Automotive Technology

CHAPTER (1)
AUTOMOTIVE SYSTEMS

1.1. The Basic Engine

um;rsm;udk a&Ghvsm;armif;ESif&ef tif*sifyg&Sdygonf/ um;tif*sifrsm;tm;vHk;udk 'DZ,ftif*sifESifh
"mwfqDtif*sifqdkNyD; ESpfrsdK;cGJNcm;EkdifNyD; tif*sifESpfrsdK;pvHk;onf twGif;rD;avmifaygufuGJaomtif*sif
(Internal Combustion Engine) trsdK;tpm;rsm; NzpfMuygonf/ tif*sifxJudk qDeJhavudk a&maESmapum
rD;avmifaygufuGJapNcif;Nzifh yg0g&&SdapNcif; Nzpfygonf/
um;MuD;awGrSm 'DZ,ftif*sifudkom toHk;NyKMuNyD; wcsdKhum;ao;rsm;wGifvnf; toHk;NyKMuygonf/
'DZ,ftif*sifeJh "mwfqDtif*sift"du tcsufawGu twlwlyifNzpfaomfvnf; olwdkh&Jh tvkyfvkyfyHkuawmh
tawmfuJGjym;rSk &Sdygonf/
"mwfqDtif*sifwGif "mwfqDESifhavudk umA&dkufwm(Carburetor)uae a&maESmay;NyD; tif*sifxJxnfh
um ypfpwifNzifhzdodyfum tylcsdefESifhzdtm;rsm;aecsdefwGif pywfyvyf (Spark Plug) rS rD;xGuf apNyD; rDavmif;
aygufuGJum yg0g&&Sdapygonf/
'DZ,ftif*sifwGif tif*sifxJudk avwpfrsdK;xJudkomxnfhNyD; ypfpwifNzifhzdodyfum tylcsdefESifhzdtm;
rsm;aecsdefwGif aemfZ,frS 'DZ,fqDtrSkeftrTm;av;rsm;udk Nzef;ay;apNcif;Nzifh rDavmif;aygufuGJum yg0g&&dS
apygonf/

Figure (1-1) qvif'gav;vHk;um;tif*sifyHk

(qvif'gvavmuf)
1.1.1. Cylinder Block
qvif'gbavmufudk tif*sifbavmufvdkhac:NyD; tif*sif&JhtMuD;qHk;tydkif; Nzpfygonf/ oGef;oH (Cast
Iron) odkhr[kwf tvlrDeD,rf (Aluminium) eJh wnfaqmufygonf/ qvif'gbavmufwGif a&oGm;&ef
acsmqDrsm;oGm;&ef taygufrsm; azgufxm;ygonf/ ypfpwifa&Ghvsm;oGm;vmtvkyfvkyf&ef qvif'grsm; yg&Sd&
ygonf/ qvif'gbavmufwGif tNcm;pufrSkqdkif&mypnf;rsm;udk wyfqif&ygonf/

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Figure (1-2) qvif'g&SpfvHk;ygaom tif*sifbavmufyHk

1.1.2. Cylinder Head (qvif'g[uf)

qvif'g[ufudk qvif'gbavmuftay:rSm wyfqif&ygonf/ qvif'gbavmufESifh qvif'g
[ufwdkhudk Head Gasket Nzifh wyfqif&ygonf/ qvif'g[ufwGif Combustion Chamber t"du yg&SdNyD;
qvif'gxJudk t0iftxGuf Inlet Port, Exhaust Port rsm;yg&Sdygonf/ qvif'g[ufudkvnf; oGef;oH (Cast
Iron) odkhr[kwf tvlrDeD,rf (Aluminium) eJh wnfaqmufygonf/

Figure (1-3) qvif'gbavmuf? qvif'g[ufyHk

1.1.3. Piston (ypfpwif)

ypfpwifxdyfESifh qvif'g[ufMum;wGif rD;avmifaygufuGJygonf/ ypfpwifonf tat;Al;yHkpH&SdNyD;
qvif'gxJwGif wif;wif;&if;&if; xnfhxm;&ygonf/ qvif'gav;vHk;ygaomtif*sifwGif ypfpwifav;vHk;&Sd
NyD; wpfvHk;csif;onf Intake Stroke, Compression Stroke, Power Stroke, Exhaust Stroke awG tvSnfhus
Nzpfaeygonf/ tif;wdwfpwkyfwGif ypfpwifonf atmufzufudk a&GhaeNyD; Inlet Port zGifhaeNyD; aveJhqDta&m
taESmudk qvif'gtwGif; 0ifapygonf/ uGef;y&uf&Sif;pwkyfwGif ypfpwifonf tay:zufudk a&GhaeNyD; Inlet
Port ESifh Exhaust Port ydwfaeNyD; aveJhqDta&mtaESmudk zdodyfygonf/ qvif'gtwGif;&Sdaom
aveJhqDta&mtaESmonf zdtm;rsm;NyD; tylcsdefvnf; rsm;vmygonf/ tJh'DtcsdefwGif pywfyvyfu rD;cwfay;
vdkufaomtcg rD;avmifaygufuGJum ypfpwiftay:wGef;ay;Ncif;Ncifh yg0g&&Sdygonf/ ypfpwifonf tay:zuf
udk Nyefwufaomtcg rD;avmif;NyD;aom rD;cdk;aiGhawGudk Exhaust Port uae tif*siftNyifzufudk xkwfypfyg
onf/ odkhNzifh ypfpwifonf tif*sifxJwGif txufatmuf a&Ghvsm;aeygonf/
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Figure (1-4) ypfpwifyHk

1.1.4. Connecting Rods and Crankshaft

ypfpwif&Jha&Ghvsm;rSkonf tif*sifxJwGif tay:atmufom a&Ghvsm;aeygonf/ tJh'Dta&Ghuae vnf
ywfrSk&atmif pufrSkenf;ynmudk toHk;NyKygonf/ ypfpwifudk u&dkif;&kyf Crankshaft qDudk uGefeufwD; a&mh
Connecting Rod eJh qufxm;ygonf/ yHk (1-4) udkMunfhyg/

1.1.5. Valve Train

Intake Stroke eSifh Exhaust Stroke awGrSm Inlet Port ESifh Exhaust Port awGonf tcsdefudkuftzGifht
ydwfvkyfay;&ygonf/ tJhvdkvkyfay;Ncif;udk Valve Train vdkh ac:ygonf/ wdkif;rifudkufap&ef Crankshaft ESifh
Camshaft wdkhudk csdwfqufxm;ygonf/ Inlet Port ESifh Exhaust Port awGudk py&defeJh tydwfyHkpHvkyfxm;yg
onf/ zGifhcsif&if py&deftm;udk ausmfvGefatmif Pushrod uae zday;ygonf/ yGwfa&mhb,ftcsdefrSm zGifh&rvJ
qdkwm Camshaft &Jh vnfywfrSkay: rlwnfaeygonf/

Figure (1-5) The valve train for one cylinder of an overhead valve engine

1.1.6. Manifolds
Intake Manifold eSifh Exhaust Manifold ESpfck&Sdygonf/ qvif'gav;vHk;xdk;qdk&if rDeDzdk;u av;ckcGJ
oGm;Ncif;? av;ck pkpnf;ay;Ncif;wdkhudk vkyfay;ygonf/

Figure (1-6) tNyma&mifonf tif;wdwfrDeDzdk;NzpfNyD; teDa&mifonf tdwfaZmrDeDzdk;Nzpfygonf/

Htun Myint Htay (M.E., Mechanical) Page 3
 Automotive Technology
1.2. Engine Systems
um;tif*sifudk pepfwus avhvmNcif; Nzpfygonf/ qdkif&mqdkif&mudk ppfpwrfawGeJh pkpnf;az:NyNcif;
Nzpfygonf/

1.2.1. Lubrication System

tif*sifxJwGif ypfpwifuJhodkhaom pufrSkypnf;awGonf tNrJa&Ghvsm; tvkyfvkyfaeaomaMumifh wckw
ckeJh yGwfwdkufum tylxGufvmygonf/ wckeJhwck yGwfwdkufrSk'Pfoufomap&ef acsmqDydkhay;&ygonf/ acsm
qDudk tif*sif0dkifvdkh ac:ygonf/ tif*sif0dkifudk Engine Block atmufzufwGif Oil Pan xJwGif xnfhygonf/
tif*sif0dkifudk oefhpifap&ef Oil filter udk Nzwfoef;ap&ygonf/ Oil filter onf tif*sif0dkifxJwGif yg0ifaom
tnpftaMu;rsm;udk z,fxkwfay;ygonf/ Oil filter udk topfvnfvJay;&ygonf/

Figure (1-7) Oil flow in a typical engines lubrication system

1.2.2. Cooling System

tif*sifxJwGif rD;avmifaygufuGJrSkawG Nzpfaewmqdkawmh tylrsm;pGm Nzpfay:aeygonf/ tJh'Dtyludk
avsmhcszdkh Cooling System udk toHk;NyK&ygonf/ Cooling System wGif a&wdkifuD (Radiator), a&yefh (Water
Pump), Radiator Hose, tif*sifbavmufxJwGifa&aygufrsm; (Water Jackets) wdkh yg0ifygonf/ a&wdkifuDxJrS
a&rsm;onf a&qlrSwfxufawmif ylvmoNzifh a&wdkifuDtay:zufwGif Pressure Cap udk wyfqifxm;ygonf/
y&ufqmuyfwGif py&defyg&SdNyD; a&&JhtylcsdefeJh zdtm;ay:rlwnfNyD; py&defudk wGef;uefNyD; a&aEG;aiGhrsm; xGufoGm;
ygonf/ um;udk &yfNyD;NyD;csif; y&ufqmuyfudk b,fawmhrS oGm;rzGifhygeJh/ tif*sifat;oGm;rSom zGifhcsifzGifhyg/
tif*sifu tyleJhtvkyfvkyf&wmqdkawmh t&rf;at;oGm;vdkh rNzpfao;wmaMumifh Thermostat omrdkpwufudk
wyfxm;ygonf/ omrdkpwufu csdefxm;wJh tylcsdefa&mufrS a&toGm;tvm;zGifhay;NyD; Cooling System udk
tvkyfvkyfapygonf/ t&rf;at;wJhEdkifiHawGrSm ta&;MuD;ygonf/

Figure (1-8) A typical engine cooling system

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1.2.3. Fuel and Air System
"mwfqDtif*sifwGif "mwfqDwdkifuDyg&SdNyD; wdkifuDuae tif*sifxJa&mufonfhtxd ydkhay;&ygonf/
qDudkxdef;csKyfonfhtvkyfonf tcufcJqHk; tvkyfNzpfygonf/ qDeJhavudk tcsdK;usa&mpyfay;NyD; tif*sifxJ
xnfhay;&ygonf/ avudkvnf; qDeJhra&mcif oefhpifaezdkh Air Filter udk Nzwfvm&ygonf/

Figure (1-9) The intake system for a V-10 Engine

1.2.4. Emission Control System

tif*sifu xkwfvTwfvdkufaom tdwfaZmxJwGif [dkuf'&dkumAGef (HC) Hydrocarbons, umAGefrdkaemuf
qdkuf (CO) Canbonmonoxide, atmufqdkufatmhEdkufx&dk*sif (NOX) Oxides of Nitrogen awG ygoGm;ygonf/
Environmental Protection Agency wnfaxmifNyD; um;uxkwfvTwfaom raumif;qdk;0g;"mwfaiGhawGudk xdef;
csKyfvmygonf/ tJh'Dat*sifpDu Standard awG xkwfNyefNyD; um;xkwfvkyfolawGudk xdef;csKyfygonf/ avxk
npfnrf;rSkudk xdef;csKyfay;aomenf;vrf;rsm;udk azmfNyygrnf/

1.2.4.1. Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) System

onfenf;uawmh [dkuf'&dkumAGef (HC) Hydrocarbons udk avsmhcsay;onfhenf; Nzpfygonf/
Crankcase xJu tif*sif0dkifawG taiGhysHNyD; qvif'gxJudk tifwdwfrDeDzdk;uae 0ifa&mufrD;avmifusGrf;um
tdwfaZmuae [dkuf'&dkumAGefawG xGufvmNcif;udk xdef;csKyfNcif; Nzpfygonf/

1.2.4.2. Evaporative Emission Control System

onfenf;uvnf; [dkuf'&dkumAGef (HC) Hydrocarbons udk avsmhcsay;onfhenf; Nzpfygonf/

1.2.4.3. Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) System

onfenf;uawmh atmufqdkufatmhEdkufx&dk*sif (NOX) Oxides of Nitrogen avsmhcsay;onfhenf;
Nzpfygonf/ tif*sifu xkwfvdkufaom tdwfaZmudk tif*sifqvif'gxJ NyefxnfhNyD; toHk;NyKNcif; Nzpfygonf/

1.2.4.4. Catalytic Converter

onfenf;uawmh Catalytic Converter udk tdwfaZmvdkif;wGif wyfqifNyD; toHk;NyKygonf/ [dkuf'&dk
umAGef (HC) Hydrocarbons, umAGefrdkaemufqdkuf (CO) Canbonmonoxide, atmufqdkuf atmhEdkufx&dk*sif
(NOX) Oxides of Nitrogen awGudk avsmhcsay;Edkifygonf/

1.2.4.5. Air Injection System

onfenf;uvnf; [dkuf'&dkumAGef (HC) Hydrocarbons udk avsmhcsay;onfhenf; Nzpfygonf/
tdwfaZmxJudk avoefhxnfhay;wJhenf; Nzpfygonf/

1.3. Exhaust System

tdwfaZmppfpwrfuawmh tif*sifxJwGif Exhaust Stroke uae xkwfvTwfvdkufaom rD;cdk;aiGhawGudk
vlawGeJha0;&ma&mufatmif xkwfay;Ncif; Nzpfygonf/ Exhaust System wGif Exhaust Manifold tdwfaZmrDeDzdk;?
tdwfaZmydkuf? Catalyst Converter awG yg&Sdygonf/

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Figure (1-10) A typical exhaust system on a late-model car

1.4. Electricl and Electronic Systems

um;wGif um;b,fx&DupNyD; vsSyfppfqdkif&mppfpwrfrsm; rsm;pGm&Sdygonf/ t"duppfpwrfrsm;u
awmh (1) Ignition System, (2) Starting System, (3) Charging System, (4) Lighting System ESifh tNcm;
ppfpwrfawG &Sdygonf/

1.4.1. Ignition System

"mwfqDtif*sifwGif aveJhqDta&mtaESmudk ypfpwifu zdodyfNyD;ygu pywfyvyfuae rD;cwfzdkh
vdkygonf/ 'DZ,ftif*sifrSmawmh pywfyvyfrvdkyg/ Ignition System wGif b,fx&D? Ignition Coil, Spark Plug
awGyg&Sdygonf/ Ignition Coil u b,fx&DvmaomAdkhudk Adkhtm; 30000 uae 100000txd aNymif;ay;ygonf/
tif*sif&JhvnfywfyHkay:rlwnfNyD; rD;cwf&rJhtcsdefrSm pywfyvyfu rD;cwfay;Ncif;udk Ignition System vdkh
ac:ygonf/

1.4.1.1. Crankshaft Position Sensor

Sensor qdkonfrSm tckacwfaemufqHk;ay:tif*sifawGrSm wyfqifxm;NyD; tif*sif&JhNzpfay:aewJh
taNctaeawGudk wdkif;wmwJh ud&d,mav;awGudk ac:ygonf/ Crankshaft Position Sensor udk u&dkif;&SyfwGif
wyfqifNyD; u&dkif;&Syfb,f'D*&Da&mufaeNyD;vJ wdkif;wmwJhqefqmav; Nzpfygonf/ &&Sdvmaom owif;tcsuf
tvufawGudk Electronic Engine Control Module( ECM) qDudk ydkhay;ygonf/ ECM u qefqmawGqD
u&&Sdvmaom owif;tcsuftvufawGay:rlwnfNyD; b,ftcsdefrSm Spark Plug rD;cwfay;&rvJqdkwmudk xdef;
cskKyfygonf/
tif*sifwpfvHk;rSm qvif'gav;vHk;ygu Ignition Coil uae xGufvmaom Adkhudk Distributor uae
tvSnfhus ydkhay;ygonf/

Figure (1-11) An Ignition module and coil assembly for four cylinders

1.4.2. Starting and Charging System

tif*sifudk pESdk;Ncif; Nzpfygw,f/ udkbdkwmwpfvHk;xdk;tif*sifudk vufeJhvSnfhESdk;&wm awGhzl;rSmyg/
um;tif*sifudk um;aomhav;eJh ESdk;rSNzpfrSmaygh/ um;aomhav;vSnfhvdkufaomtcg b,fx&Du vSsyfppfudk
Solennoid or relay qDudk ydkhay;ygonf/ &ufav;onf b,fx&Du vSsyfppfudk Starter Motor qDudk a&muf
atmif vkyfay;oNzifh pwwfwmarmfwmvnfum tif*sifu&dkif;&Syfudk vnfapNyD; pufESdk;Ncif; Nzpfygonf/

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Figure (1-12) A typical starting system

pufESdk;vdkufwJhtwGuf b,fx&Duyg0gu usoGm;ygNyD/ b,fx&Dutm;udk Ignition System twGuf

qufoHk;&rSmqdkawmh b,fx&Dtm;&Sdzdkh vdkygonf/ xdkhaMumifh b,fx&Dtm;oGif;&ef AC Generator udk wyfqif&
ygonf/ *sifea&wmudk tif*sifu armif;ESifay;ygonf/

Figure (1-13) The major components of a late-model AC generator

1.4.3. Electronic Engine Controls (ECM)

aemufydkif;xkwfvkyfwJhum;awGtm;vHk;udk Electronic Engine Controls (ECM) eJh xdef;csKyfarmif;ESifyg
onf/ onfppfpwrfwGif Electronic eJh Electromechanical tpdwftydkif;awG ygygonf/ tif*sif&Jhtvkyfvkyfae
wmudk tqufrNywf apmifhMunfhaeNyD; qDudk vdktyfovdk xdef;csKyfay;oNzifh qDpm;oufomygonf/
tdwfaZmuxkwfvdkufaom taiGhawGudk xdef;csKyfay;ygonf/

Figure (1-14) Late-model electronic engine control systems are made up of many different sensors and
actuators and a central computer or control module

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