by the
12. Forming Operations
purchaser, one crush test shall be made on specimens from
each of two tubes from each lot (Note 2) or fraction thereof, 12.1 When inserted in the boiler, tubes shall withstand
and from each 2000 ft [600 m] or fraction thereof of safe-end expanding and beading without showing cracks or flaws, or
material. opening at the weld. When properly manipulated, superheater
11.4 Tension Test—For Grades C and D, one tension test tubes shall withstand all forging, welding, and bending opera-
shall be made on specimens from each of two tubes from each tions necessary for application without developing defects.
--```,,`,`,``````,``,`,`,`,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

lot. The term lot for tension test requirements applies to all 13. Product Marking
tubes prior to cutting, of the same nominal diameter and wall
13.1 In addition to the marking prescribed in Specification
thickness, which are produced from the same heat of steel.
A 450/A 450M, the letters “ERW” shall be legibly stenciled on
When final heat treatment is in a batch-type furnace, a lot shall
each tube, or marked on a tag attached to the bundle or box in
include only those tubes of the same size and the same heat
which the tubes are shipped.
which are heat treated in the same furnace charge. When the
13.2 The manufacturer’s name or symbol may be placed
final heat treatment is in a continuous furnace, a lot shall
permanently on each tube by rolling or light stamping before
include all tubes of the same size and heat, heat treated in the
normalizing. If a single stamp is placed on the tube by hand,
same furnace, at the same temperature, time at heat, and
this mark should not be less than 8 in. [200 mm] from one end
furnace speed.
of the tube.
11.5 Reverse Flattening Test—One reverse flattening test
shall be made on each 1500 ft [450 m] of finished tubing. 14. Keywords
11.6 Hydrostatic or Nondestructive Electric Test—Each 14.1 boiler tube; resistance welded steel tube; steel tube,
tube shall be subjected to either the hydrostatic or the nonde- carbon; welded steel tube

SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS

The following supplementary requirements may become a part of the specification when specified
in the inquiry or invitation to bid, and production order or contract. These requirements shall not be
considered, unless specified in the order and the necessary tests shall be made at the mill.

S1. Additional Testing of Welded Tubing for ASME mitted by Specification A 450/A 450M.
Requirements S1.3 The test methods described in the supplement may not
S1.1 The weld seam of each tube shall be subjected to an be capable of inspecting the end portions of tubes. This
ultrasonic inspection employing Practices E 273 or E 213 with condition is referred to as end effect. This portion, as deter-
the rejection criteria referenced in Specification A 450/ mined by the manufacturer, shall be removed and discarded.
A 450M. S1.4 In addition to the marking prescribed in Specification
S1.2 If Practice E 273 is employed, a 100 % volumetric A 450/A 450M, “S1” shall be added after the grade designa-
inspection of the entire length of each tube shall also be tion.
performed using one of the nondestructive electric tests per-

SUMMARY OF CHANGES

This section identifies the location of selected changes to this specification that have been incorporated since
the last edition, A 178/A 178M-95 (2002), as follows:

(1) Paragraph 1.4 was deleted and the subsequent subsections (3) Specification A 226/A 226M was deleted from Section 2.
were renumbered.
(2) Paragraph 2.1 was revised to delete the reference to
Specification A 520.

Copyright ASTM International 3

Provided by IHS under license with ASTM Licensee=Bechtel Corp Loc 1-19/9999056100, User=Ibanez, Efren
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 10/17/2006 19:18:36 MDT
 A 178/A 178M – 02
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned
in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk
of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should
make your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.

This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,
United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above
address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or [email protected] (e-mail); or through the ASTM website
(www.astm.org).
--```,,`,`,``````,``,`,`,`,,``,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

Copyright ASTM International 4

Provided by IHS under license with ASTM Licensee=Bechtel Corp Loc 1-19/9999056100, User=Ibanez, Efren
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale, 10/17/2006 19:18:36 MDT