Revetment Design

Considerations
in Sheltered Water
Wave Conditions
By Christopher I. Thornton, Ph.D., P.E., and Richard Kane

PROFESSIONAL
DEVELOPMENT
SERIES

October 2007
 Professional Development Series

Revetment Design Considerations

in Sheltered Water Wave Conditions
By Christopher I. Thornton, Ph.D., P.E., and Richard Kane

R
evetments are used to protect banks and shorelines based on an event of a specified occurrence (1 percent annual
from erosion caused by waves and currents. This chance occurrence or 100 year event). The choice of the design
paper briefly addresses the application of revet- event is a key consideration in the design. Once the occur-
ments in wave environments using riprap and rence level has been selected, the joint probability of waves
articulated concrete blocks. The discussion is limited to low- and water levels must be determined. A conservative approach
energy wave conditions where wave heights are less than 5 is to design the high water condition for the 1 percent wave
feet. These conditions occur in sheltered waters such as lakes, occurring at the 1 percent water level. If the revetment does
reservoirs, rivers, channels, canals, estuaries, and bays. High- not extend to the bed or channel bottom, then a low water
energy wave conditions that are encountered on open ocean level design condition must also be determined.
coastlines are more appropriately addressed using armor
stone or concrete armor units. Wave terminology
In many coastal engineering projects, determination of Waves are specified by the wave height, H (vertical
the design condition is a major component of the design distance from crest to trough), the wave period, T (the time
effort. In the case of wave-induced bank erosion, it is first between the passage of successive waves), wave direction,
necessary to determine the cause of the erosion. Then, the (angle between wave crest and shoreline), and the still water
wave and water level conditions must be determined. Wave depth, h (the water depth in the absence of waves). The
data are usually not available in sheltered waters. For these wave length, L (horizontal distance from wave crest to wave
cases, the waves must be estimated from historical wind crest), is determined from the wave period and water depth
conditions using hindcast methods such as those described by the dispersion equation. If the water depth is greater than
in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Shore Protection Manual half the wave length (h > L/2), then conditions are consid-
(SPM) and Coastal Engineering Manual (CEM) (COE, 1973, ered deep water and the deep water wave length, L0, may
1984; COE, 2001). High water level data may be available be written as
from gauging stations. gT 2
L0  (Equation 1)
In the United States, it is common to design revetments 2Q

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If you read the following article, display com/media/pdh/index.asp. Your 1) understand general wave terminol-
your understanding of the stated learn- quiz answers will be graded by the ogy,
ing objectives, and follow the simple Professional Development Series spon- 2) understand basic system compo-
instructions, you can fulfill a portion sor. If you answer at least 80 percent of nents for riprap and articulating
of your continuing education require- the questions correctly, you will receive concrete block revetments, and
ments at no cost to you. This article also a certificate of completion from the 3) understand the design methodol-
is available online at www.zweigwhite. Professional Development Series spon- ogy for rock riprap and articulating
com/media/pdh/index.asp. sor within 90 days and will be awarded concrete block revetments in wave
1.0 professional development hour environments.
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 Revetment Design Considerations in Sheltered Water Wave Conditions
where g is the acceleration due to gravity. the structure. Without special considerations,
When wave conditions are generated by winds, there are riprap revetments are not recommended for
always multiple waves. There are many wave heights, peri- large wave conditions.
ods, and directions existing simultaneously. It is convenient The design of riprap revetments in the United
to represent this collection of waves by a single representa- States follows recommendations provided by the U.S.
tive wave height, period, and direction. The significant wave Army Corps of Engineers (COE 2001, 1984, 1973). The
height, Hs , is related to the average of the highest 1/3 of the required riprap size can be determined using the Hudson
waves. The spectral wave height, Hm0 , is equal to four times equation or the van der Meer equation. The Hudson equa-
the square root of the total energy in the waves. In deep tion is
water, these two are taken to be equivalent. The peak wave
Hr Hs3 Hs
period, Tp , is the wave period corresponding to the most W50  or KD cot B
1/3
(Equation 6)
energetic wave. The mean period, Tm , is determined from the KD %3cot B % Dn50
distribution of wave heights and periods. A rule of thumb is
in which KD is the empirical Hudson stability coefficient
Tp 1.1Tm (Equation 2)
and is the immersed relative density defined as =
r /w-1, where r is the specific weight of the rock and w is
The wave direction is usually specified by the peak direc- the specific weight of the water (62.4 pounds per cubic foot
tion, p , corresponding to the most common direction or (pcf) for fresh water; 64.0 pcf for sea water). The stability
the spectral direction, m , corresponding to the energy prop- coefficient for angular riprap in breaking waves is KD = 2.2
agation direction. (COE 1984, 1973). The wave height is computed as the
When waves propagate into shallow water, the depth wave height at the toe of the structure. The 1973 and 1984
eventually limits the maximum wave height and the waves versions of the SPM are inconsistent in the use of the Hudson
break. The breaker index, , relates the depth-limited break- equation. The 1984 SPM recommends using a wave height
ing wave height, HB , to the breaking depth, hB . that is 1.27Hs . If this wave height is used in the Hudson
equation, the required stone weight doubles.
HB K hB (Equation 3) The van de Meer equation is

Values for range from about 0.6 to 1.2, depending on Hs

the wave height and period and the bottom slope. For a flat = 6.2P 0.18S 0.2N -0.1Ym-0.5 (Equation 7a)
% Dn50
bottom, =0.78, and this value is commonly used. The type
of breaking wave can be estimated from the surf similarity when Ym < [6.2P 0.31(tan B) 0.5] 1/(P +0.5) and
parameter, Hs
2 1/2 = 1.0P -0.13S 0.2N -0.1(tan B)-0.5Ymp (Equation 7b)
tan B gTm % Dn50
Ym   tan B (Equation 4)
H/L0m 2QH when Ym > [6.2P 0.31(tan B) 0.5] 1/(P +0.5)

in which is the slope. The subscript m is used to denote the

use of the mean period. in which N is the number of waves (maximum value of
7,500), P is the notational permeability, and S is the damage
Riprap revetments level. The two equations account for different breaking wave
A riprap revetment is distinguished from an armor stone types based on the value of m. For slopes of 1V:1.5H to
revetment in that riprap is more widely graded. Stone armor 1V:3H, S = 2; and for slopes 1V:4H to 1V:6H, S = 3. These
is usually specified with a very narrow range of sizes. A typi- equations are for deep water, but can also be used in shallow
cal weight range is 0.75W50 to 1.25W50 , where W50 is the water wave conditions (CUR, 1991). Guidance for selecting
median weight of the stone. The nominal diameter, Dn50 , is the notational permeability is given in CUR (1991) and COE
defined as (2001). Since riprap is well graded, the permeability is lower
1/3 and a value of 0.2 is suggested in the absence of additional
W50 information.
Dn50  (Equation 5)
Hr The thickness of the riprap layer should be 2Dn50 , but not
less than 1 foot. Care must be taken when placing the riprap
in which r is the weight density of the stone. This gives an to ensure that the stone sizes are uniformly distributed over
allowable diameter range of 0.91Dn50 to 1.08Dn50 . The corre- the full slope. End dump construction often results in the larger
sponding range for riprap is 0.125W50 to 4.0W50 (0.50Dn50 stones at the toe with smaller material on the upper slope.
to 1.59Dn50 ). Riprap is less stable than armor stone because An underlayer beneath the riprap provides pressure
the smaller sizes are susceptible to removal and it is difficult dissipation, drainage, and containment of the fines in the
to obtain uniform placement of the size distribution on subgrade. Because a riprap revetment is widely graded, the

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 Revetment Design Considerations in Sheltered Water Wave Conditions
underlayer size requirements are more restric- water into the underlayer, reducing waving runup.
tive than a stone armor revetment. The size of Current industry standards utilize the Pilarczyk (1990)
the underlayer is given by equation to select an appropriate thickness of articulating
concrete block. The Pilarczyk equation was developed in the
D85 underlayer r0.2D15 cover (Equation 8)
Netherlands based on analysis of numerous large-scale tests
at the Delft Hydraulics Laboratory. Interestingly, full-scale
in which D85 underlayer is the diameter at which 85 percent testing on the ArmorFlex unit as depicted above was used
of the underlayer sizes are finer and D15 cover is the diameter in development of the design methodology. The Pilarczyk
at which 15 percent of the riprap stone sizes are finer. An equation is as follows:
approximate underlayer size is given by
Hs cos B
bZu G b (Equation 10)
W50 cover %D
W50 underlayer  m Y
50 (Equation 9)
D
Dn50 underlayer  n50 cover
3.7 in which D is the block thickness, yu is an empirical stability
upgrading factor ( yu 2.50 for cabled blocks on a granular
The underlayer beneath the riprap should have a thick- sublayer), f is a stability factor for incipient motion ( f = 2.25
ness of 3Dn50 underlayer , but not less than 1 foot. for blocks placed on a permeable core), and b is a coefficient
A typical riprap revetment cross section is shown in Figure 1. related to the interaction process between waves and the
revetment (b = 2/3 is acceptable for ArmorFlex open-block
Articulating concrete block system). The Hudson equation has also
revetments been used to estimate block stability in
Articulating concrete blocks (ACBs) waves. For this case, r corresponds to
are designed to provide stability and the specific weight of the block and an
erosion control in a wide variety of appropriate KD value is used. However,
hydraulic applications. Made on dry cast the Pilarczyk equation considers addi-
block machines, the individual units are tional variables associated with revet-
engineered to capitalize on the weight ment stability in wave environments
of concrete, friction between units, and is the recommended approach.
and the interconnection of units into A typical ACB revetment cross section
flexible mattresses. Flexibility between is shown in Figure 3.
units is provided to allow the mat to
Figure 1: A typical riprap revetment
conform to minor deformations in the System recommendations
cross section
subgrade. Classes of individual units In addition to selecting the appropri-
can be produced at varying thicknesses, ate riprap or block size in waves, there
providing the designer flexibility in are other important components of
selecting appropriate levels of protec- revetment systems to consider in the
tion. The range of block classes allows design. These include the underlayer,
selection of the proper combination filter fabric, articulation, toe, flanks, and
of unit weight, surface roughness, and runup/overtopping.
open area for hydraulic stability. Underlayer A permeable under-
For example, an ArmorFlex armor layer is placed beneath the armor layer.
unit, shown in Figure 2, is substan- This layer provides drainage to avoid
Figure 2: Features of an ArmorFlex unit
tially rectangular, having a flat bottom build-up of excess hydraulic pressures
to distribute the weight evenly over beneath the armor, prevents migra-
the subgrade. The upper sides of the tion of fines out of the bank, and
unit are sloped to permit articulation provides a suitable surface for place-
of the armor layer and to accommo- ment of the armor. Build-up of excess
date underlayer irregularities when the pressure beneath the revetment is one
armor units are connected into mats. of the most important failure modes
The units have two vertical openings for revetments. Permeable revetments
providing for permeability of the armor and underlayers allow dissipation of this
layer. This reduces uplift forces on the pressure as water can flow out of the
armor by allowing release of dynamic armor layer. Also, the subgrade must be
pressures that occur during wave break- geotechnically stable for the static and
ing. The vertical cells also increase Figure 3: A typical articulating concrete dynamics conditions associated with
surface roughness and allow a flux of block revetment cross section the design. This may require compac-

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 Revetment Design Considerations in Sheltered Water Wave Conditions
tion or other improvements of the subgrade prior to placing water depth at the toe of the bank is 4 feet
filter and armor layers. during the 10-year design event. At this water
Filter fabric If filter fabrics are used, ensure that the level, the bank has 5 feet of freeboard. Analysis
porosity and permeability requirements are satisfied. The of historical wind measurements indicates that
fabric provides separation between the underlayer and the the 10-year, 2-minute wind speed from the north
subgrade, preventing loss of fines but allowing the flow of is 50 mph. Using hindcast methods given in the SPM, the
water. In general, the equivalent opening size (EOS) of the wave height and period are estimated to be Hs = 4.4 feet,
fabric (EOS = 95 percent smaller opening size) should be EOS = and Tp = 3.7 seconds. It is assumed that the storm lasts more
D50 subgrade. The fabric permeability should be at least 10 than 40 minutes, allowing this wave condition to develop.
times the subgrade permeability. The fabric must have suitable The same storms that cause high waves also cause the high
strength capabilities in elongation, puncture, and shear. If the water levels, so the joint 10-year conditions correspond to
fabric will be exposed to sun light, it must also be UV stabilized. the water level and wave conditions as determined.
Additional information on using filter fabrics in wave environ- There are no offshore islands, sand bars, vegetation, or
ments is given in Pilarczyk (2000). other mechanisms that would modify the waves before they
Articulation Flexibility of the armor layer is a consid- reach the shoreline, and the wave approach is normally inci-
eration with using articulating concrete block systems. The dent to the shoreline. The breaking wave height at the shore-
revetment system should allow for individual units to adjust line can be estimated based on shoaling and the breaker
to differential settling of the underlying material. Any settle- index as
ment beneath a rigid revetment system may result in voids
0.2 0.2
beneath the armor layer, causing points of weakness which gK (32.2) (0.78)
HB =
4P
0.4
(Hs2Tp ) =
4P
((4.4)2 (3.7))0.4 = 5.0 feet
will lead to failure.
Toe protection Toe protection may be necessary to
prevent failure of the structure caused by scour and under- Using Equation 3, this wave height breaks in a water
mining. Common alternatives are: 1) place a scour blanket of depth of approximately
hydraulically stable material, 2) place larger stones or blocks
hB = HB / K= 5.0 / 0.78 = 6.4 feet
on the toe, 3) trench the toe beneath the depth of maximum
anticipated scour, 4) use filter fabric to contain the armor at
the toe (Dutch toe), or 5) use ground anchors or screws for Note that this depth is greater than the design depth of
restricting block motion. 4 feet. Therefore, the wave height at the toe is depth limited
Flank protection The lateral ends of the revetment may and, using Equation 3, is approximately
be susceptible to damage. The flanks may be stabilized using
H = K htoe = 0.78 (4) = 3.1 feet
techniques similar to the toe. If the revetment is placed on a
shoreline experiencing chronic erosion, then it may be neces-
sary to tie the revetment back into the slope using wing walls. It will often be the case for revetments in shallow water
This will reduce the tendency for the revetment to be flanked. that the wave heights are depth limited. In these cases, the
Runup/overtopping If the revetment is intended wave height can simply be estimated using Equation 3 with-
to prevent backshore flooding caused by waves, then the out the need for hindcast computations.
height of the revetment must be sufficient to prevent wave Riprap revetment The necessary riprap size is deter-
overtopping. Guidelines for estimating wave runup and over- mined using the Hudson and van der Meer equations. The
topping are given in the SPM and CEM. If wave overtopping Hudson equation gives
is expected, but is allowable, then the berm of the revetment
may require additional stabilization. The techniques used % = Hr / H 1 = 165 / 62.4 1 = 1.644
on the toe are applicable. Along the berm, it may also be Hr Hs3 (165) (3.1)3
possible to use biostabilization methods. An overtopping rate W50 = = = 167 pounds
KD %3cot B (2.2) (1.644)3 ( cot 18.4)
of 0.02 cubic feet per minute per foot is sufficient to cause
structural damage to buildings behind the revetment.
in which it is assumed that r = 165 pcf and KD = 2.2. This
Example revetment design stone weight has a nominal diameter of Dn50 = 12.0 inches.
Setting A 200-foot reach of shoreline along the south The riprap size range is 21 to 668 pounds (6 to 19 inches)
bank on a 3-mile-long, 30-foot-deep lake is experiencing wave- and the thickness of the riprap layer is 2Dn50 = 24.0 inches.
induced erosion during large storms. The clay-silt bank to be The underlayer size using Equation 9 is Dn50 underlayer =
protected has an average slope of 1V:3H slope (18.4 degrees). Dn50 cover/3.7 = 3.2 inches. The underlayer thickness is
The backshore is a campground with limited infrastructure. 3Dn50 underlayer, but not less than 1 foot. In this case, the
Design variables Given that there is no critical devel- underlayer thickness is 1 foot. A fabric placed beneath the
opment in the backshore, a 10-year design condition is underlayer requires suitable strength, UV, porosity, and
selected. A gauging station in the lake indicates that the permeability properties as discussed above.

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 Revetment Design Considerations in Sheltered Water Wave Conditions
For the van der Meer equation, it is necessary lake water salinity and project-specific logistics.
to determine the mean period, the number of Prior to placement of the ACB cabled mat system, a site-
waves, the surf similarity parameter, and then specific filter fabric compatible with the subgrade soils would
which equation to use. The mean period is be placed on the graded formation, utilizing a minimum
1-foot overlap of successive rolls. Determination of the filter
Tm = Tp / 1.1 = 3.7 / 1.1 = 3.36 seconds
fabric follows design criteria mentioned above. A 4- to 6-
inch-thick, coarse, uniformly graded, granular material (#57
The number of waves is the storm duration divided by the crushed granite typical) is then placed as a filter (bedding)
mean wave period or 7,500, whichever is less. The maximum layer over the site-dependent filter fabric. Blinding the ACB
number of waves times the mean period gives 7.0 hours. If system with a gravel material can enhance the stability of the
the storm duration is longer than 7.0 hours, then N = 7,500. system by increasing the inter-block friction and providing a
If the storm duration is less than 7.0 hours, a reduced value means of load transfer over a greater area of the revetment.
for N is used. For this example, it is assumed that storm Also, a site-specific soil dressing, followed by native grasses
conditions last for longer than 7.0 hours, so N = 7,500. and plants with shallow root systems could be planted within
Next, the surf similarity parameter and critical value for the open cells of the blocks on the upper portions of the
the surf similarity parameter are determined. slope to provide vegetation and associated habitat.
Note that stability equations have been developed for wind
2 1/2 1/2
gTm 32.2(3.36)2 waves and not boat wakes. A rule of thumb is to multiply the
Ym = tan B = tan 18.4 = 1.44 wake height by 1.5 to estimate an equivalent Hs to use in the
2 QH 2Q(3.1)
stability equations (CUR, 1991). Also, the number of boat
Ym critical = [6.2P 0.31(tan B)0.5]1/(P+0.5) = wake waves is difficult to estimate. One boat passage only
generates a few waves, but there are many boats. Hence,
[6.2(0.1) 0.31(tan18.4)0.5]1/(0.1+0.5) = 2.55
unless additional information is available, it is recommended to
use a maximum value of N = 7,500 in boat wake designs.
Since xm < xm critical, use Equation 7a.

Hs
= 6.2P 0.18S 0.2N -0.1Ym-0.5
% Dn50 References
3.1
m = 6.2(0.2)0.18(2)0.2(7500)-0.1(1.44)-0.5 COE, 1973, Shore Protection Manual, U.S. Army Corps of
1.644Dn50 Engineers, Fort Belvoir, Va.
m Dn50 = 1.04 feet = 12.5 inches COE, 1984, Shore Protection Manual, U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, Vicksburg, Miss.
COE, 2001, Coastal Engineering Manual, Part VI Design
The corresponding weight is W50 = 184 pounds. The of Coastal Project Elements, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
riprap layer thickness and underlayer properties are similar to Vicksburg, Miss.
and follow the same steps as the Hudson equation results. CUR, 1991, Manual on the Use of Rock in Coastal and
ACB revetment The Pilarczyk equation is used to Shoreline Engineering, AA Balkema Publishers, Brookfield,
determine the required ACB thickness. The immersed relative Vt., 607 pages.
density is Pilarczyk, K.W., ed., 1990, Design of Seawalls and Dikes
Including Overview of Revetments, Chapter 7, Coastal
% = Hr / H 1 = 140 / 62.4 1 = 1.244 Protection, Balkema, The Netherlands.
Pilarczyk, K.W., ed., 2000, Geosynthetics and Geosystems
where the specific weight of the block has been taken as 140 in Hydraulic and Coastal Engineering, Balkema, The
pcf. The Pilarczyk equation is Netherlands.

Hs cos B H Yb
bZu G m D r s 
%D Yb % Zu Gcos B

3.1 (1.44)0.66 Christopher I. Thornton, Ph.D., P.E., is director of the

0.59 feet inches
1.244 2.50(2.25)cos18.4 Hydraulics Laboratory and Engineering Research Center at
Colorado State University. He can be contacted at 970-491-8394.
in which coefficients appropriate for ArmorFlex have been Richard Kane, erosion control product manager, CONTECH
used. For this case, ArmorFlex Class 60 block with a thickness Construction Products, Inc., has 10 years of experience in the
of 7.5 inches would be selected. The individual blocks would geotechnical, environmental, and civil engineering industries. He
be cabled together into appropriate mat sizes using either can be contacted at [email protected].
polyester, galvanized, or stainless steel cable depending on

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 Professional Development Series Quiz
Quiz Instructions
On the Professional Development Series Reporting Form below,
circle the correct answer for each of the following questions. 6. The Hudson stability coefficient increases
with increasing unit stability.
1. Which of the following are not used to specify a wave? a) true
a) wave height b) false
b) water depth
c) water temperature 7. Articulating concrete blocks are typically sized for protec-
d) wave period tion in wave environments using what procedure?
a) factor of safety method
2. Low-energy wave conditions would not be anticipated on: b) Hudson formula
a) lake shorelines c) Pilarczyk methodology
b) open ocean coasts d) van de Meer equations
c) rivers banks
d) bay shorelines 8. Which of the following components are important in the
design of revetments in wave environments?
3. The underlayer functions do not include: a) armor layer stable in design wave conditions
a) drainage b) design of appropriate longitudinal protection to mini-
b) containment of the fines mize flanking
c) surface for placing armor layer c) filter layer design to accommodate wave run up and
d) structural strength drainage
d) all of the above
4. When referring to waves, deep water means:
a) waves in water depths greater than 100 feet 9. For the same wave height, period, and structure slope, an
b) water depths greater than 1/2 the wave length articulating concrete block selected for fresh water will be
c) water depths greater than the twice the wave length what in relation to one designed for salt water?
d) water depth greater than 1/2 the wave height a) same thickness
b) thinner
5. Wave height is measured as: c) thicker
a) vertical distance from the bottom to the wave crest d) not enough information given to determine
b) slope distance along revetment from the minimum to
maximum water level 10. Riprap is more stable in waves than armor stone.
c) horizontal distance from wave crest to wave crest a) true
d) vertical distance from wave crest to trough b) false

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Article Title: Revetment Design Considerations in Sheltered Water Wave Conditions Publication Date: October 2007
Sponsor: CONTECH Earth Stabilization Solutions Inc. Valid for credit until: October 2008

Instructions: Select one answer for each quiz question and clearly circle the appropriate letter. Provide all of the requested contact information.
Fax this Reporting Form to 513-645-7993. (You do not need to send the Quiz; only this Reporting Form is necessary to be submitted.)
1) a b c d 6) a b
2) a b c d 7) a b c d
3) a b c d 8) a b c d
4) a b c d 9) a b c d
5) a b c d 10) a b

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