Sociology Anthropology Notes

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SOCIOLOGY ANTHROPOLOGY PRELIM NOTES

INTRODUCTION

MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENTS OF THE SUBJECT

1. Human Beings
2. Place/Setting (where human beings exist)
3. Language
4. Society
5. Culture
6. Beliefs
7. Government
8. Rules

FACTORS AND BENEFITS THAT GIVE RISE TO BE INCLUDED IN THE GROUP

They have:

1. Similar goals and objectives


2. Similar functions
3. Sense of belongingness
4. Common Ideology
5. Common Language
6. Common culture and practice/beliefs
7. Common standards/norms

SOCIOLOGY

The word was taken from two languages the dead language Latin and Greek.

Latin socios - companion

Greek logos word

Technically, sociology is the scientific study of society including the important elements
such as relationships, groups, cultures, norms and, most importantly, human persons.
CULTURE

Culture is the great difference between humans and lower forms of animals. It is not a
standard.

Humans can understand and practice culture.

A person being cultured is the person with good breeding.

QUALITIES OF CULTURE

Culture is:

1. Something learned
2. Something transmitted
3. Something social. It is always in the context of the relationship.
4. Something gratifying. It is facing a sense of fulfilment and gratitude.
5. Something adaptive. It was made to adjust to another culture.
6. Something that has integrity. It can create cultural practices in our time period.

COMPONENTS OF CULTURE

1. Social norms standards in distinguishing what is wrong and right, and a criteria in
what is proper and improper, what is good and bad.
Folkways can be understood as a typical habit. It is also patterns of
expected behaviour within a certain group.
Mores there are norms that are valued as punishable.
Laws there are three laws: the natural law, sin, and the divine law.
Fashions, facts, and craze - forces of social changes that show the status of
people.
Social institutions - are responsible for analysing and criticizing social norms,
folkways, mores, and laws as well as checking if they are adaptable or not.
o Family
o Economic institution
o Political institution
o Religious institution
o Educational institution
2. Ideas include beliefs and superstitions.
Beliefs give meaning and interpretation of culture by use
Superstitions practices which have no scientific basis
3. Material culture used to preserve our practices.
DIFFERENT TERMS IN CULTURE

Cultural traits referring to the smallest unit of all cultures practiced or the smallest
culture to a more fundamental basis

Cultural pattern synonymous with uniformity, they are the patterns of practices that
are unformed or common

Subculture within a bigger group, there will always be small groups existing within a
big group. Subculture is an individual because each person has different interests from
other people

Ethnocentrism refers to the pride of your ethnicity, saying that you are proud of your
ethnicity

Xenocentrism refers from not showing pride of your ethnicity or seeking interests from
overseas.

Culture shock happens when you are experiencing a culture which is different from
your own culture

Culture relativism contrary with cultural absolutism; there is no standard culture

Culture complex happens when you need people of different culture

Culture area a place where a certain culture is being found or placed

Culture center a place where a certain culture finds its place of origin

Cultural diffusion when a culture is not being or no longer practiced, it will die
eventually

Counterculture the opposition to the wrong culture

How do you acquire culture?

1. By discovery
2. By invention
3. By borrowing

What is practice?

Practice coincides with repetition.


VALUES

Values refer to an important value system to an individual.

You need to check your values from time to time.

Technically, values are:

Standards and being viewed as an expression of intuitive ends, goals, and


purpose of social activities.
In addition, values determine what is good and what is bad.
In a similar way, we can view values as a criteria to which norms are judged.
Lastly, values are the most moral imperative of the society. All values possess
the inherent goods in it.

Robin Williams, an American sociologist, proposed four tests to determine if a value is


operative or beneficial to the society.

1. Extensiveness a value is extensive when it is recognized or practiced by the


majority of the people.
2. Duration a value is durable when it is tested through time.
3. Intensity a value is intense when it is greatly affects the peoples values in a
positive way.
4. Prestige of the carrier where there is a sort of feeling of worthiness and gratitude
on taking your part.

_____________________________________________________________________
PERSONALITY

Personality is derived from the Latin word persona meaning mask.

It refers as a symbol that helps a person to adjust to people in walks of their life.

Technically, personality is the characteristic patterns of behaviour and module thinking


that determines a persons adjustment to the environment. It is also something genetic.

There are two kinds of personality:

Wholesome personality in which a person can be easily get along with other people.

Shuttered personality in which a person cannot get easily get along with other people.

How to determine our personality?

There are four determinants:

Biological inheritances refers to the traits inherited from parents, like intelligence,
talents and attitudes.

Geographical environment refers to the location, the climate and the resources in the
environment where a person belongs.

Cultural environment examining the cultural environment influences you to the greater
extent.

Social environment refers to the people living within the environment having the same
qualities.

_____________________________________________________________________
AGE

We view it as our point of reference as we passed through the cycle of growth.

CATEGORIES OF AGE

1. Infancy from birth to two weeks beyond


2. Babyhood after three months
3. Adolescence 10-18 years old
4. Adult stage 18 years old to old age, wherein a person will manage to make a
career and his own family.
5. Old age retirement age wherein a person will be fulfilled or regretted for not
fulfilling his opportunities.

FIVE STAGES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT BY SIGMUND FREUD

1. Oral stage starting from birth to the age one, the main source of gratification is
the infants mouth, lips, and tongue.
2. Anal stage from age one to three, the main source of gratification relies on the
persons bowel movement. Toilet training is required.
3. Phallic stage from the age of three to six, the main source of gratification is in
the persons sex organs.
4. Latency stage from the age six to 18,
5. Genital stage from the age of 18 onwards,

______________________________________________________________________
SOCIALIZATION

The basic concept of socialization is that there is always an interaction. Interaction is


different if there are two or more people talking.

Socialization is defined as truly a process in which an individual learns to conform to the


norms/standards of its social where he acquires a status and plays a corresponding
role.

In socialization we should be conformed to our current status: our rights, objections and
roles.

FACTORS FACILITATING THE SOCIALIZATION

1. Use of language
It is considered as one of the decreed achievements of human life; but is considered as
one of the most abused part of the human life.

2. Status
It is the position of the individual in a social cycle which implies the collection of rights
and duties.
Ascribed status it is stated as destined. It was from this status that we received
roles.

Roles functional and dynamic aspects of status.

Deviant a sociological term for people who violate the norms of the society

Deviant behavior also known as an abnormal behavior, it is any violation or acts not
conforming to the norms.

There is a difference between SEX and GENDER

Sex is the biological difference between a male person and a female person; while
gender is the psychological, social, and cultural differences of male and female persons.
DEVIANT BEHAVIOR

These are the forms of behavior that violates the norms of the society. The one who
violates these norms is called a deviant.

Deviant behavior is not fully absolute.

There are also universal norms that should conform worldwide, regardless of location or
nationality. Example is the Ten Commandments.

TWO EXPLANATIONS OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR

1. Biological deviations that are genetic in nature


2. Psychological there are reasons why there are deviations psychologically. The
people have:
No inner confidence within themselves
No inner ability to control themselves

Specifically, there are also series leading to deviation:

Series of frustration
Series of rejection
Series of insecurities or immaturity
Family or personal problems
Love
Inability to accept towards painful realities
Instant mentality (destroys the virtue of patience)

TWO SOCIOLOGISTS WHO EXPLAINED WHY DEVIATIONS ARE ALWAYS THERE:

1. Emile Durkheim explains that deviations are caused by rapid social changes.
2. Robert K. Merton explains that deviations are caused by modern, industrial
society. The richer the country, the higher the rate of deviance. Merton also gave
reasons causing the modern, industrial society: The people are busy acquiring
the following:
Material wealth;
Education;
Prestige;
Glory;
Honor; and
Power.
Merton also described the THREE KINDS OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR

1. Conformists persons having no principle in life or being careless regardless of


negative effects.

(Conformists accept society's goals and the socially acceptable means of achieving
them (e.g.: monetary success is gained through hard work). Merton claims that
conformists are mostly middle-class people in middle class jobs who have been able
to access the opportunities in society such as a better education to achieve
monetary success through hard work. Wikipedia)

2. Ritualists persons with the principle of sacrifice as their only way to live even if
they didnt prosper.

(Ritualism refers to the inability to reach a cultural goal thus embracing the rules to
the point where the people in question lose sight of their larger goals in order to feel
respectable. Ritualists reject society's goals, but accept society's institutionalised
means. Ritualists are most commonly found in dead-end, repetitive jobs, where they
are unable to achieve society's goals but still adhere to society's means of
achievement and social norms. Wikipedia)

3. Retreatists persons having dislike to the social norms or governmental norms


to the point of forming a new group and a new set of rules which they think are
right.

(Retreatism is the rejection of both cultural goals and means, letting the person in
question "drop out". Retreatists reject the society's goals and the legitimate means to
achieve them. Merton sees them as true deviants, as they commit acts of deviance
to achieve things that do not always go along with society's values. Wikipedia)

TWO THEORIES OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR

1. Conflict (hindi ko makuha iyong meaning. Please fill it in the comment section.)
2. Control there is a deviation when the people in the authority can no longer
control its people.

TWO EXAMPLES OF DEVIANT BEHAVIOR

1. Drugs (Drug Abuse/Addiction)


Different Drugs Used in the Philippines
Sedatives also known as depressants. It has a calming effect on
nervous system and reduces anxiety and excitement. Overdosing it can
lead to having a depressed brain and respiratory control. Examples are
tranquilizers and sleeping pills.
Stimulants increases alertness and physical dispositions, therefore
preventing fatigue and hardens sleepiness or drowsiness. Examples are
cocaine, heroin, caffeine, and shabu.
Hallucinogens also known as psychedelics, It affects thinking and self-
awareness. Examples are cocaine, heroin, and marijuana.
Narcotics also known as psychedelics, it is used as anaesthesia. Its
effects are drowsiness and inducing sleep. Overdosing it results in having
both psychological and physiological defects.
Marijuana always available in the Philippines.
2. Prostitution any sexual act including sexual intercourse on a mercenary basis.
Three Characteristics of Prostitution
Prostitution is:
Immoral
Exploitation
Lowers the human dignity

______________________________________________________________________
THE TEN COMMANDMENTS (KING JAMES VERSION)

1. I am the Lord thy God, which have brought thee out of the land of Egypt, out of the
house of bondage. Thou shalt have no other gods before me.

2. Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of anything that is
in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth.
Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I the Lord am a jealous
God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth
generation of them that hate me. And shewing mercy unto thousands of them that love
me, and keep my commands.

3. Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord in vain; for the Lord will not hold him
guiltless that taketh his name in vain.

4. Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. Six days shalt thou labour, and do all thy
work: But the seventh day is the Sabbath of the Lord thy God: in it thou shalt not do any
work, thou, nor thy son, nor thy daughter, thy manservant, nor thy maidservant, nor thy
cattle. Nor thy stranger that is within thy gates: For in six days the Lord made heaven
and earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day: wherefore the
Lord blessed the Sabbath day, and hallowed it.

5. Honor thy father and thy mother: that thy days may be long upon the land which the
Lord thy God giveth thee.

6. Thou shalt not kill.

7. Thou shalt not commit adultery.

8. Thou shalt not steal.

9. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour.

10. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbours house, thou shalt not covet thy neighbours
wife, nor his manservant, nor his maidservant, nor his ox, nor his ass nor anything that
is thy neighbours.
THE TEN COMMANDMENTS (KING JAMES VERSION)

SHORTENED VERSION

1. I am the Lord thy God. Thou shalt not have other gods before me.

2. Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain.

3. Remember the Sabbath day, to make it holy.

4. Honor thy father and thy mother.

5. Thou shalt not kill.

6. Thou shalt not commit adultery.

7. Thou shalt not steal.

8. Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour.

9. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbours wife.

10. Thou shalt not covet thy neighbours goods.

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