Sociology Anthropology Notes
Sociology Anthropology Notes
Sociology Anthropology Notes
INTRODUCTION
1. Human Beings
2. Place/Setting (where human beings exist)
3. Language
4. Society
5. Culture
6. Beliefs
7. Government
8. Rules
They have:
SOCIOLOGY
The word was taken from two languages the dead language Latin and Greek.
Technically, sociology is the scientific study of society including the important elements
such as relationships, groups, cultures, norms and, most importantly, human persons.
CULTURE
Culture is the great difference between humans and lower forms of animals. It is not a
standard.
QUALITIES OF CULTURE
Culture is:
1. Something learned
2. Something transmitted
3. Something social. It is always in the context of the relationship.
4. Something gratifying. It is facing a sense of fulfilment and gratitude.
5. Something adaptive. It was made to adjust to another culture.
6. Something that has integrity. It can create cultural practices in our time period.
COMPONENTS OF CULTURE
1. Social norms standards in distinguishing what is wrong and right, and a criteria in
what is proper and improper, what is good and bad.
Folkways can be understood as a typical habit. It is also patterns of
expected behaviour within a certain group.
Mores there are norms that are valued as punishable.
Laws there are three laws: the natural law, sin, and the divine law.
Fashions, facts, and craze - forces of social changes that show the status of
people.
Social institutions - are responsible for analysing and criticizing social norms,
folkways, mores, and laws as well as checking if they are adaptable or not.
o Family
o Economic institution
o Political institution
o Religious institution
o Educational institution
2. Ideas include beliefs and superstitions.
Beliefs give meaning and interpretation of culture by use
Superstitions practices which have no scientific basis
3. Material culture used to preserve our practices.
DIFFERENT TERMS IN CULTURE
Cultural traits referring to the smallest unit of all cultures practiced or the smallest
culture to a more fundamental basis
Cultural pattern synonymous with uniformity, they are the patterns of practices that
are unformed or common
Subculture within a bigger group, there will always be small groups existing within a
big group. Subculture is an individual because each person has different interests from
other people
Ethnocentrism refers to the pride of your ethnicity, saying that you are proud of your
ethnicity
Xenocentrism refers from not showing pride of your ethnicity or seeking interests from
overseas.
Culture shock happens when you are experiencing a culture which is different from
your own culture
Culture center a place where a certain culture finds its place of origin
Cultural diffusion when a culture is not being or no longer practiced, it will die
eventually
1. By discovery
2. By invention
3. By borrowing
What is practice?
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PERSONALITY
It refers as a symbol that helps a person to adjust to people in walks of their life.
Wholesome personality in which a person can be easily get along with other people.
Shuttered personality in which a person cannot get easily get along with other people.
Biological inheritances refers to the traits inherited from parents, like intelligence,
talents and attitudes.
Geographical environment refers to the location, the climate and the resources in the
environment where a person belongs.
Cultural environment examining the cultural environment influences you to the greater
extent.
Social environment refers to the people living within the environment having the same
qualities.
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AGE
CATEGORIES OF AGE
1. Oral stage starting from birth to the age one, the main source of gratification is
the infants mouth, lips, and tongue.
2. Anal stage from age one to three, the main source of gratification relies on the
persons bowel movement. Toilet training is required.
3. Phallic stage from the age of three to six, the main source of gratification is in
the persons sex organs.
4. Latency stage from the age six to 18,
5. Genital stage from the age of 18 onwards,
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SOCIALIZATION
In socialization we should be conformed to our current status: our rights, objections and
roles.
1. Use of language
It is considered as one of the decreed achievements of human life; but is considered as
one of the most abused part of the human life.
2. Status
It is the position of the individual in a social cycle which implies the collection of rights
and duties.
Ascribed status it is stated as destined. It was from this status that we received
roles.
Deviant a sociological term for people who violate the norms of the society
Deviant behavior also known as an abnormal behavior, it is any violation or acts not
conforming to the norms.
Sex is the biological difference between a male person and a female person; while
gender is the psychological, social, and cultural differences of male and female persons.
DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
These are the forms of behavior that violates the norms of the society. The one who
violates these norms is called a deviant.
There are also universal norms that should conform worldwide, regardless of location or
nationality. Example is the Ten Commandments.
Series of frustration
Series of rejection
Series of insecurities or immaturity
Family or personal problems
Love
Inability to accept towards painful realities
Instant mentality (destroys the virtue of patience)
1. Emile Durkheim explains that deviations are caused by rapid social changes.
2. Robert K. Merton explains that deviations are caused by modern, industrial
society. The richer the country, the higher the rate of deviance. Merton also gave
reasons causing the modern, industrial society: The people are busy acquiring
the following:
Material wealth;
Education;
Prestige;
Glory;
Honor; and
Power.
Merton also described the THREE KINDS OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
(Conformists accept society's goals and the socially acceptable means of achieving
them (e.g.: monetary success is gained through hard work). Merton claims that
conformists are mostly middle-class people in middle class jobs who have been able
to access the opportunities in society such as a better education to achieve
monetary success through hard work. Wikipedia)
2. Ritualists persons with the principle of sacrifice as their only way to live even if
they didnt prosper.
(Ritualism refers to the inability to reach a cultural goal thus embracing the rules to
the point where the people in question lose sight of their larger goals in order to feel
respectable. Ritualists reject society's goals, but accept society's institutionalised
means. Ritualists are most commonly found in dead-end, repetitive jobs, where they
are unable to achieve society's goals but still adhere to society's means of
achievement and social norms. Wikipedia)
(Retreatism is the rejection of both cultural goals and means, letting the person in
question "drop out". Retreatists reject the society's goals and the legitimate means to
achieve them. Merton sees them as true deviants, as they commit acts of deviance
to achieve things that do not always go along with society's values. Wikipedia)
1. Conflict (hindi ko makuha iyong meaning. Please fill it in the comment section.)
2. Control there is a deviation when the people in the authority can no longer
control its people.
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THE TEN COMMANDMENTS (KING JAMES VERSION)
1. I am the Lord thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the
house of bondage. Thou shalt have no other gods before me.
2. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of anything that is
in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth.
Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I the Lord am a jealous
God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth
generation of them that hate me. And shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love
me, and keep my commands.
3. Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord in vain; for the Lord will not hold him
guiltless that taketh his name in vain.
4. Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy
work: But the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord thy God: in it thou shalt not do any
work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thy
cattle. Nor thy stranger that is within thy gates: For in six days the Lord made heaven
and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore the
Lord blessed the Sabbath day, and hallowed it.
5. Honor thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the
Lord thy God giveth thee.
10. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbours house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbours
wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass nor anything that
is thy neighbours.
THE TEN COMMANDMENTS (KING JAMES VERSION)
SHORTENED VERSION
1. I am the Lord thy God. Thou shalt not have other gods before me.
2. Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain.