SFD KBC 2009

Steel Frame Design Manual
KBC 2009
Steel Frame
Design Manual
Korean Building Code
(KBC 2009)
For SAP2000
ISO SAP091415M16 Rev. 0

Proudly developed in the United States of America September 2015
Copyright
Copyright Computers and Structures, Inc., 1978-2015

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DISCLAIMER
CONSIDERABLE TIME, EFFORT AND EXPENSE HAVE GONE INTO THE

DEVELOPMENT AND DOCUMENTATION OF THIS SOFTWARE. HOWEVER, THE
USER ACCEPTS AND UNDERSTANDS THAT NO WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR
IMPLIED BY THE DEVELOPERS OR THE DISTRIBUTORS ON THE ACCURACY
OR THE RELIABILITY OF THIS PRODUCT.
THIS PRODUCT IS A PRACTICAL AND POWERFUL TOOL FOR STRUCTURAL

DESIGN. HOWEVER, THE USER MUST EXPLICITLY UNDERSTAND THE BASIC
ASSUMPTIONS OF THE SOFTWARE MODELING, ANALYSIS, AND DESIGN
ALGORITHMS AND COMPENSATE FOR THE ASPECTS THAT ARE NOT
ADDRESSED.
THE INFORMATION PRODUCED BY THE SOFTWARE MUST BE CHECKED BY

A QUALIFIED AND EXPERIENCED ENGINEER. THE ENGINEER MUST
INDEPENDENTLY VERIFY THE RESULTS AND TAKE PROFESSIONAL
RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE INFORMATION THAT IS USED.
Contents
1 Introduction
1.1 Load Combinations and Notional Loads 1-2
1.2 Stress Check 1-2
1.3 Direct Analysis Method vs. Effective Length Method 1-3
1.3.1 Effective Length Method 1-3

1.3.2 Direct Analysis Method 1-4
1.4 User Options 1-4
1.5 Non-Automated Items in the KBC 2009

Steel Frame Design 1-5
2 Design Algorithms
2.1 Check and Design Capability 2-1
2.2 Design and Check Stations 2-2
2.3 Demand/Capacity Ratios 2-3
2.4 Design Load Combinations 2-4
2.5 Second Order P-Delta Effects 2-5
i
Steel Frame Design KBC 2009
2.6 Analysis Methods 2-6
2.7 Notional Load Patterns 2-10
2.8 Member Unsupported Lengths 2-11
2.9 Effects of Breaking a Member into Multiple Elements 2-12
2.10 Effective Length Factor (K) 2-14
2.11 Supported Framing Types 2-17
2.12 Continuity Plates 2-18
2.13 Doubler Plates 2-20
2.14 Choice of Units 2-21
3 Steel Frame Design Using KBC 2009
3.1 Notations 3-1
3.2 Design Loading Combinations 3-5
3.3 Classification of Sections for Local Buckling 3-7
3.4 Calculation of Factored Forces and Moments 3-16
3.5 Calculation of Nominal Strengths 3-20
3.5.1 Nominal Tensile Strength 3-20

3.5.2 Nominal Compressive Strength 3-21
3.5.3 Nominal Flexure Strength 3-31
3.5.4 Nominal Shear Strength 3-63
3.5.5 Nominal Torsional Strength 3-69
3.6 Design of Members for Combined Forces 3-70

3.6.1 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members
Subjected to Flexure and Axial Compression 3-71
3.6.2 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members
Subjected to Flexure and Axial Tension 3-74
ii
Contents
3.6.3 Unsymmetric Members Subjected to Flexure

and Axial Force 3-76
3.6.4 Members Subject to Torsion, Flexure, Shear
and Axial Force 3-77
4 Special Seismic Provisions
4.1 Notations 4-1
4.2 Design Preferences 4-2
4.3 Overwrites 4-2
4.4 Supported Framing Types 4-3
4.5 Applicability of the Seismic Requirements 4-4
4.6 Design Load Combinations 4-4
4.7 Classification of Sections for Local Buckling 4-6
4.8 Special Check for Column Strength 4-10
4.9 Member Design 4-11
4.9.1 Special Moment Frames (SMF) 4-11

4.9.2 Intermediate Moment Frame (IMF) 4-11
4.9.3 Ordinary Moment Frames (OMF) 4-12
4.9.4 Special Tress Moment Frames (STMF) 4-12
4.9.5 Special Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBF) 4-12
4.9.6 Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames (OCBF) 4-14
4.9.7 Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF) 4-15
4.9.8 Buckling Restrained Braced Frames (BRBF) 4-19
4.9.9 Special Plate Shear Walls 4-19
4.10 Joint Design 4-20
4.10.1 Design of Continuity Plates 4-20

4.10.2 Design of Doubler Plates 4-26
4.10.3 Weak Beam Strong Column Measure 4-30
4.10.4 Evaluation of Beam Connection Shears 4-32
4.10.5 Evaluation of Brace Connection Forces 4-34
iii
Appendix A P-Delta Effects
Appendix B Steel Frame Design Preferences
Appendix C Steel Frame Design Procedure Overwrites
Appendix D Interactive Steel Frame Design
Appendix E Analysis Sections vs. Design Sections
Appendix F Error and Warning Messages
Bibliography
iv
Chapter 1
Introduction
The design/check of steel frames is seamlessly integrated within the program.

Initiation of the design process, along with control of various design parame-
ters, is accomplished using the Design menu. Automated design at the object
level is available for any one of a number of user-selected design codes, as
long as the structures have first been modeled and analyzed by the program.
Model and analysis data, such as material properties and member forces, are
recovered directly from the model database, and are used in the design process
in accordance with the user defined or default design settings. As with all de-
sign applications, the user should carefully review all of the user options and
default settings to ensure that the design process is consistent with the users
expectations. The KBC 2009 steel frame design options include the use of the
Direct Analysis Method. The software is well suited to make use of the Direct
Analysis Method because it can capture the second-order P-Delta and P- ef-
fects, provided the user specifies that a nonlinear P-Delta analysis be per-
formed.
Chapter 2 addresses prerequisites related to modeling and analysis for a suc-

cessful design in accordance with KBC 2009. Chapter 3 provides detailed
descriptions of the specific requirements as implemented in KBC 2009.
Chapter 4 provides detailed descriptions of the specific requirements for seis-
mic loading as required by the KBC 2009 code section 0713. The appendices
provide details on various topics referenced in this manual.
1-1
1.1 Load Combinations and Notional Loads

The design is based on a set of user-specified loading combinations. However,
the program provides default load combinations for each supported design
code. If the default load combinations are acceptable, no definition of addition-
al load combinations is required. The Direct Analysis Method requires that a
notional load, N = 0.002Y i , where Y i is the gravity load acting at level i, be
applied to account for the destabilizing effects associated with the initial imper-
fections and other conditions that may induce sway not explicitly modeled in
the structure. The user must be aware that notional loads must be defined and
assigned by the user. Currently, the software creates design combinations that
include notional loads and gravity loads only. If the user needs notional loads
that include combinations containing lateral loads, the user must define such
combinations manually. The automation of combinations, including notional
loads, is currently limited to gravity loads only. Design load combinations of
notional loads acting together with lateral loads currently can also be activated
using Steel Design Preferences for KBC 2009 code.
1.2 Stress Check

Steel frame design/check consists of calculating the exural, axial, and shear
forces or stresses at several locations along the length of a member, and then
comparing those calculated values with acceptable limits. That comparison
produces a demand/capacity ratio, which typically should not exceed a value of
one if code requirements are to be satisfied. The program follows the same
review procedures whether it is checking a user-specified shape or a shape
selected by the program from a predefined list. The program also checks the
requirements for the beam-column capacity ratio, checks the capacity of the
panel zone, and calculates the doubler plate and continuity plate thickness, if
needed. The program does not do the connection design. However, it calculates
the design basis forces for connection design.
Program output can be presented graphically on the model, in tables for both
input and output data, or in calculation sheets prepared for each member. For
each presentation method, the output is in a format that allows the engineer to
quickly study the stress conditions that exist in the structure, and in the event
the member is not adequate, aid the engineer in taking appropriate remedial
1-2 Load Combinations and Notional Loads

Chapter 1 Introduction
measures, including altering the design member without re-running the entire
analysis.
The program supports a wide range of steel frame design codes, including
many national building codes. This manual is dedicated to the use of the menu
option KBC 2009.
The implementation covers loading and load combinations from KBC 2009
Chapter 3 Design Loads. The design codes supported under KBC 2009 are
written in newton-millimeter units. All the associated equations and require-
ments have been implemented in the program in newton-millimeter units. The
program has been enabled with unit conversion capability. This allows the us-
ers to enjoy the flexibility of choosing any set of consistent or mixed units dur-
ing creating and editing models, and reviewing the design results. The export
and import the model components are always done in consistent units.
1.3 Direct Analysis Method vs. Effective Length

Method
The Direct Analysis Method described in KBC 2009, is substantially different
from previous design methods supported by KISC. The user should be
knowledgeable about the Stability Analysis and Design requirements and the
requirements pertaining to consideration of the geometric imperfections,
stiffness reductions, and the P- and P- effects. Several methods for
consideration of the second-order effects are available to the users. Each of
these are described in detail in a subsequent section (see User Options in this
chapter) and in the Steel Frame Design Preferences, Appendix B of this
manual. Alternatively, if the user desires to use a more traditional design
method, the Effective Length method can be specified using the Design
Preferences.
1.3.1 Effective Length Method

For structures exhibiting small second-order effects, the effective length
method may be suitable. The effective length approach relies on two main
assumptions, namely, that the structural response is elastic and that all columns
buckle simultaneously. The effective length method also relies on a calibrated
approach to account for the differences between the actual member response
Direct Analysis Method vs. Effective Length Method 1-3

and the 2nd-order elastic analysis results. The calibration is necessary because
the 2nd-order elastic analysis does not account for the effects of distributed
yielding and geometric imperfections. Since the interaction equations used in
the effective length approach rely on the calibration corresponding to a 2nd-
order elastic analysis of an idealized structure, the results are not likely
representative of the actual behavior of the structure. However, the results are
generally conservative. In the KBC 2009 code, the effective length method is
allowed provided the member demands are determined using a second-order
analysis (either explicit or by amplified first-order analysis) and notional loads
are included in all gravity load combinations. K-factors must be calculated to
account for buckling (except for braced frames, or where 2 /1 < 1.0, K =
1.0).
1.3.2 Direct Analysis Method

The Direct Analysis Method is expected to more accurately determine the
internal forces of the structure, provided care is used in the selection of the
appropriate methods used to determine the second-order effects, notional load
effects and appropriate stiffness reduction factors as defined in KBC 0721.3(3).
Additionally, the Direct Analysis Method does not use an effective length
factor other than k = 1.0. The rationale behind the use of k = 1.0 is that proper
consideration of the second-order effects (P- and P-), geometric
imperfections (using notional loads) and inelastic effects (applying stiffness
reductions) better accounts for the stability effects of a structure than the earlier
Effective Length methods.
1.4 User Options

The Design Options menu provides seven analysis methods for design, as fol-
lows:
General Second Order Elastic Analysis (KBC 0703.2.1.1)
Second Order Analysis by Amplified First Order Analysis (KBC

0703.2.1.2)
Limited First Order Elastic Analysis (KBC 0703.2.2(2))
1-4 User Options

Chapter 1 Introduction
Direct Analysis Method with General Second Order Analysis and Variable
Factor Stiffness Reduction (KBC 0721, 0721.3(3))
Direct Analysis Method with General Second Order Analysis and Fixed
Factor Stiffness Reduction (KBC 0721, 0721.3(3)
Direct Analysis Method with Amplified First Order Analysis and Variable
Direct Analysis Method with Amplified First Order Analysis and Fixed
These options are explained in greater detail in Chapter 2. The first three op-
tions make use of the effective length approach to determine the effective
length factors, K. The four options available for the Direct Design Method dif-
fer in the use of a variable or fixed stiffness reduction factor and the method
used to capture the second-order effects. All four Direct Analysis Methods op-
tions use an effective length factor, K = 1.0.
1.5 Non-Automated Items in the KBC 2009 Steel

Frame Design
Currently, the software does not automate the following:
The validity of the analysis method. The user must verify the suitability of
the specified analysis method used under the User Options described in the
preceding sections. The KBC code requires, for instance, that the Direct
Analysis Method be used when a ratio of the second order displacements to
the first order displacements exceeds 1.5. This check currently must be
performed by the user.
P- analysis. Since many different codes are supported by the software and
not all require a P- analysis, the user must specify that a P- analysis be
performed during the analysis phase so that the proper member forces are
available for use in the design phase.
Non-Automated Items in the KBC 2009 Steel Frame Design 1-5

Chapter 2
Design Algorithms
This chapter provides an overview of the basic assumptions, design precondi-

tions, and some of the design parameters that affect the design of steel frames.
For referring to pertinent sections of the corresponding code, a unique prefix is

assigned for each code.
Reference to the KBC 2009 code is identified with the prefix "KBC."
Reference to the KBC 2009 Section 0713 is identified with the prefix
"KBC SEISMIC" or sometimes "SEISMIC" only.
2.1 Check and Design Capability

The program has the ability to check adequacy of a section (shape) in accord-
ance with the requirements of the selected design code. Also the program can
automatically choose (i.e., design) the optimal (i.e., least weight) sections from
a predefined list that satisfies the design requirements.
To check adequacy of a section, the program checks the demand/capacity

("D/C") ratios at a predefined number of stations for each design load combina-
tion. It calculates the envelope of the D/C ratios. It also checks the other re-
quirements on a pass or fail basis. If the capacity ratio remains less than or
equal to the D/C ratio limit, which is a number close to 1.0, and if the section
passes all the special requirements, the section is considered to be adequate,
2-1
else the section is considered to be failed. The D/C ratio limit is taken as 0.95
by default. However, this value can be overwritten in the Preferences (see
Chapter 3).
To choose (design) the optional section from a predefined list, the program first
orders the list of sections in increasing order of weight per unit length. Then it
starts checking each section from the ordered list, starting with the one with
least weight. The procedure of checking each section in this list is exactly the
same as described in the preceding paragraph. The program will evaluate each
section in the list until it finds the least weight section that passes the code
checks. If no section in the list is acceptable, the program will use the heaviest
section but flag it as being overstressed.
To check adequacy of an individual section, the user must assign the section
using the Assign menu. In that case, both the analysis and design sections will
be changed.
To choose the optimal section, the user must first define a list of steel sections,
the Auto Select sections list. The user must next assign this list, in the same
manner as any other section assignment, to the frame members to be opti-
mized. The program will use the median section by weight when doing the ini-
tial analysis. Check the program Help for more information about defining and
assigning Auto Select Section lists.
2.2 Design and Check Stations

For each design combination, steel frame members (beams, columns, and
braces) are designed (optimized) or checked at a number of locations (stations)
along the length of the object. The stations are located at equally spaced
segments along the clear length of the object. By default, at least three stations
will be located in a column or brace member, and the stations in a beam will be
spaced at most 0.5 m apart (2 feet if the model has been created in US
Customary units). The user can overwrite the number of stations in an object
before the analysis is run and refine the design along the length of a member by
requesting more stations. Refer to the program Help for more information
about specifying the number of stations in an object.
2-2 Design and Check Stations

Chapter 2 Design Algorithms
2.3 Demand/Capacity Ratios

Determination of the controlling demand/capacity (D/C) ratios for each steel
frame member indicates the acceptability of the member for the given loading
conditions. The steps for calculating the D/C ratios are as follows:
The factored forces are calculated for axial, flexural, and shear at each de-
fined station for each design combination. The bending moments are calcu-
lated about the principal axes. For I-Shape, Box, Channel, T-Shape, Dou-
ble-Angle, Pipe, Circular, and Rectangular sections, the principal axes co-
incide with the geometric axes. For Single-Angle sections, the design con-
siders the principal properties. For General sections, it is assumed that all
section properties are given in terms of the principal directions.
For Single-Angle sections, the shear forces are calculated for directions
along the geometric axes. For all other sections, the program calculates the
shear forces along the geometric and principal axes.
The nominal strengths are calculated for compression, tension, bending

and shear based on the equations provided later in this manual. For flexure,
the nominal strengths are calculated based on the principal axes of bend-
ing. For the I-Shape, Box, Channel, Circular, Pipe, T-Shape, Double-Angle
and Rectangular sections, the principal axes coincide with their geometric
axes. For the Angle sections, the principal axes are determined and all
computations related to flexural stresses are based on that.
The nominal strength for shear is calculated along the geometric axes for
all sections. For I-Shape, Box, Channel, T-Shape, Double-Angle, Pipe,
Circular, and Rectangular sections, the principal axes coincide with their
geometric axes. For Single-Angle sections, principal axes do not coincide
with the geometric axes.
Factored forces are compared to nominal strengths to determine D/C ratios.

In either case, design codes typically require that the ratios not exceed a
value of one. A capacity ratio greater than one indicates a member that has
exceeded a limit state.
Demand/Capacity Ratios 2-3

2.4 Design Load Combinations

The design load combinations are the various combinations of the prescribed
load cases for which the structure needs to be checked. The program creates a
number of default design load combinations for steel frame design. Users can
add their own design combinations as well as modify or delete the program
default design load combinations. An unlimited number of design load combi-
nations can be specified.
To define a design load combination, simply specify one or more load cases,
each with its own scale factor. The scale factors are applied to the forces and
moments from the load cases to form the factored design forces and moments
for each design load combination.
For normal loading conditions involving static dead load (DL), live load (LL),
roof live load (RL), snow load (SL), wind load (WL), earthquake load (EL),
notional load (NL), and dynamic response spectrum load (EL), the program has
built-in default design combinations for the design code. These are based on
the code recommendations.
The default design combinations assume all load cases declared as dead or live
to be additive. However, each load case declared as wind, earthquake, or
response spectrum, is assumed to be non-additive with other loads and produc-
es multiple lateral combinations. Also static wind, earthquake and
notional load responses produce separate design combinations with the sense
(positive or negative) reversed. The notional load patterns are added to load
combinations involving gravity loads only.
For other loading conditions involving moving load, time history, pattern live
load, separate consideration of roof live load, snow load, and the like, the user
must define the design load combinations in lieu of or in addition to the default
design load combinations. If notional loads are to be combined with other load
combinations involving wind or earthquake loads, the design load combina-
tions need to be defined in lieu of or in addition to the default design load com-
binations.
For multi-valued design combinations, such as those involving response spec-

trum, time history, moving loads and envelopes, where any correspondence be-
tween forces is lost, the program automatically produces sub-combinations
2-4 Design Load Combinations

using the maxima/minima values of the interacting forces. Separate combina-

tions with negative factors for response spectrum load cases are not required
because the program automatically takes the minima to be the negative of the
maxima response when preparing the sub-combinations described previously.
The program allows live load reduction factors to be applied to the member
forces of the reducible live load case on a member-by-member basis to reduce
the contribution of the live load to the factored responses.
2.5 Second Order P-Delta Effects

The KBC 2009 steel frame design options include the use of the Direct Analy-
sis Method. The software is well suited to make us of the Direct Analysis
Method because each program can capture the second-order P- and P- ef-
fects, provided the user specifies that a nonlinear P-Delta analysis be per-
formed.

Original position of frame
element shown by vertical
line
Final deflected position of the
frame element that includes the
global lateral translation, , and
the local deformation of the
Position of frame element
element,
as a result of global lateral
translation, , shown by
dashed line

P
Figure 2-1 System sway and element order effects
For a detailed discussion of the program capabilities and limitations, see
Appendix A.
Second Order P-Delta Effects 2-5

2.6 Analysis Methods

The code requires that stability shall be provided for the structure as a whole
and for each of the elements. Any method of analysis that considers the influ-
ence of second order effects of P- and P- , geometric imperfections, out-of-
plumbness, and member stiffness reduction due to residual stresses are permit-
ted by the code. The effects of geometric imperfection and out-of-plumbness
generally are captured by the use of notional loads. The effect of axial, shear
and flexural deformations and the effects of residual stresses on the member
stiffness reduction have been considered in a specialized method called "Direct
Analysis Method." This method can come in different incarnations (formats)
according to the choice of the engineer as allowed in the code.
The program offers the user seven analysis options for design:
Direct Analysis Method
General Second Order Elastic Analysis with
b variable (user option 1, Default)
b fixed (user option 2)
Amplified First Order Elastic Analysis with
b variable (user option 3)
b fixed (user option 4)
Equivalent Length Method
General Second Order Elastic Analysis ( (user option 5)
Amplified First Order Elastic Analysis (user option 6)
Limited First-Order Analysis (user option 7)
A summary of all of the user options and requirements is provided in

Table 2-1. The main difference between the various options concerns the use of
the Direct Analysis Method or the Equivalent Length Method. Within each of
the categories, the user can choose the method to calculate the second-order ef-
2-6 Analysis Methods

fects, namely, by a General Second Order Analysis or an Amplified First-

Order Analysis. When the amplified first-order analysis is used, the force
amplification factors, B1 and B2 (KBC 0703.2.1.2), are needed. The B1 factor
is calculated by the program; however, the B2 factor is not. The user will need
to provide this value using the overwrite options that are described in Appendix
B.
When the user selects one of the options available under the Direct Analysis
Method, the user must further choose how the stiffness reduction factors for
EI and AE are to be considered. For options 1 and 3, Table 2-1, the stiffness
reduction factors ( b ) are variable because they are functions of the axial force
in the members, while for methods 2 and 4, the stiffness reduction factors are
fixed (0.8), and not a function of axial force. If the user desires, the stiffness
reduction factors ( b ) can be overwritten. When options 2 and 4 are used, a
higher notional load coefficient (0.003) must be used compared to methods 1
and 3 for which the notional load coefficient is 0.002. Also, all the direct anal-
ysis methods (methods 1 through 4) allow use of K -factors for sway condition
( K 2 ) to be equal to 1, which is a drastic simplification over the other effective
length method.
The KBC requirements to include notional loads are also summarized in Table
2-1. The notional load coefficients (KBC 0703.2.2.2(2)) are summarized as
well. The program automates creation of notional load combinations for all
gravity loads but does not automate the creation of notional load combinations
that include lateral wind or seismic loads. Combinations for notional loads with
lateral loads are required for the Direct Analysis Method when the 2nd 1st ex-
ceeds 1.5. Additionally, combinations for notional loads with lateral loads are
required if the Limited First Order Analysis, option 7, is used.
The Limited First Order Analysis, option 7, does not include the secondary
P- and P- effects. This method has very limited applicability and might be
appropriate only when the axial forces in the columns are very small compared
to their Euler buckling capacities.
The actual load combinations are used for second order P- effects.
Analysis Methods 2-7

Table 2-1 The Essentials and Limitations of the Design Analysis Methods
Limitation or
Option Variable Essentials of the Method
Applicability
2nd Order Analysis
Reduced stiffness
EI* = 0.8 b EI
EA* = 0.8EA
Pr
1.0 for 0.5
Py
Variable b =
Factor Stiffness No limitation 4 Pr Pr
1

for
Pr
0.5
P Py Py
Reduction y
B1 and B2 not used
K 2 = 1 (used for Pn )
General Second Notional load with all combos, except for 2nd 1st 1.5 for
Order Analysis which notional load with gravity combos only
Notional load coefficient = 0.002 (typically)
2nd Order Analysis
Reduced stiffness
EI* = 0.8 b EI
EA* = 0.8EA
Fixed Factor b = 1.0
Stiffness No limitation B1 and B2 not used
Reduction
K 2 = 1 (used for Pn )
Notional load with all combos, except for 2nd 1st 1.5
for which notional load with gravity combos only
1st Order Analysis
Reduced Stiffness
EI* = 0.8 b EI
EA* = 0.8EA
Pr
1.0 for 0.5
Py
b =
4 Pr Pr Pr
Amplified First Variable
1 for 0.5
Order Analysis Factor Stiffness No limitation P Py Py
y
Reduction
K1 = 1 for B1
K 2 = 1 for Pn and B2
2-8 Analysis Methods

Table 2-1 The Essentials and Limitations of the Design Analysis Methods
Limitation or
Option Variable Essentials of the Method
Applicability
2nd Order Analysis
Reduced stiffness
EI* = 0.8 b EI
Fixed Factor EA* = 0.8EA

Amplified First b = 1.0
Stiffness No limitation
Order Analysis
Reduction K 2 = 1 (used for Pn )
Effective Length Method
Limitation or
Option Essentials of the Method
Applicability
2nd 2nd Order Analysis
1.5 Unreduced Stiffness
1st
General Second K = K 2 (used for Pn )
(for all stories)
Notional load with gravity combos only
Order Elastic Pr
= any Notional load coefficient = 0.002 (typically)
Analysis Py B1 = 1
(for all columns) B2 = 1
2nd 1st Order Analysis
1.5 Unreduced stiffness
1st
K1 for B1
(for all stories)
Amplified First Pr K 2 for B2
= any
Order Analysis Py K = K 2 (used for Pn )
Notional load with gravity combos only
(for all columns)
Notional load with coefficient = 0.002 (typically)
Use of B1 and B2
Limited First Order Analysis
2nd 1st Order Analysis
1.5 Unreduced stiffness
1st
Limited First K 2 for Pn (not B2 )
(for all stories)
Order Elastic Notional load with all combos
Pr
0.5
Analysis Py Notional load with coefficient = ( 2 ) 0.0042
L
(for all columns)
The program has several limitations that have been stated in Section 1-5 and
the preceding paragraphs. Additionally, the user must be aware that it is possi-
ble to choose a design option that violates certain provisions of the KBC code
that will not be identified by the program. The limitation for the use of the
Analysis Methods 2-9

2 nd Pr
effective length method, namely, the requirement that 1.5 and must
1st Pe
be verified by the user. To assist users to in making validity checks, the ratio
Pr
and are now reported in tabular form for each member.
Pe
2.7 Notional Load Patterns

Notional loads are lateral loads that are applied at each framing level and are
specified as a percentage of the gravity loads applied at that level. They are
intended to account for the destabilizing effects of out-of-plumbness, geometric
imperfections, inelasticity in structural members, and any other effects that
could induce sway and that are not explicitly considered in the analysis.
The program allows the user to create a Notional Load pattern as a percentage
of the previously defined gravity load pattern to be applied in one of the global
lateral directions: X or Y. The user can define more than one notional load
pattern associated with one gravity load by considering different factors and
different directions. In the KBC 2009 code, the notional loads are typically
suggested to be 0.2% (or 0.002), a factor referred to as the notional load
coefficient in this document. The notional load coefficient can be 0.003. In
some cases, it can be a function of second order effects measured by relative
story sway. The code also gives some flexibility to allow the engineer-of-
record to apply judgment.
The notional load patterns should be considered in combination with appropri-

ate factors, appropriate directions, and appropriate senses. Some of the design
analysis methods need the notional loads to be considered only in gravity load
combinations, and some of the methods need the notional loads to be consid-
ered in all the design load combinations. For a complete list, see Table 2-1 in
the preceding "Second Order Effects and Analysis Methods" section of this
chapter.
Currently, the notional loads are not automatically included in the default
design load combinations that include lateral loads. However, the user is free to
modify the default design load combinations to include the notional loads with
appropriate factors and in appropriate load combinations.
2 - 10 Notional Load Patterns

2.8 Member Unsupported Lengths

The column unsupported lengths are required to account for column
slenderness effects for flexural buckling and for lateral-torsional buckling. The
program automatically determines the unsupported length ratios, which are
specified as a fraction of the frame object length. These ratios times the frame
object lengths give the unbraced lengths for the member. These ratios can also
be overwritten by the user on a member-by-member basis, if desired, using the
overwrite option.
Two unsupported lengths, l33 and l22 , as shown in Figure 2-2 are to be
considered for flexural buckling. These are the lengths between support points
of the member in the corresponding directions. The length l33 corresponds to
instability about the 3-3 axis (major axis), and l22 corresponds to instability
about the 2-2 axis (minor axis). The length lLTB , not shown in the figure, is
also used for lateral-torsional buckling caused by major direction bending (i.e.,
about the 3-3 axis).
In determining the values for l22 and l33 of the members, the program recog-
nizes various aspects of the structure that have an effect on these lengths, such
as member connectivity, diaphragm constraints and support points. The pro-
gram automatically locates the member support points and evaluates the corre-
sponding unsupported length.
It is possible for the unsupported length of a frame object to be evaluated by

the program as greater than the corresponding member length. For example,
assume a column has a beam framing into it in one direction, but not the other,
at a floor level. In this case, the column is assumed to be supported in one
direction only at that story level, and its unsupported length in the other direc-
tion will exceed the story height.
By default, the unsupported length for lateral-torsional buckling, lLTB , is taken

to be equal to the l22 factor. Similar to l22 and l33 , lLTB can be overwritten.
Member Unsupported Lengths 2 - 11

Figure 2-2 Unsupported lengths l33 and l22
2.9 Effects of Breaking a Member into Multiple

Elements
The preferred method is to model a beam, column or brace member as one sin-
gle element. However, the user can request that the program break a member
internally at framing intersections and at specified intervals. In this way, accu-
racy in modeling can be maintained, at the same time design/check specifica-
tions can be applied accurately. There is special emphasis on the end forces
(moments in particular) for many different aspects of beam, column and brace
design. If the member is manually meshed (broken) into segments, maintaining
the integrity of the design algorithm becomes difficult.
Manually, breaking a column member into several elements can affect many
things during design in the program.
1. The unbraced length: The unbraced length is really the unsupported length
between braces. If there is no intermediate brace in the member, the un-
braced length is typically calculated automatically by the program from the
top of the flange of the beam framing the column at bottom to the bottom
of the flange of the beam framing the column at the top. The automatically
2 - 12 Effects of Breaking a Member into Multiple Elements

calculated length factor typically becomes less than 1. If there are interme-
diate bracing points, the user should overwrite the unbraced length factor in
the program. The user should choose the critical (larger) one. Even if the
user breaks the element, the program typically picks up the unbraced length
correctly, provided that there is no intermediate bracing point.
2. K-factor: Even if the user breaks the member into pieces, the program typi-
cally can pick up the K -factors correctly. However, sometimes it cannot.
The user should note the K -factors . All segments of the member should
have the same K -factor and it should be calculated based on the entire
member. If the calculated K -factor is not reasonable, the user can over-
write the K -factors for all the segments.
3. Cm factor: The Cm factor should be based on the end moments of

unbraced lengths of each segment and should not be based on the end
moments of the member. The program already calculates the Cm factors
based on the end moments of unbraced lengths of each segment. If the
break-up points are the brace points, no action is required by the user. If
the broken segments do not represent the brace-to-brace unsupported
length, the program calculated Cm factor is conservative. If this
conservative value is acceptable, no action is required by the user. If it is
not acceptable, the user can calculate the Cm factor manually for the
critical combination and overwrite its value for that segment.
4. Cb factor: The logic is similar to that for the Cm factor.
5. B1 factor: This factor amplifies the factored moments for the P- effect. In
its expression, there are the Cm factor and the Euler Buckling capacity Pe .
If the user keeps the unbraced length ratios ( l33 and l22 ) and the
K -factors ( K 33 and K 22 ) correct, the B1 factor would be correct. If the
axial force is small, the B1 factor can be 1 and have no effect with respect
to modeling the single segment or multi-segment element.
6. B2 factor: The program does not calculate the B2 factor. The program
assumes that the user turns on the P-. In such cases, B2 can be taken as
equal to 1. That means the modeling with one or multiple segments has no
effect on this factor.
Effects of Breaking a Member into Multiple Elements 2 - 13

If the user models a column with a single element and makes sure that the L -
factors and K -factors are correct, the effect of B1 and B2 will be picked up
correctly. The factors Cm and Cb will be picked up correctly if there is no in-
termediate bracing point. The calculated Cm and Cb factors will be slightly
conservative if there are intermediate bracing points.
If the user models a column with multiple elements and makes sure that L -
factors and K -factors are correct, the effect of B1 and B2 will be picked up
correctly. The factors Cm and Cb will be picked up correctly if the member is
broken at the bracing points. The calculated Cm and Cb factors will be con-
servative if the member is not broken at the bracing points.
2.10 Effective Length Factor (K)

The effective length method for calculating member axial compressive strength
has been used in various forms in several stability based design codes. The
method originates from calculating effective buckling lengths, KL, and is based
on elastic/inelastic stability theory. The effective buckling length is used to
calculate an axial compressive strength, Pn, through an empirical column curve
that accounts for geometric imperfections, distributed yielding, and residual
stresses present in the cross-section.
There are two types of K -factors in the KBC 009 code. The first type of
K -factor is used for calculating the Euler axial capacity assuming that all of
the beam-column joints are held in place, i.e., no lateral translation is allowed.
The resulting axial capacity is used in calculation of the B1 factor. This K -
factor is named as K1 in the code. This K1 factor is always less than 1 and is
not calculated. By default the program uses the value of 1 for K1 . The program
allows the user to overwrite K1 on a member-by-member basis.
The other K -factor is used for calculating the Euler axial capacity assuming
that all the beam-column joints are free to sway, i.e., lateral translation is al-
lowed. The resulting axial capacity is used in calculating Pn . This K -factor is
named as K 2 in the code. This K 2 is always greater than 1 if the frame is a
sway frame. The program calculates the K 2 factor automatically based on
sway condition. The program also allows the user to overwrite K 2 factors on a
2 - 14 Effective Length Factor (K)

member-by-member basis. The same K 2 factor is supposed to be used in cal-

culation of the B2 factor. However the program does not calculate B2 factors
and relies on the overwritten values. If the frame is not really a sway frame, the
user should overwrite the K 2 factors.
Both K1 and K 2 have two values: one for major direction and the other for
minor direction, K1minor , K1major , K 2minor , K 2major .
There is another K -factor . K ltb for lateral torsional buckling. By default, K ltb
is taken as equal to K 2minor . However the user can overwrite this on a member-
by-member basis.
The rest of this section is dedicated to the determination of K 2 factors.
The K -factor algorithm has been developed for building-type structures,

where the columns are vertical and the beams are horizontal, and the behavior
is basically that of a moment-resisting frame for which the K -factor calcula-
tion is relatively complex. For the purpose of calculating K -factors , the ob-
jects are identified as columns, beam and braces. All frame objects parallel to
the Z -axis are classified as columns. All objects parallel to the X - Y plane are
classified as beams. The remainders are considered to be braces.
The beams and braces are assigned K -factors of unity. In the calculation of the
K -factors for a column object, the program first makes the following four
stiffness summations for each joint in the structural model:
Scx = c c Sbx = b b
EI EI
Lc x Lb x
Scy = c c Sb y = b b
EI EI
Lc y Lb y
where the x and y subscripts correspond to the global X and Y directions and
the c and b subscripts refer to column and beam. The local 2-2 and 3-3 terms
EI 22 L22 and EI 33 L33 are rotated to give components along the global X and
Y directions to form the ( EI L ) x and ( EI L ) y values. Then for each column,
the joint summations at END-I and the END-J of the member are transformed
back to the column local 1-2-3 coordinate system, and the G -values for END-I
Effective Length Factor (K) 2 - 15

and the END-J of the member are calculated about the 2-2 and 3-3 directions as
follows:
S I c 22 S J c 22
G I 22 = G J 22 =
S I b 22 S J b 22
S I c 33 S J c 33
G I 33 = G J 33 =
S I b 33 S J b 33
If a rotational release exists at a particular end (and direction) of an object, the

corresponding value of G is set to 10.0. If all degrees of freedom for a particu-
lar joint are deleted, the G -values for all members connecting to that joint will
be set to 1.0 for the end of the member connecting to that joint. Finally, if G I
and G J are known for a particular direction, the column K -factors for the cor-
responding direction is calculated by solving the following relationship for :
2 G I G J 36
=
6(G + G )
I J
tan
from which K = /. This relationship is the mathematical formulation for the

evaluation of K -factors for moment-resisting frames assuming sidesway to be
uninhibited. For other structures, such as braced frame structures, the
K -factors for all members are usually unity and should be set so by the user.
The following are some important aspects associated with the column
K -factor algorithm:
An object that has a pin at the joint under consideration will not enter the
stiffness summations calculated above. An object that has a pin at the far
end from the joint under consideration will contribute only 50% of the cal-
culated EI value. Also, beam members that have no column member at the
far end from the joint under consideration, such as cantilevers, will not en-
ter the stiffness summation.
If there are no beams framing into a particular direction of a column mem-
ber, the associated G-value will be infinity. If the G-value at any one end
of a column for a particular direction is infinity, the K -factor correspond-
ing to that direction is set equal to unity.
If rotational releases exist at both ends of an object for a particular direc-
tion, the corresponding K -factor is set to unity.
2 - 16 Effective Length Factor (K)

The automated K -factor calculation procedure can occasionally generate

artificially high K -factors , specifically under circumstances involving
skewed beams, fixed support conditions, and under other conditions where
the program may have difficulty recognizing that the members are laterally
supported and K -factors of unity are to be used.
All K -factors produced by the program can be overwritten by the user.
These values should be reviewed and any unacceptable values should be
replaced.
The beams and braces are assigned K -factors of unity.
When a steel frame design is performed in accordance with KBC 2009 provi-
sion and the analysis method is chosen to be any of the four direct analysis
methods, the K 2 factors are automatically taken as 1. The calculated K 2 fac-
tors and their overwritten values are not considered in design.
2.11 Supported Framing Types

The code (KBC 2009) recognizes the following types of framing
systems.
Framing Type References

SMF (Special Moment Frame) KBC 0713.9
IMF (Intermediate Moment Frame) KBC 0713.10
OMF (Ordinary Moment Frame) KBC 0713.11
SCBF (Special Concentrically Moment Frame) KBC 0713.12
OCBF (Ordinary Concentrically Moment Frame) KBC 0713.13
EBF (Eccentrically Moment Frame) KBC 0713.14
BRBF (Buckling Restrained Moment Frame) KBC 0713.15
SPSW (Special Plate Shear Wall) KBC 0713.16
Supported Framing Types 2 - 17

With regard to these framing types, the program has implemented specifica-
tions for all types of framing systems, except STMF, BRBF, and SPSW. Im-
plementing those three types of framing require further information about
modeling.
See Chapter 4 Special Seismic Provisions (KBC 2009) for additional require-
ments.
2.12 Continuity Plates

In a plan view of a beam/column connection, a steel beam can frame into a
column in the following ways:
The steel beam frames in a direction parallel to the column major direction,
i.e., the beam frames into the column flange.
The steel beam frames in a direction parallel to the column minor direc-
tion, i.e., the beam frames into the column web.
The steel beam frames in a direction that is at an angle to both of the prin-
cipal axes.
To achieve a beam/column moment connection, continuity plates, such as

shown in Figure 2-3, are usually placed on the column, in line with the top and
bottom flanges of the beam, to transfer the compression and tension flange
forces of the beam into the column.
For connection conditions described in the last two bullet items, the thickness
of such plates is usually set equal to the flange thickness of the corresponding
beam.
2 - 18 Continuity Plates
Figure 2-3 Doubler Plates and Continuity Plates
Continuity Plates 2 - 19
However, for the connection condition described by the first bullet item, where
the beam frames into the flange of the column, such continuity plates are not
always needed. The requirement depends upon the magnitude of the beam
flange force and the properties of the column.
The program investigates whether the continuity plates are needed based on the
requirements of the selected code. Columns of I-sections supporting beams of
I-sections only are investigated. The program evaluates the continuity plate re-
quirements for each of the beams that frame into the column flange and reports
the maximum continuity plate area that is needed for each beam flange. The
continuity plate requirements are evaluated for moment frames only.
2.13 Doubler Plates

One aspect of the design of a steel framing system is an evaluation of the shear
forces that exist in the region of the beam column intersection known as the
panel zone. Shear stresses seldom control the design of a beam or column
member. However, in a moment resisting frame, the shear stress in the beam-
column joint can be critical, especially in framing systems when the column is
subjected to major direction bending and the web of the column resists the joint
shear forces. In minor direction bending, the joint shear is carried by the col-
umn flanges, in which case the shear stresses are seldom critical, and the pro-
gram does therefore not investigate this condition.
Shear stresses in the panel zone, due to major direction bending in the column,
may require additional plates to be welded onto the column web, depending
upon the loading and the geometry of the steel beams that frame into the col-
umn, either along the column major direction, or at an angle so that the beams
have components along the column major direction. See Figure 3-3. When
code appropriate, the program investigates such situations and reports the
thickness of any required doubler plates. Only columns with I-shapes and only
supporting beams with I-shapes are investigated for doubler plate requirements.
Also, doubler plate requirements are evaluated for moment frames only.
2 - 20 Doubler Plates
2.14 Choice of Units

English as well as SI and MKS metric units can be used for input. The codes
are based on a specific system of units. All equations and descriptions present-
ed in the subsequent chapters correspond to that specific system of units unless
otherwise noted. However, any system of units can be used to define and de-
sign a structure in the program.
Choice of Units 2 - 21
Chapter 3
Design Using KBC 2009
This chapter provides a detailed description of the algorithms used by the pro-
grams in the design/check of structures in accordance with "Korean Building
Code (KBC 2009), Chapter 7 Steel Design" (KBC 2009). The implementa-
tion covers load combinations from "KBC 2009," which is described in the
section "Design Loading Combinations" in this chapter. The loading based on
Chapter 3 of "KBC 2009" has been described in a separate document entitled
"CSI Lateral Load Manual" (CSi 2014).
For referring to pertinent sections of the corresponding code, a unique prefix is

assigned for each code.
3.1 Notations
The various notations used in this chapter are described herein.
A Cross-sectional area, mm2
Ae Effective cross-sectional area for slender sections, mm2
3-1
Ag Gross cross-sectional area, mm2
Av2,Av3 Major and minor shear areas, mm2
Aw Shear area, equal dtw per web, mm2
B1 Moment magnification factor for moments not causing sidesway
B2 Moment magnification factor for moments causing sidesway
Cb Bending coefficient
Cm Moment coefficient
Cw Warping constant, mm6
D Outside diameter of pipes, mm
E Modulus of elasticity, MPa
Fcr Critical compressive stress, MPa
Fr Compressive residual stress in flange, MPa
Fy Yield stress of material, MPa
G Shear modulus, MPa
I22 Minor moment of inertia, mm4
I33 Major moment of inertia, mm4
J Torsional constant for the section, mm4
K Effective length factor
K1 Effective length factor for braced condition
K2 Effective length factor for unbraced condition
K33,K22 Effective length K-factors in the major and minor directions for
appropriate braced (K1) and unbraced (K2) condition
Lb Laterally unbraced length of member, mm
3-2 Notations
Chapter 3 - Design using KBC 2009
Lp Limiting laterally unbraced length for full plastic capacity, mm
Lr Limiting laterally unbraced length for inelastic lateral-torsional

buckling, mm
Mcr Elastic buckling moment, N-mm
Mlt Factored moments causing sidesway, N-mm
Mnt Factored moments not causing sidesway, N-mm
Mn33,Mn22 Nominal bending strength in major and minor directions, N-mm
Mob Elastic lateral-torsional buckling moment for angle sections, N-

mm
Mr33, Mr22 Major and minor limiting buckling moments, N-mm
Mu Factored moment in member, N-mm
Mu33, Mu22 Factored major and minor moments in member, N-mm
Pe Euler buckling load, N
Pn Nominal axial load strength, N
Pu Factored axial force in member, N
Py AgFy, N
Q Reduction factor for slender section, = QaQs
Qa Reduction factor for stiffened slender elements
Qs Reduction factor for unstiffened slender elements
S Section modulus, mm3
S33,S22 Major and minor section moduli, mm3
Seff,33,Seff,22 Effective major and minor section moduli for slender sections,
mm3
Sc Section modulus for compression in an angle section, mm3
Notations 3-3
Vn2,Vn3 Nominal major and minor shear strengths, N
Vu2,Vv3 Factored major and minor shear loads, N
Z Plastic modulus, mm3
Z33,Z22 Major and minor plastic moduli, mm3
b Nominal dimension of plate in a section, mm

longer leg of angle sections, bf 2tw for welded and bf 3tw for
rolled box sections, and the like
be Effective width of flange, mm
bf Flange width, mm
d Overall depth of member, mm
de Effective depth of web, mm
hc Clear distance between flanges less fillets, in

assumed d 2k for rolled sections, and d 2tf for welded sec-
tions
k Distance from outer face of flange to web toe of fillet, mm
kc Parameter used for section classification

kc = 4 h t w , 0.35 kc 0.763
l33,l22 Major and minor directions unbraced member lengths, mm
r Radius of gyration, mm
r33,r22 Radii of gyration in the major and minor directions, in
t Thickness, mm
tf Flange thickness, mm
tw Thickness of web, mm
w Special section property for angles, mm
3-4 Notations
Slenderness parameter
c,e Column slenderness parameters
p Limiting slenderness parameter for compact element
r Limiting slenderness parameter for non-compact element
s Limiting slenderness parameter for seismic element
slender Limiting slenderness parameter for slender element
b Resistance factor for bending
c Resistance factor for compression
t Resistance factor for tension yielding
T Resistance factor for torsion
v Resistance factor for shear
3.2 Design Loading Combinations

The structure is to be designed so that its design strength equals or exceeds the
effects of factored loads stipulated by the applicable design code. The default
design combinations are the various combinations of the already defined load
cases, such as dead load (DL), live load (LL), roof live load (RL), snow load
(SL), wind load (WL), and horizontal earthquake load (EL).
The default design combinations used in the current version are the ones stipu-
lated in KBC 2009 (KBC 0503.3.2):
1.4D (KBC Eqn. 0503.3.1)

1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5L r (KBC Eqn. 0503.3.2)
1.2D + 1.0L + 1.6L r (KBC Eqn. 0503.3.3)
(KBC Eqn. 0503.3.2)
1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5S
1.2D + 1.0L + 0.5S (KBC Eqn. 0503.3.3)
0.9D 1.3W (KBC Eqn. 0503.3.7)
Design Loading Combinations 3-5

1.2D + 1.0L + 0.5L r 1.3W (KBC Eqn. 0503.3.4)

1.2D + 1.6L r 0.65W (KBC Eqn. 0503.3.3)
1.2D + 1.6S 0.65W (KBC Eqn. 0503.3.3)

1.2D + 1.0L + 0.5S 1.3W (KBC Eqn. 0503.3.4)
0.9D 1.0E (KBC Eqn. 0503.3.8)

1.2D + 1.0L + 0.2S 1.0E (KBC Eqn. 0503.3.5)
Most of the analysis methods recognized by the code are required to consider
Notional Load in the design loading combinations for steel frame design. The
program allows the user to define and create notional loads as individual load
cases from a specified percentage of a given gravity load acting in a particular
lateral direction. These notional load patterns should be considered in the com-
binations with appropriate factors, appropriate directions, and appropriate
senses. Currently, the program automatically includes the notional loads in the
default design load combinations for gravity combinations and lateral load
combinations if required. The user is free to modify the default design load
combinations to include the notional loads. For further information, refer to the
"Notional Load Patterns" section in Chapter 2.
The program automatically considers seismic load effects, including over-

strength factors (KBC 0306.2.3), as special load combinations that are created
automatically from each load combination, involving seismic loads. In that
case, the horizontal component of the force is represented by Em and the verti-
cal component of the force is represented byEv , where
Em = 0QE (KBC Eqn. 0306.2.1)
Ev = 0.2SDSD (KBC Eqn. 0306.2.1)
where, o is the overstrength factor and it is taken from KBC 2009 Table
0306.6.1. The factor SDS is described later in this section. Effectively, the spe-
cial seismic combinations that are considered are
(0.9 0.2SDS)DL 0QE (KBC Eqn. 0306.2.1)
(1.2 0.2SDS)DL 0QE + 1.0LL (KBC Eqn. 0306.2.1)
3-6 Design Loading Combinations

The program assumes that the defined earthquake load is really the strength
level earthquake, which is equivalent to QE. For regular earthquake, load is
considered to have two components: horizontal, Eh and vertical Ev , which are
taken as
Eh = QE
Ev = 0.2SDSD (KBC Eqn. 0306.2.1)
where, is the redundancy factor, and the SDS is the design earthquake spectral
response acceleration parameters at short periods, as defined in Section
0306.2.3 of KBC 009 code.
Effectively, the seismic load combination becomes:
(1.2 + 0.2SDS)DL QE (KBC Eqn. 0503.3.5)
(1.2 + 0.2SDS)DL QE + 1.0LL (KBC Eqn. 0503.3.5)
(0.9 0.2SDS)DL QE (KBC Eqn. 0503.3.8)
The program assumes that the seismic loads defined as the strength level load
is the program load case. Otherwise, the factors , o , and SDS will not be able
to scale the load to the desired level.
The combinations described herein are the default loading combinations only.
They can be deleted or edited as required by the design code or engineer-of-
record.
The program allows live load reduction factors to be applied to the member
forces of the reducible live load case on a member-by-member basis to reduce
the contribution of the live load to the factored responses.
3.3 Classification of Sections for Local Buckling

The nominal strengths for axial, compression, and flexure are dependent on the
classification of the section as Seismically Compact, Compact, Noncompact,
Slender, or Too Slender. Compact or Seismically Compact sections are capable
of developing the full plastic strength before local buckling occurs. Non-
compact sections can develop partial yielding in compression, and buckle
inelastically before reaching to a fully plastic stress distribution. Slender sec-
Classification of Sections for Local Buckling 3-7

tions buckle elastically before any of the elements yield under compression.
Seismically Compact sections are capable of developing the full plastic
strength before local buckling occurs when the section goes through low cycle
fatigue and withstands reversal of load under seismic conditions.
Sections are classified as Compact, Noncompact, or Slender sections in

accordance with Section 0702.4.4 of the code (KBC 0702.4.4). For a section to
qualify as Compact, its flanges must be continuously connected to the web or
webs and the width-thickness ratios of its compression elements must not
exceed the limiting width-thickness ratios p from Table 0702.4.1 of the code.
If the width-thickness ratio of one or more compression elements exceeds p,
but does not exceed r from Table 0702.4.1, the section is Noncompact. If the
width-thickness ratio of any element exceeds r but does not exceed s, the
section is Slender. If the width-thickness ratio of any element exceed s, the
section is considered Too Slender. The expressions of p, r, and s, as
implemented in the program, are reported in Table 3-1 (KBC 0702.4.1, Table
0702.4.1). In that table all expressions of p and r are taken from KBC section
0702.4.1 and KBC Table 0702.4.1. The limit demarcating Slender and Too
Slender has been identified as s in this document. The expressions of s for I-
Shape, Double Channel, Channel and T-Shape sections are taken from KBC
section 0706.2. The expression of s for Pipe Sections is taken from KBC
section 0706.8. The expression of p for Angle and Double Angle sections is
taken from KBC section 0706.10.
The table uses the variables kc, FL, h, hp, hc, bf, tf, tw, b, t, D, d, and so on. The
variables b, d, D and t are explained in the respective figures inside the table.
The variables bf, tf, h, hp, hc, and tw are explained in Figure 3-1. For Doubly
Symmetric I-Shapes, h, hp, and hc are all equal to each other.
3-8 Classification of Sections for Local Buckling

bf bf b ft
k
hp 2
hc 2
PNA
tw h= h= hp d tw h= h=
c hp NA
h
c
tw
tf tf
b b b fc
s bf bf
k k
b
tw b =
b b f 3tw
h= h=
c hp h= h= hp hc d hc= d 3t f
tw c tw
tw
tf tf
tf
bf bf
bf
b
bf bf
s
tf
t tf
d h
tw b d
b
tw
AISC-2005: Axes Conventions

2, y
2-2 is the cross section axis
parallel to the webs, the
t longer dimension of tubes,
D d 3, x 3, x
the longer leg of single
angles, or the side by side
legs of double anges. This is
the same as the y-y axis.
2, y
3-3 is orthogonal to 2-2. This is
the same as the x-x axis.
Figure 3-1 KBC 2009 Definition of Geometric Properties

For unstiffened elements supported along only one edge parallel to the direc-
tion of compression force, the width shall be taken as follows:
(a) For flanges of I-shaped members and tees, the width b is one-half the full-
flange width, bf.

(b) For legs of angles and flanges of channels and zees, the width b is the full
nominal dimension.
(c) For plates, the width b is the distance from the free edge to the first row of
fasteners or line of welds.
(d) For stems of tees, d is taken as the full nominal depth of the section.
Refer to Table 3-1 (KBC Table 0702.4.1) for the graphic representation of un-
stiffened element dimensions.
For stiffness elements supported along two edges parallel to the direction of the
compression force, the width shall be taken as follows:
(a) For webs of rolled or formed sections, h is the clear distance between
flanges less the fillet or corner radius at each flange; hc is twice the dis-
tance from the centroid to the inside face of the compression flange less the
fillet or corner radius.
(b) For webs of built-up sections, h is the distance between adjacent lines of
fasteners or the clear distance between flanges when welds are used, and hc
is twice the distance from the centroid to the nearest line of fasteners at the
compression flange or the inside face of the compression flange when
welds are used; hp is twice the distance from the plastic neutral axis to the
nearest line of fasteners at the compression flange or the inside face of the
compression flange when welds are used.
(c) For flange or diaphragm plates in built-up sections, the width b is the dis-
tance between adjacent lines of fasteners or lines of welds.
Table 3-1 Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios of Compression Elements for Classification Sections
Width- Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for Compression
Thickness Element
KBC Ratio, Compact NonCompact Slender
Section
Type
Description
of Element Example
Case
No. () ( )
p ( r ) (s )
3 - 10 Classification of Sections for Local Buckling

Thickness Element
Section
Type
Description
of Element Example
Case
No. () ( )
p ( r ) (s )
Flexural
compression
of flanges of 1 b f 2t f 0.38 E Fy 1.0 E Fy No Limit
rolled
I-Shapes
Flexural
compression
b f 2t f
0.95 kc E FL
in flanges of 2 0.38 E Fy No Limit
built-up
I-Shapes
Doubly Symmetric I-Shape
Axial only
compression
in flanges of 3 b f 2t f 0.56 E Fy No Limit
rolled
I-Shapes
Axial only
compression 0.64 kc E FL
in flanges of 4 b f 2t f No Limit
built-up
I-Shapes
{
min 0.42 E Fy ,260 }
Flexure in web 9 h tw 3.76 E Fy 5.70 E Fy (beams)
No limit for columns
and braces
Web in axial {
min 0.42 E Fy ,260 }
only 10 h tw 1.49 E Fy (beams)
compression No limit for columns
and braces
Singly Symmetric
Flexural
I-Shapes
Compression
of flanges of 1 b f 2t f 0.38 E Fy 1.0 E Fy No Limit
rolled
I-Shapes
Classification of Sections for Local Buckling 3 - 11

Thickness Element
Section
Type
Description
of Element Example
Case
No. () ( )
p ( r ) (s )
Flexural
Compression
b f 2t f 0.38 E Fy 0.95 kc E FL
in flanges of 2 No Limit
built-up
I-Shapes
Axial only
compression
in flanges of 3 b f 2t f 0.56 E Fy No Limit
Singly Symmetric I-Shapes (continued)
rolled
I-Shapes
Axial only
compression
b f 2t f 0.38 E Fy
0.64 kc E FL
in flanges of 4 No Limit
built-up
I-Shapes
hc E
hp F2
Flexure in r
Web
11 hc t w Mp 5.70 E Fy No Limit
0.54 0.09

My
{
min 0.42 E Fy ,260 }
Flexure in
h tw (beams)
Web
and braces
Flexural
compression 1 bf t f 0.38 E Fy 1.0 E Fy No Limit
in flanges
Channel
Axial only
compression 3 bf t f 0.56 E Fy No Limit
in flanges

Thickness Element
Section
Type
Description
of Element Example
Case
No. () ( )
p ( r ) (s )
{
min 0.42 E Fy ,260 }
Channel (continued)

and braces
Web in axial {
min 0.42 E Fy ,260 }
and braces
Flexural
compression 1 bf t f 1.0 E Fy No Limit
in flanges
Axial only
bf t f 0.56 E Fy
Double Channel
compression 3 No Limit
in flanges
{
min 0.42 E Fy ,260 }
and braces
Web in axial {
min 0.42 E Fy ,260 }
and braces
Flexural or
axial
compression 1.12 E Fy 1.40 E Fy
12 bt No Limit
of flanges
under major
Box
axis bending
Flexure in web 13 h t 2.42 E Fy 5.70 E Fy No Limit
Flexural or
axial b f 2t f 0.38 E Fy 1.0 E Fy
7 No Limit
compression
T-Shape
in flanges
Compression 0.75 E Fy
8 d tw No Limit
in stems

Thickness Element
Section
Type
Description
of Element Example
Case
No. () ( )
p ( r ) (s )
Any type of
compression 5 b t 0.45 E Fy No Limit
Double Angle
in leg
Any type of
in leg
Flexural
compression 6 b t 0.54 E Fy 0.91 E Fy No Limit
in any leg
Angle
Axial only
in any leg
Flexural 0.07 E Fy 0.31 E Fy 0.45 E Fy

15 D t
compression
Pipe
Axial only 0.11 E Fy 0.45 E Fy

15 D t
compression
Round
Assumed Noncompact
Bar
Rectan-
Assumed Noncompact
gular
General Assumed Noncompact
SD
Assumed Noncompact
Section
(d) For flanges of rectangular hollow structural sections (HSS), the width b is
the clear distance between webs less the inside corner radius on each side.
For webs of rectangular HSS, h is the clear distance between the flanges
less the inside corner radius on each side. If the corner radius is not known,
b and h shall be taken as the corresponding outside dimension minus three
times the thickness. The thickness, t, shall be taken as the design wall
thickness, in accordance with KBC Section 0706.12.

Refer to Table 3-5 (KBC Table 0706.1) for the graphic representation of stiff-
ened element dimensions.
The design wall thickness, t, for hollow structural sections, such as Box and
Pipe sections, is modified for the welding process (KBC 0706.12). If the weld-
ing process is ERW (Electric-Resistance Welding), the thickness is reduced by
a factor of 0.93. However, if the welding process is SAW (Submerged Arc
Welded), the thickness is not reduced. The Overwrites can be used to choose if
the thickness of HSS sections should be reduced for ERW on a member-by-
member basis. The Overwrites can also be used to change the reduction factor.
The variable kc can be expressed as follows:
4
kc = ,
h tw
0.35 kc 0.76.
For Doubly Symmetric I-Shapes, Channels, and Double Channels, FL can be
expressed as follows:
FL = 0.7Fy,
and for Singly Symmetric I-Shape sections, FL can be expressed as follows:
S xt
FL = Fy , where
S xc
0.5Fy FL 0.7Fy.
Seismically Compact sections are compact sections that satisfy a more strin-
gent width-thickness ratio limit, ps. This limit ps is presented in Table 4-1 in
Chapter 4, which is dedicated to the seismic code.
In classifying web slenderness of I-Shapes, Box, Channel, Double Channel,

and all other sections, it is assumed that there are no intermediate stiffeners.
Double angles and channels are conservatively assumed to be separated.
Stress check of Too Slender sections is beyond the scope of this program.

3.4 Calculation of Factored Forces and Moments

The factored member loads that are calculated for each load combination are
Pr, Mr33, Mr22, Vr2, Vr3 and Tr corresponding to factored values of the axial load,
the major and minor moments and shears, and torsion, respectively. These fac-
tored loads are calculated at each of the previously defined stations.
The factored forces can be amplified to consider second order effects, depend-
ing on the choice of analysis method chosen in the Preferences. If the analysis
method is chosen to be General Second Order Elastic Analysis or any of the
Direct Analysis methods with General Second Order Analysis, it is assumed
that the analysis considers the influence of second-order effects (P- and P-
effects); hence the analysis results are used without amplification (KBC
0703.1.1, 0721). Second-order effects due to overall sway of the structure can
usually be accounted for, conservatively, by considering the second-order ef-
fects on the structure under one set of loads (usually the most severe gravity
load case), and performing all other analyses as linear using the stiffness matrix
developed for this one set of P-delta loads (see also White and Hajjar 1991).
For a more accurate analysis, it is always possible to define each loading com-
bination as a nonlinear load case that considers only geometric nonlinearities.
For both approaches, when P- effects are expected to be important, use more
than one element per line object (accomplished using the automatic frame sub-
divide option; refer to the program Help for more information about automatic
frame subdivide).
If the analysis method is chosen to be Second Order Analysis by Amplified

First Order Analysis or any of the Direct Analysis Methods with Amplified
First Order Analysis (KBC 0703.1.1, 0721), it is assumed that the analysis does
not consider the influence of second order effects (P- and P-). Hence the
analysis results are amplified using B1 and B2 factors using the following ap-
proximate second-order analysis for calculating the required flexural and axial
strengths in members of lateral load resisting systems. The required second-
order flexural strength, Mr , and axial strength, Pr are determined as follows:
Mr = B1Mnt + B2Mlt (KBC Eqn. 0703.2.1a)
Pr = Pnt + B2Plt (KBC Eqn. 0703.2.1b)
where,
3 - 16 Calculation of Factored Forces and Moments

Cm
=B1 1, and (KBC Eqn. 0703.2.2)
Pr
1
Pe1
1
=B2 1, (KBC Eqn. 0703.2.3)
Pnt
1
Pe 2
where,
= 1.0
Mr = required second-order flexural strength, N-mm
Mnt = first-order moment, assuming there is no lateral translation of

the frame, N-mm
Mlt = first-order moment caused by lateral translation of the frame

only, N-mm
Pr = required second-order axial strength, N
Pnt = first-order axial force, assuming there is no lateral translation

of the frame, N
Pnt = total vertical load supported by the story, including gravity

column loads, N
Plt = first-order axial force caused by lateral translation of the frame

only, N
Cm = a coefficient assuming no lateral translation of the frame,

whose value is taken as follows:
(i) For beam-columns not subject to transverse loading be-

tween supports in the plane of bending,
C=
m 0.6 0.4 ( M 1 M 2 ) , (KBC Eqn. 0703.2.4)
where, M1 and M2, calculated from a first-order analysis,

are the smaller and larger moments, respectively, at the
ends of that portion of the member unbraced in the plane
Calculation of Factored Forces and Moments 3 - 17

of bending under consideration. M 1 M 2 is positive when

the member is bent in reverse curvature, negative when
bent in single curvature.
(ii) For beam-columns subjected to transverse loading between

supports, the value of Cm is conservatively taken as 1.0 for
all cases.
When Mb is zero, Cm is taken as 1.0, the program defaults

Cm to 1.0, if the unbraced length is more than actual mem-
ber length. The user can overwrite the value of Cm for any
member. Cm can be expressed as follows:

1.00, if length is more than actual length,

1.00, if tension member,

Cm = 1.00, if both ends unrestrained,
M
0.6 0.4 1 , if no transverse loading, and
M2
1.00,
if transverse loading is present.
(KBC 0703.2.1.2(1), 0703.2.1.2(2))
Pel = elastic critical buckling resistance of the member in the plane

of bending, calculated based on the assumption of zero side-
sway, kips (N)
2 EI
Pe1 = (KBC Eqn. 0703.2.5)
( K1 L )
2
If any of the direct analysis methods are used, the reduced val-
ue of EI is used (KBC 0721.3(3)).
Pe2 = elastic critical buckling resistance for the story determined by

sidesway buckling analysis, N
For moment frames, where sidesway buckling effective length

factors K2 are determined for the columns, it is the elastic story
sidesway buckling resistance and calculated as
3 - 18 Calculation of Factored Forces and Moments

2 EI
Pe 2 =
, (KBC Eqn. 0703.2.6a)
( K2 L )
2
where,
E = modulus of elasticity of steel = 205,000 MPa
If any of the direct analysis methods are used,

the reduced value of EI is used (KBC
0721.3(3)).
I = moment of inertia in the plane of bending, in.4

(mm4)
L = story height, in. (mm)
K1 = effective length factor in the plane of bending,

calculated based on the assumption of no lateral
translation. It is taken to be equal to 1.0, conser-
vatively. The Overwrites can be used to change
the value of K1 for the major and minor direc-
tions.
K2 = effective length factor in the plane of bending,

calculated based on a sidesway buckling analy-
sis. The Overwrites can be used to change the
value of K2 for the major and minor directions.
In the expression of B1, the required axial force Pr is used based on its first or-
der value. The magnification factor B1 must be a positive number. Therefore,
Pr must be less than Pe1. If Pr is found to be greater than or equal to Pe1 a
failure condition is declared.
If the program assumptions are not satisfactory for a particular structural model
or member, the user has the choice to explicitly specify the values of B1 for any
member.
Currently, the program does not calculate the B2 factor. The user is required to
overwrite the values of B2 for the members.
Calculation of Factored Forces and Moments 3 - 19

3.5 Calculation of Nominal Strengths

The nominal strengths in compression, tension, bending, and shear are comput-
ed for Compact, Noncompact, and Slender members in accordance with the
following sections. The nominal flexural strengths for all shapes of sections
are calculated based on their principal axes of bending. For the Rectangular, I-
Shape, Box, Channel, Double Channel, Circular, Pipe, T-Shape, and Double
Angle sections, the principal axes coincide with their geometric axes. For the
Single Angle sections, the principal axes are determined and all computations
except shear are based on that.
For all sections, the nominal shear strengths are calculated for directions
aligned with the geometric axes, which typically coincide with the principal
axes. Again, the exception is the Single Angle section.
If the user specifies nonzero nominal capacities for one or more of the
members on the Steel Frame Overwrites form, those values will override
the calculated values for those members. The specified capacities should
be based on the principal axes of bending for flexure, and the geometric
axes for shear.
3.5.1 Nominal Tensile Strength

This section applies to the members subject to axial tension.
Although there is no maximum slenderness limit for members designed to re-

sist tension forces, the slenderness ratio preferably should not exceed 300
(KBC 0704.1). A warning message to that effect is printed for such slender el-
ements under tension.
The design tensile strength, tPn, of tension members is taken as the lower val-
ue obtained according to the limit states of yielding of gross section under ten-
sion and tensile rupture in the net section.
3.5.1.1 Tensile Yielding in the Gross Section

Pn = Fy Ag (KBC Eqn. 0704.2.1)
t = 0.90
3 - 20 Calculation of Nominal Strengths

3.5.1.2 Tensile Rupture in the Net Section

Pn = Fu Ae (KBC Eqn. 0704.2.2)
t = 0.75
The effective net area, Ae, is assumed to be equal to the gross cross-sectional
area, Ag, by default. For members that are connected with welds or members
with holes, the Ae A g ratio must be modified using the steel frame design
Overwrites to account for the effective area.
3.5.2 Nominal Compressive Strength

The design compressive strength, cPn, of members subject to axial compres-
sion are addressed in this section. The resistance and safety factors used in cal-
culation of design and allowable compressive strengths are:
c = 0.90 (LRFD) (KBC 0705.1(2))
In the determination, the effective length factor K2 is used as the K-factor. If

the chosen analysis method in the Preferences is the General Second Order
Elastic Analysis, the First Order Analysis using Amplified First Order Analy-
sis, or the Limited First Order Analysis, the calculated K2 factors are used. If
the user overwrites the K2 factors, the overwritten values are used. If the cho-
sen analysis method is one of any Direct Analysis Methods, the effective
length factor, K, for calculation of Pn is taken as one (KBC 0721.3). The over-
written value of K2 will have no effect for the latter case.
The nominal axial compressive strength, Pn , depends on the slenderness ratio,

Kl r , where
Kl K l K l
= max 33 33 , 22 22 .
r r33 r22
For all sections except Single Angles, the principal radii of gyration r22 and r33
are used. For Single Angles, the minimum (principal) radius of gyration, rz , is
used instead of r22 and r33 , conservatively, in computing Kl r . K33 and K22 are
two values of K2 for the major and minor axes of bending.
Although there is no maximum slenderness limit for members designed to re-

sist compression forces, the slenderness ratio preferably should not exceed 200
Calculation of Nominal Strengths 3 - 21

(KBC 0705.1(2)). A warning message to that effect is given for such slender
elements under compression.
The members with any slender element and without any slender elements are
handled separately.
The limit states of torsional and flexural-torsional buckling are ignored for
closed sections (Box and Pipe sections), solid sections, general sections, and
sections created using Section Designer.
3.5.2.1 Members without Slender Elements

The nominal compressive strength of members with compact and noncompact
sections, Pn , is the minimum value obtained according to the limit states of
flexural buckling, torsional and flexural-torsional buckling.
3.5.2.1.1 Flexural Buckling

For compression members with compact and noncompact sections, the nominal
compressive strength, Pn , based on the limit state of flexural buckling, is given
by
Pn = Fcr Ag. (KBC Eqn. 0705.3.1)
The flexural buckling stress, Fcr , is determined as follows:
Fy
KL E
0.658 Fe
Fy , if 4.71 ,
r Fy
Fcr = (KBC Eqn. 0705.3.1, 0705.3.3)
KL E
0.877 Fe , if > 4.71 ,
r Fy
where Fe is the elastic critical buckling stress given by
2 E
Fe = 2
. (KBC Eqn. 0705.3.4)
KL
r

3.5.2.1.2 Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling

For compression members with compact and noncompact sections, the nominal
compressive strength, Pn , based on the limit state of torsional and flexural-
torsional buckling is given by

Pn = Fcr Ag (KBC Eqn. 0705.4.1)
where Ag is the gross area of the member. The flexural buckling stress, Fc , is
determined as follows.
3.5.2.1.2.1 Box, Pipe, Circular, Rectangular, General and Section Design-

er Sections
members with closed sections, such as Box and Pipe sections, solid sections
(Circular and Rectangular), General sections and sections created using the
Section Designer.
3.5.2.1.2.2 Double Angle and T-Shapes

F + Fcrz 4 Fcr 22 Fcrz H
,
=Fcr cr 22 1 1 (KBC Eqn. 0705.4.2)
( Fcr 22 + Fcrz )
2
2H

where,
Fy
KL22 E
(0.658 Fe )Fy , if 4.71 ,
r22 Fy
(KBC Eqn. 0705.3.1, 0705.3.3)
Fcr 22 =
KL22 E
0.877 Fe , if > 4.71 ,
r22 Fy
2 E
Fe = 2
, and (KBC Eqn. 0705.3.4)
KL22

r22
GJ
Fcrz = . (KBC Eqn. 0705.4.3)
Ag r0 2
3.5.2.1.2.3 I-Shape, Double Channel, Channel, Single Angle Sections

For I-Shape, Double Channel, Channel, and Single Angle sections, Fc is calcu-
lated using the torsional or flexural-torsional elastic buckling stress, Fe , as fol-
lows:

Fy
KL E
0.658 Fe
Fy , if 4.71 ,
r Fy
Fcr = (KBC Eqn. 0705.3.1, 0705.3.3)
KL E
0.877 Fe , if > 4.71 .
r Fy
where Fe is calculated from the following equations:
3.5.2.1.2.3.1 I-Shapes and Double Channel Sections

2 EC 1
=Fe w
+ GJ (KBC Eqn. 0705.4.4)
( K z Lz ) I 22 +I 33
2

3.5.2.1.2.3.2 Channel Sections
F + Fez 4 Fe33 Fez H

=Fe e33 1 1 (KBC Eqn. 0705.4.5)
2H ( Fe33 + Fez )
2

3.5.2.1.2.3.3 Single Angle Sections with Equal Legs

=Fe e33 1 1 (KBC Eqn. 0705.4.5)
( Fe33 + Fez )
2
2H
3.5.2.1.2.3.4 Single Angle Sections with Unequal Legs

Fe is the lowest root of the cubic equation.
2
x y
( Fe Fe33 )( Fe Fe22 ) ( Fe Fez ) F ( Fe Fe22 ) o Fe2 ( Fe Fe33 ) o =
e
2
0
r0 r0
(KBC Eqn. 0705.4.6)
In the preceding equations,
Cw is the warping constant, in6 (mm6)
x0, y0 are the coordinates of the shear center with respect to the cen-
troid, x0 = 0 for Double Angle and T-Shaped members (y-axis
symmetry)

I 22 + I 33
r0 = xo2 + yo2 + =polar radius of gyration about the shear
Ag
center (KBC 0705.4.2(3))
x 2 + y2
H = 1 o 2 o (KBC 0705.4.2(3))
r
2 E
Fe33 = (KBC 0705.4.2(3))
( K33 L33 r33 )
2
2 E
Fe 22 = (KBC 0705.4.2(3))
( K 22 L22 r22 )
2
2 EC 1
Fez = w
+ GJ (KBC 0705.4.2(3))
( K z Lz ) Ar0
2 2

K22, K33 are effective length factors K2 in minor and major directions
Kz is the effective length factor for torsional buckling, and it is

taken equal to KLTB in this program; it can be overwritten
L22, L33 are effective lengths in the minor and major directions
r22, r33 are the radii of gyration about the principal axes
Lz is the effective length for torsional buckling and it is taken

equal to L22 by default, but it can be overwritten.
For angle sections, the principal moment of inertia and radii of gyration
are used for computing Fe. Also, the maximum value of KL, i.e.,
max(K22L22, K33L33), is used in place of K22L22 or K33 L33 in calculating
Fe22 and Fe33 in this case. The principal maximum value rmax is used for
calculating Fe33 , and the principal minimum value rmin is used in calculat-
ing Fe22.

3.5.2.2 Members with Slender Elements

The nominal compressive strength of members with slender sections, Pn , is the
minimum value obtained according to the limit states of flexural, torsional and
flexural-torsional buckling.
3.5.2.2.1 Flexural Buckling

For compression members with slender sections, the nominal compressive
strength, Pn , based on the limit state of flexural buckling, is given by
Pn = Fcr Ag. (KBC Eqn. 0705.3.1)
QFy

Q 0.658 Fe Fy , if Fe 0.44QFy , and

Fcr =

(KBC Eqn. 0705.3.2, 0705.3.3)

0.877 Fe , if Fe < 0.44QFy ,
where Fe is the elastic critical buckling stress for flexural buckling limit state.
2 E
Fe = 2
. (KBC Eqn. 0705.3.4)
KL
r

3.5.2.2.2 Torsional and Flexural-Torsional Buckling

For compression members with slender sections, the nominal compressive
strength, P n , based on Torsional and Flexural-Torsional limit state is given by:
P n = F cr A g , where (KBC Eqn. 0705.3.1)
F cr is determined as follows:
QFy

Q 0.658 Fe Fy if Fy 0.44QFy , and
Fcr = (KBC Eqn. 0705.3.2, 0705.3.3)

0.877 Fe if Fy < 0.44 Fy ,
where, Fe is the elastic critical buckling stress for torsional and flexural-
torsional limit states, which are given for different shapes as follows.

3.5.2.2.2.1 Box, Pipe, Circular, Rectangular, General and Section Design-

er Sections
members with closed (Box and Pipe), solid (Circular and Rectangular), General
sections and sections created using the Section Designer.
3.5.2.2.2.2 I-Shape and Double Channel Sections

2 EC 1
=Fe w
+ GJ (KBC Eqn. 0705.4.4)
( K 2 L2 ) I 22 + I 33
2
3.5.2.2.2.3 Channel Sections


=Fe e33 1 1 (KBC Eqn. 0705.4.5)
( Fe33 + Fez )
2
2H
3.5.2.2.2.4 Double Angle Sections and T-Shapes

F + Fez 4 Fe 22 Fez H

=Fe e 22 1 1 (KBC Eqn. 0705.4.5)
( Fe33 + Fez )
2
2H
3.5.2.2.2.5 Single Angle Sections with Equal Legs

=Fe e33 1 1 (KBC Eqn. 0705.4.5)
2H ( Fe33 + Fez )2
3.5.2.2.2.6 Single Angle Sections with Unequal Legs

Fe is the lowest root of the cubic equation.
2 2
x y
( Fe Fe33 )( Fe Fe22 ) ( Fe Fez ) F ( Fe Fe22 ) o Fe2 ( Fe Fe33 ) o =
e
2
0
ro ro
(KBC Eqn. 0705.4.6)
The variables used in the preceding expressions for Fe , such as Cw, x0, y0, ro ,
H, Fe33, Fe22, Fez, K22, K33, Kz, L22, L33, Lz, KL r , and so on, were explained in
the previous section.

3.5.2.2.3 Reduction Factor for Slenderness

The reduction factor for slender compression elements, Q, is computed as fol-
lows:
Q = QsQa , (KBC 0705)
where Qs and Qa are reduction factors for slender unstiffened compression el-
ements (flanges of I-Shapes, T-Shapes, Double Angles, Channels, and Double
Channels; legs of angles; and stems of T-Shapes) and slender stiffened com-
pression elements (webs of I-Shapes, Channels, and Boxes; and Pipe sections),
respectively. For cross-sections composed of only unstiffened slender ele-
ments, Q = Qs (Qa = 1) and for cross-sections composed of only stiffened slen-
der elements, Q = Qa (Qs = 1).
The reduction factor, Qs , for slender unstiffened elements is defined as follows:
3.5.2.2.3.1 Flange of I-Shape, T-Shape, Channel and Double Channel

Sections
Rolled:

1.0, b E
if 0.56 ,
t Fy

b Fy E b E
=
Qs 1.415 0.74 , if 0.56 < 1.03 , and
t E Fy t Fy

0.69 E , if
b
> 1.03
E
.
b 2 t Fy
Fy
t
(KBC Eqn. 0705.7.4, 0705.7.5, 0705.7.6)

Built-Up:

1.0, b Ekc
if 0.64 ,
t Fy

b Fy Ekc b Ekc
=
Qs 1.415 0.65 , if 0.64 < 1.17 ,
t Ekc Fy t Fy

0.90 Ekc , if
b
> 1.17
Ekc
,
b 2 t Fy
Fy
t
(KBC Eqn. 0705.7.7, 0705.7.8, 0705.7.9)
4
where kc = and 0.35 kc 0.76, (KBC 0705.7.1.2(3))
h tw
and b t is defined as

(
bt 2t f) for I Shapes,
=
(
b b f 2t ) f for T Shapes,
t b tf for Channels,
f

b f tf for Double Channels.
3.5.2.2.3.1.1 Legs of Single and Double Angle Sections

1.0, b E
if 0.45 ,
t Fy

b Fy E b E
Q=
s 1.34 0.76 , if 0.45 < 0.91 , and
t E Fy t Fy

0.53E , if
b
> 0.91
E
,
b 2
t Fy
Fy
t
(KBC Eqn. 0705.7.10, 0705.7.11, 0705.7.12)

where b is the full width of the longest leg, and t is the corresponding thick-
ness.
3.5.2.2.3.1.2 Stem of T-Sections

d E
1.0, if 0.75 ,
t Fy

d Fy E d E
=
Qs 1.908 1.22 , if 0.75 < 1.03 , and
t E Fy t Fy

0.69 E , if
d
> 1.03
E
,
d 2
t Fy
Fy
t
(KBC Eqn. 0705.7.13, 0705.7.14, 0705.7.15)
where d is the full nominal depth of the tee and t is the thickness of the ele-
ment.
For T-Shapes, the Qs is calculated for the flange and web separately, and the
minimum of the two values is used as Qs. For Angle and Double Angle sec-
tions, Qs is calculated based on the leg that gives the largest b t and so the
smallest Qs.
The reduction factor, Qa, for slender stiffened elements is defined as follows:
Aeff
Qa = , (KBC Eqn. 0705.7.16)
A
where A is the total cross sectional area of the member, and Aeff is the summa-
tion of the effective areas of the cross-section,
Aeff = A (b be)t ,
based on the reduced effective width, be , which is determined as follows.

3.5.2.2.3.1.3 Webs of I -Shapes, Channels, and Double Channels

E 0.34 E b E
1.92t 1- b, if 1.49 , and
f ( b t ) F t f
be =
b E
b, if < 1.49 ,
t f
(KBC Eqn. 0705.7.17)
where f is taken as Fcr with Q = 1.0 (KBC 0705.7.2(1)), and b is taken for
rolled shapes as the clear distance between flanges less the corner radius, and is
taken for welded shapes as the clear distance between flanges.
3.5.2.2.3.2 Webs and Flanges of Box Sections

E 0.38 E b E
1.92t 1- b, if 1.40 , and
f ( b t ) F t f
be =
b E
b, if < 1.40 ,
t Fy
(KBC Eqn. 0705.7.18)
where f is conservatively taken as Fy. The flange, b, is taken as

bf 3tw, and for webs, b is taken as h 3tf. The design wall thickness is modi-
fied for the welding process.
3.5.2.2.3.3 Pipe Sections

The reduction factor for slender stiffened elements is given directly by:
E
1.0, if D t < 0.11 ,
Fy
0.038E 2
E D E (KBC Eqn. 705.7.19)
Qa =Q = + , if 0.11 < < 0.45 , and
Fy ( D t ) 3 Fy t Fy
E
1.0, if D t > 0.45 ,
Fy
where D is the outside diameter and t is the wall thickness. The design wall
thickness is modified for the welding process. If D / t exceeds 0.45 E / Fy , the
section is considered to be too slender and it is not designed.

3.5.3 Nominal Flexure Strength

This section applies to members subject to simple bending about one principal
axis. The members are assumed to be loaded in a plane parallel to a principal
axis that passes through the shear center, or restrained against twisting.
The design flexural strength, bMn, is determined using the following resistance
and safety factors:
b = 0.90 (KBC 0706.1.1)
When determining the nominal flexural strength about the major principal axis
for any sections for the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling, it is common to
use the term Cb, the lateral-torsional buckling modification factor for non-
uniform moment diagram. Cb is calculated as follows:
12.5 M max
=Cb Rm 3.0, (KBC Eqn. 0706.1.1)
2.5 M max + 3M A + 4 M B + 3Mc
where,
Mmax = absolute value of maximum moment in unbraced segment, N-mm.
MA = absolute value of moment at quarter point of the unbraced seg-

ment, N-mm.
MB = absolute value of moment at centerline of the unbraced segment,

N-mm.
MC = absolute value of moment at three-quarter point of the unbraced

segment, N-mm.
Rm = cross-section monosymmetry parameter

= 1.0, doubly symmetric members
= 1.0, singly symmetric member subject to single curvature bending
2
I yc
= 0.5 + 2
I y
, singly symmetric members subjected to reverse

curvature bending
Iy = moment of inertia about the principal y-axis, mm4.

Iyc = moment of inertia about y-axis referred to the compression flange,

or if reverse curvature bending, referred to the smaller flange,
mm4.
1.0, for Double Channel, Box, Pipe, and

doubly symmetric I Shapes,

1.0, for Channel, Tee, Double Angle and singly symmetric

Rm = I Shapes subjected to curvature bending, and

I
2
yc
0.5 + 2 I , for Channel, Tee, Double Angle, and singly symmetric
y
I Shapes subjected to reverse curvature bending.
Cb should be taken as 1.0 for cantilevers. However, the program is unable to
detect whether the member is a cantilever. The user should overwrite Cb for
cantilevers. The program also defaults Cb to 1.0 if the minor unbraced length,
l22, is redefined to be more than the length of the member by the user or the
program, i.e., if the unbraced length is longer than the member length. The
Overwrites can be used to change the value of Cb for any member.
The nominal bending strength depends on the following criteria: the geometric
shape of the cross-section; the axis of bending; the compactness of the section;
and a slenderness parameter for lateral-torsional buckling. The nominal bend-
ing strength is the minimum value obtained according to the limit states of
yielding, lateral-torsional buckling, flange local buckling, web local buckling,
tension flange yielding as appropriate to different structural shapes. The fol-
lowing sections describe how different members are designed against flexure
in accordance with KBC 0706. KBC, in certain cases, gives options in the ap-
plicability of its code section, ranging from KBC 0706.2 to 0706.12. In most
cases, the program follows the path of the sections that gives more accurate re-
sults at the expense of more detailed calculation. In some cases, the program
follows a simpler path. For an easy reference, Table 3-2 shows the KBC sec-
tions for the various scenarios.

Table 3.2 Selection Table for the Application of Chapter F Sections

Section in Flange Web
Chapter F Cross Section Slenderness Slenderness Limit States
F2 C C Y, LTB
F3 NC, S C LTB, FLB
F4 C, NC, S NC Y, LTB, FLB
F5 C, NC, S S Y, LTB, FLB
F4 C, NC, S C, NC Y, LTB, FLB, TFY
F5 C, NC, S S Y, LTB, FLB, TFY
F6 C, NC, S Any Y, FLB
F7 C, NC, S C, NC Y, FLB, WLB
F8 N/A N/A Y, LB
F9 C, NC, S Any Y, LTB, FLB
F10 N/A N/A Y, LTB, LLB
F11 N/A Any Y, LTB
F12 Unsymmetrical shapes N/A N/A All limit states

Y = yielding LLB = leg local buckling

Table 3.2 Selection Table for the Application of Chapter F Sections

Section in Flange Web
Chapter F Cross Section Slenderness Slenderness Limit States
LTB = lateral-torsional buckling LB = local buckling
FLB = flange local buckling C = compact or seismically compact
WLB = web local buckling NC = noncompact
TFY = tension flange yielding S = slender
3.5.3.1 Doubly Symmetric I-Sections

3.5.3.1.1 Major Axis Bending
The nominal flexural strength for major axis bending depends on compactness
of the web and flanges.
3.5.3.1.1.1 Compact Webs with Compact Flanges

The nominal flexural strength is the lowest value obtained according to the
limit states of yielding (plastic moment) and lateral-torsional buckling.
3.5.3.1.1.1.1 Yielding
Mn = Mp = FyZ33 , (KBC Eqn. 0706.2.1)
where, Z33 is the plastic section modulus about the major axis.
3.5.3.1.1.1.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling

M p , if Lb L p ,

Lb L p

= (
M n Cb M p M p 0.7 Fy S33 ) L M p , if L p < Lb < Lr , and

r L p

Fcr S33 M p , if L p > Lr ,

(KBC Eqn. 0706.2.1, 0706.2.2, 0706.2.3)
where, S33 is the elastic section modulus taken about the major axis, Lb is the
unbraced length, Lp and Lr are limiting lengths, and Fcr is the critical buckling
stress. Fcr , Lp , and Lr are given by:

2
Cb 2 E Jc Lb
=Fcr 2
1 + 0.078 , (KBC Eqn. 0706.2.4)
Lb S33 h0 rts

rts
E
L p = 1.76ry , (KBC Eqn. 0706.2.5)
Fy
2
E Jc 0.7 Fy S33 h0
=Lr 1.95rts 1 + 1 + 6.76 , (KBC Eqn. 0706.2.6)
0.7 Fy S33 h0 E Jc
where,
I y Cw
rts 2 = , (KBC Eqn. 0706.2.7)
S33
c = 1, and (KBC Eqn. 0706.2.8a)
h0 is the distance between flange centroids.
3.5.3.1.1.2 Compact Webs with Noncompact or Slender Flanges

The nominal flexural strength is the lowest value obtained from the limit states
of lateral-torsional buckling and compression flange local buckling.

The provisions of lateral-torsional buckling for "Compact Web and Flanges" as
described in the provision pages also apply to the nominal flexural strength of
I-Shapes with compact webs and noncompact or slender flanges bent about
their major axis.
M p , if Lb L p ,

Lb L p

=
M n Cb M p M p 0.7 Fy S33( ) L M p , if L p < Lb < Lr , and

r L p

Fcr S33 M p , if L p > Lr .

(KBC Eqn. 0706.3.1)

3.5.3.1.1.2.2 Compression Flange Local Buckling

pf
(
M p M p 0.7 Fy S33 ) , for noncompact flanges,

Mn = rf pf
0.9 Ekc S33
, for slender flanges,
2
(KBC Eqn. 0706.2.2)
where , pf , and rf are the slenderness and limiting slenderness for compact
and noncompact flanges from Table 3.5, respectively,
bf
= ,
2t f
E
pf =
0.38 , (KBC 0702.4.1)
Fy
E
1.0 (Rolled),
Fy
rf = (KBC 0702.4.1)
kc E
0.95 F (Welded),
L
and kc is given by
4
kc = , 0.35 kc 0.76. (KBC 0706.3.2)
h tw
3.5.3.1.1.3 Noncompact Webs with Compact, Noncompact and Slender

Flanges
The nominal flexural strength is the lowest values obtained from the limit
states of compression flange yielding, lateral-torsional buckling, and compres-
sion flange local buckling.
3.5.3.1.1.3.1 Compression Flange Yielding

Mn = RpcMy, (KBC Eqn. 0706.4.1)
where, Rpc is the web plasticity factor, which is determined as follows:

Mp
, if pw ,
My
R pc =
M p M p 1 pw M p , if < ,
M y M y rw pw M y
pw w rw

(KBC Eqn. 0706.4.9a, KBC Eqn. 0706.4.9b)
where,
Mp = Z33Fy 1.6S33Fy (KBC 0706.4.2(3))
S33 = elastic section modulus for major axis bending
hc
w = (KBC 0702.4.1)
tw
pw = p , the limiting slenderness for a compact web, as given in

Table 3-5 (KBC 0702.4.1)
rw = r, the limiting slenderness for a noncompact web, as given in

Table 3-5 (KBC 0702.4.1)
and My is the yield moment, which is determined as follows:
My = S33Fy (KBC 0702.4.1)

R pc M y , if Lb L p ,

Lb L p

= (
M n Cb R pc M y R pc M y FL S33 ) L R pc M y ,

if L p < Lb Lr ,
r L p

Fcr S33 R pc M y , if Lb > Lr ,

(KBC Eqn. 0706.4.1, 0706.4.2, 0706.4.3)
where,

2
Cb 2 E J c Lb
=Fcr 2
1 + 0.078 (KBC Eqn. 0706.4.5)
Lb S33 ho rt

rt
bf
rt = (KBC Eqn. 0706.4.10)
h 1 h2
12 0 + aw
d 6 h0 d
hc t w
=
aw 10 (KBC Eqn. 0706.4.11)
bf t f
1, if I yc I y > 0.23

C= (BC 0706.4.2(3))
0, if I yc I y 0.23

E
L p = 1.1rt (KBC Eqn. 0706.4.7)
Fy
2
E J F S h
=Lr 1.95rt 1 + 1 + 6.76 L 33 o (KBC Eqn. 0706.4.8)
FL S33 ho E J
FL = 0.7Fy (KBC Eqn. 0706.4.6a)
Rpc = web plastification factor, which is determined using a formula de-

scribe previously (0706.4.9a or 0706.4.9b)
Iyc = moment of inertia of the compression flange about the minor axis
Iy = moment of inertia of the entire section about the minor axis.


R pc M y , if flanges are compact,

pt
M n = R pc M y ( R pc M y FL S33 )
rf pt
, if flanges are noncompact, and

0.9 Ekc S33 , if flanges are slender,
2
(KBC Eqn. 0706.4.1, 0706.4.12, 0706.4.13)
where,
FL = 0.7Fy (KBC Eqn. 0706.4.6a, 0706.4.3)
Rpc = is the web plastification factor, which is determined using a formu-

la described previously (KBC 0706.4.9, 0706.4.3)
4
kc = , 35 kc 0.76 (KBC 0706.4.3, Table 0702.4.1)
h tw
bf
=
2t f
pf = p , the limiting slenderness for compact flange, as given in Table

3-5 (KBC Table 0702.4.1)
rf = r , the limiting slenderness for noncompact flange, as given in Ta-

ble 3-5 (KBC Table 0702.4.1).
3.5.3.1.1.4 Slender Webs with Compact, Noncompact, and Slender

Flanges
of compression flange yielding, lateral-torsional buckling, and compression
flange local buckling.

Mn = RpgFyS33 , (KBC 0706.5.1)
where Rpg is the bending strength reduction factor given by

aw h E
R pg =
1 c 5.7 1.0, (KBC 0706.5.6)
1200 + 300 aw tw Fy

ht w
=
aw 10, (KBC 0706.5.2, KBC 0706.4.11)
bf t f
where h0 is the distance between flange centroids (KBC 0706.2.2).

Mn = RpgFcrS33 , (KBC 0706.5.2)
where Fcr is the critical lateral-torsional buckling stress given by

F , if Lb L p ,
y

Lb L p
= (
Fcr Cb Fy 0.3Fy ) L Fy , if L p < Lb Lr , and

r L p

Cb 2 E
2
Fy , if L p > Lr ,
Lb

rt
(KBC 0706.5.1, 0706.5.3, 0706.5.4)
where,
E
L p = 1.1rt (KBC 0706.5.2, 0706.5.7)
Fy
E
Lr = rt (KBC 0706.5.5)
0.7 Fy
bf
rt = (KBC 0706.5.2, 0706.5.10)
h 1 h2
12 0 + aw
d 6 h0 d

Rpg is the bending strength reduction factor, which has been described in the
previous section.

Mn = RpgFcrS33 , (KBC Eqn. 0706.5.7)
where Fcr is the critical buckling stress given by

F , if flanges are compact,
y

pf
= (
Fcr Fy 0.3Fy ) , if flanges are noncompact, and
rf pf

0.9 Ekc
2
Fy , if flanges are slender,
bf

t
2 f

(KBC Eqn. 0706.5.1, 0706.5.8, 0706.5.9)
and , pf, and rf are the slenderness and the limiting slenderness ratios for
compact and noncompact flanges from Table 3.5, respectively, and kc is given
by
4
kc = where 0.35 kc 0.76. (KBC Eqn. 0706.5.3)
h tw
3.5.3.1.2 Minor Axis Bending

The nominal flexural strength is the lower value obtained according to the limit
states of yielding (plastic moment) and flange local buckling.
3.5.3.1.2.1 Yielding
Mn = Mp = FyZ22 1.6FyS22, (KBC Eqn. 0706.6.1)
where S22 and Z22 are the section and plastic moduli about the minor axis, re-
spectively.

3.5.3.1.2.2 Flange Local Buckling

M p , for compact flange,

pf
(
M n = M p M p 0.7 Fy S22 )
,

for noncompact flanges, and
rf pf
F S , for slender flanges,
cr 22
(KBC Eqn. 0706.6.1, 0706.6.2, 0706.6.3)
where,
0.69 E
Fcr = (KBC Eqn.
2
0706.6.4)
bf
= (KBC Eqn. 0706.6.2)
2t f
and pf and rf are the limiting slendernesses for compact and noncompact
flanges, respectively, as described in Table 3-5 (KBC Table 0702.4.1).
3.5.3.2 Singly Symmetric I-Sections

The nominal of flexural strength for major axes bending depends on compact-
ness of the web and flanges.
3.5.3.2.1.1 Compact and Noncompact Webs with Compact, Noncompact

and Slender Flanges
The nominal flexural strength is the lowest values obtained from the limit sates
of compression flange yielding, lateral-torsional buckling, compression flange
local buckling, and tension flange yielding.
3.5.3.2.1.2 Compression Flange Yielding

Mn = RpcMyc, (KBC 0706.4.1)
where, Rpc is the web plasticity factor, which is determined as follows:

Mp
, if pw ,
M yc
R pc =
M p M p 1 pw M p
M yc M yc
rw pw , if pw < w rw ,
M yc
(KBC 0706.4.9a, 0706.4.9b)
where,
Mp = Z33Fy 1.6S33cFy (KBC 0706.4.2)
S33c = elastic section modulus for major axis bending referred to

compression flange
S33t = elastic section modulus for major axis bending referred to ten-
sion flange
hc
= (KBC Table 0702.4.1)
tw
pw = p, the limiting slenderness for a compact web, as given in

Table 3-5 (KBC Table 0702.4.1)
rw = r , the limiting slenderness for a noncompact web, as given in

and Myc is the yield moment for compression flange yielding, which is
determined as follows:
Myc = S33cFy. (KBC 0702.4.1)
3.5.3.2.1.3 Lateral-Torsional Buckling

R pc M yc , if Lb L p

Lb L p

= (
M n Cb R pc M yc R pc M yc FL S33c ) L R pc M yc , if L p < Lb Lr ,

r L p

Fcr S33c R pc M yc , if Lb > Lr ,

(KBC Eqn. 0702.4.1, 0702.4.2, 0702.4.3)

where,
2
Cb 2 E J c Lb
=Fcr 2
1 + 0.078 (KBC Eqn. 0702.4.5)
Lb S33 ho rt

rt
b fc
rt = (KBC Eqn. 0702.4.10)
h 1 h2
12 0 + aw
d 6 h0 d
hc t w
=
aw 10 (KBC Eqn. 0702.4.11)
b fe t fc
1, if I yc I y > 0.23

C= (KBC Eqn. 0702.4.2)
0, if I yc I y 0.23

E
L p = 1.1rt (KBC Eqn. 0702.4.7)
Fy
2
E J F S h
=Lr 1.95rt 1 + 1 + 6.76 L 33c o (KBC Eqn. 0702.4.8)
FL S33 ho E J
S33t
0.7 Fy , if 0.7
S33c
FL = (KBC Eqn. 0702.4.6a, 0702.4.6b)
S33t F 0.5F , S
if 33t 0.7
S33c y y
S33c
Rpc = web plastification factor, which is determined using a formula

describe previously (KBC Eqn. 0702.4.9)
Iyc = moment of inertia of the compression flange about the minor axis
Iy = moment of inertia of the section about the minor axis.

3.5.3.2.1.4 Compression Flange Local Buckling

R pc M yc , if flanges are compact,

pt
M n = R pc M yc ( R pc M yc FL S33c )
rf pt
, if flanges are noncompact, and

0.9 Ekc S33c , if flanges are slender,
2
(KBC Eqn. 0702.4.1, 0702.4.12, 0702.4.13)
where,
FL = is a calculated stress, which has been defined previously

(KBC Eqn. 0702.4.6a, 0702.4.6b, 0702.4.3)
Rpc = is the web plastification factor, which is determined using a

formula described previously (0702.4.9, 0702.4.3)
4
kc = , 35 kc 0.76 (KBC Eqn. 0702.4.3, Table 0702.4.1)
h tw
b fc
=
2t fc
pf = p , the limiting slenderness for compact flange, as given in

Table 3-5 (KBC Table 0702.4.1, 0702.4.3)
rf = r , the limiting slenderness for noncompact flange, as given

in Table 3-5 (KBC Table 0702.4.1, 0702.4.3).
3.5.3.2.1.5 Tension Flange Yielding

M p , if S33t S33c
Mn = (KBC Eqn. 0702.4.14)

R pt M yt , if S33t < S33c
where, Rpt is the web plastification factor corresponding to the tension flange
yielding limit state. It is determined as follows:

Mp
, if pw
M yt
R pt
M p M p 1 pw
M yt M yt
rw pw , if pw < rw

(KBC Eqn. 0702.4.15a, 0702.4.15b)
where,
Mp = Z33Fy (KBC Eqn. 0702.4.2)
S33c = elastic section modulus for major axis bending referred to

compression flange
S33t = elastic section modulus for major axis bending referred to ten-
sion flange
hc
w = (KBC 0702.4.2, Table 0702.4.1)
tw
wp = p , the limiting slenderness for a compact web, as given in


Table 3-5. (KBC Table 0702.4.1)
3.5.3.2.1.6 Slender Webs with Compact, Noncompact and Slender Flang-

es
of compression flange yielding, lateral-torsional buckling, compression flange
local buckling, and tension flange yielding.

Mn = RpgFyS33c , (KBC Eqn. 0702.5.1)
where, Rpg is the bending strength reduction factor given by
aw h E
R pg =
1 c 5.7 1.0 (KBC Eqn. 0702.5.6)
1200 + 300 aw tw Fy


ht w
=
aw 10 (KBC Eqn. 0702.5.2, 0702.4.11)
bf t f
where, h0 is the distance between flange centroids (KBC Eqn. 0702.2.2).

Mn = RpgFcrS33c , (KBC Eqn. 0702.5.2)
where, Fcr is the critical lateral-torsional buckling stress given by

F , if Lb L p ,
y

Lb L p
= (
Fcr Cb Fy 0.3Fy ) L Fy , if L p < Lb Lr , and

r L p

Cb 2 E
2
Fy , if L p > Lr ,
Lb

rt
(KBC Eqn. 0702.5.1, 0702.5.3, 0702.5.4)
where,
E
L p = 1.1rt (KBC Eqn. 0702.5.2, 0702.4.7)
Fy
E
Lr = rt (KBC Eqn. 0702.5.5)
0.7 Fy
bfc
rt = (KBC Eqn. 0702.5.2, 0702.4.10)
h 1 h2
12 0 + aw
d 6 h0d
Rpg is the bending strength reduction factor, which has been described
in a previous section.


Mn = RpgFcrS33c , (KBC Eqn. 0702.5.7)
where, Fcr is the critical buckling stress given by

F , if flanges are compact ,
y

pf
= (
Fcr Fy 0.3Fy ) , if flanges are noncompact, and
rf pf

0.9Ekc
2
Fy , if flanges are slender,
b fc

2t fc

(KBC Eqn. 0702.5.1, 0702.5.8, 0702.5.9)
and , pf, and rf are the slenderness and the limiting slenderness ratios for
compact and noncompact flanges from Table 3.5, respectively, and kc is given
by
4
kc = , where 0.35 kc 0.76. (KBC Eqn. 0702.5.3)
h tw
3.5.3.2.1.6.4 Tension Flange Yielding

M p if S33t S33c ,
Mn = (KBC Eqn. 0702.5.10)
Fy S33t if S33t < S33c .


Mn = Mp = Fy Z22 1.6Fy S22, (KBC Eqn. 0702.6.1)
where, S22 and Z22 are the section and plastic moduli about the minor axis, re-
spectively.



pf
(
M n = M p M p 0.7 Fy S22 )
,

rf pf
cr 22
(KBC Eqn. 0702.6.1, 0702.6.2, 0702.6.3)
where,
0.69 E
Fcr = (KBC Eqn. 0702.6.4)
2
b fb b ft
=max , (KBC Eqn. 0702.6.2)
ttb t ft
flanges, respectively, as described in Table 3-5 (KBC Eqn. 0702.6.1).
3.5.3.3 Channel and Double Channel Sections

limit states of yielding (plastic moment), lateral-torsional buckling, and com-
pression flange local buckling.
Mn = Mp =Fy Z33 , (KBC 0706.2.1)
where Z33 is the plastic section modulus about the major axis.


M p , if Lb L p ,

Lb L p

= (
M n Cb M p M p 0.7 Fy S33 ) L M p if L p < Lb < Lr , and

r L p

Fcr S33 M p , if L p > Lr ,

(KBC 0706.2.1, 0706.2.2, 0706.2.3)
where S33 is the elastic section modulus taken about the major axis, Lb is the
unbraced length, Lp and Lr are limiting lengths, and Fcr is the critical buckling
stress. Fcr , Lp and Lr are given by
2
Cb 2 E Jc Lb
=Fcr 2
1 + 0.078 (KBC 0706.2.4)
Lb S33 h0 rts

rts
E
L p = 1.76ry (KBC 0706.2.5)
Fy
2
E Jc 0.7 Fy S33 h0
=Lr 1.95rts 1 + 1 + 6.76 (KBC 0706.2.6)
0.7 Fy S33 h0 E Jc
where
I y Cw
rts 2 = (KBC 0706.2.7)
S33
1 for Double Channel sections

C = ho Iy
2 Cw
for Channel sections

(KBC 0706.2.8a, 0706.2.8b)
and h0 is the distance between flange centroids.

3.5.3.3.1.3 Compression Flange Local Buckling

The nominal strength for compression flange local buckling is determined
based on whether the web is compact, noncompact, or slender.
If the web is compact,

M p , for compact flanges,

pf
(
M n = M p M p 0.7 Fy S33 ) ,

rf pf
0.9 Ek S
c 33
2
(KBC 0706.2.1, 0706.3.1, 0706.3.2)
if the web is noncompact,

R pc M y , for compact flange,

pf
(
M n = R pc M y R pc M y FL S33 ) ,

rf pf
0.9 Ek S
c 33
2
(KBC 0706.4.1, 0706.4.12, 0706.4.13)
and if the web is slender,
Mn = RpgFcr S33 (KBC 0706.5.7)
where, Fcr is the critical buckling stress give by

Fy , if flanges are compact,

pf
=
F Fy ( 0.3Fy ) , if the flanges are noncompact,
rf pf
cr

0.9 Ek
c
Fy , if the flanges are slender,
2
where,

bf
=
2t f
pf = p , the limiting slenderness for compact flange, as given in Table

3-5 (KBC Table 0702.4.1)
rf = r , the limiting slenderness for noncompact flange, as given in

4
kc = , 35 kc 0.76 (KBC 0706.4.3, Table 0702.4.1)
h tw
FL = 0.7Fy (KBC 0706.4.6a, 0706.4.3)
Mp
, if w pw
My
Rpc =
M p M p 1 pw M p
M y M y
rw pw , if pw < w rw
M y
(KBC 0706.4.9a, 0706.4.9b)
aw hc E
Rpg = 1 5.7 1.0 (KBC 0706.5.6)
1200 + 300 aw tw Fy

S33 = elastic section modulus for major axis bending,
hc
w =
tw
pw = p , the limiting slenderness for compact web, as given in Table 3-5

(KBC Table 0702.4.1)

Rpg is the bending strength reduction factor, which has been described in a
previous section.


Mn = Mp = Fy Z22 1.6Fy S22 (KBC Eqn. 0706.6.1)
spectively.


pf
(
M n = M p M p 0.7 Fy S22 ) ,

rf pf
cr 22
(KBC Eqn. 0706.6.1, 0706.6.2, 0706.6.3)
where,
0.69 E
Fcr = (KBC Eqn. 0706.6.4)
2
bf
= (KBC Eqn. 0706.6.2)
2t f
flanges, respectively, as described in Table 3-5 (Table 0702.4.1).
3.5.3.4 Box Sections

This section applies to Box sections with compact or noncompact webs and
compact, noncompact or slender flanges, bent about either axis. The program
uses the same set of formulas for both major and minor direction bending, but
with appropriate parameters.
limit states of yielding (plastic moment), flange local buckling and web local
buckling.

3.5.3.4.1 Yielding
Mn = Mp = FyZ, (KBC Eqn. 0706.7.1)
where, Z is the plastic section modulus about the axis of bending.
3.5.3.4.2 Flange Local Buckling

M p, for compact flanges,

M n M p ( M p Fy S ) 3.57
b Fy
= 4.0 M p , for noncompact flanges, and

t E

Fy Seff , for slender flanges,
(KBC Eqn. 0706.7.1, 0706.7.2, 0706.7.3)
where, Seff is the effective section modulus determined using the effective com-
pressive flange width, be ,
E 0.38 E
be = 1.92t 1 b. (KBC Eqn. 0706.7.4)
Fy b t Fy
See the "Reduction Factor for Slenderness" section for details (KBC 0706.7.7,
0706.7.7.2).
3.5.3.4.3 Web Local Buckling

M p , for compact webs, and

( ) h Fy
=
M M M Fy 33
S 0.305 0.738 M p , for noncompact webs,
n p p

tw E

( ) h Fy
M M F S 0.305 0.738 M p , for slender webs.
p p y 33
tw E

(KBC Eqn. 0706.7.1, 0706.7.5)
Note that the code does not cover the Box section flexure strength if the web is
slender. The program uses the same flexure strength formula for Box sections
with noncompact and slender webs, even though the formula applies only to
noncompact section.

3.5.3.5 Pipe Sections

0.45E
This section applies to pipe sections with D t ratio less than . If a Pipe
Fy
section violates this limit, the program reports an error.
limit states of yielding (plastic moment) and local buckling. The same set of
formulas is used for both major and minor axes of bending.
3.5.3.5.1 Yielding
Mn = Mp = FyZ (KBC Eqn. 0706.8.1)
3.5.3.5.2 Local Buckling

M p , for compact sections,

0.021E
M n = + Fy S , for noncompact sections, and
D
t
F S, for slender sections,
cr
(KBC Eqn. 0706.8.1, 0706.8.2, 0706.8.3)
where, S is the elastic section modulus and Fcr is the critical buckling stress,
where,
0.33E
Fcr = . (KBC Eqn. 0706.8.4)
D
t
3.5.3.6 T-Shapes and Double Angle Sections

3.5.3.6.1 Major Axes Bending
The nominal flexural strength for T-Shapes and Double Angles bent about their
major (3-3) axis, i.e., the axis perpendicular to the axis of symmetry, is taken as
the lowest value obtained according to the limit states of yielding (plastic mo-
ment), lateral-torsional buckling, and flange local buckling.

=M p Fy Z 33 M y , for stems in compression, and
Mn =
=
M p Fy Z 33 1.6 M y , for stems in tension.
(KBC Eqn. 0706.9.1, 0706.9.2, 0706.9.3)

EI y GJ
M n = M cr = B + 1 + B2 , (KBC Eqn. 0706.9.4)
Lb
where, B is taken conservatively as:
d Iy
B = 2.3 . (KBC Eqn. 0706.9.5)
Lb J
The plus sign for B applies when the stem is in tension (M > 0) and the minus
sign applies when the stem is in compression (M < 0).

When the flange is under compression (i.e., when the factored moment Mr is
positive), the nominal moment capacity is taken as follows:
Mn = FcrSxc , (KBC Eqn. 0706.9.6)
where. Sxc is the elastic section modulus about the compression flange, and Fcr
is determined as follows:

Fy , for compact sections,

Fy

Fcr = Fy 1.19 0.50 ( b t ) , for noncompact sections, and
E

0.69E
, for slender sections,
( b t )
2
(KBC Eqn. 0706.9.6, 0706.9.7, 0706.9.8)
where,

b bf
= , (for T-Shapes)
t 2t f
b bf
= , (for Double Angles)
t tf
and bf and tf are described in Figure 3-1.
When the flange is in tension, i.e., when the factored moment Mr is negative,
this limit state is not considered in the program.
3.5.3.6.2 Minor Axes Bending

The nominal flexural strength for T-Shapes and Double Angles bent about their
minor (2-2) axes, i.e., the axis of symmetry, is taken as the lowest value ob-
tained according to the limit states of yielding (plastic moment) and flange lo-
cal buckling.
Mn = Mp = FyZ22 1.6FyS22 (KBC Eqn. 0706.6.1)
spectively.


pf
(
M n = M p M p 0.7 Fy S22 ) ,

rf pf
cr 22
(KBC Eqn. 0706.6.6)
where,
0.69 E
Fcr = (KBC Eqn. 0706.6.4)
2
bf
= (for T-Shapes)
2t f

bf
= (for Double Angles)
tf
flanges, respectively, as described in Table 3-5 (KBC Table 0702.4.1).
3.5.3.7 Single Angle Sections

The nominal flexural strength of angle sections is conservatively calculated
based on the principal axes of bending. The nominal flexural strength about the
major principal axis is the lowest value obtained according to the limit states of
yielding (plastic moment), lateral-torsional buckling, and leg local buckling.
3.5.3.7.1 Yielding
Mn = 1.5My , (KBC Eqn. 0706.10.1)
where, My is the yield moment about the axis of bending.
3.5.3.7.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling

The nominal flexure strength for bending about the major principal axis for the
limit state of lateral-torsional buckling is given as follows:
0.17 M e
0.92 Me , if M e M y , and
M y
Mn =
My
0.92 1.17 M M y 1.5 M y , if M e > M y ,
e
(KBC Eqn. 0706.10.2, 0706.10.3)
where Me is the elastic lateral-torsional buckling moment defined as follows:
0.46 Eb 2 t 2Cb
L
for equal-leg angles,

Me = 2
4.9 EI zCb 2 + 0.052 Lt + for unequal-leg angles.
L2 w r w

z

(KBC Eqn. 0706.10.5, 0706.10.6)
where,

Cb = lateral-torsional buckling modification factor for nonuniform mo-

ment diagram. It is computed using equation KBC 0706.10.1.1. A
limit on Cb is imposed (Cb 1.5) in the program (KBC0706.10).
L = laterally unbraced length of the member. It is taken as the max(L22,

L33) in the program because L22 and L33 are not defined in the princi-
pal direction, in. (mm).
I2 = minor principal axis moment of inertia, in.4 (mm4),
rt = radius of gyration for the minor principal axis, in. (mm),
t = angle leg thickness, in. (mm). It is taken as min(tb , tf )
w = a section property for unequal-legged angles. It is given as follows:
=w
1
I w A
( )
z w 2 + z 2 dA 2 z0 (KBC 0706.10.1(2))
w is positive for short leg in compression, negative for long leg in

compression, and zero for equal-leg angles. If the long leg is in com-
pression anywhere along the unbraced length of the member, the
negative value of w should be used (KBC 0706.10.2). It is conserva-
tively taken as negative for unequal-leg angles.
z = coordinate along the minor principal axis
w = coordinate along the major principal axis
z0 = coordinate of the shear center along the z-axis with respect to

the centroid
Iw = major principal axis moment of inertia
Iz = minor principal axis moment of inertia.
In the preceding equation, My is taken as the yield moment about the major
principal axis of bending, considering the possibility of yielding at the heel and
both of the leg tips.

The nominal flexural strength for bending about the minor principal axis for
the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling is not needed because the limit state
of lateral-torsional buckling does not apply for minor axis bending.
3.5.3.7.3 Leg Local Buckling

The nominal flexural strength for bending about the major and minor principal
axes of single angle sections for the limit state of hg local buckling are given as
follows:

1.5F S if compact,
y c

b Fy
M n Fy Sc 2.43 1.72 if noncompact, and
t E
0.71E
S if slender,
( b t )
2 c
(KBC Eqn. 0706.10.7, 0706.10.8, 0706.10.9)
where,
Sc = elastic section modulus to the toe in compression relative to the axis

of bending
t = thickness of the leg under consideration
b = outside width of the leg under consideration.
In calculating the bending strengths for single-angles for the limit state of leg
local buckling, the capacities are calculated for both the principal axes consid-
ering the assumption that either of the two tips (toes) can be under compres-
sion. The minimum capacities are considered.
3.5.3.8 Rectangular Sections

This section applies to rectangular sections bent about either axis.
limit states of yielding (plastic moment) and lateral-torsional buckling.

3.5.3.8.1 Yielding
Mn = Mp = Fy Z 1.6My (KBC Eqn. 0706.11.1)
3.5.3.8.2 Lateral-Torsional Buckling

Limit state of lateral-torsional buckling does not apply to rectangular sections
bent about their moving axis. For rectangular sections, Mn about major axis, is
given by the following:
L d 0.08 E
M p , if b2 ,
t Fy

L d Fy 0.08 E Lb d 1.9 E
M = Cb 1.52 0.274 b2 M y M p , if < 2 ,
t E
e
Fy t Fy
L d 1.9 E
Fcr S33 M p , if b2 > ,
t Fy
(KBC Eqn. 0706.11.1, 0706.11.2, 0706.11.3)
where, Fcr is the critical buckling stress, which is given by
1.9 ECb
Fcr = , (KBC Eqn. 0706.11.4)
Lb d
t2
where, t is the width of the rectangular bar parallel to axis of bending; d is the
depth of the rectangular bar; and Lb is the length unbraced against lateral dis-
placement of the compression region or twist of the cross-section.
3.5.3.9 Circular Sections

The nominal flexural strength is the value obtained according to the limit states
of yielding (plastic moment).
Mn = Mp = Fy Z 1.6My (KBC Eqn. 0706.11.1)
For this section, the limit state of lateral-torsional buckling need not be consid-
ered (KBC 0706.11.1(3)).
3.5.3.10 General Sections and Section Designer Sections

For General sections and Section Designer sections, the nominal major and
minor direction bending strengths are assumed as:

Mn = My = SFy.
The program does not check any lateral-torsional buckling, flange local buck-
ling, web local buckling, or tension flange yielding. The program assumptions
may not be conservative. The user is expected to calculate the capacity and
overwrite it.
3.5.4 Nominal Shear Strength

The nominal shear strengths are calculated for shears along the geometric axes
for all sections. For I-Shape, Box, Channel, Double Channel, T-Shape, Double
Angle, Pipe, Circular and Rectangular sections, the principal axes coincide
with their geometric axes. For Angle sections, principal axes do not coincide
with their geometric axes.
In calculating nominal strength for shear, Vn , it is assumed that there is no in-

termedial stiffeners used to enhance shear strength of a section (KBC
0707.1.2). The code allows the use of one of following methods: (a) the limit
state of shear yielding and shear buckling without using tension-field-action
(KBC 0707.1.2); and (b) post buckling strength of the member or tension-field-
action (KBC 0707.1.3). The program uses the first method to calculate shear
strengths.
The design shear strength, vVn , is determined using the following factors.
For all sections in both the major and minor directions, except for the web of
rolled I-Shaped members with h t w 2.24 E Fy
v = 0.9 (KBC 0707.1.2(2))
For the web of rolled I-Shaped members with h t w 2.24 E Fy and for ma-
jor direction shear only
v = 1.0 (KBC 0707.1.2(2))
3.5.4.1 Shear in the Major Direction

The nominal shear strength for major direction, Vn2 , is evaluated according to
the limit states of shear yielding and shear buckling
Vn = 0.6Fy Aw Cv , (KBC Eqn. 0707.2.1)

where Aw is the area of the web (overall depth times the web thickness, dtw),
and Cv is the web shear coefficient. The expressions of Aw and Cv differ from
section to section, as follows.
3.5.4.1.1 I-Shapes
For all I-shaped members, Aw is taken as the overall depth of the member times
the web thickness
Aw = dtw. (KBC 0707.2.1(2))
For the webs of rolled I-shaped members with h t w 2.24 E Fy , Cv is taken

as 1.
Cv = 1. (KBC 0707.2.1(2))
For webs of all other I-shaped members, including both singly and doubly
symmetric and both rolled and welded sections, Cv is taken as follows:
h
1.0, if 1.10 kv E Fy ,
tw

1.10 kv E Fy
h
Cv = , if 1.10 kv E Fy < 1.37 kv E Fy , and
h tw tw
1.51Ek h
v
, if > 1.37 kv E Fy ,
( h t w ) Fy
2
tw
(KBC Eqn. 0707.2.2, 0707.2.3, 0707.2.4)
where kv is the web plate bucking coefficient and it is taken as
kv = 5. (KBC Eqn. 0707.2.5)
In the preceding expression, for rolled shapes, h is taken as the clear distance
between flanges less the fillet or corner radii, and for built-up welded sections,
h, is taken as the clear distance between flanges (KBC 0707.2.1(2)).
It should be observed that the v factor, differs for the web of rolled I-shaped
members with h t w 2.24 E Fy from the web of other I-shaped members.
3.5.4.1.2 Channel, Double Channel, and T-Shape Sections

Aw is taken as the overall depth of the member times the web thickness

Aw = dtw for Channel sections, (KBC 0707.2.1(2))
Aw = 2dtw for Double Channel sections, (KBC 0707.2.1(2))
Aw = dtw for T-Shape sections. (KBC 0707.2.1(2))
Cv is taken as follows:
h
1.0, if 1.10 kv E Fy ,
tw

1.10 kv E Fy
h
Cv = if 1.10 kv E Fy < 1.37 kv E Fy , and
h tw tw
1.51Ek h
v
if > 1.37 kv E Fy ,
( h t w ) Fy
2
tw
(KBC Eqn. 0707.2.2, 0707.2.3, 0707.2.4)
where,
kv = 5 for Channel and Double Channel sections (KBC Eqn. 0707.2.5)
kv = 1.2 for T-Shape sections (KBC Eqn. 0707.2.6)
and for Channel and Double Channel sections, h is taken as the clear distance
between flanges less the fillet or corner radii (KBC 0707.2.1(2)); and for T-
Shape sections, h is taken as the overall depth (KBC 0707.2.1(2)).
3.5.4.1.3 Box Sections

Aw is taken as follows:
Aw = 2htw. (KBC 0707.2.1(2))
h
1.0, if 1.10 kv E Fy ,
tw

1.10 kv E Fy
h
h tw tw
1.51Ek h
v
, if > 1.37 kv E Fy ,
( h t w ) Fy
2
tw

(KBC Eqn. 0707.2.2, 0707.2.3, 0707.2.4)
where,
kv = 5 (KBC Eqn. 0707.2.5)
h = d 3tf . (KBC 0707.2.1(2))
Note that the design thickness of the Box section can differ by a reduction fac-
tor from its nominal thickness if the welding process is ERW. The choice of
reduction and the reduction factor C can be overwritten on a member-by-
member basis.
3.5.4.1.4 Angle Sections

Aw and Cv are taken as follows:
Aw = bt ((KBC 0707.2.1(2))
Cv = 1.0 ((KBC 0707.2.1(2))
where b is the width of the leg resisting the shear force.
3.5.4.1.5 Double Angle Sections

Aw and Cv are taken as follows:
Aw = 2bt ((KBC 0707.2.1(2))
Cv = 1.0 ((KBC 0707.2.1(2))
where b is the width of the leg resisting the shear force.
3.5.4.1.6 Rectangular, Circular (Round), General and SD Sections

For these sections, Aw is calculated as the effective shear area from the basic
principle of elastic shear distribution, and Cv is taken as 1 for simplicity.
3.5.4.1.7 Pipe Section

The nominal shear strength, Vn , of round HSS (i.e, Pipe sections) according to
the limit state of shear yielding and shear buckling is taken as
Vn = Fcr Ag 2 (KBC Eqn. 0707.6.1)
where,

0.78 E
=Fcr 0.6 Fy . (KBC Eqn. 0707.6.3)
( D t )3 2
The code allows Fcr to be taken as the maximum of two alternate values. The
program conservatively uses one of the two expressions only. In the preceding
equations,
Ag = gross area of section based on design wall thickness
D = outside diameter
t = design wall thickness.
The design wall thickness is equal to 0.93 times the nominal wall thickness for
ERW HSS, and equal to the nominal wall thickness for SAW HSS. However,
the choice of thickness reduction and the reduction factor can be overwritten in
the program on a member-by-member basis.
3.5.4.2 Shear in Minor Direction

The nominal shear strength for minor directions, Vn3 , is evaluated according to
the limit states of shear yielding and shear buckling as follows:
Vn = 0.6Fy Aw Cv , (KBC Eqn. 0707.2.1)
where, Aw is the shear area for minor direction shear, and Cv is the web shear
coefficient. The expression of Aw and Cv differs from section to section as fol-
lows.
3.5.4.2.1 I-Shapes, Channel, Double Channel, and T- Shapes

Aw is taken as the sum of flange areas.
2 b f t f Doubly Symmetric I-Shapes

b fb t fb + b ft t ft Singly Symmetric I-Shapes

Aw = 2b f t f Channels (KBC 0707.7)

4b f t f Double Channels
b t T Shapes
f f

h
1.0, if 1.10 kv E Fy ,
tw

1.10 kv E Fy
h
h tw tw
1.51Ek h
v
, if > 1.37 kv E Fy ,
( h t w ) Fy
2
t w
(KBC 0707.7, Eqn. 0707.2.2, 0707.2.3, 0707.2.4)
where h t w is really meant for flange and is taken as follows,
b f 2t f I Shapes

h b f tf Channels
= (KBC 0707.7)
t w b f tf Double Channels
b 2t f T Shapes
f
and kv is taken as 1.2,
kv = 1.2. (KBC 0707.7)
All dimensions used in the preceding equation are explained in Figure 3-1. For
Singly Symmetric I-Shapes where each flange has its own properties, the shear
capacity contribution is calculated for each flange separately based on its own
dimensions, and then the combinations are added together.
3.5.4.2.2 Box Sections, Angles, and Double Angles

The shear capacity in the minor direction, Vn3 , is calculated in exactly the same
way as for calculation of the major shear capacity, Vn2 , except that the appro-
priate dimensions are used (KBC 0707.4, 0707.5, 0707.1).
3.5.4.2.3 Pipe Sections

The shear capacity in the minor direction, Vn3 , is exactly the same as that for
major direction (KBC 0707.6).
3.5.4.2.4 Rectangular, Circular (Round), General and SD Sections

For these sections, Aw is calculated as the effective shear area from the basic
principle of elastic stress distribution. Cv is taken as 1 for simplicity. Then,
equation KBC 0707.1 is used to calculate the shear capacity.

3.5.5 Nominal Torsional Strength

The nominal torsion strengths are calculated for closed sections such as Boxes
and Pipes only. Torsion is ignored in design for all other section types.
The design torsional strength, TTn, is determined using the following re-
sistance and safety factors:
T = 0.90 (KBC 0708.3.1)
The nominal torsional strength, Tn , according to the limit states of torsional

yielding and torsional buckling, is as follows:
Tn = Fcr C, (KBC Eqn. 0708.3.1)
where C is the torsional shear constant, and Fcr is the critical buckling stress.
For round HSS (i.e., Pipe sections), C is taken conservatively as
( D t ) t
2
C= (KBC Eqn. 0708.3.1.2(3))

2
Fcr is taken as,
Fcr = max(Fcr1, Fcr2) 0.6Fy , (KBC Eqn. 0708.3.1)
where,
1.23E
Fcr1 = 5
, and (KBC Eqn. 0708.3.2)
LD 4
D t
0.60 E
Fcr 2 = 3
. (KBC Eqn. 0708.3.3)
D 2
t

L = torsional unbraced length of the member, LLTB. This length is taken

as the minor direction unbraced length for flexural buckling, L22 , by
default. However, this length can be overwritten in the program.

D = outside diameter of the Pipe section
t = design wall thickness
For regular HSS (i.e., Box sections),
C 2 ( b f t w )( d t f
= ){ min ( tw , t f ) } 4.5 ( 4 ){ ( min ( t f , tw ) ) }
3
(KBC 0708.3.1.2(3))

0.6 Fy , if h t 2.45 E Fy ,

2.45 E Fy
Fcr = 0.6 Fy , if 2.45 E Fy < h t 3.07 E Fy , and
(h t )
E
0.4582 , if 3.07 E Fy < h t 26.0.
(h t )
2
(KBC Eqn. 0708.3.4, 0708.3.5, 0708.3.6)
The variables bf , tw , d, tf , h and t used in the preceding expression have been

explained in Figure 3-1. In calculating h t , the maximum of the ratio of depth
to thickness and width to thickness are considered.
Here t is the design thickness. The design wall thickness is equal to 0.93 times
the nominal wall thickness for ERW HSS and equal to the nominal wall thick-
ness for SAW HSS. However, the choice of thickness reduction and the reduc-
tion factor can be overwritten in the program on a member-by-member basis.
3.6 Design of Members for Combined Forces

Previous sections of this design manual address members subject to only one
type of force, namely axial tension, axial compression, flexure or shear. This
section addresses the design of members subject to a combination of two or
more of the individual forces.
In the calculation of the demand/capacity (D/C) ratios, first, for each station
along the length of the member, the actual member force/moment components
are calculated for each design combination. Then, the corresponding capacities
3 - 70 Design of Members for Combined Forces

are calculated. Then, the D/C ratios are calculated at each station for each
member under the influence of each of the design combinations. The control-
ling D/C ratio is then obtained, along with the associated station and design
combination. A D/C ratio greater than the D/C ratio limit (whose default value
is 1.0) indicates exceeding a limit state.
During the design, the effect of the presence of bolts or welds is not consid-
ered.
3.6.1 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subjected to

Flexure and Axial Compression
The interaction of flexure and axial compression in all members with Doubly
Symmetric sections (I-Shapes, Double Channel, Box, Pipe, Solid Circular, Sol-
id Rectangular) and Singly Symmetric sections (Channel, T-Shape, Double
Angle), with some exceptional cases, is given as follows:
Pr
For 0.2
Pc
Pr 8 Mr 33 Mr 22
+ + 1.0. (KBC Eqn. 0708.1.1)
Pc 9 M c 33 M c 22
Pr
For < 0.2
Pc
Pr Mr 33 Mr 22
+ + 1.0, (KBC Eqn. 0708.1.2)
2 Pc M c 33 M c 22
where, Pr and Pc are the required and available axial strengths; Mr and Mc are
the required and available flexural strengths; and 3 and 2 represent the strong
and weak axes, respectively.
Pt = required axial compressive strength using load combinations

Pc = design axial compressive strength = cPn
Mr = required flexural strength using load combinations
Mc = design flexural strength = bMn
c = resistance factor for compression = 0.90
Design of Members for Combined Forces 3 - 71

b = resistance factor for flexure = 0.90
As an exception, for Circular and Pipe sections, an SRSS (Square Root of Sum
of Squares) combination is made first of the two bending components before
adding the axial load component, instead of the single algebraic addition as
implied by the interaction equations given by KBC Eqn. 0708.1.1 and KBC
Eqn. 0708.1.2. The resulting interaction equation is given by the following:
Pr
For 0.2
Pc
2 2
Pr 8 Mr 33 Mr 22
+ + 1.0.
Pc 9 M c 33 M c 22

Pr
For < 0.2
Pc
2 2
Pr Mr 33 Mr 22
+ + 1.0.
2 Pc M c 33 M c 22

The philosophy behind the preceding modification is that the engineer has the
freedom to choose the principal axis. The engineer can easily choose the prin-
cipal axis to match with the resultant moment so that the design is always
based on the uniaxial bending with axial force. In that case, the moment will be
the resultant (SRSS) moment from the two components. The resultant D/C ra-
tio calculated using the preceding equations will match the calculated D/C ratio
from the pure resultant moment for the Pipe section. The reason is that Mn for
the Pipe section is independent of the K and L factors. However, for solic cir-
cular (round) sections, the resultant stress ratio calculated using the preceding
equations will not match exactly with the calculated D/C ratio from the pure
resultant moment because Mn for this section depends on the K and L factors,
which are known for only two given principal directions.
As an exception, for members with double symmetric sections in flexure and

compression with negligible minor axis bending moment, two independent
limit states, namely in-plane instability and out-of-plane buckling, also are
considered separately considering the combined approach provided in KBC

Eqn. 0708.1.1 and KBC Eqn. 0708.1.2. The minimum ratio provided by the
original approach (KBC Eqn. 0708.1.1, 0708.1.2) and the alternative approach
described herein are taken as the resulting D/C ratio.
a) For the limit state of in-plane instability, equations 0708.1.1 and 0708.1.2
are used with Mc having a different meaning.
Pr
For 0.2
Pc
Pr 8 Mr 33 M
+ + r 22 1.0. (KBC Eqn. 0708.1.1)
Pc 9 M c 33, NoLTB M c 22
Pr
For < 0.2
Pc
Pr Mr 33 M
+ + r 22 1.0, (KBC Eqn. 0708.1.2)
2 Pc M c 33, NoLTB M c 22
where, all the terms in the preceding equations are the same as explained
earlier in this section, except Mc33,NoLTB is explained as follows:
Mc33,NoLTB = bMn33 = design flexural strength determined in accord-

ance with Chapter F, except that in determining Mn33 , in this case, the
lateral torsional buckling is not considered.
In general, Mn33,NoLTB is either larger than the regular Mn33 or equal to (for
Pipe sections) the regular Mn33. The negligibility of the minor axis moment
is tested in the program by using a tolerance (0.001) multiplied by the mi-
nor direction capacity (Mn22).
b) For the limit state of out-of-plane buckling, the following interaction equa-
tion is used
2
Pr Mr 33
+ 1.0 (KBC Eqn. 0708.1.3)
Pco M c 33
where

Pco = available compressive strength considering out-of-plane

bending; it is taken equal to cPn ,
Mc33 = available flexural strength considering all limit states, in-

cluding lateral-torsional buckling.
As an exception, any singly-symmetric I-Shape section with I yc I y beyond the

range of 0.1 I yc I y 0.9 is considered beyond the scope of the code. Those
sections are not checked by the program.
As an exception, all General sections and section created using Section De-
signer are treated as Doubly or Singly Symmetric sections. The equations H
KBC Eqn. 0708.1.1 and 0708.1.2 are use for calculation of the D/C ratios.
The program considers the left-hand side to calculate the D/C ratio. The D/C
ratio is really compared with the D/C ratio limit rather than 1. By default, the
D/C ratio limit is 0.95. This limit can be changed in the Preferences.
3.6.2 Doubly and Singly Symmetric Members Subjected to

Flexure and Axial Tension
The interaction of flexure and axial tension in all members with Doubly Sym-
metric sections (I, Double Channel, Box, Pipe, Solid Circular, Solid Rectangu-
lar) and Singly Symmetric sections (Channel, T-Shapes, Double Angle), with
some exceptional cases, are given as follows:
Pr
For 0.2
Pc
Pr 8 Mr 33 Mr 22
+ + 1.0 (KBC Eqn. 0708.1.1)
Pc 9 M c 33 M c 22
Pr
For < 0.2
Pc
Pr Mr 33 Mr 22
+ + 1.0, (KBC Eqn. 0708.1.2)
2 Pc M c 33 M c 22

where, Pr and Pc are the required and available axial strengths; Mr and Mc are
the required and available flexural strengths; and 3 and 2 represent the strong
and weak axes, respectively.
Pt = required axial tensile strength using load combinations

Pc = design axial tensile strength = cPn
t = resistance factor for tension (0.90 yielding, 0.75 rupture)
As an exception, for Circular and Pipe sections, an SRSS (Square Root of Sum
of Squares) combination is made first of the two bending components before
adding the axial load component, instead of the single algebraic addition as
implied by the interaction equations given by KBC Eqn. 0708.1.1 and KBC
Eqn. 0708.1.2. The resulting interaction equation is given by the following:
Pr
For 0.2
Pc
2 2
Pr 8 Mr 33 Mr 22
+ + 1.0
Pc 9 M c 33 M c 22

Pr
For < 0.2
Pc
2 2
Pr Mr 33 Mr 22
+ + 1.0.
2 Pc M c 33 M c 22

As an exception, any single-symmetric I-Shape section with I yc I y beyond the

range of 0.1 I yc I y 0.9 is considered beyond the scope of the code (. These
sections are not checked by the program.
As an exception, all General sections and section created using Section De-
signer are treated as Doubly or Singly Symmetric sections. The equations
0708.1.1 and 0708.1.2 are use for calculation of the D/C ratios.

The program considers the left-hand side to calculate the D/C ratio. The D/C
ratio is really compared with the D/C ratio limit rather than 1. By default, the
D/C ratio limit is 0.95. This limit can be changed in the Preferences.
3.6.3 Unsymmetric Members Subjected to Flexure and Axial

Force
Unlike I-Shapes, Box, Channel, Double Channel, T-Shapes, Double Angle,
Pipe, Circular, and Rectangular sections, the principal axes of unsymmetric
(unequal leg) Single Angle sections do not coincide with their geometric axes.
For Single Angle sections, the principal properties of the section are deter-
mined. The forces are resolved in the principal directions (w and z). The itera-
tion of flexure and axial stress is calculated as follows:
fa f f
+ bw + bz 1.0 (KBC Eqn. 0708.2.1)
Fa Fbw Fbz
where fa and Fa are the required and available axial stresses at the point of con-
sideration; fb and Fb are required and available bending stresses; w is the sub-
script related to the major principal axis bending; and z is the subscript related
to the minor principal axis bending.
For design in accordance with provisions:
fa = required axial stress using load combinations

Fa = design axial stress = cFcr or t Fy
fbw , ftz = required flexural stress using load combinations
b M n
Fbw , Ftz = design flexural stress =
S
f = resistance factor for tension (0.9 for yielding, 0.75 for rupture)
For General sections and Section Designer sections, it is assumed that the sec-
tion properties are given in terms of principal directions. These two types of
sections are treated as symmetric sections for interaction purposes.

3.6.4 Members Subject to Torsion, Flexure, Shear and Axial

Force
The interaction of torsion, flexure, shear, and axial force is considered only for
Box and Pipe sections and only if the torsion is significant. Torsion is consid-
ered significant when the required torsional strength, Tr , is more than 20% of
the available torsional strength, Tc (KBC 0708.3.2). The interaction of torsion
with other forces is ignored when
Tr 0.2Tc , (KBC 0708.3.2)
and for members with Box sections, the interaction of torsion, shear, flexure
and axial force is given by
2
Pr Mr 33 Mr 22 Vr 3 Vr 2 Tr
+ + + + + 1.0, (KBC Eqn. 0708.3.7)
Pc M c 33 M c 22 Vc 3 Vc 2 Tc
and for members with Pipe sections, the interaction of torsion, shear, flexure,
and axial forces is given by
2 2 2
Pr Mr 33 Mr 22 Vr 3 Vr 2 Tr
+ + + + + 1.0,
Pc M c 33 M c 22 Vc 3 Vc 2 Tc

(KBC Eqn. 0708.3.7)
where, Pr and Pc are the required and available axial strength; Mr and Mc are
required and available flexural strength; Vr and Vc are required and available
shear strength; and Tr and Tc are required and available torsional strength, re-
spectively.
Pr = required axial strength using load combinations

Pc = design compressive/tensile strength = cPn or t Pn
Vr = required shear strength using load combinations
Vc = desire shear strength = vVn
Tr = required torsional strength using load combinations

Tc = design torsional strength = TTn

t = resistance factor for tension (0.9 for yielding, 0.75 for rupture)
v = resistance factor for shear = 0.90
T = resistance factor for torsion = 0.9

Chapter 4
Special Seismic Provisions
This chapter provides a detailed description of the algorithms used by the programs in
the design/check of structures in accordance with "Korean Building Code (KBC 2009),
Chapter 7 Steel Design" (KBC 2009). The implementation covers load combinations
from "KBC 2009," which is described in the section "Design Loading Combinations"
in this chapter. The loading based on Chapter 3 of "KBC 2009" has been described in a
separate document entitled "CSI Lateral Load Manual" (CSI 2014).
For referring to pertinent sections of the corresponding code, a unique prefix is as-
signed for each code.
4.1 Notations
Most of the notations used in this chapter have been described previously in Chapter 3.
Any additional notations used in this chapter are described herein.
S DS Design earthquake spectral response acceleration parameter at short

period (KBC 0306.3.3)
4-1
Redundancy factor (Option provided in ETABS)
O Overstrength factor (KBC 0306.2.3)
En Effect of horizontal component of design seismic force, including the

effect of
Ev Effect of vertical component of design seismic force (KBC Eqn.

0306.2.1)
Enm Horizontal seismic load effects with overstrength factor (KBC

0306.2.3)
QE Effects of horizontal seismic forces
4.2 Design Preferences

The steel frame design Preference are basic assignments that apply to all of the steel
frame members. The Preferences are described in Appendix B. Tables
B-1, B-2, and B-3 list the steel frame design Preferences. The following steel frame de-
sign Preferences are relevant to the special seismic provisions.
Framing Type
Notional Load Coefficient
Seismic Design Category
Ignore Seismic Code?
Ignore Special Seismic Load?
Is Doubler Plate Plug Welded?
4.3 Overwrites
The steel frame design Overwrites are basic assignments that apply only to those ele-
ments to which they are assigned. The overwrites are described in Appendix C. Table
C-1 lists the steel frame design Overwrites. The following steel frame design over-
writes are relevant to the special seismic provisions.
4-2 Design Preferences

Chapter 4 Special Seismic Provisions
Frame Type
Omega0
Overstrength factor, Ry
4.4 Supported Framing Types

The KBC 2009 code now recognizes the following types of framing systems (KBC
0713.9, 0713.10, 0713.11, 0713.12, 0713.13, 0713.14, 0713.15 and 0713.16).
Framing Type References
SMF (Special Moment Frame) KBC 0713.9

IMF (Intermediate Moment Frame) KBC 0713.10
OMF (Ordinary Moment Frame) KBC 0713.11
OCBF (Ordinary Concentrically Moment Frame) KBC 0713.13
EBF (Eccentrically Moment Frame) KBC 0713.14
BRBF (Buckling Restrained Moment Frame) KBC 0713.15
SPSW (Special Plate Shear Wall) KBC 0713.16
With regard to these framing types, the program has implemented specifications for all
types of framing systems, except BRBF, and SPSW. Implementing those two types of
framing requires further information about modeling.
By default, the frame type is taken as Special Moment Frame (SMF) in the program.
However, the default frame type can be changed in the Preference form for all frames
or in the Overwrites form on a member-by-member basis (Chapter 3). If a frame type
Preference is revised in an existing model, the revised frame type does not apply to
frames that have already been assigned a frame type through the Overwrites; the
revised Preference applies only to new frame members added to the model after the
Preference change and to the old frame members that were not assigned a frame type
though the Overwrites.
Supported Framing Types 4-3

4.5 Applicability of the Seismic Requirements

Ideally, the special seismic provisions shall apply when the seismic response
modification factor, R, is taken as greater than 3, regardless of the seismic design
category (KBC SEISMIC). R is specified by the Korean building code (KBC 2009).
Again, when R is taken as 3 or less, the structure is not required to satisfy these
provisions, unless specifically required by the applicable building code.
The applicable building code generally restricts buildings designed with an R factor of
3 or less to Seismic Design Category (SDC) A, B, or C; however, some systems that
have R factors less than 3 are permitted in SDC D, E, or F (KBC 0713.1.1(2)).
The program assumes that the special seismic provisions are applicable to any structur-
al steel structure that is assigned to SDC D, E, or F, irrespective of the value of R, and
to any structural steel structure designed with an R greater than 3 and that is assigned
to SDC A, B, or C. In addition, the program allows the user to change the default ap-
plicability of special seismic provisions using the "Ignore Seismic Code?" Preference
item.
4.6 Design Load Combinations

The program creates the default design load combinations based on the specification of
KBC 2009 code. The default combinations have been described in "Design Loading
Combinations" in Chapter 3. Additional information may be found in "Design Load
Combinations" in Chapter 2. The user may change the default load combinations if the
governing code is different.
The program assumes that the defined earthquake load is really the strength level
earthquake, which is equivalent to QE. For a regular earthquake, load is considered to
have two components: horizontal, Eh and vertical Ev , which are taken as
Eh = QE ,
Ev = 0.2S DS D, (KBC Eqn. 0306.2.1)
where, is the redundancy factor provided in ETABS, and the S DS is the design
earthquake spectral response acceleration parameters at short periods, as defined in
KBC 2009 code.
4-4 Applicability of the Seismic Requirements

Effectively, the seismic load combinations for become
(1.2 + 0.2S DS ) DL QE (KBC Eqn. 0503.3.5)
(1.2 + 0.2S DS ) DL QE + 1.0 LL (KBC Eqn. 0503.3.5)
( 0.9 0.2S DS ) DL QE . (KBC Eqn. 0503.3.8)
The program automatically considers seismic load effects, including overstrength fac-
tors (KBC 2009 Table 0306.6.1), as special load combinations that are created auto-
matically from each load combination involving seismic loads. In that case, the hori-
zontal component of the force is represented by Ehm , and vertical component of the
force is represented by Ev , where,
Ehm = o QE and (KBC Eqn. 0306.2.1)
Ev = 0.2 S DS D. (KBC Eqn. 0306.2.1)
Effectively, the special seismic combinations are
( 0.9 0.2S DS ) DL o QE (KBC Eqn. 0306.2.1)
(1.2 + 0.2S DS ) DL o QE + 1.0LL (KBC Eqn. 0306.2.1)
The factor S DS is described earlier in this section. 0 is the seismic force

amplification factor that is required to account for structural overstrength. The factor
0 is the overstrength factor, and it should be picked up from KBC, Table 0306.6.1 by
the user and input in the Preferences and auto-seismic load definition. The default
value of 0 is taken as 3.0 in the program. If the user defines one or more auto-
seismic loads, the values of 0 are taken as the maximum of all the 0 defined for
each auto-seismic load case. Also if the user defines special seismic data that includes
an 0 value and requests that the program include the special seismic design data,
then this 0 takes precedence over the default values and those defined for the auto-
seismic load cases. Moreover, 0 can be overwritten for each individual member. The
overwritten 0 gets the highest precedence. The guideline for selecting a reasonable
value for 0 can be found in KBC 2009, Table 0306.6.1.
Design Load Combinations 4-5

Those combinations involving 0 are internal to the program. The user does NOT
need to create additional load combinations for those load combinations. The special
circumstances for which those load combinations are additionally checked are de-
scribed later in this chapter, as appropriate. The special loading combination factors are
applied directly to the load cases. It is assumed that any required scaling (such as may
be required to scale response spectra results) has already been applied to the load cases.
The program assumes that the seismic loads defined as the strength level load is the
program load case. Otherwise, the factors , 0 , and S DS will be unable to scale the
load to the desired level.
4.7 Classification of Sections for Local Buckling

The sections are classified in the program as Seismically Compact, Compact,
Noncompact, Slender, and Too Slender. The sections are classified as Compact,
Noncompact, or Slender sections in accordance with Section B4 of the regular code
(KBC Table 0702.4.1). The limiting width/thickness ratios, p , r , and s , that de-
marcate the slenderness limits for Compact, Noncompact, Slender and Too Slender
sections were given in Table 3-5 in "Classification of Sections for Local Buckling" in
Chapter 3.
Seismically compact sections are capable of developing the full plastic strength before
local buckling occurs when the section goes through low cycle fatigue and withstands
reversal of load under seismic conditions. The width/thickness ratio ( ) should be less
than the limit, ps , for the section to be Seismically Compact. The limiting
width/thickness ratio, ps , for compression elements is given in Table 4-1 and is based
on the Seismic code (KBC SEISMIC 0713.8.2, Table 07138.1). The Seismically Com-
pact sections are reported as "Seismically Compact," or sometimes as "Seismic" only
for brevity in the design output.

Width- Limiting Width-Thickness
Thick- Ratios for Compression
ness Elements
Given Ratio, Seismically Compact
Section Description Graphical Case Applicable Situation
Type of Element Example No. ( ) ( ps ) with Code Reference
Flexural or Beams in SMF (SEISMIC 9)
uniform Beams in BRBF (SEISMIC 16)
compression Links in EBF (SEISMIC 15)
in flanges of b f 2t f Columns in SMF (SEISMIC 9)
1,2 0.30 E Fy
Singly or Doubly Symmetric I Shapes
rolled and Columns in SCBF (SEISMIC 13)

welded Columns in BRBF (SEISMIC 16)
I-Shaped Braces in SCBF (SEISMIC 13)
Braced in OCBF (SEISMIC 14)
sections
Beams in SMF (SEISMIC 9)

Flexural
compression 9 h tw 2.45 E Fy
in beam web
If Ca 0.125 Beams in BRBF (SEISMIC 16)

Webs in Columns in SMF (SEISMIC 9)
flexural E Columns in SCBF (SEISMIC 13)
compression 3.14 ( 1 1.54Ca ) Columns in EBF (SEISMIC 15)
Fy
or combined 10 h tw Columns in BRBF (SEISMIC 16)
flexural and If Ca > 0.125 Braces in SCBF (SEISMIC 13)
Braces in OCBF (SEISMIC 14)
axial E E
compression 1.12 ( 2.33 C a ) 1.49
Fy Fy
Flexural or
Uniform bf t f Columns in SCBF (SEISMIC 13)
4 0.30 E Fy Braces in SCBF (SEISMIC 13)
compression
in flanges
Beams in SMF (SEISMIC 9)

Flexural
Channel
in beam web
If Ca 0.125
Webs in Beams in BRBF (SEISMIC 16)
flexural E
compression 3.14 ( 1 1.54Ca ) Columns in SMF (SEISMIC 9)
Columns in SCBF (SEISMIC 13)
Fy
or combined 10 h tw Columns in EBF (SEISMIC 15)
flexural and If Ca > 0.125 Columns in BRBF (SEISMIC 16)
axial Braces in SCBF (SEISMIC 13)
E E
compression 1.12 ( 2.33 Ca ) 1.49 Braces in OCBF (SEISMIC 14)
Fy Fy

ness Elements
Flexural or Columns in SCBF (SEISMIC 13)

Uniform bf t f Braces in SCBF (SEISMIC 13)
4 0.30 E Fy
compression
in flanges
Double Channel
Flexure Beams in SMF (SEISMIC 9)

in beam web
If Ca 0.125
Webs in Beams in BRBF (SEISMIC 16)
flexural E
compression 3.14 ( 1 1.54Ca ) Columns in SMF (SEISMIC 9)
Fy
or combined 10 h tw Columns in EBF (SEISMIC 15)
flexural and If Ca > 0.125 Columns in BRBF (SEISMIC 16)
axial Braces in SCBF (SEISMIC 13)
E E
compression 1.12 ( 2.33 Ca ) 1.49 Braces in OCBF (SEISMIC 14)
Fy Fy
Flexural or
axial
compression
12 bt 0.64 E Fy Braces in SCBF (SEISMIC 13)
of flanges Braces in OCBF (SEISMIC 14)
under major
Box
axis bending
Flexural
compression Columns in SCBF (SEISMIC 13)
of webs under 12 ht 0.64 E Fy Braces in SCBF (SEISMIC 13)
minor axis Braces in OCBF (SEISMIC 14)
bending
Flexural or
axial b f 2t f
7 0.30 E Fy Chord of STMF (SEISMIC 12)
compression
in flanges
T Shape
Compression
8 d tw 0.30 E Fy Chord of STMF (SEISMIC 12)
in stems
Any type of
bt
Double Angle
compression 7 0.30 E Fy Chord of STMF (SEISMIC 12)

in leg
Any type of
compression 7 bt 0.30 E Fy Chord of STMF (SEISMIC 12)
in leg

ness Elements
Any type of
in any leg
Angle
Any type of
in any leg
Flexural or E Columns in SCBF (SEISMIC 13)

Pipe
axial 11 Dt 0.044 Braces in SCBF (SIESMIC 13)

Fy Braces in OCBF (SIESMIC 14)
compression
Round
Assumed non-compact
Bar
Rectangular
Any Diagonal web member in STMF

6 bt 2.5 (SEISMIC 12)
compression
General Assumed non-compact

SD
Assumed non-compact
Section
The table uses the dimension-related variables, such as b f , t f , t w , b, t, h, D, and

so forth. Some of those variables have been explained in the table itself. Some are ex-
plained in Figure 3-1 and also explained in the code . The variable Ca can be ex-
pressed as follows:
Pu ( b Py ) for LRFD
Ca = (KBC SEISMIC Table 0713.8.1 Note H)
b Pa Py for ASD
where,
Pu = Required compressive strength
Py = Axial yield strength
b = 0.90

When satisfying the Special Seismic criteria, it is in general not necessary for the de-
sign sections to be Seismically Compact (KBC SEISMIC 0713.8.2). However, for cer-
tain special cases, the design sections must be Seismically Compact (KBC SEISMIC
0713.8.2) or Compact (KBC SEISMIC 0713.8.2, 0702.4.1) as described in the "Seis-
mic Requirements" section of this chapter. For a situation when the code requires the
design section to be Seismically Compact, but the section fails to satisfy the criteria,
the user must modify the section. In that case, the program issues an error message in
the output.
4.8 Special Check for Column Strength

When Pu /c Pn in columns due to prescribed loading combination without considera-
tion of amplified seismic load is greater than 0.4, the axial compressive and tensile
strengths are checked in the absence of any applied moment and shear for the amplified
seismic load combinations (KBC SEISMIC 0713.8.3(1)).
( 0.9 0.2SDS ) DL 0QE
( 1.2 + 0.2SDS ) DL 0QE + 1.0 LL
where 0 and S DS are as described in the "Design Load Combinations" section in

Chapter 3.
The preceding load combinations are used to calculate axial force only because other
forces and moments are ignored. This axial capacity check is in addition to regular
strength checks for the regularly specified load combinations (KBC SEISMIC
0713.8.3).
Those combinations involving 0 are internal to the program. The user does NOT
need to create additional load combinations for such load combinations. The special
circumstances for which these load combinations are additionally checked are de-
scribed later in this chapter, as appropriate. The special loading combination factors are
applied directly to the load cases. It is assumed that any required scaling (such as may
be required to scale response spectra results) has already been applied to the load cases.
If the overwrite item "Ignore Special Seismic Load?" is set to yes, the preceding check
will not be performed.
4 - 10 Special Check for Column Strength

4.9 Member Design

This section describes the special requirements for designing a member. The section
has been divided into subsections for each framing type.
4.9.1 Special Moment Frames (SMF)

For this framing system, the following additional requirements are checked or reported
(KBC 0713.9).
When Pu /c Pn in columns due to prescribed loading combinations without consider-

ation of amplified seismic load is greater than 0.4, the axial compressive and tensile
strengths are checked in absence of any applied moment and shear for the special
seismic load combination as described previously in the "Special Check for Column"
section of this manual (KBC SEISMIC 0713.8.3, 0702.4.1).
All beams and columns are required to be Seismically Compact (KBC 0713.9.4a,
0713.8.2, Table 0713.8.1). The limits of the width-thickness ratio, ps , has been pre-
sented in this manual in Table 4-1. If these criteria are satisfied, the section is report-
ed as SEISMIC as described earlier under the "Classification of Sections for Local
Buckling" section. If these criteria are not satisfied, the program issues an error mes-
sage.
The program checks the slenderness ratio, L r , for columns to be less than 60 (KBC
SEISMC 0713.9.7.2(2)). If this criterion is not satisfied, the program issues an error
message.
The program checks the laterally unsupported length of beams not to exceed
0.086 ( E Fy ) ry (KBC 0713.9.8). If this criterion is not satisfied, the program is-
sues an error message.
4.9.2 Intermediate Moment Frames (IMF)

For this framing system, the following additional requirements are checked and report-
ed (KBC SEISMIC 10).
When Pu /c Pn in columns due to prescribed loading combinations without consider-

ation of amplified seismic load is greater than 0.4, the axial compressive and tensile
Member Design 4 - 11
strengths are checked in absence of any applied moment and shear for the special
seismic load combinations as described previously in the "Special Check for Col-
umn" section of this manual (KBC SEISMIC 0713.8.3, 0702.4.1).
All beams and columns are checked to be Compact (KBC SEISMIC 0713.10.4.1,
0713.8.2.1, KBC Table 0702.4.1). The limits of the width-thickness ratio, p , have
been presented in this manual in Table 3-5. If this criterion is satisfied, the section is
reported as Compact as described earlier under the "Classification of Sections for
Local Buckling" section in Chapter 3. If this criterion is not satisfied, the program is-
sues an error message.
The program checks the laterally unbraced length of beams between lateral braces
not to exceed the limiting value 0.17 ( E Fy ) ry (KBC SEISMIC 0713.10.8). If this
criterion is not satisfied, the program issues an error message.
4.9.3 Ordinary Moment Frames (OMF)

For this framing system, the following additional requirement is checked and reported
(KBC SEISMIC 0713.11).
When Pu /c Pn in columns due to prescribed loading combinations without consid-

eration of amplified seismic load is greater than 0.4, the axial compressive and ten-
sile strengths are checked in absence of any applied moment and shear for the spe-
cial seismic load combinations as described previously in the "Special Check for
Column" section of this manual (KBC SEISMIC 0713.8.3, 0702.4.1).
4.9.4 Special Truss Moment Frames (STMF)

No special consideration for this type of framing system is given by the program. The
user is required to check the seismic design requirements for STMF independently.
4.9.5 Special Concentrically Braced Frames (SCBF)

When Puc /Pn in columns due to prescribed loading combinations without consid-
eration of amplified seismic load is greater than 0.4, the axial compressive and ten-
4 - 12 Member Design
sile strengths are checked in the absence of any applied moment and shear for the
special seismic load combinations as described previously in the "Special Check for
Column" section of this manual (KBC SEISMIC 0713.8.3, 0702.4.1).
All column and brace members are checked to be Seismically Compact according to
Table 4-1 (KBC SEISMIC 0713.12.2.1, 0713.8.2, Table 0713.8.1). If these criteria
are satisfied, the section is reported as SEISMIC as described earlier under "Classifi-
cation of Sections for Local Buckling" in this chapter. If these criteria are not satis-
fied, the program issues an error message.
The maximum Kl r ratio of the braces is checked not to exceed 4 E Fy (KBC

SEISMC 0713.12.2.1). If this criterion is not satisfied, the program issues an error
message.
The program checks the following requirements for V-type or inverted V-type SCBF
frames.
The program checks the laterally unbraced length of beams between lateral braces
not to exceed the limiting value of L pd (KBC SEISMIC 0713.12.4(2)). The expres-
sion for L pd for Box and Solid rectangular sections is given as follows:
L pd = M1 E E
0.17 + 0.10 M 2 Fy ry 0.1 Fy ry .

(KBC Eqn. 0716.7.3, KBC SEISMIC 0713.12.4(2))
For all other sections, L pd is take as follows:
E
L pd 0.12 + 0.076 1
M
= ry ,
2 Fy
M
where,
M1 = Smaller moment at the end of the unbraced length of beam,
M2 = Larger moment at the end of the unbraced length of the beam,
ry = Radius of gyration about minor axis.
M1 M 2 is positive for reverse curvature bending and negative for single curvature
bending (KBC Eqn. 0716.7).
Note: Beams intersected by chevron (V or inverted-V) braces are NOT currently

checked to have a strength to support loads for the following two conditions (KBC
SEISMIC 0713.12.4.1):
(a) A beam that is intersected by braces shall be designed to support the effects of
all tributary dead and live loads from load combinations stipulated by the code,
assuming the bracings are not present.
(b) A beam that is intersected by braces and supporting earthquake load shall be de-
signed to resist the effects of the load combinations stipulated by the code, ex-
cept the brace forces have to be replaced by their capacities. The forces in all
braces in tension shall be assumed to be equal to Ry Fy Ag (KBC SEISMIC
0713.12.4.1). The forces in all braces in compression shall be assumed to be
equal to 0.3 Pn (KBC SEISMIC 0713.12.4.1).
4.9.6 Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames (OCBF)

When Puc /Pn in columns due to prescribed loading combinations without con-
sideration of amplified seismic load is greater than 0.4, the axial compressive and
tensile strengths are checked in the absence of any applied moment and shear for
the special seismic load combinations as described previously in the "Special
Check for Column" section of this manual (KBC SEISMIC 0713.8.3, 0702.4.1).
All brace members are checked to be Seismically Compact according to Table 4-1
(KBC SEISMIC 10713.13.2, 0713.8.2.1, Table 0713.8.1). If the criteria are satis-
fied, the section is reported as SEISMIC as described earlier in "Classification of
Sections for Local Buckling" in this chapter. If this criterion is not satisfied, the
program issues an error message.
The program checks the laterally unbraced length of beams for V or inverted V
configurations between lateral braces not to exceed the limiting value of L pd
(KBC SEISMIC 10713.13.3(2)). The expression for L pd for Box and Solid rec-
tangular sections is given as follows:
0.17 + 0.10 M1 E
L pd =
E
M F ry 0.1 F ry .
2 y y
(KBC Eqn. 0716.7.3, KBC SEISMIC 10713.13.3(2)
For all other sections, L pd is take as follows:
L pd 0.12 + 0.076 1
=
M E r ,
F y
2
M y
where,
M1 = Smaller moment at the end of the unbraced length of beam,
M2 = Larger moment at the end of the unbraced length of the beam,
ry = Radius of gyration about minor axis.
M1 M 2 is positive for reverse curvature bending and negative for single curva-
ture bending (KBC Eqn. 0716.7).
The maximum Kl /r ratio of the braces for V or inverted-V configurations is

checked not to exceed 4.0 E Fy (KBC SEISMIC 0713.13.2). If this criterion is
not met, an error message is reported in the output.
4.9.7 Eccentrically Braced Frames (EBF)

For this framing system, the program looks for and recognizes the eccentrically braced
frame configurations shown in Figure 4-1. The following additional requirements are
checked or reported for the beams, columns and braces associated with these configu-
rations (KBC SEISMIC 0713.14).
e e
e e
2 2
L L L
(a) (b) (c)

Figure 4-1. Eccentrically Braced Frame Configurations
When Puc /Pn in columns due to prescribed loading combinations without con-
sideration of amplified seismic load is greater than 0.4, the axial compressive and
tensile strengths are checked in absence of any applied moment and shear for the
special seismic load combinations as described previously in the "Special Check
for Column" section of this manual (KBC SEISMIC 0713.8.3, 0702.4.1).
The beams are checked to be Seismically Compact according to Table 4-1 (KBC
SEISMIC 0713.14.2.1, 0713.8.2.1, Table 0713.8.1). If this criterion is satisfied,
the section is reported as SEISMIC as described earlier under "Classification of
Sections for Local Buckling Section" in this chapter. If this criterion is not satis-
fied, the program issues an error message.
The shear strength for link beams is taken as follows (KBC SEISMIC
0713.14.2.2):
Vu vVn (KBC SEISMIC 0713.14.2.2)
where,
Vp =
0.6 Fy (d 2t f ) t w , (KBC SEISMIC 0713.14.2.2(1))
M p = ZFy (KBC SEISMIC 0713.14.2.2(1))
= v (default is 0.9) (KBC SEISMIC 0713.14.2.2(1))
Pr = Pu (KBC SEISMIC 0713.14.2.2(1))
Pc = Py (KBC SEISMIC 0713.14.2.2(2))
=
Py Ag Fy . (KBC SEISMIC 0713.14.2.2(2))
If Pu > 0.15 Ag Fy , the link beam length, e, is checked not to exceed the follow-
ing:
Aw
if 0.3
Ag
A Mp
e 1.15 0.5 w 1.6 KBC SEISMIC 0713.14.2.2(3))
Ag V p
Aw
if < 0.3
Ag
Mp
e 1.6 (KBC SEISMIC 0713.14.2.2(3))
V p
where,
A=
w ( d 2t f ) t w (KBC SEISMIC 0713.14.2.2(3))
= Pr / Vr (KBC SEISMIC 0713.14.2.2(3))
Vr = Vu (KBC SEISMIC 0713.14.2.2(3))
If the check is not satisfied, the program reports an error message.
The link beam rotation, , of the individual bay relative to the rest of the beam is
calculated as the story drift times bay length ( L ) divided by the total lengths of
link beams (e) in the bay.
The link rotation, , is checked as follows (KBC SEISMIC 0713.14.2.3):
L
=
e
0.08 radian, where link beam clear length, e 1.6 M p Vp
0.02 radian, where link beam clear length, e 2.6 M p Vp
value interpolated between 0.08 and 0.02 as the link beam clear
length varies from 1.6 M p Vp to 2.6 M p Vp .
The story drift is calculated as
s Cd
= ,
I
where Cd is a System Deflection Amplification Factor and I is the system Im-

portance Factor.
The beam strength outside the link is checked to be at least 1.1Ry times the beam
force corresponding to the controlling link beam shear strength (KBC SEISMIC
0713.14.6.2). The controlling link beam nominal shear strength is taken as fol-
lows:
V=
n min(Vpa , 2 M pa /e). (KBC SEISMIC 0713.154.6, 0713.14.2)
The values of Vpa and M pa are calculated following the procedure described pre-
viously (KBC SEISMIC 0713.14.2). The correspondence between brace force and
link beam force is obtained from the associated load cases, whichever has the
highest link beam force of interest.
For load combinations including seismic effects, a load Q1 is substituted for the
term E, where Q1 is defined as the axial forces and moments generated by at least
1.1 times the expected nominal shear strength RyVn (KBC SEISMIC
0713.14.6.2).
All braces are checked to be at least Compact (KBC SEISMIC 0713.14.6.1,

0713.8.2.1, KBC Table 0702.4.1). The limits of the width-thickness ratio, p ,
have been presented in this manual in Table 3-5. If this criterion is satisfied, the
section is reported as Compact as described earlier under the "Classification of
Sections for Local Buckling" section in Chapter 3. If this criterion is not satisfied,
the program issues an error message.
The brace strength is checked for 1.25 Ry times the brace forces corresponding to
the controlling link beam nominal shear strength amplified by Ry ( R V ) (KBC
y n
SEISMIC 0713.14.6.1). The controlling link beam nominal shear strengths are ob-
tained by the process described earlier (KBC SEISMIC 0713.14.2.2).
For load combinations including seismic effects, a load Qv1 is substituted for the
term E, where Q1 is defined as axial forces and moments generated by at least
1.25 times the expected nominal shear strength of the link RyVn (KBCSEISMIC
0713.14.6.1).
All column members are checked to be Seismically Compact according to Table

4-1 (KBC SEISMIC 0713.14.8, 0713.8.2.1, Table 0713.8.1). If these criteria are
satisfied, the section is reported as SEISMIC as described earlier under the "Clas-
sification of Sections for Local Buckling" in this chapter. If these criteria are not
satisfied, the program issues an error message.
The column strength is checked for 1.1Ry times the column forces corresponding
to the controlling link beam nominal shear strength (KBC SEISMIC 0713.14.8).
The controlling link beam nominal shear strength and the corresponding forces are
obtained by the process described previously.
Note: Axial forces in the beams are included in checking the beams. The user is re-
minded that using a rigid diaphragm model will result in zero axial forces in the beams.
The user must disconnect some of the column lines from the diaphragm to allow beams
to carry axial loads. It is recommended that only one column line per eccentrically
braced frame be connected to the rigid diaphragm or that a flexible diaphragm model
be used.
4.9.8 Buckling Restrained Braced Frames (BRBF)

user is required to check the seismic design requirements for BRBF independently.
4.9.9 Special Plate Shear Walls (SPSW)

user is required to check the seismic design requirements for SPSW independently.
4.10 Joint Design

When using the SEISMIC design code, the structural joints are checked and designed
for the following.
Check the requirement of continuity plate and determination of its area
Check the requirement of doubler plate and determination of its thickness
Check the ratio of beam flexural strength to column flexural strength
Report the beam connection shear
Report the brace connection force
4.10.1 Design of Continuity Plates

In a plan view of a beam-column connection, a steel beam can frame into a column in
the following ways.
The steel beam frames in a direction parallel to the column major direction, i.e.,
the beam frames into the column flange.
The steel beam frames in a direction parallel to the column minor direction, i.e.,
the beam frames into the column web.
The steel beam frames in a direction that is at an angle to both of the principal axes
of the column, i.e., the beam frames partially into the column web and partially in-
to the column flange.
To achieve a proper beam-column moment connection strength, continuity plates such

as shown in Figure 2.3 of Chapter 2 are usually placed on the column, in line with the
top and bottom flanges of the beam, to transfer the compression and tension flange
forces of the beam into the column. For connection conditions described by the first
bullet, where the beam frames into the flange of the column, such continuity plates are
not always needed. The requirement depends on the magnitude of the beam-flange
force and the properties of the column. This is the condition that the program
investigates. Columns of I Sections only are investigated. The program evaluates the
continuity plate requirements for each of the beams that frame into the column flange
(i.e., parallel to the column major direction) and reports the maximum continuity plate
4 - 20 Joint Design
area that is needed for each beam flange. The continuity plate requirements are
evaluated for moment frames (OMF, IMF, SMF) only. No check is made for braced
frames (OCBE, SCBF, EBF, BRBF).
The program first evaluates the need for continuity plates. When the required strength
Pbf exceeds the available strength Rn , as appropriate, a continuity plate will be
required. The program checks the following limit states.
The column flange design strength, Rn , for the limit state of flange local bending is
given as follows:
Rn = 6.25t 2fc Fyc if not at top story (KBC Eqn. 0710.1)
Rn =(0.5)6.25t 2fc Fyc if at top story (KBC Eqn. 0710.1)
where
=0.9
The available strength of the column web against local yielding at the toe of the fillet
is given as follows:
Rn =(5.0kc + t fb ) Fyc twc if not at top story (KBC Eqn. 0710.2)
Rn =(2.5kc + t fb ) Fyc twc if at top story (KBC Eqn. 0710.3)
where
=1.0
The available strength of the column web against crippling is given as follows:
t fb ttw
1.5
EF t
0.80 t 1 + 3
Rn =
2 yc fc
, if not at top story

wc
dc t fc
t wc
(KBC Eqn. 0710.4)
Joint Design 4 - 21
t fb ttw
1.5
EF t
0.40 t 1 + 3
Rn = , if at top story and t fb dc 0.2
2 yc fc

wc
dc t fc
t wc
(KBC Eqn. 0710.5a)
t t
1.5
EF t
0.40 t 1 + 4 0.2 tw
Rn = ,
2fb yw fc
(KBC Eqn. 0710.5b)
d
wc
t fc
t wc
where
=0.75
The available compressive strength of the column web against local buckling is giv-
en as follows:
3
24 t wc EFyc
Rn = , if not at the top story (KBC Eqn. 0710.8)
dc
3
12 t wc EFyc
Rn = , if at the top story. (KBC Eqn. 0710.8)
dc
If any of the preceding conditions are not met, the program calculates the required con-
tinuity plate area as follows.
=Acp
(P bf Rn )
, (KBC Eqn. 0710, KBC Eqn. 0710.8)
c Fcr
In the preceding expressions, c, and Fcr are taken as follows:
c = 0.90
Fcr = Flexural buckling stress of equivalent column

related to the beam-column joint
4 - 22 Joint Design
Fy
KL E
0.658 Fe
Fy , if 4.71 ,
r Fy
Fcr = (KBC Eqn. 0705.3.2)
KL E
0.877 Fe , if > 4.71 ,
r Fy
where Fe is the elastic critical buckling stress given by
2 E
Fe = 2
. (KBC Eqn. 0705.3.4)
KL
r

The member properties of the equivalent column are taken as follows:
The cross-section is comprised of two stiffeners and a strip of the web having
a width of 25t wc at the interior stiffener and 12t wc at the ends of the columns
(KBC 0710.10.7).
The effective length is taken as 0.75h, i.e., K = 0.75 and L = h = d c 2t fc

(KBC 0710.10.7).
KL
is calculated based on the equivalent cross-section and equivalent
r
length stated here.
In addition to satisfying the preceding limit states, it is made sure that the
equivalent section, consisting of the stiffeners and part of the web plate, is able
to resist the compressive concentrated force (KBC 0710.10). This is similar to
a column capacity check. For this condition, the program calculates the re-
quired continuity plate area as follows:
Pbf
=
Acp 25t wc
2
, if not at top story
c Fcr
Pbf
=
Acp 12t wc
2
, if at top story
c Fcr
Joint Design 4 - 23
An iterative process is involved as A cp , r, and F cr are interdependent. If A cp is

needed, iteration starts with the minimum thickness and minimum width of the
continuity plate. A maximum of three iterations is performed.
If Acp 0 , no continuity plates are required. If continuity plates are required, they
must satisfy a minimum area specification defined as follows:
The minimum thickness of the stiffeners is taken as follows:
tcpmin = 0.5t fb (KBC 0710.10.7(4))
If the maximum thickness is more than the upper limit, the program reports an error.
Here it is assumed that the continuity plate can extend for the full width of the col-
umn flange.
The minimum width of the continuity plate on each side plus 1/2 the thickness of the
column web shall not be less than 1/3 of the beam flange width, or
b fp t wc
=
bcpmin 2 (KBC 0710.10.7(4))
3 2
So that the minimum area is given by
Acpmin = tcpmin bcpmin . (KBC 0710.10.7(4))
Therefore, the continuity plate area provided by the program is zero or the greater of
Acp and Acpmin .
Acp = Required continuity plate area
Fyc = Yield stress of the column and continuity plate material
db = Beam depth
dc = Column depth
h = Clear distance between flanges of column less fillets for rolled shapes
4 - 24 Joint Design
kc = Distance between outer face of the column flange and web toe of its fillet
Mu = Factored beam moment
Pbf = Beam flange force, assumed as Mu / ( db ttb )
Rn = Nominal strength
t fb = Beam flange thickness
t fc = Column flange thickness
t wc = Column web thickness
= Resistance
The special seismic requirements additionally checked by the program are dependent
on the type of framing used. Continuity plate requirements for seismic design are eval-
uated for moment frames (OMF, IMF, SMF) only. No checks are performed for braced
frames (OCBF, SCBF, and EBF).
For OMF, the continuity plates are checked and designed for a beam flange force,
Pbf = M pb / (db t fb ) ,
Pbf = M pb / (db t fb ) (KBC SEISMIC 0713.11.5)
For SMF and IMF, the continuity plates are checked and designed for a beam flange
force, Pbf = Ry Fy b fb t fb ,
Pbf = Ry Fy b fb t fb (KBC 0713.9.5, KBC 0713.10.5)
Note that the code insists on designing the continuity plate to match with tested con-
nection (KBC 0713.9.5).
4.10.2 Design of Doubler Plates

One aspect of the design of a steel framing system is an evaluation of the shear forces
that exist in the region of the beam-column intersection known as the panel zone.
Joint Design 4 - 25
Shear stresses seldom control the design of a beam or column member. However, in a
Moment-Resisting frame, the shear stress in the beam-column joint can be critical, es-
pecially in framing systems when the column is subjected to major direction bending
and the joint shear forces are resisted by the web of the column. In minor direction
bending, the joint shear is carried by the column flanges, in which case the shear
stresses are seldom critical, and this condition is therefore not investigated by the pro-
gram.
Shear stresses in the panel zone, due to major direction bending in the column, may
require additional plates to be welded onto the column web, depending on the loading
and the geometry of the steel beams that frame into the column, either along the
column major direction or at an angle so that the beams have components along the
column major direction. See Figure 2-3 of Chapter 2. The program investigates such
situations and reports the thickness of any required doubler plates. Only columns with I
Shapes are investigated for doubler plate requirements. Also doubler plate
requirements are evaluated for moment frames (OMF, IMF, SMF) only. No check is
made for braced frames (OCBF, SCBF, EBF).
The program calculates the required thickness of doubler plates using the following al-
gorithms. The shear force in the panel zone, is given by
nb
M bn cos n
=Vp
n =1 dn t fn
Vc .
The available strength of the web panel zone for the limit state of shear yielding is de-
termined as Rn , as appropriate. Assuming that the effect of panel zone deformation
on frame stability has not been considered in analysis, the nominal strength, Rn , is de-
termined as follows:
Rn =
0.6 Fy d c t p , for Pr 0.4 Pc , and (KBC Eqn. 0710.10.9a)
P
Rn =
0.6 Fy d c t p 1.4 r , for Pr > 0.4 Pc . (KBC Eqn. 0710.10.9b)
Pc
By using V p = Rn as appropriate, the required column panel zone thickness t p is

found as follows.
4 - 26 Joint Design
Vp
tp = , for Pr 0.4 Pc
0.6 Fy d c
Vp
tp = , for Pr > 0.4 Pc .
P
0.6 Fy d c 1.4 r
Pc
The extra thickness, or the required thickness of the doubler plate is given as follows:
t dp= t p t w ,
where
Fy = Column and doubler plate yield stress
tp = Required column panel zone thickness
t fn = Flange thickness of n -th beam
tdp = Required doubler plate thickness
t fc = Column flange thickness
tw = Column web thickness
V p = Required panel zone shear capacity kc
Vc = Column shear in column above
nb = Number of beams connecting to column
dn = Overall depth of n -th beam connecting to column
n = Angle between n -th beam and column major direction
dc = Overall depth of column
M bn = Factored beam moment from corresponding loading combination
Joint Design 4 - 27
Rn = Nominal shear strength of panel
Pr = Required axial strength, Pu
Py = Column axial yield strength, Fy A
Pc = Py
= 0.9
The largest calculated value of tdp , calculated for any of the load combinations based
on the factored beam moments and factored column axial loads, is reported.
Doubler plate requirements for seismic design are evaluated for SMF only. No further
check/design is performed for other types of frames.
For SMF, the panel zone doubler plate requirements that are reported will develop at
least the beam moments equal to the expected plastic moment capacity of the beam
(R M ),
y p or beam moments due to specified load combinations involving seismic
load (KBC 0713.9.3a). For seismic design, V p is calculated using the equation given
previously, except that M pb is taken as Ry Fy Z 33 .
The capacity of the panel zone in resisting this shear is taken as:
3bcf tcf2
Vn =
0.60 Fy dc t p 1 + , for Pu 0.75Py (KBC Eqn. 0710.10a)
db dc t p

3bcf tcf2 P
Vn =
0.60 Fy dc t p 1 + 1.9 1.2 r , for Pr > 0.75Pc
db dc t p
Pc
(KBC Eqn. 0710.10b)
giving the required panel zone thickness as
V p v 3bcf tcf2
t p= , if Pr 0.75Pc
0.6 Fy d c db d c
(KBC 0713.9.3a, KBC Eqn. 0710.10a)
4 - 28 Joint Design
V p v 3bcf tcf2
=tp , if Pr > 0.75Pc .
P db d c
0.6 Fy d c 1.9 1.2 r
Pc
(KBC 0713.9.3a, KBC Eqn. 0710.10b)
The required doubler plate thickness is calculated as
tdp = t p twc
where,
= 1.0
bcf = width of column flange
tcf = thickness of column flange
t p = required column web thickness
db = depth of deepest beam framing into the major direction of the

column
All other terms were explained previously.
For SMF, the program checks the following panel zone column web thickness re-
quirement:
t
(d c 2t fc ) + ( db 2t fb )
. (KBC 0713.9.3b)
90
Here, t is taken as twc + tdp when the doubler plate is plug welded to prevent local
buckling. In such cases, tdp is increased if necessary to meet this criterion. If the
doubler plate is not plug welded to the web, t is taken as twc and also as tdp for
checking both the plates. If twc cannot satisfy the criteria, then a failure condition is
declared. If tdp does not satisfy this criterion, then its value is increased to meet the
criteria. If the check is not satisfied, it is noted in the output.
Joint Design 4 - 29
4.10.3 Weak Beam Strong Column Measure

Only for Special Moment Frames (SMF) with seismic design category (SDC) A to F,
the code requires that the sum of column flexure strengths at a joint should be more
than the sum of beam flexure strengths (KBC 0713.9.6). The column flexure strength
should reflect the presence of axial force present in the column. The beam flexural
strength should reflect potential increase in capacity for strain hardening. To facilitate
the review of the strong column weak beam criterion, the program will report a beam-
column plastic moment capacity ratio for every joint in the structure.
For the major direction of any column (top end), the beam-to-column-strength ratio is
obtained as
nb
M
pbn cos n
Rmaj = n =1
. (KBC 0713.9.6)
M pcax + M pcbx
For the minor direction of any column, the beam-to-column-strength ratio is obtained
as
nb
M
pbn sin n
=Rmaj n =1
, (KBC 0713.9.6)
M pcay + M pcby
where,
Rmaj = Plastic moment capacity ratios, in the major directions of the col-
umn
Rmin = Plastic moment capacity ratios, in the minor directions of the col-
umn
M pbn = Plastic moment capacity of n-th beam connecting to column
n = Angle between the n-th beam and the column major direc-
tion
M pcax , y = Major and minor plastic moment capacities, reduced for axial
4 - 30 Joint Design
force effects, of column above story level
M pcbx , y = Major and minor plastic moment capacities, reduced for axial
force effects, of column below story level
nb = Number of beams connecting to the column
The plastic moment capacities of the columns are reduced for axial force effects and
are taken as
P
M pc Z c Fyc uc
= (KBC 0713.9.6)
Ag

The plastic moment capacities of the beams are amplified for potential increase in ca-
pacity for strain hardening as
M pb = 1.1Ry Fyb Z b f mv
where,
Z b = Plastic modulus of beam
Z c = Plastic modulus of column
Fyb = Yield stress of beam material
Fyc = Yield stress of column material
Puc = Axial compression force in column for given load combination
Ag = Gross area of column
f mv = The moment amplification factor. It is taken as the ratio of beam mo-

ment at the centerline of column to the moment of the column face. This
factor takes care of the M uv of the code (KBC 0713.9.6). f mv is taken
as follows:
Joint Design 4 - 31
dc
f mv = 1 + where,
Lb
dc = Depth of column section, and
Lb = clear span length of the beam.
For the preceding calculations, the section of the column above is taken to be the same
as the section of the column below, assuming that the column splice will be located
some distance above the story level.
4.10.4 Evaluation of Beam Connection Shears

For each steel beam in the structure, the program will report the maximum major
shears at each end of the beam for the design of the beam shear connections. The beam
connection shears reported are the maxima of the factored shears obtained from the
loading combinations.
For special seismic design, the beam connection shears are not taken less than the fol-
lowing special values for different types of framing. The special seismic requirements
additionally checked by the program are dependent on the type of framing used and the
Seismic Design Category.
For SMF, the beam connection shear is taken as the maximum of those from regular
load combinations and those required for the development of full plastic moment ca-
pacity of the beam. The connection shear for the development of the full plastic mo-
ment capacity of beam is as follows:
CM pb
Vu= + VDL + VLL
Lh
where,
V = Shear force corresponding to END I or END J or beam
C = 0 if beam ends are pinned, or for cantilever beam

= 1 if one end of the beam is pinned
= 2 if no ends of the beam are pinned
M pb = Plastic moment capacity of beam = 1.1 Ry M p
4 - 32 Joint Design
Lh = Clear length of the beam
VDL = Absolute maximum of the calculated beam shears at the correspond-

ing beam ends from the factored dead load only
VLL = Absolute maximum of the calculated beam shears at the correspond-

ing beam ends from the factored live load only
For IMF, the beam connection shear is taken as the minimum of the two values: (a)
maximum shear from the load combinations and (b) maximum shear based on beam
moment capacity of the beam (KBC SEISMIC 0713.10.2.1(2)).
The maximum shear from the load combinations is determined from all of the regu-
lar load combinations and also from the amplified seismic load combinations (KBC
SEISMIC 0713.10.2.1(2)). The load combination for amplified seismic load combi-
nations are also described previously in the "Design Loading Combinations" section.
The maximum shear based on beam moment capacity is calculated for any load
combination involving seismic load by replacing the seismic effect on shear force
with the capacity shear as follows:
CM pb
Vu= + VDL + VLL , (KBC SEISMIC 0713.10.2.1(2))
Lh
All parameters in the preceding equation have been described previously in this sec-
tion.
For OMF, the beam connection shear is taken as the minimum of the two values: (a)
maximum shear from the load combinations and (b) maximum shear based on beam
moment capacity of the beam (KBC SEISMIC 0713.11.4).
SEISMIC 0713.11.2.1(4)). The load combination for amplified seismic load combi-
nations also are described previously in the "Design Loading Combinations" section.
The maximum shear based on beam moment capacity is calculated for any load
combination involving seismic load by replacing the seismic effect on shear force
with the capacity shear as follows:
Joint Design 4 - 33
CM pb
Vu= + VDL + VLL , (KBC SEISMIC 0713.11.2.1(4))
Lh
All parameters in the preceding equation have been described previously in this sec-
tion. The moment connection is assumed to be FR.
For SCBF the beam connection shear is taken as the maximum of those from regu-
lar load combination and those from amplified seismic load combinations.
For OCBF and OBFI, the beam connection shear is taken as the maximum of those
from regular load combinations and those from amplified seismic load combina-
tions.
For EBF, the beam connection shear is taken as the minimum of the two values:
(a) maximum shear from the load combinations and (b) maximum shear based on
link beam shear capacity (KBC SEISMIC 0713.14.7, 0713.11.2.1(4)).
SEISMIC 0713.14.7, 0713.11.2.1(4)). The load combinations for amplified seismic
load combinations also were described previously in the "Design Loading Combina-
tion" section of this chapter.
The maximum beam connection shear based on link beam shear capacity is taken as
the beam connection shear that can be developed when the link beam yields in shear.
The load factor for the seismic component of the load in the combination is calculat-
ed to achieve forces related to yielding of the link beam. For connection shear deter-
mination, the forces are further amplified by 1.1 Ry (KBC SEISMIC SEISMIC
0713.14.7, 0713.11.2.1(4)).
If the beam-to-column connection is modeled with a pin in the program by releasing

the beam end, it automatically affects the beam connection shear.
4.10.5 Evaluation of Brace Connection Forces

For each steel brace in the structure, the program reports the maximum axial force at
each end of the brace for the design of the brace-to-beam connections. The brace con-
nection forces reported are the maxima of the factored brace axial forces obtained from
the loading combinations.
4 - 34 Joint Design
For special seismic design, the brace connection forces are not taken less than the fol-
lowing special values for different types of framing. The special seismic requirements
additionally checked by the program are dependent on the type of framing used.
Bracer axial forces for seismic designs are evaluated for braced frames (SCBF, IOBF,
OCBF, EBF) only. No special checks are performed for moment frames (OMF, IMF,
SMF).
For SCBF, the bracing connection force is taken as the minimum of the two values
(KBC SEISMIC 0713.12.3.1):
The expected yield strength in tension of the bracing member, determined as

Ry Fy Ag , as appropriate (KBC SEISMIC 0713.12.3.1).
The maximum load effect of the amplified seismic load combination (KBC
SEISMIC 0713.12.3.2).
Note that the required bracing connection force for the required compressive
strength of the brace based on limit state of buckling that is equal to 1.1 Ry Pn ,
as appropriate (KBC SEISMIC 0713.12.3.2), is always less than the corre-
sponding value considered in case (a). So this limit state is not considered.
For OCBF, the bracing connection force is taken as the minimum of the two values
(KBC SEISMIC 0713.14.4):
a. The expected yield strength in tension of the bracing member, deter-

mined as Ry Fy Ag , as appropriate (KBC SEISMIC 0713.15.4(2)).
b. The maximum load effect of the amplified seismic load combination.
For EBF, the required strength of the diagonal brace connection at both ends of the
brace is taken as the maximum of the following two values: (a) the maximum con-
nection force from the design load combinations, and (b) the maximum brace con-
nection force based on the link beam shear capacity.
The maximum connection force from the load combinations is determined for all the
regular load combinations. The amplified seismic load combinations are not consid-
ered.
Joint Design 4 - 35
The maximum brace connection force based on link beam shear capacity is taken as
the brace connection force that can be developed when the link beam yields in shear.
The load factor for seismic component of the load in the combination is calculate to
achieve forces related to yielding of the link beam. For connection force determina-
tion, the forces are further amplified by 1.25 Ry (KBC SEISMIC 0713.14.6.2).
4 - 36 Joint Design
Appendix A
P-Delta Effects
Modern design provisions are based on the principle that the member forces are
calculated by a second-order elastic analysis, where the equilibrium is satisfied
on the deformed geometry of the structure. The effects of the loads acting on the
deformed geometry of the structure are known as the second-order or the P-Delta
effects.
The P-Delta effects come from two sources: global lateral translation of the
frame and the local deformation of members within the frame.
Consider the frame object shown in Figure A-1, which is extracted from a story
level of a larger structure. The overall global translation of this frame object is
indicated by . The local deformation of the member is shown as . The total
second order P-Delta effects on this frame object are those caused by both
and .
The program has an option to consider P-Delta effects in the analysis. When you
consider P-Delta effects in the analysis, the program does a good job of capturing
the effect due to the deformation ( P- effect) shown in Figure
B-1, but it does not typically capture the effect of the deformation ( P-
effect), unless, in the model, the frame object is broken into multiple elements
over its length.
Appendix A - 1

Original position of frame
element shown by vertical
line
Final deflected position of the
frame element that includes the
global lateral translation, , and
the local deformation of the
Position of frame element
element,
as a result of global lateral
translation, , shown by
dashed line

Figure A-1 P- and P- effects
In design codes, required strengths are usually required to be determined using

a second-order analysis that considers both P- and P- effects. Approximate
second-order analysis procedures based on amplification of responses from
first-order analysis for calculating the required flexural and axial strengths are
common in current design codes and have the following general form:
=
M CAP B1M nt + B2 M lt (KBC Eqn. 0703.2.1a)
= Pnt + B2 Plt
PCAP (KBC Eqn. 0703.2.1b)
where,
M CAP , PCAP = Required axial and flexural design capacities
M nt , Pnt = Required axial and flexural capacities from first-order analy-

sis of the member assuming there is no translation of the frame
(i.e., associated with the deformation in Figure 2-1)
M lt , Plt = Required axial and flexural capacities from first-order analy-

sis of the member as a result of lateral translation of the frame
Appendix A - 2
Appendix A P-Delta Effects
only (i.e., associated with the deformation in

Figure A-1)
B1 = Unitless amplification factor multiplying M nt
B2 = Unitless amplification factor multiplying M lt , Plt
Depending on the choice of analysis methods, which is provided by the KBC

2009 code, a rigorous second order analysis or the amplification of first order
analysis results to estimate the effect of second order effects is required. The
program has the capability of performing both. In the first case, the required
strengths are determined directly from the analysis results without any amplifi-
cation factors (i.e., B1 and B2 are equal to 1). However, these amplification fac-
tors can always be overwritten by the user on a member-by-member basis, if
desired, using the overwrite option.
To properly capture the P- effect in a finite element analysis, each element,

especially column elements, must be broken into multiple finite elements. Alt-
hough a single element per member can capture the P- effect to some extent,
the program considers that inadequate. For practical reasons, the software inter-
nally divides the column elements into two members. The user must provide
additional subdivisions where a column is expected to have multiple inflection
points.
In general, steel frame design requires consideration of P-Delta effects in the

analysis before the check/design is performed. Although two elements per line
object are generally adequate to capture the P- effect, it is recommended to use
more than two elements per line object for the cases where both P- and P-
effects are to be considered for a member having multiple points of inflection.
However, explicit manual breaking of the member into elements has other con-
sequences related to member end moments and unbraced segment end moment.
It is recommended that the members be broken internally by the program. In this
way, the member is recognized as one unit, end of the members are identified
properly, and P- and P- effects are captured better.
Appendix A - 3
Appendix B
Steel Frame Design Preferences
The Steel Frame Design Preferences are basic assignments that apply to all of
the steel frame members. Tables B-1, B-2, and B-3 list Steel Frame Design Pref-
erences for "KBC 2009." Default values are provided for all preference items.
Thus, it is not necessary to specify or change any of the preferences. However,
at least review the default values to ensure they are acceptable. Some of the pref-
erence items also are available as member specific overwrite items. The Over-
writes are described in Appendix C. Overwritten values take precedence over
the preferences.
Table B-1: Steel Frame Design Preferences

Item Possible Values Default Value Description
Design Code Design codes KBC 2009 The selected design code. Subsequent design is
available in the based on this selected code.
current version
Appendix B - 1
Steel Frame Design Manual KBC 2009

Multi-Response Case De- Envelopes, Envelopes This is either "Envelopes", "Step-by-Step", "Last
sign Step-by-Step, Step", "Envelopes - All", "Step-by-Step - All"
Last step, indicating how results for multivalued cases (Time
Envelopes-All, history, Nonlinear static or Multi-step static) are
Step-by-Step-All considered in the design. - Envelope - considers
enveloping values for Time History and Multi-step
static and last step values for Nonlinear static.
- Step-by-Step - considers step by step values for
Time History and Multi-step static and last step
values for Nonlinear static.
- Last Step - considers last values for Time
History, Multi-step static and Nonlinear static.
- Envelope - All - considers enveloping values for
Time History, Multi-step static and Nonlinear
static.
- Step-by-Step - All - considers step by step values
for Time History, Multi-step static and Nonlinear
static.
Step-by-Step and Step-by-Step - All default to the
corresponding Envelope when more than one
multivalued case is present in the combo.
Framing Type SMF, IMF, SMF This item is used for ductility considerations in the
OMF, SCBF, design, when seismic provisions are considered.
OCBF, OCBFI,
EBF
Seismic Design A, B, C, D, E, F D This item varies with the Seismic Hazard Exposure
Category Group and the Effective Peak Velocity Related
Acceleration.
Importance Factor 0 1 This is related to seismic design. This is a function

of Occupancy Category.
Design system Roh 0 1 This is called the redundancy factor. It is related to

seismic design. This is used in the default design
combinations. The program uses the same value for
all directions
Design system Sds 0 0.5 This is called the Design Spectral Acceleration
Parameter. This is related to seismic design.
Appendix B - 2

Design System R 0 8 This is called the Response Modification Factor.

This is a function of Seismic Force Resisting
System. The R values can be specified in the
definition of Auto-Seismic Loads for load
calculation. It can assume different values for load
calculation in two orthogonal directions. The R
value specified here is solely used for design. For
design, the program uses the same value for all
directions.
Design System Omega0 0 3 This is called the System Overstrength Factor. This
is a function of Seismic Force Resisting System. It
can assume different values in two orthogonal
directions. The Omega0 value specified here is
solely used for design. The program uses the same
value for all directions.
Design System Cd 0 5.5 This is called the Deflection Amplification Factor.

This is a function of Seismic Force Resisting
System. It can assume different values in two
orthogonal directions. The Cd value specified here
is solely used for design. The program uses the
same value for all directions.
Analysis Method 7 Values Direct Analysis Indicates the method used to check/design the steel
Method with members. The design module does not verify the
General 2nd Order acceptability of the selected design analysis
Analysis and method; the user is expected to verify acceptability.
b variable Also, the user is expected to set the appropriate
stiffness modification factors and to supply the
combinations with appropriate notional loads.
Second Order Method 2 Values General 2nd Order This is either "General 2nd Order" "Amplified 1st
Order" indicating the second order method used to
analyze the structure. The design module does not
verify the acceptability of the selected method. The
user is expected to verify the acceptability of the
selected method.
Stiffness Reduction 2 Values Tau-b Fixed This is either "Tau-b Variable", "Tau-b Fixed",
Method "No Modification" indicating the stiffness reduction
method used to analyze the structure. The design
module does not verify the acceptability of the
selected method. The user is expected to verify the
acceptability of the selected method. The program
sets the appropriate stiffness modification factors
for the selected analysis method. The user is
expected to set the appropriate notional loads for
the stiffness reduction method selected.
Add Notional Load Cases Yes/No No Add Notional load cases into default design
into seismic combos? combinations involving Seismic Case.
Appendix B - 3
Steel Frame Design Manual KBC 2009

Phi (Bending) 1.0 0.9 Resistance factor for flexure.
Phi (Compression) 1.0 0.9 Resistance factor for compression.
Phi (Tension-Yielding) 1.0 0.9 Resistance factor for yielding in tension.
Phi (Tension-Fracture) 1.0 0.75 Resistance factor for tension rupture.
Phi (Shear) 1.0 0.9 Resistance factor for shear.
Phi (Shear, Short Webbed Resistance factor for shear for specific short-
1.0 1.0
Rolled I-Shapes) webbed rolled I-Shapes.
Phi (Torsion) 1.0 0.9 Resistance factor for torsion.
Ignore Seismic Code? Yes, No No Toggle to consider (No) or not consider (Yes) the
seismic part of the code in design.
Ignore Special Yes, No No Toggle to consider (No) or not consider (Yes)

Seismic Load? special seismic load combinations in design.
Is Doubler Plate Plug Yes, No Yes Toggle to indicate if the doubler-plate is plug
Welded? welded (Yes) or it is not plug welded (No).
HSS Welding Type ERW, SAW ERW Indicates the procedure used for welding the steel
members.
Reduce HSS Yes, No Yes Toggle to consider if the HS (Box or Pipe)

Thickness? thickness is reduced (Yes) or should not be reduced
(No).
Consider Yes, No No Toggle to consider the deflection limit (Yes) or to

Deflection? not consider the deflection limit (No).
DL Limit, L/ 0 120 Deflection limit for dead load. Inputting 120 means
that the limit is L/120. Inputting zero means no
check will be made of this item.
Super DL+LL Limit, L/ 0 120 Deflection limit for superimposed dead plus live
load. Inputting 120 means that the limit is L/120.
Inputting zero means no check will be made of this
item.
Live Load Limit, L/ 0 360 Deflection limit for superimposed live load.
Inputting 360 means that the limit is L/360.
item.
Total Limit, L/ 0 240 Deflection limit for total load. Inputting 240 means
that the limit is L/240. Inputting zero means no
check will be made of this item.
Appendix B - 4

Total-Camber Limit, L/ 0 240 Limit for net deflection. Camber is subtracted from
the total load deflection to get net deflection.
Inputting 240 means that the limit is L/240.
item.
Pattern Live Load 1.0 0.75 The live load factor for automatic generation of
Factor load combinations involving pattern live loads and
dead loads.
D/C Ratio Limit 1.0 0.95 The demand/capacity ratio limit to be used for
acceptability. D/C ratios that are less than or equal
to this value are considered acceptable. The
program will select members from the auto select
list with D/C ratios less than or equal to this value.
Maximum Number of 1 1 Sets the number of iterations of the analysis-design

Auto Iteration cycle that the program will complete automatically
assuming that the frame members have been
assigned auto select sections.
Appendix B - 5
Appendix C
Steel Frame Design Procedure Overwrites
The structural model may contain frame elements made of several structural
materials: steel, concrete, aluminum, cold-formed steel and other materials. The
program supports separate design procedures for each material type. By default
the program determines the design procedure from the material of the frame
member.
The software allows the user to turn off or turn on design of specific members
by selecting No Design or Default from material. Refer to the program Help for
information about overwriting the design procedure.
Overwrites
The steel frame design Overwrites are basic assignments that apply only to those
elements to which they are assigned. Table C-1 lists Steel Frame Design
Overwrites for "KBC 2009." Default values are provided for all overwrite items.
Thus, it is not necessary to specify or change any overwrites. However, at least
review the default values to ensure they are acceptable. When changes are made
to overwrite items, the program applies the changes only to the elements to which
they are specifically assigned, overwritten values take precedence over the
preferences (Appendix B).
Appendix C - 1
Table C-1 Steel Frame Design Overwrites for "KBC 2009"

Current Design Any defined steel Analysis section The design section for the selected frame object.
Section section When this Overwrite is applied, any previous auto
select section assigned to the frame object is
removed.
Fame Type SMF, IMF, From Preferences This item is used for ductility considerations in the
OMF, SCBF, design.
OCBF, OCBFI,
EBF
Omega O 1.0 Calculated This factor is related to seismic force and ductility.
Consider Yes, No From Preferences Toggle to consider the deflection limit (Yes) or to not
Deflection? consider the deflection limit (No) in design.
Deflection Check Ratio, Both Choose to consider deflection limit as an absolute, as

Type Absolute, a divisor of the beam length, as both, or with no
Both deflection limit.
DL Limit, L/ 0 From Preferences Deflection limit for dead load. Inputting 120 means
that the limit is L/120. Inputting zero means no check
will be made of this item.
Super DL+LL 0 From Preferences Deflection limit for superimposed dead plus live
Limit, L/ load. Inputting 120 means that the limit is L/120.
item.
Live Load Limit, L/ 0 From Preferences Deflection limit for superimposed live load. Inputting
360 means that the limit is L/360. Inputting zero
means no check will be made of this item.
Total Limit, L/ 0 From Preferences Deflection limit for total load. Inputting 240 means
that the limit is L/240. Inputting zero means no check
will be made of this item.
Total-Camber Limit, 0 From Preferences Limit for net deflection. Camber is subtracted from
L/ the total load deflection to get net deflection.
Inputting 240 means that the limit is L/240. Inputting
zero means no check will be made of this item.
DL Limit, abs 0 1. Deflection limit for dead load. Inputting zero means
no check will be made of this item.
Super DL+LL Limit, 0 1. Deflection limit for superimposed dead plus live
abs load. Inputting zero means no check will be made of
this item.
Live Load Limit, abs 0 1. Deflection limit for superimposed live load. Inputting
zero means no check will be made of this item.
Total Limit, abs 0 1. Deflection limit for total load. Inputting zero means
no check will be made of this item.
Appendix C - 2
Appendix C Frame Design Overwrites

TotalCamber Limit, 0 1. Deflection limit for net deflection. Camber is

abs subtracted from the total load deflection to get net
deflection. Inputting a value of 240 means that the
limit is L/240. Inputting zero means no check will be
made of this item.
Specified Camber The specified amount of camber to be reported in the

0 0
design output and to be used in the net deflection
check.
Live Load Reduction The reducible live load is multiplied by this factor to
0 Calculated
Factor obtain the reduced live load for the frame object.
Specifying zero means the value is program
determined.
Net Area to Total The ratio of the net area at the end joint to gross
0 1.0
Area Ratio cross-sectional area of the section. This ratio affects
the design of axial tension members. Specifying zero
means the value is the program default, which is 1.
Unbraced Length Unbraced length factor for buckling about the frame
0 Calculated
Ratio (Major) object major axis; specified as a fraction of the frame
object length. This factor times the frame object
length gives the unbraced length for the object.
determined.
Unbraced Length Unbraced length factor for buckling about the frame
0 Calculated
Ratio (Minor) object minor axis; specified as a fraction of the frame
length gives the unbraced length for the object.
determined.
Unbraced Length Unbraced length factor for lateral-torsional buckling
0 L22
Ratio (LTB) for the frame object; specified as a fraction of the
frame object length. This factor times the frame
object length gives the unbraced length for the
object. Specifying zero means the value is program
determined.
Effective Length Effective length factor for buckling about the frame
0 1.0
Factor (K1 Major) object major axis; specified as a fraction of the frame
length gives the effective length for the object.
determined. For beam design, this factor is always
taken as 1, regardless of any other value specified in
the Overwrites. This factor is used for the B 1 factor.
Appendix C - 3

0 1.0
Factor (K1 Minor) object minor axis; specified as a fraction of the frame
length gives the effective length for the object.
determined. For beam design, this factor is always
taken as 1, regardless of any other value specified in
the Overwrites. This factor is used for the B 1 factor.
0 Calculated
Factor (K2 Major) object major axis assuming that the frame is braced
at the joints against sidewsway; specified as a
fraction of the frame object length. This factor times
the frame object length gives the effective length for
the object. Specifying zero means the value is
program determined. For beam design, this factor is
always 1, regardless of any other values specified in
the Overwrites. The factor is used for axial
compression capacity.
0 Calculated
Factor (K2 Minor) object minor axis assuming that the frame is braced
at the joints against sidewsway; specified as a
fraction of the frame object length. This factor times
the frame object length gives the effective length for
the object. Specifying zero means the value is
program determined. For beam design, this factor is
always 1, regardless of any other values specified in
the Overwrites. The factor is used for axial
compression capacity.
Effective Length Effective length factor for lateral-torsional buckling;
0 K2 minor
Factor (K LTB) specified as a fraction of the frame object length.
This factor times the frame object length gives the
effective length for the object. Specifying zero means
the value is program determined. For beam design,
this factor is taken as 1 by default. The values should
be set by the user.
Moment Coefficient Unitless factor; Cm for major axis bending is used in
0 Calculated
(Cm Major) determining the interaction ratio. Inputting zero
means the value is program determined.
Moment Coefficient Unitless factor; Cm for minor axis bending is used in
0 Calculated
(Cm Minor) determining the interaction ratio. Inputting zero
Bending Coefficient Unitless factor; Cb is used in determining the
0 Calculated
(Cb) interaction ratio. Inputting zero means the value is
program determined.
NonSway Moment Unitless moment magnification factor for non-sway
0 Calculated
Factor (B1 Major) major axis bending moment. Specifying zero means
the value is program determined.
NonSway Moment Unitless moment magnification factor for non-sway
0 Calculated
Factor (B1 Minor) minor axis bending moment. Specifying zero means
the value is program determined.
Appendix C - 4
Appendix C Frame Design Overwrites

Sway Moment Unitless moment magnification factor for sway
0 1.0
Factor (B2 Major) major-axis bending moment. Specifying zero means
the value is program determined. The program
determined value is taken as 1 because it is assumed
that P-Delta effects were specified to be included in
the analysis, and thus no further magnification is
required.
Sway Moment Unitless moment magnification factor for sway
0 1.0
Factor (B2 Minor) major-axis bending moment. Specifying zero means
the value is program determined. The program
determined value is taken as 1 because it is assumed
that P-Delta effects were specified to be included in
the analysis, and thus no further magnification is
required.
HSS Welding Type ERW, SAW From Preferences Indicates the procedure used to check/design the steel
members.
Reduce HSS Yes, No From Preferences Toggle to consider if the HS (Box or Pipe) thickness
Thickness? is reduced (Yes) or should not be reduced (No).
Yield Stress, Fy Material yield strength used in the design/check.

0 From Material
determined. The program determined value is taken
from the material property assigned to the frame
object.
Overstrength The ratio of the expected yield strength to the
0 From Material
Factory, Ry minimum specified yield strength. This ratio is used
in capacity-based design for special seismic cases.
determined.
Compressive Nominal axial compressive capacity. Specifying
0 Calculated
Capacity, Pnc zero means the value is program determined.
Tensile Capacity, Nominal axial tensile capacity. Specifying zero
0 Calculated
Pnt means the value is program determined.
Major Bending Nominal bending moment capacity in major axis
0 Calculated
Capacity, Mn3 bending. Specifying zero means the value is program
determined.
Minor Bending Nominal bending moment capacity in minor axis
0 Calculated
Capacity, Mn2 bending. Specifying zero means the value is program
determined.
Major Shear Nominal shear capacity force for major direction
0 Calculated
Capacity, Vn2 shear. Specifying zero means the value is program
determined.
Minor Shear Nominal shear capacity force for minor direction
0 Calculated
Capacity, Vn3 shear. Specifying zero means the value is program
determined.
Appendix C - 5

D/C Ratio Limit The demand/capacity ratio limit to be used for
0 Calculated
acceptability. D/C ratios that are less than or equal to
this value are considered acceptable. Specifying zero
Appendix C - 6
Appendix D
Interactive Steel Frame Design
The Interactive Steel Frame Design command is a powerful mode that allows
the user to review the design results for any steel frame design and interactively
revise the design assumptions and immediately review the revised results.
Note that a design must have been run for the interactive design mode to be
available. With the design results displayed, right click on a frame object to
display the Steel Stress Check Information form for the member. Click on the
Overwrites button to display the Design Overwrites form, where the member
section or other design parameters may be changed. Clicking OK on this form
results in an immediate updating of the results displayed on the Steel Stress
Check Information form.
Appendix D - 1
Appendix E
Analysis Sections vs. Design Sections
Analysis sections are those section properties used to analyze the model when
an analysis is run (refer to the program Help for information about running an
analysis). The design section is whatever section is used in the steel frame
design. It is possible for the last used analysis section and the current design
section to be different. For example, an analysis may be run using a W18X35
beam, and then in the design, it may be found that a W16X31 beam worked. In
that case, the last used analysis section is the W18X35 and the current design
section is the W16X31. Before the design process is complete, verify that the
last used analysis section and the current design section are the same. Refer to
the program Help for information about completing this task.
The program keeps track of the analysis section and the design section
separately. Note the following about analysis and design sections:
Assigning a frame section property assigns the section as both the analysis
section and the design section.
Running an analysis always sets the analysis section to be the same as the
current design section.
Assigning an Auto Select section list to a frame object initially sets the
analysis and design section to be the section in the list with the median
weight.
Appendix E - 1
Steel Frame Design AISC 360-05/IBC 2006
Unlocking a model deletes the design results, but it does not delete or change
the design section.
Altering the Design Combinations in any way deletes the design results, but
does not delete or change the design section.
Altering any of the steel frame design preferences deletes the design results,
but does not delete or change the design section.
Appendix E - 2
Appendix F
Error and Warning Messages
This appendix provides all the possible error message that can be offered by the
Steel Frame Design model of the program. Some of these messages are relevant
to the "KBC 2009" design code. Others are relevant to the other design codes
supported by the program. However, the entire list is presented here for com-
pleteness.
Error
Description
Number
1 kl/r > 200
2 l/r > 300
3 P > Pe
4 P > 0.85Py
5 P . 075Py
6 1/r > 720/sqrt(Fy)
7 1 > 96ry
Appendix F - 1
Error
Description
Number
8 h/tw > 380/sqrt(Fy)
9 Section is slender
10 Section is Class 4
11 Section is not plastic
12 Pu > Pe(B1 is undefined)
13 Cf > Ce (U1 is undefined)
14 bf/2tf > 52/sqrt(Fy)
15 1u > 76bf/sqrt(Fy)
16 fe > Fe
17 l/r > 180
18 l/r > 250
19 1/r > 120
20 l/r > 140
21 Pu > Phi * Pe (Delta b is undefined)
22 N/C (Not Calculated)
23 Internal Program Error
24 Section is too slender
25 1/r > 1000/sqrt (Fy)
26 Story drift too high
27 bf/2tf > 52/sqrt (Fy)
Appendix F - 2
Appendix I Error and Warning Messages
Error
Description
Number
28 b/t > 100/Sqrt (Fy)
29 d/t > 1300/Fy
30 b/t > 52/sqrt (Fy)
31 Section is not compact
32 tz < (dz+wz)/90
33 b/t > 100/Sqrt (Fy)
34 1/r > 2500/Fy
35 Fy > 50 ksi
36 Link is too long
37 Section is not seismically compact
38 Phi factor less than or equal to zero
39 1o/f > 150*Sqrt (235/fy)
40 1o/f > 300*Sqrt (235/fy)
41 1o/f > 200*Sqrt (235/fy)
42 1o/f > 150*Sqrt (235/fy)
43 1o/f > 120*Sqrt (235/fy)
44 1o/f > 100*Sqrt (235/fy)
45 1o/f > 90*Sqrt (235/fy)
46 1o/f > 80*Sqrt (235/fy)
47 1o/f > 60*Sqrt (235/fy)
Appendix F - 3
Error
Description
Number
48 tz < (dz+wz)/70
49 1/r >60
50 1/r > 0.086*ry*E/Fy
51 kl/r > 4.23*Sqr(e/Ey
52 Link Rotaion is too high
53 Phib factor less than or equal to zero
54 Lambda_y > 120*sqrt(235/fy): Phib is no longer correct
55 0.8 N/Ney > .0 : Column is unstable
56 Beam/Column capacity ratio exceeds limit
57 Capacity ratio exceeds limit
58 Section is seismically slender &
59 tz < (dz+wz)/90
60 Beam/column capacity ratio exceed limit
61 Section is slender
62 Section is unknown
63 Section is not supported for design
64 Section is too slender Effective area negative
65 Section is too slender Effective Moment of inertia negative
66 Section is too slender D/t high
67 kl/r > 150
Appendix F - 4
Appendix I Error and Warning Messages
Error
Description
Number
68 kl/r > 250
69 l/r > 500
70 Unequal legs
71 Nue * N > Ncr
72 1/r > 5.87*ry*E/Fy
73 kl/r > 180 (IS 3.7, Table 3.1)
74 kl/r > 250 (IS 3.7, Table 3.1)
75 l/r > 400 (IS 3.7, Table 3.1)
76 Signa_ac, cal > 0.6*fcc (Excessive amplification) (IS 7.1.1)
Appendix F - 5
Bibliography
KBC, 2009. Korean Building Design Code, Architectural Institute of Korea,

1044-33 Sadang-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Korea, 156-827.
Boresi, A. P., 1985. Advanced Mechanics of Materials, John Wiley & Sons Inc.
ISBN 0-471-88392-1.
CSI, 2014. CSI Lateral Load Manual. Computers and Structures, Inc., 1646 N
California Blvd, Walnut Creek, California, 94596.
Popov, E. P., 1990. Engineering Mechanics of Solids, Prentice-Hall Inc. ISBN

0-13279258-3.
White, D.L. and J. F. Hajjar, 1991. Application of Second-Order Elastic Anal-

ysis in LRFD: Research to Practice, Engineering Journal, ACI, Vol. 28,
No. 4, pp. 133148.
Wilson, E. L., 1965, "Structural Analysis of Axisymmetric Solids," AIAA Jour-

nal 3, 22692274.
Bibliography - 1

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Steel Frame Design Manual

ISO SAP091415M16 Rev. 0

Copyright Computers and Structures, Inc., 1978-2015

Further information and copies of this documentation may be obtained from:

Computers and Structures, Inc.

[email protected] (for general information)

CONSIDERABLE TIME, EFFORT AND EXPENSE HAVE GONE INTO THE

THIS PRODUCT IS A PRACTICAL AND POWERFUL TOOL FOR STRUCTURAL

THE INFORMATION PRODUCED BY THE SOFTWARE MUST BE CHECKED BY

1.1 Load Combinations and Notional Loads 1-2

1.2 Stress Check 1-2

1.3 Direct Analysis Method vs. Effective Length Method 1-3

1.3.1 Effective Length Method 1-3

1.4 User Options 1-4

1.5 Non-Automated Items in the KBC 2009

2.1 Check and Design Capability 2-1

2.2 Design and Check Stations 2-2

2.3 Demand/Capacity Ratios 2-3

2.4 Design Load Combinations 2-4

2.5 Second Order P-Delta Effects 2-5

2.6 Analysis Methods 2-6

2.7 Notional Load Patterns 2-10

2.8 Member Unsupported Lengths 2-11

2.9 Effects of Breaking a Member into Multiple Elements 2-12

2.10 Effective Length Factor (K) 2-14

2.11 Supported Framing Types 2-17

2.12 Continuity Plates 2-18

2.13 Doubler Plates 2-20

2.14 Choice of Units 2-21

3 Steel Frame Design Using KBC 2009

3.1 Notations 3-1

3.2 Design Loading Combinations 3-5

3.3 Classification of Sections for Local Buckling 3-7

3.4 Calculation of Factored Forces and Moments 3-16

3.5 Calculation of Nominal Strengths 3-20

3.5.1 Nominal Tensile Strength 3-20

3.6 Design of Members for Combined Forces 3-70

3.6.3 Unsymmetric Members Subjected to Flexure

4 Special Seismic Provisions

4.1 Notations 4-1

4.2 Design Preferences 4-2

4.3 Overwrites 4-2

4.4 Supported Framing Types 4-3

4.5 Applicability of the Seismic Requirements 4-4

4.6 Design Load Combinations 4-4

4.7 Classification of Sections for Local Buckling 4-6

4.8 Special Check for Column Strength 4-10

4.9 Member Design 4-11

4.9.1 Special Moment Frames (SMF) 4-11

4.10 Joint Design 4-20

4.10.1 Design of Continuity Plates 4-20

Appendix A P-Delta Effects

Appendix B Steel Frame Design Preferences

Appendix C Steel Frame Design Procedure Overwrites

Appendix D Interactive Steel Frame Design

Appendix E Analysis Sections vs. Design Sections

Appendix F Error and Warning Messages

The design/check of steel frames is seamlessly integrated within the program.

Chapter 2 addresses prerequisites related to modeling and analysis for a suc-