7SG18 - Solkor N Complete Technical Manual PDF

Reyrolle
Protection
Devices
7SG18 Solkor N
Numeric Differential Protection
Energy Management
7SG18 Solkor N Contents
Contents
Technical Manual Chapters
1 Description of Operation
2 Performance Specification
3 Relay Settings
4 Communication Interface
5 Applications Guide
6 Installation
7 Commissioning
8 Maintenance
9 Appendix
10 Diagrams
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(and including any registered or unregistered design rights) are the property of Siemens Protection Devices
Limited. No part of this document shall be reproduced or modified or stored in another form, in any data retrieval
system, without the permission of Siemens Protection Devices Limited, nor shall any model or article be
reproduced from this document unless Siemens Protection Devices Limited consent.
While the information and guidance given in this document is believed to be correct, no liability shall be accepted
for any loss or damage caused by any error or omission, whether such error or omission is the result of
negligence or any other cause. Any and all such liability is disclaimed.
2014 Siemens Protection Devices Limited

7SG18 Solkor N Description of Operation
7SG18 Solkor N
Document Release History

This document is issue 2016/04. The list of revisions up to and including this issue is:
2010/02 Document reformat due to rebrand

2013/10 Software revision updated
2014/11 Modbus tables added
2015/06 MLFB table and availability note added
2016/04 Trip circuit Supervision description improved.
Software Revision History

19/04/2005 2646H80006R5
12/01/2010 2646H80006R6 Corrected ACD bit operation in IEC 60870-5-103

Contents
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 4
2 Hardware Description .................................................................................................................... 6
2.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 6
2.2 Output Relays ........................................................................................................................ 6
2.3 Status Inputs .......................................................................................................................... 6
2.4 Self Monitoring ....................................................................................................................... 7
2.5 Measuring Principles .............................................................................................................. 7
3 Protection Functions ...................................................................................................................... 8
3.1 Differential Element ................................................................................................................ 8
3.1.1 End To End Synchronisation ........................................................................................ 9
3.1.2 Differential Operation ................................................................................................... 9
3.1.3 Biasing ......................................................................................................................... 9
3.1.4 Trip Decision Processing ............................................................................................ 12
3.1.5 Supervision of the Protection Signalling Channel ........................................................ 12
3.2 Intertripping Elements .......................................................................................................... 12
3.2.1 Internal Intertrip .......................................................................................................... 12
3.2.2 External Intertrip ......................................................................................................... 12
3.2.3 Intertrip Operation ...................................................................................................... 12
3.3 Overcurrent Characteristic Elements .................................................................................... 13
3.4 Lowset Elements.................................................................................................................. 13
3.5 Highset 1 & Highset 2 Elements ........................................................................................... 14
3.6 Guard Relay operation ......................................................................................................... 14
3.7 Circuit Breaker Fail............................................................................................................... 14
3.8 Trip Circuit Supervision ........................................................................................................ 15
3.9 CT Supervision .................................................................................................................... 15
3.10 External Tripping .................................................................................................................. 15
4 Other Features ............................................................................................................................ 16
4.1 Circuit Breaker Maintenance ................................................................................................ 16
4.2 Metering............................................................................................................................... 16
4.3 Data Storage........................................................................................................................ 17
4.3.1 Waveform Records. .................................................................................................... 17
4.3.2 Event Records............................................................................................................ 17
4.3.3 Fault Data Records .................................................................................................... 17
4.4 Protection Signalling Communications Channel .................................................................... 18
4.5 Communications .................................................................................................................. 18
4.6 General Alarm Screens ........................................................................................................ 19
4.7 Default Instrument Screens .................................................................................................. 19
4.8 Multiple Settings Groups. ..................................................................................................... 19
4.9 Password Feature ................................................................................................................ 19
5 User Interface .............................................................................................................................. 21
5.1 Liquid Crystal Display ........................................................................................................... 21
5.2 LED Indications .................................................................................................................... 21
5.3 Keypad ................................................................................................................................ 21
5.4 Navigating the Menu System ................................................................................................ 21
6 Data Comms ............................................................................................................................... 26
6.1 IEC 60870-5-103 .................................................................................................................. 26
6.2 Modbus RTU ........................................................................................................................ 29
6.2.1 Event Record ............................................................................................................. 32
2016 Siemens Protection Devices Limited Chapter 1 Page 2 of 32

Figures
Figure 1 Differential Protection Element (1 Phase) .......................................................................8
Figure 2 Magnitude and Angle Comparison ..................................................................................9
Figure 3 Magnitude Comparator Bias Characteristic ...................................................................10
Figure 4 Angle Comparator Bias Characteristic ..........................................................................11
Figure 5 Overall Polar Characteristic ..........................................................................................11
Figure 6 Overcurrent Characteristic Element ..............................................................................13
Figure 7 - Lowset Element ............................................................................................................13
Figure 8 Highset 1 and Highset 2 Element .................................................................................14
Figure 9 Circuit Breaker Fail .......................................................................................................14
Figure 10 - Display Menu Structure ...............................................................................................23
Figure 11 Relay Fascia ...............................................................................................................24
Figure 12 Rear View ...................................................................................................................24
Reference Material
[1] - REYDISP EVOLUTION : is a PC based relay support package which allows local or remote
access to relays for uploading settings, downloading event and disturbance records, reading real-
time data and allowing control of plant. The package is available and is compatible with these relays.
[2] - INFORMATIVE COMMUNICATIONS INTERFACE : a report detailing all aspects of the

communications protocol used in these relays is available from Siemens. The report reference is
434TM05B.
List of Symbols
IL Local current
IR Remote current
IS Differential Current setting
Ires Restraint current
ID Differential current
ThsM Differential magnitude threshold
ThsA Differential angle threshold
B2 Bias Break Point (defines beginning bias slope 2)
S1 Bias slope 1
S2 Bias slope 2

1 Introduction
This series of Current Differential relays are numerical, multi-function devices, which have been designed to be
applied for the protection of two terminal overhead line and cable feeders. The relay may be used on generation,
transmission, distribution or industrial power systems.
The end to end signal can be via several types of fibre-optic, RS485 cable or twisted pair pilotwire. Check
catalogues for available options and models currently offered. Some options described and supported by this
manual are no longer available.
This series of Current Differential relays are part of the comprehensive range of Argus-platform based numeric
relays. These relays have extensive control functions, which are supplemented by advanced metering, data storage
and fibre optic communications. Supervisory and self-monitoring features give added confidence to the user as well
as reduced maintenance and down time. A menu-based interface gives user-friendly access to relay settings,
meters and operational data.
The relay includes backup over current and earth fault protection. The relay may be set to have this backup
protection in service permanently or only when a protection signal disturbance is detected by the relay.
The relay conforms to the relevant IEC 60255 standards.
Current differential elements:

In principle, current differential protection works by monitoring currents entering and leaving the protected zone. On
a healthy feeder, these should be equal and opposite (assuming current flow out of a terminal to be negative). Any
difference equates to current lost within the protected zone. Fault conditions generally cause high differential
currents. Low levels of differential current can exist on a healthy feeder caused by capacitive current shunted off
along its length, or low-level tapped loads. Generally, the difference between a fault current and any standing
differential is large. Also, a large step change occurs in differential current as a fault crosses the zone boundary
defined by the geographic location of the line CTs. An internal fault can therefore be detected accurately with a
Go / No-Go detector which does not require great accuracy in its self.
This protection is designed to work within the limitations of an asynchronous digital communication channel for its
end-to-end current information exchange. As such, the protection has to work with low data rates. This involves
minimising the content of each current sample and minimising the rate at which they are transmitted, consistent
with acceptable protection performance.
Intertripping elements:
The relay has three independent intertripping channels. One of the intertrip channels is an internal intertrip channel
and is dedicated to the differential protection. The other two channels are external intertrip channels and are
independent of the differential protection. These may be used for inhibits, intertrips, operation tripping or protection
signals used in distance protection schemes.
The transmission or reception of an intertrip command can be inhibited by the use of a status input.
Overcurrent elements:
The relay has three phase fault and one earth fault overcurrent characteristic elements.
These elements have a programmable pick-up level, characteristic, time multiplier and time delay and can be
inhibited via a status input or when the protection signalling channel is healthy. The programmable characteristics
consist of four IDMTL (inverse definite minimum time lag) curves, NI, VI, EI, LTI, and one DTL (definite time lag)
timer.
These elements may be assigned as guard relays for the differential protection. For the majority of applications the
use of over current and earth fault guards is not recommended as the relay automatically supervises the protection
signalling channel and automatically blocks the differential protection when its loss is detected. For longer feeders
the instantaneous over current may be used to trip very fast for close up internal phase faults. Its use and setting
will depend upon the relative feeder and source impedances.
Lowset elements:
The relay has three phase fault lowset and one earth fault lowset elements. These elements have a programmable
pick-up level and time delay and can be inhibited via a status input or when the protection signalling channel is
healthy.
These elements can also be assigned as guard relays for the differential protection.
Highset elements:

The relay has six Phase Fault (P/F) and two Earth Fault (E/F) Highset elements. These are grouped and
designated as follows:
Highset 1 comprising 3 PF + 1 EF
Highset 2 comprising 3 PF + 1 EF
These elements have a programmable pick-up level and time delay and can be inhibited via a status input or when
the protection signalling channel is healthy.
These elements may also be assigned as guard relays for the differential protection. These lowest and highest
elements may be set as instantaneous or definite time delayed (DTL).
Ordering Options:
The table below describes all models specified by mlfb ordering code. Some variants may not be available.
Check 7SG18 catalogue sheet for availability.
Solkor-N 7 S G 1 8 - - 0 0
Line differential relay using direct | | | | | | | | |
fibre optic or metallic pilot wires Relay type | | | | | | | | |
for communication. Two terminal Line differential 1 | | | | | | | |
plain feeders only. | | | | | | | |
Protection options | | | | | | | |
Basic functionality 1 | | | | | | |
- 3-phase overcurrent (50/51) | | | | | | | |
- Earth-fault overcurrent (50N/51N) | | | | | | | |
- 3-Phase differential (with fixed settings) (87L) | | | | | | | |
- Trip circuit supervision (74TC) | | | | | | | |
- Circuit breaker fail (50BF) | | | | | | | |
- CT supervision | | | | | | | |
- External/Internal intertrip (96) | | | | | | | |
Basic functionality plus 3 | | | | | | |
- Variable differential settings | | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
Protection signalling channel type | | | | | | |
RS485 electrical link (1200m) 1 | | | | | |
RS232 electrical to pilotwire link 2) 5 | | | | | |
1300nm optical fibre link (0-16km) 3) 6 | | | | | |
1300nm optical fibre link (49km) 3) 7 | | | | | |
| | | | | |
Auxiliary supply /binary input voltage | | | | | |
24/30/48 V DC auxiliary, 30 V DC/AC binary input A | | | | |
24/30/48 V DC auxiliary, 48 V DC/AC binary input B | | | | |
110/220 V DC auxiliary, 48 V DC/AC binary input 1) C | | | | |
110/220 V DC auxiliary, 110 V DC/AC binary input D | | | | |
220 V DC auxiliary, 220 V DC/AC binary input E | | | | |
| | | | |
I/O range | | | | |
1 Binary Inputs / 7 Binary Outputs (incl. 3 changeover) A | | | |
9 Binary Inputs / 7 Binary Outputs (incl. 3 changeover) C | | | |
| | | |
Frequency | | | |
50Hz 1 | | |
| | |
Nominal current | | |
1/ 5 A 0 | |
| |
Housing size | |
Case size E8 (4U high) E |
|
Communication interface |
Fibre optic (ST-connector) / IEC 60870-5-103 or Modbus RTU B
RS485 interface / IEC 60870-5-103 or Modbus RTU C
1
) High burden 110V & 220V binary inputs compliant with ESI48-4 ESI 1 available via external dropper resistors with 48V binary input version
for 1 binary input and 110 V application, order resistor box VCE:2512H10066 in addition
for 9 binary inputs and 110 V application, order resistor box VCE:2512H10064 in addition
for 1 binary input and 220 V application, order resistor box VCE:2512H10068 in addition
for 9 binary inputs and 220 V application, order two resistor boxes 2512H10067 in addition
2
) Pilot wire modem (up to 10km) with RS232 interface in BOP mounting case is available for use with these models, order 7XG1210-1AA00-0AA0.
Distance depends upon pilotwire parameters. Pilotwires must be screened twisted pair and two pairs are required for signalling
3
) Fibre Optic communication requires a compatible pair of relays at both ends. If ordering for one end only please specify details of the other end, which may need to be
upgraded to be compatible to the new delivery. Upgrade kits available under VCE:2646G10014K (0-16km) and VCE:2646G10010K (49km).

2 Hardware Description
2.1 General
All types of these relays share common hardware components and modules with the Argus range. The design for
the mechanical arrangement of the relays has been carefully chosen to provide a high level of EMI screening using
multi-layer PCBs with ground planes, RFI suppression components and earthed metal screens. The internal
arrangement has been divided into noisy and quiet areas in order to improve noise immunity and reduce RFI
emissions. The only direct connection from the quiet components to the external environment is via the optical
serial communications interface, which is immune to radiated or conducted interference.
2.2 Output Relays

The relays have 7 physical output contacts that are fully user configurable and can be programmed to operate from
any or all of the protection functions. In addition, a watchdog feature within the relay can be mapped to any of the
output relays. The normally closed contact of one of the three changeover outputs is generally required for this.
All output relays are of the same design, all capable of handling direct circuit breaker-tripping duty.
In addition to the physical output contacts, a virtual output contact is provided for use as a guard relay. This allows
any element to control the guard function of the relay and does not require any external wiring to the relay.
In their normal mode of operation, output relays, including the virtual guard relay, will remain energised for a
minimum user programmable delay. By default this is 100msec. If required, however, outputs can be programmed
to operate as latching relays. These latched outputs can be reset by either pressing the TEST/RESET button, by
energising a status input, or by sending an appropriate IEC60870-5-105 communications command.
A trip test feature is provided to exercise the output contacts.
For a list of terminal numbers and their usage see Table 1.
2.3 Status Inputs

Standard four pole relays have 1 status input. An expansion card can provide an extra 8 status inputs giving a total
of 9.
All status inputs are fully user programmable and each has a pick-up and drop-off timer. These timers allow
software filtering to be applied, which provides security in the presence of any induced A.C. voltages in the external
wiring. The default pickup timer of 20ms provides extra immunity to a.c. pickup on dc scheme wiring. If high-speed
operation is required, then the pick-up delay should be set to zero.
Each of the status inputs can be programmed to perform one of the following functions:
Initiate the External Inter-trip.
Provide Trip Circuit Supervision
Inhibit operation of any one or more protection functions.
Select an alternative settings group.
Trigger storage of a waveform record.
Synchronise the real-time clock.
Reset latched output relays.
Energise an output relay.
Raise a user definable alarm string that is scrolled across the LCD display.
Additionally, each status input can have its operating logic inverted with the Status Invert feature. This allows
normally open or normally closed contacts to drive the status inputs.
For a list of terminal numbers and their usage see Table 1.

2.4 Self Monitoring

The relay incorporates a number of self-monitoring features. Each of these features can initiate a controlled reset
sequence, which can be used to generate an alarm output. In addition, the Protection Healthy LED will give visual
indication.
A watchdog timer continuously monitors the microprocessor and the relay program memory is continuously
checked for data corruption using a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) routine. The internal voltage supply rails are
also continuously supervised and the microprocessor is reset if any of the rails are detected outside their working
ranges. Any failure is detected in sufficient time for the microprocessor to shut down in a safe and controlled
manner.
2.5 Measuring Principles

The input phase currents to the relay are passed through current transformers, which step down the phase currents
to levels suitable for the electronic input stage of the relay. The transformers have balanced outputs which are
lowpass filtered and fed into a differential amplifier. This provides excellent common mode and high frequency
noise rejection. The single ended output from the differential amplifier feeds into a switched gain amplifier and then
into an Analogue to Digital Converter (ADC) for sampling. The switched gain adjusts the signal level to give
optimum sampling resolution, and increases the effective dynamic range of the ADC.
The main current measuring algorithm for the differential protection is a Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). This
extracts the fundamental power frequency component and attenuates d.c. and harmonic components. The DFT
output is not a sine wave, but a pair of scalar (d.c.) signals representing a phasor in terms of its quadrature Real
and Imaginary components. Phasor Magnitude and Angle are derived from these using trigonometrical
relationships. The DFT uses 16 samples per cycle over a one-cycle moving window.
The main current measuring algorithm for the overcurrent protection is an RMS calculation, again using 16 samples
per cycle over a one-cycle moving window.
All relays are fully calibrated during manufacture using an accurate current source. Calibration coefficients are
stored in EEPROM and are used by the processor to compensate for any inaccuracies in the input stage, which
have been introduced by the analogue circuits. Errors in magnitude and phase are eliminated using this method.

3 Protection Functions
3.1 Differential Element

This relay uses a combination of both phase and magnitude differential comparison to determine operation.
The differential element takes a sampled version of the instantaneous current waveform as its local input and
compares it with a corresponding current from the remote end. The signal is converted to magnitude and angle
information for comparison
The relay is a biased differential protection, whereby the differential threshold is increased with increasing load to
accommodate any measuring and CT errors. The bias is a compromise between accommodating errors and spill
currents on one hand, while retaining sensitivity to genuine faults on the other. Some of the largest sources of
error result in angular errors (e.g. Communications delay, sample synchronisation, capacitive current) whereas low
level fault currents tend to be in phase with any through current. Separate limits for angle and magnitude difference
allow larger angular errors to be accommodated without sacrificing sensitivity.
A block diagram for a single phase of the differential protection is shown in Figure 1. Differential comparison is
performed at each end of the feeder, so an identical algorithm runs in the remote relay. The relay performs a pole
by pole magnitude and angle comparison using three separate algorithms, one per phase. A full cycle DFT is used
to measure the instantaneous current waveform which gives outputs for magnitude and angle. This phasor
information is used in the local differential comparator. An identical copy of the local measurement is sent to the
remote end. For transmission, magnitude and angle values are compressed to reduce the number of bits required
per sample. At the receiving end the values are expanded back to their original scale. Magnitude compression
inherently clips its signal at a maximum limit. The consequence to the protection is linear differential comparison at
low fault levels, turning to phase comparison at high fault levels. Since this protection works on each phase
individually, the stability angle can be larger than phase comparison schemes using a single summated relaying
quantity.
Differential CT Ratio
Setting Compensation
To Remote Relay From Remote Relay

Calculate
Multiplier Tx Rx
Output Relays
Magnitude
X Remote Mag DTL
Phasor Compres Magnitude
Waveform Expand
Estimator s Local Mag Comparator
Angle
Trip
>1
Mag
DTL
Delay Remote Angle
Angle
Expand
Buffer Comparator
Angle Local Angle
Event
Instrument
Instrument
Event
Characteristic Inhibit
Status Input
Signalling Inhibit Control

Disturbance
Event
Instrument
Output Relays
Figure 1 Differential Protection Element (1 Phase)

The local signal path goes through the same compression / expansion (companding) process as the transmitted
path, so that when local and remote currents are compared balance is maintained.
Separate magnitude and angle comparators compare the local and remote phasors and make a tripping decision
based on how closely matched they are. For operation, either magnitude or angle must exceed the relevant
differential threshold.
To improve security in the presence of communication disturbances, CT saturation, or other transient errors, the
final tripping decision is based on the comparators decision made over several samples. A counter is incremented
if the comparator operates and decrements if not. If the cumulative count exceeds a set target, the trip command is
issued. This target is user selectable allowing a trade-off between security and operate time for onerous conditions
such as excessive CT saturation.

If a communications error condition is detected an error signal is raised. As a safeguard against corrupted data
causing an unwanted trip, the differential protection count is held on a fleeting occurrence, or reset on a prolonged
occurrence.
3.1.1 End To End Synchronisation

The DFTs on each relay work to a common time base. This is achieved by numbering the ADC samples at each
end and synchronising them in time. The DFTs at each end start their reference cycles at the same sample
number, hence at the same instant.
Transmitted samples are subject to delay inherent in the communication channel, buffering, etc. In addition to
synchronising at source, it is also important that the correct samples are matched up for comparison at the
receiving end.
When data is transmitted, a sample number goes with it. A copy is stored locally, also tagged with the same
sample number. At the receiving end, the sample number associated with the received data is used to retrieve the
corresponding local sample from a history buffer. Comparison is therefore done on sets of data originating at the
same time, irrespective of transmission delays etc (See Figure 1).
3.1.2 Differential Operation

For operation the following conditions must be met:
The difference between local and remote magnitudes must exceed the magnitude differential threshold.
or
The difference between local and the inverted remote angle must exceed the Angle differential threshold.
Expressed mathematically:
I L I R Ths M
or
arg(I L ) arg(I R + 180) Ths A
Trip
Stable
Trip Stable Trip
Trip
Magnitude Angle
Comparison Comparison
Figure 2 Magnitude and Angle Comparison
A point of convention: The stable condition shown in the diagrams corresponds to two phasors superimposed, i.e.
the reference phasor is in the centre of the stable area. Normal convention regards currents flowing into the
protected zone as having the same sign, so a balanced (stable) condition has equal and opposite currents. If the
remote current is taken as reference, then the reference phasor shown in the centre of the stable area is -R.
3.1.3 Biasing
Both magnitude and angle comparators are biased so the overall stable area on the polar plane increases with
current magnitude. The same restraining quantity is used for both, derived from the mean scalar current.
I res = ( I L + I R )2
A multi-stage bias is used giving thresholds as follows:

Magnitude Threshold: The operating threshold is given by the equation:
ThsM = I S for I res < 0.5 I S

= IS + S1 (I res 0.5 I S ) B2 > I res 0.5 I S
= IS + S1 (B2 0.5 I S ) + S 2 (I res B2 ) I res B2
This is shown graphically in
Figure 3. The first stage of bias accommodates proportional errors in the system to maintain a stability margin at
least equal to the original differential setting. The second stage of bias accommodates any additional differential
current caused by the likes of CT saturation at higher current levels.
10
Restraint = ( | IL | + | IR | ) / 2
Axes are scaled as multiples of differential setting.
9
8
Differential Threshold (xIs)
)
2
(S
e2
6
op
Trip Zone
Sl
i as
5
FB
P/
4
3
1 (S 1)
Bias Break Point (B2)

s Slope
2
P/F Bia
Is-> 1 Stable Zone

0.5xIs
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
SN002.VSD
Restraint (x Is)
Figure 3 Magnitude Comparator Bias Characteristic

Settings:
IS = P/F Differential Setting S1 = P/F Bias Slope 1 Setting
S2 = P/F Bias Slope 2 Setting B2 = Bias Break Point Setting

Angle Threshold: The operating threshold is given by the equation:
Ths A = 180 for I res < 0.5 I S

= 45 + Shaping B 2 > I res 0.5 I S
= 67.5 I res B2
Figure 4 shows the bias characteristic graphically. The lowest level of currents for which the protection can
correctly operate, result in a restraint of 0.5 Is. Phasor angle measurement becomes inaccurate at very low levels
and near zero it can swing full circle. The angle comparator is therefore turned off for restraint current below 0.5Is
by giving it a threshold greater than 180 (i.e. 200). Above this, the angle threshold is set to accommodate
phase shifts caused by sample synchronisation errors, data compression and whatever margin is required by power
system conditions etc. At high current levels, the angular threshold is opened up to accommodate additional phase
shifts caused by CT saturation.
Relay software Revision 4 code released in July 2004, altered the phase angle comparator to a shaped
characteristic to allow more sensitive differential settings to be used on long cable feeders and hence improve fault
detection.
Differential Angle Threshold (deg.)
200
150 Trip Zone
100
Angle 2 = 67.5 degees
Angle 1 = 45 degrees
50 Stable Zone
Stable Zone
Stable Zone
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
IS Revision 4+ Code B2(set to 2xIn) Restraint Current (x Is)
Revision 1 to 3 Code
Figure 4 Angle Comparator Bias Characteristic

Polar diagrams resulting from the combination of these two characteristics are illustrated in Figure 5.
Trip
L L
-R -R
Stable Trip Stable
Stable
Trip
SN004.VSD
Not to scale
Remote = 0 First stage of bias Second stage of bias

(Single end fault)
Not To Scale
Figure 5 Overall Polar Characteristic

3.1.4 Trip Decision Processing

If a threshold is exceeded a counter is incremented, otherwise it is decremented. This occurs at each pass of the
algorithm. If the count exceeds a set value a trip signal is issued. The trip is made on the outcome of a number of
successive comparisons. The output from the magnitude and phase comparitors at each stage, are OR gated to
assist with tripping with arcing and evolving faults.
This decision period is user adjustable via the Differential Delay setting. This is set to zero in most cases. The
Differential delay may be used if concern of CB breaking capacity may be compromised, to allow the dc offset
component in the fault current to subside, before a trip signal is sent.
The trip decision process can be interrupted in two ways if an alarm or error signal is raised elsewhere:
1) The count can be frozen, i.e. present comparisons are effectively ignored but previous ones retained.
2) The count can be reset, i.e. previous comparisons are dumped and present ones ignored.
The algorithm is processed every 5 ms, therefore each count adds 5 ms to the protection operating time. The
overall operating time also includes the response time of the DFT, communications delay, output contacts and any
delay incurred transferring data to and from various processor modules in the hardware.
3.1.5 Supervision of the Protection Signalling Channel

The relay software includes several types of error checking (such as scew and parity) in the frames sent and
received. The relay provides complete supervision of the channel, and will instantaneously block the differential
elements if frames cannot be synchronised due to a loss of the channel for a severed fibre or broken wiring.
This feature may be checked by removing the signalling medium to both relays and applying a simulated internal
fault after the Signal Healthy LED has commenced flashing on both relays. The Signal Alarm output contact can be
used to indicate a fault in the channel to a remote point. This feature removes the need for over current and earth
fault guard elements to supervise a differential trip.
3.2 Intertripping Elements
3.2.1 Internal Intertrip

The internal intertrip is used to ensure both ends of a feeder are cleared if the differential protection is used with a
guard qualifying its trip output. (A guard is used when additional security is required, usually against false tripping
under difficult communication conditions.) If an internal fault is fed largely from one end, the differential
comparators at both ends operate identically, but the guard at the low current end may not pick up and the trip will
be blocked at this end.
To ensure tripping at both ends, an intertrip is sent if both Differential AND Guard operate. At the receive end, the
intertrip output can operate any user selected contact. The additional security provided by the guards is still
present as the intertrip only sends if a differential is detected coincidentally with a large current.
3.2.2 External Intertrip

Two external inter-trip channels are provided. These channels are of the Direct Intertrip (Transfer Trip) type
and are independent of the differential protection. They are driven from mapped status inputs. At the
receiving end, the intertrip output follows the state of the sending end status input. The outputs can
independently operate any user selected contact.
An external intertrip can be configured as a permissive type intertrip by connecting its output contact in series with
an instantaneous overcurrent contact. Intertrip output is therefore blocked unless local current is present.
3.2.3 Intertrip Operation

When either an internal or external intertrip send command is raised the appropriate bits for that intertrip are set in
the data message frame.
After the message has passed security checks at the receive end, a counter is incremented whenever these bits
are detected. If the count exceeds a predetermined target value, an intertrip output is issued. This way, making the
tripping decision on a number of received messages enhances the system security.
Each intertrip channel has its own count, which also serves as the intertrip delay timer. The target value
determines the intertrip delay time, subject to a minimum value required to ensure adequate security. The target
values on the two external intertrip timers are derived from the user setting Ext Intertrip Delay. The target value

on the internal intertrip timer is derived from the user setting Differential Delay, so it takes on the same delay as
the differential element.
3.3 Overcurrent Characteristic Elements

The main overcurrent element can operate with either an Inverse Definite Minimum Time Lag (IDMTL) or a Definite
Time Lag (DTL) characteristic. Four IDMT curves are available:
Normal Inverse (NI)
Very Inverse (VI)
Extremely Inverse (EI)
Long Time Inverse (LTI)
The IDMT algorithms operate correctly for developing faults where current varies with time.
Intermittent or flashing faults are detectable by applying a delayed reset to the overcurrent timer.
These elements can be inhibited using either status inputs or when the protection signalling communications
channel is healthy.
There are 3 phase fault overcurrent elements and 1 earth fault overcurrent element.
The output of the element can also be used as a guard relay for the differential protection.
I > Is LED
Output Relays Output Relays
IDMTL
Characteristic Trip
I > 105% x Is
& Element
Starter or DTL
Instrument
Event
Protection Signalling Event Event
Healthy Instrument Instrument
Inhibit
>1
(Characteristic Inhibit)
Status Input
Event
Instrument
Figure 6 Overcurrent Characteristic Element
3.4 Lowset Elements

There are three Phase Fault (PF) lowest elements and one Earth Fault (EF) lowset element. These elements have
programmable pick-up levels and time delays. They can be inhibited via a status input or when the protection-
signalling channel is healthy.
The lowset element consists of a shaped instantaneous starter characteristic followed by a DTL. The
instantaneous outputs are designed for transient free operation where high values of system X/R are experienced.
The output of the element can also be used as a guard relay for the differential protection.
Output Relays
Lowset DTL Trip

I > Lowset Setting
& Element
Starter
Instrument
Event
Healthy
Inhibit
>1
(Lowset Inhibit)
Status Input
Event
Instrument
Figure 7 - Lowset Element

3.5 Highset 1 & Highset 2 Elements

There are two sets of Highset elements. Each set comprises three PF Highset elements and one EF Highset
element. These have programmable pick-up levels and time delays. They can be inhibited via a status input or
when the protection signalling channel is healthy.
All Highset 1 and Highset 2 elements consist of a shaped instantaneous starter characteristic followed by a DTL.
The instantaneous outputs are designed for transient free operation where high values of system X/R are
experienced. Highset 1 and Highset 2 are independent from one another.
The output of the elements can also be used as a guard relay for the differential protection
Output Relays
Highset1(2) DTL Trip

I Highset1(2) Setting
& Element
Starter
Instrument
Event
Healthy
1 Inhibit
(Highset1(2) Inhibit)
Status Input
Event
Instrument
Figure 8 Highset 1 and Highset 2 Element
3.6 Guard Relay operation

Any of the Highset and Lowset elements may be assigned as guard relays. Generally these guard elements are not
required for this relay, as the Signal Loss Detection will block the differential elements if a break in the protection
signal channel causes a loss of frame synchronism. If more than one element is set as GPF, operation of ANY of
the GPF elements will allow the Differential element to operate.
3.7 Circuit Breaker Fail

A two-stage circuit breaker fail timer is provided. CBF timer 1 begins to run following a trip output from any one of
the protection algorithms and issues a back-trip output if current is still above setting. CBF timer 2 then begins to
run and issues a second back-trip output. The correct operation of the CF Fail depends upon all trip outputs being
assigned as Fault Triggers in the Wavefrom storage menu. As an additional check the CB Fail Level detectors
Provide a means of checking the continuation of the fault current.
Any Protection Element CB Fail Time Delay

1
Status Input Y Circuit breaker fail 1
Event CB Fail 1
Fault Trigger
Output
relay
CB Fail Time Delay

2
P/F CBF Current Setting Circuit breaker fail 2
ENABLE E/F CBF Current Setting
EN
*see note 1 Event CB Fail 2
Iph
1 Note 1:- EN, Enable input is edge triggered and level active.
Ief IF CBF is applied then P/F & E/F must each have an ICBF current setting.
IF any CBF Current Setting = OFF (Zero) then output = 1 when enabled.
Enable/Output is Reset when all currents are OFF (Zero) or all are below setting.
Solkor N Protection Functions CBF
An externally triggered CBF initiate, for instance from an external SEF relay, requires a Status input to be mapped
to as Fault Trigger allocated output contact. When this output operates the CBF level detectors are Enabled.
Figure 9 Circuit Breaker Fail

3.8 Trip Circuit Supervision

A trip circuit supervision feature is provided within the relay. The relay can monitor its own trip circuit(s) by
configuring the status inputs using the Trip Circuit Fail setting and connecting the status input(s) into the trip circuit.
If all mapped status inputs are energised (raised) then the trip circuits are considered healthy. If any trip circuit
loses auxiliary supply, or becomes high resistance or open-circuit, then the wired status input will be de-energised
(cleared) and a trip circuit fail alarm and indication will be immediately raised. To avoid giving spurious alarm
messages while the circuit breaker is operating, the status input should be programmed to have a 400 ms drop-off
delay.
Details of the connection schemes are shown in Chapter 5, Applications.
3.9 CT Supervision
This feature provides detection for a CT becoming disconnected from the relay due to loose or broken wiring. It
operation depends upon the relay detecting a one or more phase currents being below the CT Supervision Pickup
level and at least one being above for the set CT Supervision time delay setting. If the load is high enough at the
point where the CT becomes detached from the relay the magnitude comparator will trip. If a CT supervision
elements operates without the load being high enough to operate the relay, a method of blocking the differential
protection at both ends of the feeder is possible using one of the external intertrip channels.
3.10 External Tripping

Any status input can be programmed to receive a trip signal from another device. The status input should firstly be
mapped to the trip output contact in the Output Configuration Menu, so that energisation of the status input results
in a trip signal being issued. If the same trip contact is specified in the Fault trigger setting then the relay will
switch to the fault data mode and indicate that an external trip has occurred.

4 Other Features
4.1 Circuit Breaker Maintenance

The I feature and the trip counter provide circuit breaker condition monitoring. Alarm outputs with programmable
2
settings are available from both features.

All of this information is accessed either from the relay front panel or via the IEC60870-5-103 communications
interface.
The values of current used for the I2 are those measured at the time of issuing a trip signal. A I2 is generated for
each phase element and the highest value is used for alarm and display purposes.
It is also possible to initiate the I2 algorithm from an external tripping device via a status input if required.
Note: both the trip count and I2 count can be reset when viewing the appropriate instrument screen by pressing
the TEST/RESET button.
4.2 Metering
Real time measurements and data are available at the fascia (in Instrument Mode) through the metering functions
or via the auxiliary communications interface. The following displays are available:
Primary local RMS currents for IA, IB, IC and IE
Secondary local RMS currents for Ia, Ib, Ic and Ie
Primary remote RMS currents for IA, IB, IC and IE
Secondary remote RMS currents for Ia, Ib, Ic and Ie
Differential current magnitudes for Ia, Ib and Ic
Output relay status
Digital input status
Trip circuit status
General alarm screen
Trip counter
I2 counter
Circuit breaker status
Number of waveforms recorded
Number of events stored
Date - displayed in DD/MM/YY format
Time - displayed in HH:MM:SS format
Overcurrent characteristic information for phase and earth poles
Differential characteristic information for phase poles
Protection signalling communications channel status
Protection signalling delay
Note: the instrument displays are updated as often as the software routines can service them, however the RMS
current measurands have a response time of approximately 500msec.
Figure 10 shows the display menu structure from where the available instruments can be accessed. Note that
pressing the Test/Reset key can clear three of the instruments, the Trip Counter, Waveforms and Events.

4.3 Data Storage

Details of relay operation are recorded in three forms, namely Waveform records, Event records and Fault Data
records. All records are time and date tagged by a real time clock which maintains the time even when the relay is
de-energised [see Note below]. Time and date can be set either via the relay fascia using appropriate commands in
the System Config menu or via the IEC60870-5-103 communications interface. In the latter case, relays connected
in a network can be synchronised by a global time sync command.
Alternatively, synchronising pulses can be received via a status input. To use this feature one of the status inputs
has to be assigned to the Clock Sync feature in the Status Config menu. Additionally the Clock Sync Period
setting in the System Config menu should be set to either seconds or minutes. If seconds are selected then the
energisation of the selected status input will result in the clock being synchronised to the nearest second with the
milliseconds set to zero. If minutes are selected then the clock is synchronised to the nearest minute with both
seconds and milliseconds set to zero.
Note: the real-time clock, waveform records and event records are all maintained, in the event of loss of auxiliary
d.c. supply voltage, by the backup storage capacitor. This capacitor has the ability to maintain the charges on the
real-time clock IC and the SRAM memory device for typically 2-3 weeks time duration. This time, however, is
influenced by factors such as temperature and the age of the capacitor and could be shorter.
4.3.1 Waveform Records.

The waveform record feature stores analogue and digital information for the current inputs, status inputs and output
relays. The waveform record is 1.0 second long with a sampling resolution of 16 samples per cycle. The recorder
feature has the ability to store records for the previous five trip operations of the relay. These are labelled 1-5 with 1
being the most recent record.
The waveform recorder can be triggered in the following ways:
Via the waveform trigger status input signal.
From any element trip operation, including, overcurrent, differential and intertrip elements.
From a disturbance on the protection signalling communications channel.
Via the IEC60870-5-103 communications interface.
The waveform recorder has a settable pre-fault triggering capability.
4.3.2 Event Records

The event recorder feature allows the time tagging of any change of state (event) of the relay. As an event occurs
the actual event condition is logged as a record along with a time and date stamp to a resolution of 5ms. There is
capacity for a maximum of 500 event records to be stored in the relay and when the event buffer is full, any new
record will over-write the oldest. The following events are logged:
Change of setting (though not the actual setting change). Also indication of which group of settings is
active.
Change of state of each output relay.
Change of state of each status Input.
Change of state of any of the protection functions of the relay.
Protection signalling disturbances and alarms.
Trip indication reset
Trip test.
Trip supply failure.
For a full list of all the events available see Error! Reference source not found..
4.3.3 Fault Data Records

When issuing a trip output under fault conditions, the relay will illuminate the Trip LED, store a fault record and
display the fault indication screen. The fault indication screen displays a summary of the fault data record, giving
immediate, easily understood information on what has occurred. It displays date (DD/MM), time (HH:MM:SS) and
the poles which were picked up when the trip signal was issued e.g.
25/04 17:25:51
TRIP A B C

This display is held until the TEST/RESET button is pressed, upon which the LED will turn off and any latched
output relays are reset. The relay enters Fault Data Display Mode at which point the fault indication screen is
replaced by a more detailed scrolling fault data display. This shows the date and time of fault and for each pole the
elements that were picked up and the currents measured at the time of trip. Elements in angled brackets, <>,
caused the trip e.g.
FAULT 1 25/04/00 17:25:51.5400 G1, IA= 10.00xIn <DIFF> IDMTL LS, IB= 0.00xIn, IC = 0.00xIn, IE = 10.00xIn
HS1 HS2, INTERTRIPS=Remote Int
FAULT 1
<< Fault Data >>
The fault record is viewed in the Fault Data Display Mode of the menu system and can be viewed again at a later
date. The relay will store the last 5 fault records, which are numbered 1-5, with 1 being the most recent record. To
view them, scroll down using the button.
Depending upon the relay application, some of the protection elements may not be used for tripping purposes but
for alarm purposes. In these cases it would be undesirable for the relay to light the Trip LED and give fault
indication. It is therefore necessary to define a Fault for the cases where a trip is issued. A Fault Trigger setting
exists in the Data Storage Menu, which allows a fault condition to be defined by selecting any combination of output
relays as tripping outputs. The Trip LED and the fault record storage will be triggered when any of the selected
output relays are energised. Note that a trip output can still be generated even if the fault trigger setting is not used,
though no trip indication will be given.
Fault records are stored in non-volatile memory.
4.4 Protection Signalling Communications Channel

See Performance Specification for the available End to end protection signalling communication channel options.
Channel status is shown in the relay instruments, The following text may be displayed, multiple errors may be
displayed simultaneously:
HEALTHTY when the ends are synchronised and the connection is in normal service.
SYN when the device is not synchronized with a remote device.
CHK when the checksum has failed due to data corruption
TIM when an expected data frame is missing
SEQ when the frame sequence is incorrect during disturbance recovery or data error
ALARM when the comms has been disturbed for more than the User settable Signal Alarm Timeout and an alarm is
raised
4.5 Communications
IEC60870-5-103 or MODBUS RTU protocols are available as a user selectable setting.
A fibre optic communication port is provided which gives superior EMC performance or an optional RS485 electrical
connection is available. For communication with the relay via a PC (personal computer) a user-friendly software
package, REYDISP EVOLUTION [1], is available to allow transfer of the following:
Relay Settings
Waveform Records
Event Records
Close Data Records
Instrument and meters
Control Functions
Communications operation is described in detail in Section 4 of this manual.

4.6 General Alarm Screens

An independent display function provides up to five alarm messages, each of which may be programmed by the
user to display a message associated with an external alarm.
Within the System Config Menu, each alarm message can be text edited by the user to display up to 13 characters.
Also, each alarm can be user mapped to any status input, via the Status Config Menu, so that on energisation of
that input the associated alarm message is automatically displayed. Where more than one General Alarm is raised
then the display will scroll right to left to show all energised screens sequentially, with screens separated by a +
sign. If required, more than one alarm may be mapped to a single status input, allowing long messages to be
displayed.
The message will appear on the LCD for the duration of the time that the status input is energised.
General Alarms
<< Alarm1 + Al<<
4.7 Default Instrument Screens

The menu presentation of the various instruments allows the user to view a single screen at a time. However, for in-
service use, it is desirable that a small number of high interest, user selectable, screens are presented
automatically by default without user intervention. The instrument screens of interest to the user e.g. those required
to be presented to a visiting engineer for record purposes can be selected by the user by pressing ENTER when
viewing the required screen. On pressing ENTER a Screen Set As Default message will be flashed up and a
will appear at the top right of that screen. The indica te s tha t a s cre e n is a
de fa ult s cre e n
. To de-select a default
screen, simply press ENTER while on that particular screen and a Screen Cleared As Default message will be
flashed up. The symbol will be cleared.
Differential a
0.00
If no keys have been pressed for a pre-determined time the relay will jump to the default instrument display
regardless of where the menu system has been left by the user. It will then scroll through each of the selected
default instruments and remain on each for 5 seconds. The main timer which sets the time to elapse before the
relay goes into the default instruments mode is found in the System Config Menu. This is the Default Screen Timer
setting and it can be set to a range of values from 10 seconds to 1 hour. See relay settings, Section 3 of this
manual.
If any General Alarm is raised, then the general alarm screen will be presented in the default screen sequence. The
general alarm screen, which has a scrolling display, will present one pass of its display message.
Any key press while in the default screen sequence will result in a return to the Relay Identifier screen at the top of
the menu structure.
4.8 Multiple Settings Groups.

The relay provides eight alternative setting groups, making it possible to edit one group while the relay protection
algorithms operate using another active group. An indication of which group is being viewed is given by the Gn
character in the top left of the display. The relay can then be switched from one group of settings to another to suit
alterations in the power system configuration. Changeover will occur within 35ms.
A change of group can be achieved either locally at the relay fascia, remotely via an IEC60870-5-103
communication interface command or by energisation of a status input. In the case of the latter method, the
Settings Group Select setting is used to configure any one (or more) of the status inputs to select a settings group.
The selected group is then made active if the status input is energised and remains active for as long as the input
remains energised. Changing setting groups must ensure the differential settings for a pair of relays remain
identical at all times. Therefore changes to the differential settings must only be done with no load current on the
feeder.
4.9 Password Feature

The programmable password feature enables the user to enter a 4 character alphanumeric code to secure access
to the relay settings. The relay is supplied with the password set to NONE which means that the password feature
is not activated. Once a password has been entered then it will be required thereafter to change settings. It can,
however, be de-activated by using the password to gain access and by resetting it back to NONE.
As soon as the user attempts to change a setting the password is requested before any setting alterations are
allowed. Once the password has been validated, the user is logged on and any further changes can be made

without re-entering the password. If no more changes are made within 1 hour then the user will automatically be
logged off, re-enabling the password feature.
Note that the password validation screen also displays a numerical code. If the password is lost or forgotten, this
code can be communicated to Siemens by authorised personnel, and the password can be retrieved.

5 User Interface
The user interface is designed to provide a user-friendly method of entering settings and retrieving data from the
relay. The relay fascia includes a 16 character by 2 line, backlit, liquid crystal display (LCD), 5 light emitting diodes
(LED) and 5 push buttons. Figure 11 shows a relay fascia.
5.1 Liquid Crystal Display

The liquid crystal display is used to present settings, instrumentation and fault data in a textual format.
To conserve power the display backlighting is turned off if no push buttons are pressed for 5 minutes. After one
hour the whole display is de-activated except if the display is left in the Instruments Mode where it will remain
visible permanently so that instruments can be displayed continuously. Also, if any default instruments have been
selected then the display will not power down, only the backlight will turn off. Once the backlight is turned off, any
following keypress will turn the backlight on without changing the display.
5.2 LED Indications

The following indications are provided:
Protection Healthy Green LED (flashes with fault).
This LED is solidly illuminated to indicate that DC volts have been applied to the relay and that the relay is
operating correctly. If the internal relay watchdog detects a permanent fault then this LED will continuously flash. If
this LED is not lit, then the dc supply to the relay or its power supply has failed
Intertrip Red LED (latched).
This LED indicates that an intertrip has occurred. This may be generated from either the internal intertrip or one of
the external intertrip channels.
I > Is Yellow LED (self resetting).
This LED indicates that any pole is picked up and is measuring current above one of the IDMTL / DTL characteristic
current settings. Visually this is equivalent to an induction disk relay starting to turn.
Trip Red LED (latched).
This LED indicates that a trip as defined by the user has occurred. Such a trip may be issued by any of the relays
protection functions. Only the operation of outputs set as Fault Triggers in the Waveform Storage Menu will
illuminate this LED.
Signal Healthy Green LED (flashes with comms disturbance).
This LED is solidly illuminated to indicate that the protection signalling communications channel is in synchronism,
and is operating correctly and error free. If a disturbance is detected on the signalling communications channel then
this LED will flash. A permanent fault detected on the communications channel will cause this LED to flash
continuously.
5.3 Keypad
Five pushbuttons are used to control the functions of the relay. They are labelled ENTER and
CANCEL. Note that the button is also labelled TEST/RESET.
When the relay front cover is in place only the and buttons are accessible. This allows only read access to all
the menu displays. It is not possible to change settings.
5.4 Navigating the Menu System

The display menu structure is shown in Figure 10. This diagram shows the three main modes of display, which are
the Settings Mode, Instruments Mode and the Fault Data Mode.
On relay start up the user is presented with a default relay identifier,
SOLKOR N
Factory Settings

which shows that the relay has been set with the standard factory default settings. The top line of the LCD can be
changed to some user-definable identifier or code if preferred.
Pressing the key on this display initiates an LED test. Pressing at this display allows access to the three
display modes that are accessed in turn by pressing the key.
The Settings Mode contains 9 setting sub-menus. These hold all of the programmable settings of the relay in
separate logical groups. The sub-menus are accessed by pressing the key. This enters the sub-menu and
presents a list of all the settings within that sub-menu. Pressing the key scrolls through the settings until after the
last setting in the group the next sub-menu is presented. Access to this group is via the same method as before. If a
particular sub-menu is not to be viewed then pressing the key will skip past that particular menu and present the
next one in the list. Note that all screens can be viewed even if the password is not known. The password only
protects against unauthorised changes to settings.
While viewing an editable screen pressing the ENTER key allows the user to change the displayed data. The
editable field will be indicated by a flashing character(s). Pressing or scrolls through the available setting
values or, pressing the key moves right through the edit fields. Note that all settings can be incremented or
decremented using the or keys and they all wrap-around so that to go from e.g. a setting minimum value to
the maximum value it is quicker to press the key, rather than scroll up through every setting. Also, to facilitate
quicker setting changes an acceleration feature is available which if or are depressed and held, then the rate
of scrolling through the setting values increases.
If CANCEL is pressed during a setting change operation the original setting value is restored and the display is
returned to the normal view mode.
If changes are made to the setting value then pressing ENTER disables the flashing character mode and displays
the new setting value. This is immediately stored in non-volatile memory.
Note: the relay exhibits a method of hiding settings which are not relevant to a particular customer scheme which is
known as setting dependencies. Some settings are dependant on others being enabled and if a function is not
enabled then associated settings are not displayed e.g. if the P/F Lowset is not required then set,
Gn P/F Lowset Setting to OFF; the following associated setting will not be displayed;
Gn P/F Lowset Delay,
Also hidden are all associated output relays options and status input inhibits.
There are many examples of setting dependencies and care must be taken to ensure a function is enabled before
looking for other associated settings which otherwise would be hidden.
The Instruments Mode contains a list of instruments. Pressing the key scrolls down through the list of
instruments and pressing scrolls up through them. For more information on the relays instruments see section
4.2
The Fault Data Mode can contain a maximum of 5 fault records. These are accessed in the same way as the other
display modes. For more information on the fault record displays see Fault Data Records
For a complete list of all possible settings see Section 3 of this manual. This section also shows all setting ranges
and factory default values, as well as including a brief description of each setting function.

CANCEL FAULT
FAULT DATA
RELAY IDENTIFIER LED TEST DISPLAY
SETTINGS INSTRUMENTS FAULT DATA

MODE MODE MODE
A= 0.00 B= 0.00
C= 0.00 E= 0.00 L
SYSTEM CONFIG FAULT 1
MENU. TO VIEW
a= 0.00 b= 0.00
c= 0.00 e= 0.00 L
G1 FAULT 5
G8
DIFF. PROTECTION
MENU. TO VIEW A= 0.00 B= 0.00
C= 0.00 E= 0.00 R
G1
a= 0.00 b= 0.00
G8
O/C PROTECTION c= 0.00 e= 0.00 R
NOTE : THE ARROWS IN THE DIAGRAM
MENU. TO VIEW
REPRESENT THE KEY PRESSES REQUIRED
TO NAVIGATE THE MENU SYSTEM.
Differential a
0.00 READ UP
G1
G8
O/P RELAY CONFIG
MENU. TO VIEW Differential b
ENTER
0.00
TEST /
RESET
G1 CANCEL
G8 Differential c
STATUS CONFIG 0.00 READ DOWN
MENU. TO VIEW
Relay Status
1__1___ _
PROT. SIGNALLING
MENU. TO VIEW Status Inputs
__1___1__
COMMS INTERFACE Trip Circuit

MENU. TO VIEW HEALTHY
G1 General Alarms
G8 No Alarms Raised
DATA STORAGE
MENU. TO VIEW
Trip Counter
RESET TRIP COUNT
0
CB MAINTENANCE
I2
MENU. TO VIEW 0.00MA2
RESET I2 COUNT
CB Status
CLOSED
Waveforms
RESET WAVEFORMS STORED
5
Events Stored
RESET EVENTS STORED
237
Date = 22/11/00
Time = 11:14:34
O/C Element
A B C E
Diff Element
A B C E
Signal Status
HEALTHY
Signal Delay
0.000 ms
Figure 10 - Display Menu Structure

Figure 11 Relay Fascia
2 3
9 0 1 2
A 3 3
1 2 3 4
B
3 3
Z
3 4 5 6
Y
3 3
SCN
5 6 7 8
Tx ( Signal) 3 3 1
7 8 9 0
RS485 Version
3 4 1 1
9 0 1 2 Tx
A
4 4 1 1 B
Rx ( Signal)
1 2 3 4 TERM
4 4 1 1 SCN
3 4 5 6
4 4 1 1 Rx
5 6 7 8 RS485 Data
4 4 1 2 Comms
7 8 9 0 Version
RS232 for connection 4 5 2 2
9 0 1 2
to Pilotwire Modem 5 5 2 2
1 2 3 4
5 5 2 2
3 4 5 6
5 5 2 2
5 6 7 8
Fibre Optic Fibre Optic

Signalling Version Data Comms
Figure 12 Rear View

Function Terminal Terminal Function

Not Used 1 2 Not Used
Status Input 1 (+) 3 4 () Status Input 1
Relay 1 (N/C) 5 6 Relay 1 (COM)
Relay 1 (N/O) 7 8 Relay 2 (N/O)
Terminal Block 1
Relay 2 (COM) 9 10 Relay 2 (N/C)

Aux. Volts (+) 13 14 () Aux. Volts
Earth ( ) 15 16 Relay 3 (N/O)
Relay 3 (COM) 17 18 Relay 3 (N/C)
Earth 1A CT Start 25 26 Finish Earth 1A CT
Earth 5A CT Start 27 28 Finish Earth 5A CT

Terminal Block 2

C Phase 1A CT Start 45 46 Finish C Phase 1A CT
C Phase 5A CT Start 47 48 Finish C Phase 5A CT
B Phase 1A CT Start 49 50 Finish B Phase 1A CT
B Phase 5A CT Start 51 52 Finish B Phase 5A CT
A Phase 1A CT Start 53 54 Finish A Phase 1A CT
A Phase 5A CT Start 55 56 Finish A Phase 5A CT
Table 1 - Connection

6 Data Comms
6.1 IEC 60870-5-103

The relay has four groups of event codes with function codes 160 (IEC60870 overcurrent), 164 (Reyrolle overcurrent),
192 (IEC60870 line differential), and 196 (Reyrolle line differential). The event codes are shown in Table 2 to
Table 5.
The General Interrogation column indicates those events that are returned in a general interrogation sequence.
The type column determines the type of frame used (type 1 = Absolute time stamp, type 2 = Relative time stamp,
type 5 = Initialisation).
The General Command column indicates which commands can be issued to the relay via the IEC60870-5-103
frame ASDU20.
The Measurand column indicates which measurands are returned via the IEC60870-5-103 ASDU4 frame. A private
ASDU9 frame is also used to return the four local and remote currents.
All events are time stamped to a resolution of 1ms. There can be a maximum of 500 events stored in the event
buffer as per the Argus range of relays.
INTERROGATION
INTERROGATION
MEASURAND
MEASURAND
COMMANDS
COMMANDS
(ASDU 20)
(ASDU 20)
GENERAL
GENERAL
GENERAL
GENERAL
(ASDU4)
(ASDU4)
EVENT
EVENT
CODE
CODE
TYPE
TYPE
A-O/C starter 64 2 Circuit breaker fail 1 85 2
B-O/C starter 65 2 P/F-general HS trip 91 2
C-O/C starter 66 2 E/F-general HS trip 93 2
E-O/C starter 67 2
Table 2 - IEC60870 Overcurrent Event Codes (Function code 160)
INTERROGATION
INTERROGATION
MEASURAND
MEASURAND
COMMANDS
COMMANDS
GENERAL
GENERAL
GENERAL
GENERAL
(ASDU 20)
(ASDU 20)
(ASDU4)
(ASDU4)
EVENT
EVENT
CODE
CODE
TYPE
TYPE
A-lowset starter 1 2 E-HS1 trip 16 2

B-lowset starter 2 2 A-HS2 trip 17 2
C-lowset starter 3 2 B-HS2 trip 18 2
E-lowset starter 4 2 C-HS2 trip 19 2
A-lowset trip 5 2 E-HS2 trip 20 2
B-lowset trip 6 2 A-HS1 starter 26 2
C-lowset trip 7 2 B-HS1 starter 27 2
E-lowset trip 8 2 C-HS1 starter 28 2
A-delayed trip 9 2 E-HS1 starter 29 2
B-delayed trip 10 2 A-HS2 starter 30 2
C-delayed trip 11 2 B-HS2 starter 31 2
E-delayed trip 12 2 C-HS2 starter 32 2
A-HS1 trip 13 2 E-HS2 starter 33 2
B-HS1 trip 14 2 Circuit breaker fail 2 39 2
C-HS1 trip 15 2
Table 3 - Private Overcurrent Event Codes (Function code 164)

INTERROGATION
INTERROGATION
MEASURAND
MEASURAND
COMMANDS
COMMANDS
GENERAL
GENERAL
GENERAL
GENERAL
(ASDU 20)
(ASDU 20)
(ASDU4)
(ASDU4)
EVENT
EVENT
CODE
CODE
TYPE
TYPE
Reset FCB 2 5 Input4 30 1
Reset CU 3 5 Trip circuit fail 36 1
Start/Restart 4 5 Signalling Disturbed 39 1
Power On 5 5 Alarm 47 1
LEDs reset 19 1 A-Diff Starter 64 2
Test Mode 21 1 B-Diff Starter 65 2
Settings changed 22 1 C-Diff Starter 66 2
Setting G1 selected 23 1 General trip 68 2
Setting G2 selected 24 1 A-general trip 69 2
Setting G3 selected 25 1 B-general trip 70 2
Setting G4 selected 26 1 C-general trip 71 2
Input1 27 1 General Starter 84 2
Input2 28 1 CB Status 128 1
Input3 29 1
Table 4 - IEC60870 Line Differential Event Codes (Function code 192)

INTERROGATION
INTERROGATION
MEASURAND
MEASURAND
COMMANDS
COMMANDS
GENERAL
GENERAL
GENERAL
GENERAL
(ASDU 20)
(ASDU 20)
(ASDU4)
(ASDU4)
EVENT
EVENT
CODE
CODE
TYPE
TYPE
Data lost 0 1 Output2 52 1
Internal Intertrip 2 2 Output3 53 1
Sent
Internal Intertrip 3 2 Output4 54 1
Received
External Intertrip 1 4 2 Output5 55 1
Sent
Received
Sent
External Intertrip 2 7 2 Trip count alarm 70 1
Received
External Trip 8 2 CB maintenance 71 1
alarm
A-Diff Trip 9 2 Waveform stored 80 1
B-Diff Trip 10 2 Remote control 81 1
interrupted
C-Diff Trip 11 2 E/F-general trip 92 2
Remote Test Mode 21 1 General alarm 1 121 1
Setting G5 selected 35 1 General alarm 2 122 1
Input5 45 1 General alarm 6 126 1
Input9 49 1 Ends In Synch 130 1
Output1 51 1 P/F Guard 131 1
Table 5 Private Line Differential Event Codes (Function code 196)

6.2 Modbus RTU

MODBUS
Address Description COM
08211 Reset Flag & Outputs ON Write Only
08215 Settings Group 1 Select ON
09218 Internal Intertrip ON Write Only
09220 External Intertrip 1 ON Write Only
09222 External Intertrip 2 ON Write Only
09267 Energise Output 1 ON
09296 Trigger Waveform Storage ON Write Only
09352 Reset Maximum Demand ON Write Only
09347 Energise P/F Guard Relay ON
Table 6 Coils (Read/Write Binary Values)
MODBUS Address Description

10064 A-starter (overcurrent)
10065 B-starter (overcurrent)
10066 C-starter (overcurrent)
10067 E-starter (overcurrent)
11116 Power On Counter Alarm
11121 CT Failure
18213 Test Mode
18214 Settings changed
18215 Setting G1 selected
18219 Input 1
18220 Input 2
18221 Input 3

MODBUS Address Description

18222 Input 4
18228 Trip circuit fail
18231 Signalling Disturbed
18239 Alarm
18256 A-Diff Starter
18257 B-Diff Starter
18258 C-Diff Starter
18276 General Starter
18320 CB Staus
19237 Remote Test Mode
19261 Input 5
19262 Input 6
19263 Input 7
19264 Input 8
19265 Input 9
19267 Output1
19268 Output2
19269 Output3
19270 Output4
19271 Output5
19272 Output6
19273 Output7
19286 Trip count alarm
19287 CB maintenance alarm
19337 General alarm 1
19346 Ends In Synch
19347 P/F Guard
Table 7 Inputs (Read only Binary Values)

MODBUS Size Units

Address Description (Words) Scaling Scaled
30001 Number Of Events In Store 1 1 -
30002 Latest Event Record 8 - -
30101 IA (PRIMARY) 2 1000 A
30103 IB (PRIMARY) 2 1000 A
30105 IC (PRIMARY) 2 1000 A
30107 IE (PRIMARY) 2 1000 A
30111 Ia (SECONDARY) 2 1000 A
30113 Ib (SECONDARY) 2 1000 A
30115 Ic (SECONDARY) 2 1000 A
30117 Ie (SECONDARY) 2 1000 A
30121 Ia (xIn) 2 1000 xIn
30123 Ib (xIn) 2 1000 xIn
30125 Ic (xIn) 2 1000 xIn
30127 Ie (xIn) 2 1000 xIn
30163 Relay Status 8 - -
30171 Status Inputs 8 - -
30179 Trip Circuit Fail 8 - -
30187 Trip Counter 2 1 -
30193 I2 2 100 MA2
30195 Number of Waveforms 2 1 -
30197 Number of Events 2 1 -
30199 Number of Faults 2 1 -
30201 Time 8 - -
30209 Date 8 - -
30217 Starters 8 - -
30257 General Alarms 8 - -
30289 Circuit Breaker 8 - -
30299 Power On Counter 2 1 -
30401 IA (PRIMARY) Demand 2 1000 A
30403 IB (PRIMARY) Demand 2 1000 A
30405 IC (PRIMARY) Demand 2 1000 A
30407 IA (PRIMARY) Max Demand 2 1000 A
30409 IB (PRIMARY) Max Demand 2 1000 A
30411 IC (PRIMARY) Max Demand 2 1000 A
30681 Remote End IA (PRIMARY) 2 1000 A
30683 Remote End IB (PRIMARY) 2 1000 A
30685 Remote End IC (PRIMARY) 2 1000 A
Remote End IA
30689 (SECONDARY) 2 1000 A
Remote End IB
30691 (SECONDARY) 2 1000 A
Remote End IC
30693 (SECONDARY) 2 1000 A
30697 Differential A (SECONDARY) 2 1000 A
30699 Differential B (SECONDARY) 2 1000 A
30701 Differential C (SECONDARY) 2 1000 A
30705 Differential Element 8 - -
30713 Signalling Status 8 - -
30721 Signalling Delay 8 - -
Table 8 Registers

6.2.1 Event Record

MODBUS does not define a method for extracting events; therefore a private method has
been defined based on that defined by [4] IEC60870-5-103.
Register 30001 contains the current number of events in the relays event buffer. Register
30002 contains the earliest event record available. The event record is 8 registers (16
bytes) of information, whose format is described below. When this record has been read it
will be replaced by the next available record. Event records must be read completely;
therefore the quantity value must be set to 8 before reading. Failing to do this will result in
an exception code 2. If no event record is present the exception code 2 will be returned.
The event address should be polled regularly by the master for events.
6.2.1.1 Format
The format of the event record is defined by the zero byte. It signifies the type of record
which is used to decode the event information. The zero byte can be one of the following.
Type Description
1 Event
2 Event with Relative Time
4 Measurand Event with Relative Time
The following table describes the fields in the event record.

Key Description
FUN Function Type, as defined for IEC870-5-103, refer to 6.1 above
INF Information Number, as defined for IEC870-5-103, refer to 6.1 above
DPI Measurand Event with Relative Time, values 1 = OFF, 2 = ON.
ms L Time Stamp Milliseconds low byte
ms H Time Stamp Milliseconds high byte
Mi Time Stamp Minutes (MSB = invalid, time not set > 23 hours)
Ho Time Stamp Hours (MSB = Summer time flag)
RT L Relative Time low byte
RT H Relative Time high byte
F# L Fault Number low byte
F# H Fault Number high byte
Meas Measurand format R32.23, sent least significant byte first
The following tables show the fields in the different event records as they are returned.
Type 1 Format
Byte 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Content 1 0 FUN INF DPI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ms L ms H Mi Ho
Type 2 Format
Byte 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Content 2 0 FUN INF DPI RT L RT H F# L F# H 0 0 0 ms L ms H Mi Ho
Type 4 Format
Byte 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Content 4 0 FUN INF Meas RT L RT H F# L F# H ms L ms H Mi Ho

7SG18 Solkor N Performance Specification
7SG18 Solkor N



19/04/2005 2646H80006R5
12/01/2010 2646H80006R6

Contents
1 General .................................................................................................................................................................. 3
2 Characteristic Energizing Quantity ........................................................................................................................ 3
3 Auxiliary Energizing Quantity ................................................................................................................................ 3
3.1 DC Power Supply .......................................................................................................................................... 3
3.2 DC Status Inputs ........................................................................................................................................... 3
3.3 Status Input External Resistances ................................................................................................................ 3
4 Accuracy Reference Conditions ............................................................................................................................ 3
5 Accuracy & Performance ....................................................................................................................................... 4
5.1 Differential Element ....................................................................................................................................... 4
5.2 Intertrip Element ............................................................................................................................................ 5
5.3 Lowset, Highset1, Highset2 Instantaneous/DTL Elements .......................................................................... 5
5.4 Overcurrent Characteristic Elements............................................................................................................ 6
5.5 Circuit Breaker Fail Elements ....................................................................................................................... 6
5.6 Status Inputs ................................................................................................................................................. 7
6 Accuracy General .................................................................................................................................................. 7
7 Accuracy Influencing Factors ................................................................................................................................ 7
8 Thermal Rating ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
9 Burdens.................................................................................................................................................................. 8
10 Output Contacts ..................................................................................................................................................... 8
11 Protection Signalling .............................................................................................................................................. 9
12 Environmental Withstand .................................................................................................................................... 10
12.1 General ....................................................................................................................................................... 10
12.2 Immunity ...................................................................................................................................................... 10
12.3 Emissions .................................................................................................................................................... 11
12.4 Mechanical .................................................................................................................................................. 12
13 Characteristics ..................................................................................................................................................... 13
Table of Figures
Figure 1 Differential Threshold (Magnitude) ................................................................................. 13
Figure 2 Differential Threshold (Angle) ........................................................................................ 13
Figure 3 Typical Differential Trip Times @ 38400 baud ............................................................... 14
Figure 4 Instantaneous Lowset, Highset1 & Highset2 Operate Times ......................................... 14
Figure 5 Overcurrent Starter Operate Time.................................................................................. 15
Figure 6 IDMTL Overcurrent Characteristic (Time Multiplier = 1) ................................................. 16
Figure 7 Thermal Rating for 1A Relay .......................................................................................... 17
Figure 8 Thermal Rating for 5A Relay .......................................................................................... 18

1 General
The relay complies with the relevant clauses in the following specifications: -
IEC 60255 3
IEC 60255 13
Note: References to Is refer to the current setting for the characteristic being discussed.
2 Characteristic Energizing Quantity

Rated Current (In) 1A / 5A
Rated Frequency (fN) Operating Range

50 Hz 47Hz to 52Hz
3 Auxiliary Energizing Quantity

3.1 DC Power Supply
Nominal Voltage (Vaux) Operating Range
24, 30, 48V 18V to 60V dc
110, 220V 88V to 280V dc
3.2 DC Status Inputs

Nominal Voltage Operating Range
30 / 34 18V to 37.5V
48 / 54 37.5V to 60V
110 / 125 87.5V to 137.5V
220 / 250 175V to 280V
Note: the status voltage need not be the same as the power supply voltage. For 110/125V or
220/250V working, use a standard 48/54V status input with a dropper resistor as follows: -
3.3 Status Input External Resistances

Nominal Voltage Resistor Value (Wattage)
110 / 125V 2k7 5% ; (2.5W)
220 / 250V 8k2 5% ; (6.0W)
Optional versions of status input are available for direct connection of 110V and 220V dc. These do
not comply with ESI 48-4 and will operate with a DC current of less than 10mA (see Section 5.6)
4 Accuracy Reference Conditions

General IEC 60255 3
IEC 60255 13
Current input for IDMTL 2x to 30x Is
Current input for DTL 5x Is
Auxiliary Supply Nominal
Frequency 50.0 Hz
Ambient Temperature 20C

5 Accuracy & Performance

Accuracy in this section is specified at reference conditions.
5.1 Differential Element

The Magnitude and Angle of the currents are compared in separate comparators. Typical operating
threshold characteristics are shown in Figure 1 and
180
170
Restraint = ( | IL | + | IR | ) / 2
160
150
Diff Angle = arg( IL ) - arg( IR + 180deg)
140
Differential Angle Threshold (deg)
130
120
110
100
90
80
Bias2
70
67.5
60
50 Bias1
45
40
30 Break2
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
SN088.VSD Restraint (x Is)
Figure 2. The error limits on these are as follows:
Operate levels
Differential Magnitude - Initial Threshold 10% or 10mA
Differential Magnitude - Biased Threshold Biased threshold (10% of Restraint) or 10mA
(At low levels) For Restraint <1.6Is

+ve limit:- Biased threshold +10% or +10mA
-ve limit:- Initial threshold -10% or -10mA
Differential Comparitor Angle Threshold 5
Differential and Intertrip operate times are given by:

t = t0 + td
where
t0 is the base operating time.
td is the Differential Delay time.
The base operating time depends on the communications bit rate.

Figure 3 shows typical Differential operating times at 38400.
Operate Times
Differential base operate time 40ms (38400 baud)
(Idiff > 10 Is) 55ms (19200 baud)
Differential Delay time 1% or 10ms

5.2 Intertrip Element

Intertrip Element
Intertrip base operate time 50ms (38400 baud)
65ms (19200 baud)
Intertrip Delay 1% or 10ms
5.3 Lowset, Highset1, Highset2 Instantaneous/DTL Elements

Lowset Element
Pickup / Dropoff levels
Operate Level Setting 5% or 10mA
Reset Level 95% of operate level
Repeatability 1%
Operate Time
Operate Time 1% or 10ms
See Figure 4 for operate time.
Repeatability 1% or 5ms

5.4 Overcurrent Characteristic Elements

IDMTL / DTL Characteristic
Operate Level 105% of setting 4% or 10mA
Repeatability 1%
IDMTL Operate Time (NI, VI, EI, LTI)

Starter Time 5%
See Figure 5 for starter operate time.
Operate times are calculated as 5% or 30ms
follows:
K
t
Tm
I
1
Is
where I = fault current
Is = current setting
Tm = time multiplier
and
for NI K = 0.14, = 0.02
for VI K = 13.5, = 1.00
for EI K = 80.0, = 2.00
for LTI K = 120.0, = 1.00
See Figure 6 for IDMTL operate curves.
Reset Time 1% or 10ms

DTL Operate Time

Starter Time 5%
Reset Time 1% or 10ms
5.5 Circuit Breaker Fail Elements

Operate Level Setting 5% or 10mA
Repeatability 1%
Operate Time
Reset Time
Reset Time Typically 25ms (20 to 0.9 x setting)
Accuracy 1% or 10ms

5.6 Status Inputs

Each status input has associated timers that can be programmed to give time delayed pick-up and
time delayed drop-off. The timers have default settings of 20 ms for pick-up and 0ms for drop-off, thus
providing immunity to an AC input signal.
Minimum operating current 10mA

Reset/Operate Voltage Ratio 90%
Response time (Pickup delay set to 0ms) < 5ms
Status inputs will not respond to the following:

250V r.m.s. 50/60Hz applied for two seconds through a 0.1uF capacitor.
500V r.m.s. 50/60Hz applied between each input terminal and earth.
10uF capacitor discharged from maximum DC auxiliary voltage.
The inputs meet the requirements of ESI 48-4.

(Apart from the optional low current versions that operate direct from 110V and 220V.)
6 Accuracy General
Transient Overreach of Highsets and -5%
Lowset for X/R = 100
Disengaging Time < 42ms
Overshoot Time < 40ms
Note: Output contacts can be programmed to have a minimum dwell time (the default is 100ms), after which the disengaging time is as
above.
7 Accuracy Influencing Factors

For conditions other than reference conditions, the following applies.
Factor Range Additional Error
Temperature -10C to +55C 0%

Frequency 47Hz to 52Hz
Differential setting 5%
Differential timing 1%
Overcurrent setting 1%
Overcurrent timing 1%
Ripple on DC supply (IEC 60255-11) 12% of DC voltage 0%
Break in DC supply (IEC 60255-11) 20 ms 0%

8 Thermal Rating
Phase & Earth Inputs

Duration 1A Tap 5A Tap
Continuous 3.0A 15A
10 min 3.5A 16.5A
5 min 4.0A 20A
3 min 5.0A 25A
2 min 6.0A 30A
3 sec 57.5A 230A
2 sec 70.7A 282A
1 sec 100A 400A
1cycle 700A 2500A
9 Burdens
Current Inputs
AC Burden Impedance
1A tap @ 1A 0.05VA 0.05
5A tap @ 5A 0.2VA 0.01
Note: Burdens and impedances are measured at nominal current rating.
Power Supply
DC Burden
Quiescent (Typical) 7 Watts
Max 11 Watts
10 Output Contacts
Contact rating to IEC 60255-0-20.
Carry
Continuous 5A ac or dc
Make and Carry

(limit L/R 40ms and V 300 volts)
For 0.5 sec 20A ac or dc
For 0.2 sec 30A ac or dc
Break
(limit 5A or 300 volts)
ac resistive 1250VA
ac inductive 250VA @ PF 0.4
dc resistive 75W
dc inductive 30W @ L/R 40 ms
50W @ L/R 10 ms
Minimum number of operations 1000 at maximum load

Minimum recommended load 0.5W, limits 10mA or 5V

11 Protection Signalling
Transmission type Asynchronous
Data rate 19200 bps, 38400 bps
Protocol Asynchronous, 11bit characters including start, stop, parity.
Data Frame 10 character frame including start flag, end flag, checksum.
Based on IEC 60870-5-1.
Characters in a data frame are transmitted with no intentional
gaps but a received gap of up to 1 bit can be tolerated
Hamming distance 4
Connection Point to point
Max permissible jitter <10s at 19200 bps
<5s at 38400 bps
Max permissible delay 37.5 ms end to end
Channel propagation delay is automatically compensated for if it falls within one of the pre-selected
bands in the protection settings.
Delays in each direction should be identical, or as near identical as possible. Any difference results in
a phase error of 9 deg/ms on a 50Hz waveform, which must be accommodated in the protections
stability margin.
Delays in each direction must fall within the same setting band for auto compensation.
Interface Options
Interface TX budget Max Range
Fibre Optic 1300nm 20dB Typically from 0 to 49km using typical

long range model 9/125m singlemode fibre*
26dB Typically from 5km to 15km using typical
62.5/125m multimode fibre*
Fibre Optic 1300nm 20dB Typically from 0 to 15km using typical
short range model 62.5/125m multimode fibre*
Electrical 4 wire RS485 < 1.2km

Metallic twisted pair pilots < Typically 8km for 0.8mm sq pilotwire(
dependant on pilot type-R&C) see
Table below.
* Based on fibre attenuations: -
62.5/125m multimode 3.5dB/km
9/125m single mode 0.3dB/km
Assumes no joins in the fibre, but includes a 3dB safety margin.
Actual losses for specific application should be calculated using cable manufacturers data or by direct
measurement using specialised equipment. Refer to the Applications Guide section of this manual.
Typical Range Limits for Screened Twisted Pair Pilotwires
Cross Sectional Approximate

Area Range
0.4mm sq 4km
0.5mm sq 5km
0.6mm sq 6km
0.7mm sq 7km
0.8mm sq 8km
0.9mm sq 9km
1.0mm sq and above 10km

The combination of pilotwire resistance (R) and inter-core capacitance (C) should not exceed a RC
product of 300,000 nF ohms. The value of R is the resistance for a single wire between pilotwire
modems at either end of the feeder. The value of C is the inter-core capacitance a pair of pilot wires.
The pilotwires should be earthed at both ends at the pilot wire terminations to limit. The relay and
pilotwire modems should be earthed separately in the relay panel. This above range limits includes a
suitable safety margin as the communications drop out occurs at about 340,000nF ohms.
12 Environmental Withstand
12.1 General
Temperature - IEC 60068- 2-1/2
Operating range -10C to +55C
Storage range -25C to +70C
Humidity - IEC 60068- 2-3

Operational test 56 days at 40C and 95% RH
Transient Overvoltage IEC 60255-5

Between all terminals and earth or between any two 5kV 1.2 / 50s 0.5J
independent circuits without damage or flashover
Insulation - IEC 60255-5

Between all terminals and earth 2.0kV rms for 1 min
Between independent circuits 2.0kV rms for 1 min
Across normally open contacts 1.0kV rms for 1 min
12.2 Immunity
High Frequency Disturbance -

IEC 60255-22-1 Class III
Variation
2.5kV Common (Longitudinal) Mode 5%
1.0kV Series (Transverse) Mode 5%
Electrostatic Discharge -
Variation
6kV contact discharge 5%
8kV air discharge (to fascia) 5%
Radio Frequency Interference -

Variation
80MHz to 1000MHz, 10V/m 5%
Fast Transient IEC 60255-22-4 Class IV

Variation
4kV 5/50ns 2.5kHz repetitive 5%
Conducted RFI IEC 60255-22-6

Variation
0.15 to 1000MHz - 10V 5%

12.3 Emissions
Radiated Limits IEC 60255-25
Frequency Range Limits at 10m
Quasi-peak dB (V/m)
30 to 230MHz 40
230 to 1000MHz 47
Conducted Limits IEC 60255-25

Frequency Range Limits dB (V)
Quasi-peak Average
0.15 to 0.5MHz 79 66
0.5 to 30MHz 73 60

12.4 Mechanical
Vibration (Sinusoidal) IEC 60255-21-1 Class 1
Variation
Vibration response 0.5gn 5%
Vibration endurance 1.0gn 5%
Shock and Bump IEC 60255-21-2 Class 1

Variation
Shock response 5 gn 11ms 5%
Shock withstand 15 gn 11ms 5%
Bump test 10 gn 16ms 5%
Seismic IEC 60255-21-3 Class 1

Variation
Seismic Response 1gn 5%
Mechanical Classification
Durability In excess of 106 operations
Qualification
Product :- compliant to all relevant EU directives.
Quality Systems :- accredited to ISO 9001

13 Characteristics
10
Restraint = ( | IL | + | IR | ) / 2
Differential = | | IL | - | IR | |
9
Axes are scaled as multiples of differential setting.
7
Differential Threshold (xIs)
2
6
s
Bia
5
1
2 Bias reshold
h
ed T
Bias
Break 2
Initial Threshold 1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Figure 1 Differential Threshold (Magnitude)

180
170
Restraint = ( | IL | + | IR | ) / 2
160
150
Diff Angle = arg( IL ) - arg( IR + 180deg)
140
Differential Angle Threshold (deg)
130
120
110
100
90
80
Bias2
70
67.5
60
50 Bias1
45
40
30
Break2
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Figure 2 Differential Threshold (Angle)

Typical Differential Trip Times
60
50
40
Operate Time (ms)
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Multiple Of Setting (xIs)
Figure 3 Typical Differential Trip Times @ 38400 baud
Instantaneous Lowset, Highset1 & Highset2 Operate Times

40
35
30
25
Time (ms)
20
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Current (xIs)
Figure 4 Instantaneous Lowset, Highset1 & Highset2 Operate Times

Instantaneous Starter Operate Time

30
25
20
Time (ms)
15
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Current (xIs)
Figure 5 Overcurrent Starter Operate Time

IDMTL Operate Curves
1000
100
10
Long Tim e Inverse (LTI)

Time (s)
Norm al Inverse (NI)
Very Inverse (VI)
0.1
Extrem ely Inverse (EI)
0.01
1 10 100
Current (xIs)
Figure 6 IDMTL Overcurrent Characteristic (Time Multiplier = 1)

10000
1000
3A WARNING:
continuous Rating will be
exceeded in this area
100
Time
(secs)
10
SAFE
OPERATING
1 AREA
0.1
1 10 100 1000
Current (amps)
Figure 7 Thermal Rating for 1A Relay

10000
WARNING:
Rating will be
exceeded in this area
1000
15A continuous
Wire Rating
100
Time
(secs)
Connector Rating
10
SAFE
OPERATING
AREA
1
0.1
1 10 100 1000
Current (amps)
Figure 8 Thermal Rating for 5A Relay

7SG18 Solkor N Relay Settings
7SG18 Solkor N



19/04/2005 2646H80006R5

Contents
1 System Config Menu ........................................................................................................................3

2 Diff. Protection Menu ........................................................................................................................4
3 O/C Protection Menu ........................................................................................................................4
4 O/P Relay Config Menu ....................................................................................................................5
5 Status Config Menu ..........................................................................................................................6
6 Prot. Signalling Menu........................................................................................................................8
7 Comms Interface Menu ....................................................................................................................8
8 Data Storage Menu...........................................................................................................................8
9 CB Maintenance Menu .....................................................................................................................9

1 System Config Menu

SETTING RANGE DEFAULT
Active Settings Group G1-G8 G1
selects the settings group that the relay will act upon
Settings Group Edit/View G1-G8 G1
selects the settings group to be displayed on the LCD
Copy Group From G1-G8 to G1-G8 From G1-G2
allows the contents of one settings group to be copied completely to
another group. Note that Copy Group will not allow the copying of a
group onto the currently active group
Local P/F Rating 1A, 5A 1A
sets the local relays phase fault current CT rating
Local E/F Rating 1A, 5A 1A
sets the local relays earth fault current CT rating
Local P/F CT Ratio 5 to 10000 step 5 : 1 or 5 300:1
sets the local relays phase input CT ratio so that local primary
currents can be displayed
Local E/F CT Ratio 5 to 10000 step 5 : 1 or 5 300:1
sets the local relays earth input CT ratio so that local primary currents
can be displayed
Remote P/F Rating 1A, 5A 1A
sets the remote relays phase fault current CT rating
Remote P/F CT Ratio 5 to 10000 step 5 : 1 or 5 300:1
sets the remote relays phase input CT ratio so that remote primary
currents can be displayed
Current Display xIn, PRIMARY, SECONDARY xIn
sets the display mode to use for the relay
Set Identifier Up to 16 alphanumeric SOLKOR N
allows a 16 character alphanumeric code or unique identification characters
reference to be entered for the relay
Set Alarm 1 Up to 13 alphanumeric ALARM 1
allows a 13 character alphanumeric string to be entered for the characters
General Alarm screen. It will be displayed on energisation of the
ALARM 1 status input
Set Alarm ..n Up to 13 alphanumeric ALARM n
as Alarm 1. There are a maximum of 9 alarms available in the relay characters
Calendar Set Date DD/MM/YY 01/01/00
sets the current date in DD/MM/YY format
Clock - Set Time HH:MM:SS 00:00:00
sets the current time in HH/MM/SS format. Note that only hours and
minutes can be set. The seconds default to zero on pressing the
ENTER key
Clock Sync. From Status Seconds or Minutes Minutes
sets the period of synchronisation of the clock to the nearest second
or minute. The synchronisation occurs on energisation of the Clock
Sync. status input
Default Screen Timer 10sec, 60sec, 5min, 1hour 5 min
sets the time delay after which, if no key presses have been detected,
the relay will begin to poll through any screens which have been
selected as default instrument screens
Change Password 4 alphanumeric characters NONE
allows a 4 character alphanumeric code to be entered as the
password. Note that the display shows a password dependent
encrypted code on the second line of the display

2 Diff. Protection Menu

Gn P/F Diff. Setting* 0.10 2.50xIn step 0.05xIn 0.30xIn
sets the current setting for the differential element
Gn P/F Bias Slope 1* 20%, 30%, 50%, 70% 30%
sets the first bias slope for the differential element
Gn P/F Bias Slope 2* 50%, 100%, 150% 150%
sets the second bias slope for the differential element
Gn Bias Break Point* 0.50xIn 20.00xIn step 0.10xIn 2.00xIn
sets the bias slope break point identifying the point where the
characteristic changes from bias slope 1 to bias slope 2
Gn Differential Delay 0.000s 0.200s step 0.005s 0.0s
sets the trip time for the differential element and the internal intertrip 0.210s 1.000s step 0.010s
1.100s 10.000s step 0.100s
P/F CT Ratio Correction 0.50 1.00 step 0.01 1.00
enables a CT ratio correction to be set when the local and remote
relays are connected to different CTs.
Remote P/F Ratio Correction 0.50 1.00 step 0.01 1.00
enables a CT ratio correction to be set when the local and remote
relays are connected to different CTs.
Gn Internal Intertrip ON, OFF OFF
enables / disables internal intertrips
Gn Int Intertrip Delay 0.000s 0.05s step 0.005s 0.000s
Sets the trip time for the internal intertrip elements
Gn External Intertrip ON, OFF ON

enables / disables external intertrips
Gn Ext Intertrip Delay 0.000s 0.200s step 0.005s 0.000s
Sets the trip time for the external intertrip elements 0.210s 1.000s step 0.010s
1.100s 10.000s step 0.100s
3 O/C Protection Menu

Gn P/F Charact. Setting OFF 1.00xIn
sets the phase fault overcurrent characteristic protection pick-up level 0.10xIn 2.50xIn step 0.05xIn
Gn P/F Charact. NI, VI, EI, LTI, DTL NI
sets the phase fault overcurrent characteristic
Gn P/F Charact. Time Mult 0.025 1.600 step 0.025 1.000
sets the phase fault time multiplier to use for the characteristics NI,
VI, EI, LTI
Gn P/F Charact. Delay 0.00s 20.00s step 0.01s 5.00s
sets the phase fault time delay to use for the characteristic DTL
Gn P/F Lowset Setting OFF 1.00xIn
sets phase fault lowset pick-up level 0.10xIn 2.50xIn step 0.05xIn
3.0xIn 52.5xIn step 0.5xIn
Gn P/F Lowset Delay 0.00s 20.00s step 0.01s 0.00s
sets phase fault lowset time delay
Gn P/F Highset1 Setting OFF 10.00xIn
sets phase fault highset 1 pick-up level 0.10xIn 2.50xIn step 0.05xIn
Gn P/F Highset1 Delay 0.00s 20.00s step 0.01s 0.00s
sets phase fault highset 1 time delay
Gn P/F Highset2 Setting OFF OFF
sets phase fault highset 2 pick-up level 0.10xIn 2.50xIn step 0.05xIn
*These settings are fixed at the default values shown above on the fixed differential setting relay. Variable
differential settings type relays are normally ordered. The differential settings on a pair of relay protecting a feeder
MUST be identical at all times.


Gn P/F Highset2 Delay 0.00s 20.00s step 0.01s 0.00s
sets phase fault highset 2 time delay
Gn E/F Charact. Setting OFF 1.00xIn
sets the earth fault overcurrent characteristic protection pick-up level 0.10xIn 2.50xIn step 0.05xIn
Gn E/F Charact. NI, VI, EI, LTI, DTL NI
sets the earth fault overcurrent characteristic
Gn E/F Charact. Time Mult 0.025 1.600 step 0.025 1.000
sets the earth fault time multiplier to use for the characteristics NI, VI,
EI, LTI
Gn E/F Charact. Delay 0.00s 20.00s step 0.01s 5.00s
sets the earth fault time delay to use for the characteristic DTL
Gn E/F Lowset Setting OFF 1.00xIn
sets earth fault lowset pick-up level 0.10xIn 2.50xIn step 0.05xIn
Gn E/F Lowset Delay 0.00s 20.00s step 0.01s 0.00s
sets earth fault lowset time delay
Gn E/F Highset1 Setting OFF 10.00xIn
sets earth fault highset 1 pick-up level 0.10xIn 2.50xIn step 0.05xIn
Gn E/F Highset1 Delay 0.00s 20.00s step 0.01s 0.00s
sets earth fault highset 1 time delay
Gn E/F Highset2 Setting OFF OFF
sets earth fault highset 2 pick-up level 0.10xIn 2.50xIn step 0.05xIn
Gn E/F Highset2 Delay 0.00s 20.00s step 0.01s 0.00s
sets earth fault highset 2 time delay
Gn CB Fail Time Delay1 OFF OFF
sets the first time delay for Circuit Breaker fail 0.01s 20.00s step 0.01s
Gn CB Fail Time Delay2 OFF OFF
sets the second time delay for Circuit Breaker fail 0.01s 20.00s step 0.01s
Gn P/F CB Fail Setting OFF OFF
sets over current CB Fail level 0.10xIn 1.00xIn step 0.05xIn
Gn E/F CB Fail Setting OFF OFF
sets earth fault CB Fail level 0.10xIn 1.00xIn step 0.05xIn
Gn CT Failure Setting OFF OFF
sets CT Failure level 0.10xIn 1.00xIn step 0.05xIn
Gn CT Failure Delay 0.00s 20.00s step 0.01s 1 sec
sets delay for CT Failure
Gn Relay Reset Delay INST INST
sets the overcurrent reset characteristic 1s 60s step 1s
4 O/P Relay Config Menu

Gn Prot. Healthy RL1..RL7 RL1
sets the output relay operated by the relay(s) watchdog monitor. An output relay
with a changeover or normally closed contact should be used for this function
(contact open when healthy)
Gn P/F Diff. RL1..RL7 RL4
sets the output relay(s) operated by the phase fault differential protection
Gn P/F Starter RL1..RL7, GPF1 None
sets the output relay(s) operated by the phase fault overcurrent characteristic
starter
Gn P/F Charact. RL1..RL7, GPF1 None
sets the output relay(s) operated by the phase fault overcurrent characteristic
Gn P/F Lowset RL1..RL7, GPF1 None
sets the output relay(s) operated by the phase fault lowset
1
Gn P/F Highset1 RL1..RL7, GPF None
sets the output relay(s) operated by the phase fault highset 1
1 GPF Guard for Phase Fault differential. This is a virtual output relay that is used as a guard for the phase fault differential protection. See
section 1 Description of Operation for more information regarding this functionality.


1
Gn P/F Highset2 RL1..RL7, GPF None
sets the output relay(s) operated by the phase fault highset 2
Gn E/F Starter RL1..RL7, GPF1 None
sets the output relay(s) operated by the earth fault overcurrent characteristic
starter
Gn E/F Charact. RL1..RL7, GPF1 None
sets the output relay(s) operated by the earth fault overcurrent characteristic
Gn E/F Lowset RL1..RL7, GPF1 None
sets the output relay(s) operated by the earth fault lowset
Gn E/F Highset1 RL1..RL7, GPF1 None
sets the output relay(s) operated by the earth fault highset 1
Gn E/F Highset2 RL1..RL7, GPF1 None
sets the output relay(s) operated by the earth fault highset 2
Gn Remote Int. iTrip RL1..RL7, GPF1 None
sets the output relay(s) operated by a remote internal intertrip
1
Gn Remote Ext. iTrip1 RL1..RL7, GPF None
sets the output relay(s) operated by a remote external intertrip 1
Gn Remote Ext. iTrip2 RL1..RL7, GPF1 None
sets the output relay(s) operated by a remote external intertrip 2
Gn Status 1 RL1..RL7, GPF1 None
sets the output relay(s) operated by Status Input 1 energisation
Gn Status ..n RL1..RL7, GPF1 None
Sets the output relays operated by the other status inputs (if fitted)
Gn CB Fail 1 RL1..RL7, GPF1 None
sets the output relay(s) operated by the first circuit breaker failure delay
Gn CB Fail 2 RL1..RL7, GPF1 None
sets the output relay(s) operated by the second circuit breaker failure delay
Gn CT Failure RL1..RL7, GPF1 None
sets the output relay(s) operated by the CT failure delay
Gn Counter Alarm RL1..RL7, GPF1 None
sets the output relay(s) operated by the Trip Counter Alarm function
Gn Sum of I2 Alarm RL1..RL7, GPF1 None
sets the output relay(s) operated by the Sum of I2 CB Alarm function
Gn Power On Count. RL1..RL7 None
sets the output relay(s) operated by a Power On Counter
Gn Signal Dist. RL1..RL7 None
sets the output relay(s) operated by a signalling disturbance
Gn Signal Alarm RL1..RL7 None
sets the output relay(s) operated by the signalling alarm
Gn Signal Test RL1..RL7 None
sets the output relay(s) operated when in either Loop Test or Line Test modes
Gn Hand Reset RL1..RL7, GPF1 None
sets the output relay(s) which are to stay latched after operation. These can be
reset via the fascia, a status input, or a communications command
Gn Min O/P Energise Time 100ms 500ms step 50ms 100ms
sets the minimum length of time any output relay can be energised for
5 Status Config Menu

Settings Group Select S1..Sn None
sets the status input(s) required to select a settings group to become (each status can be set from 1-
the active settings group. Note that the lower the number of status
input, the higher precedence that it has e.g. Status 1 will take 8 to select active group 1-8)
precedence over all the rest
Inverted Inputs S1..Sn None
sets the status input(s) required to be inverted. Any function assigned
to an inverted input becomes active when the input is de-energised
Gn P/F Diff. Inhibit S1..Sn None
sets the status input(s) which will inhibit the phase fault differential
characteristic
1 GPF Guard for Phase Fault differential. This is a virtual output relay that is used as a guard for the phase fault differential protection. See
section 1 Description of Operation for more information regarding this functionality.


1
Gn P/F Charac. Inhibit S1..Sn, SIG None
sets the status input(s) which will inhibit the phase fault overcurrent
characteristic
Gn P/F Lowset Inhibit S1..Sn, SIG1 None
sets the status input(s) which will inhibit the phase fault lowset
Gn P/F Highset1 Inhibit S1..Sn, SIG1 None
sets the status input(s) which will inhibit the phase fault highset 1
Gn P/F Highset2 Inhibit S1..Sn, SIG1 None
sets the status input(s) which will inhibit the phase fault highset 2
Gn E/F Charac. Inhibit S1..Sn, SIG1 None
sets the status input(s) which will inhibit the earth fault overcurrent
characteristic
Gn E/F Lowset Inhibit S1..Sn, SIG1 None
sets the status input(s) which will inhibit the earth fault lowset
1
Gn E/F Highset1 Inhibit S1..Sn, SIG None
sets the status input(s) which will inhibit the earth fault highset 1
Gn E/F Highset2 Inhibit S1..Sn, SIG1 None
sets the status input(s) which will inhibit the earth fault highset 2
Gn External iTrip1 S1..Sn None
sets the status input(s) which will send an external intertrip 1 to the
remote relay
Gn External iTrip2 S1..Sn None
sets the status input(s) which will send an external intertrip 2 to the
remote relay
Gn Receive iTrip Inhibit S1..Sn None
sets the status input(s) which will inhibit the receival of intertrip
commands
Gn Send iTrip Inhibit S1..Sn None
sets the status input(s) which will inhibit the transmission of intertrip
commands
Gn CB Open S1..Sn None
sets the status input(s) for detecting if the circuit break is open
Gn CB Closed S1..Sn None
sets the status input(s) for detecting if the circuit break is closed
Gn Trip Circuit Fail S1..Sn None
sets the status input(s) which will be used within the Trip Circuit
Monitoring scheme
Gn Waveform Trig S1..Sn None
sets the status input(s) which, on energisation, will cause a waveform
record to be stored
Gn Sum of I2 Update S1..Sn None
sets the output relay(s) which, on energistaion, will update the I2
counter
Gn Reset Flag & Outputs S1..Sn None
sets the status input(s) which, on energisation, will reset the Trip LEDs
and any latched output relays
Gn Clock Sync. S1..Sn None
sets the status input(s) which, on energisation, will synchronise the
real time clock to the nearest second or minute
Gn ALARM 1 S1..Sn None
sets the status input(s) which, on energisation, will cause the Alarm 1
message to be displayed on the LCD
Gn ALARM ..n S1..Sn None
Gn Status 1 P/U Delay 0.00s 2.00s step 0.01s 0.02s
sets the delay period to be applied to the pick-up of Status Input 1 2.10s 20.00s step 0.10s
21s 300s step 1s
360s 3600s step 60s
3900s 14400s step 300s
Gn Status 1 D/O Delay As above 0.00s
sets the delay period to be applied to the drop-off of Status Input 1
Gn Status n P/U Delay As Status 1 0.02s
Gn Status n D/O Delay As Status 1 0.00s
1 SIG SIGnalling healthy. This is a virtual status input that is used for inhibiting elements if the signalling channel is healthy. See section 1
Description of Operation for more information regarding this functionality.

6 Prot. Signalling Menu

Local Address 0 31 step 1 0
sets the local address for the signalling channel. This setting will indicate what
the remote relays address should be set to.
Baud Rate 19200, 38400 38400
sets the signalling channel baud rate
Signalling Delay 0.000ms 9.375ms 0 9.375ms
sets the signalling channel delay. This is used to compensate for delays in the 9.375ms 18.750ms
transmit and received paths for the signalling channel
18.750ms 28.125ms
28.125ms 37.500ms
Signal Alarm Timeout 1s 60s step 1s 5s
sets a time delay the signalling channel has to be unhealthy before issuing a
permanent alarm
Signal Test Mode OFF OFF
puts the relay(s) into test mode to help aid commissioning. LOOP TEST
Loop test mode is used to test one relay and requires the Rx to be looped backed
into the Tx of the same relay.
LINE TEST
Line test mode is used to test the signalling channel between two relays. When
line test mode is entered the remote relay will echo all data back and will not
function as a differential relay.
Signalling Port DISABLED, ENABLED DISABLED
enables or disables the protection signalling channel. Before the two relays will
communicate this setting must be enabled.
7 Comms Interface Menu

Comms Protocol IEC60870-5-103, IEC60870-5-
Sets the communications protocol to be used. MODBUS-RTU 103
Class 2 Update Period 0s 60s step 1s 15s
Sets the time interval between successive updates of Class 2
Measurands.
IEC Class 2 Scaling 1.2x, 2.4x 1.2x
Sets the level as a multiple of nominal current at which a Class 2
measurand is automatically generated.
Comms Baud Rate 75, 110, 150, 300, 600, 1200, 19200
sets the required communications Baud Rate for IEC60870-5-103 and 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200
MODBUS-RTU
Comms Parity NONE, EVEN EVEN
selects whether a parity check is transmitted with the comms data for
IEC60870-5-103 and MODBUS-RTU
Relay Address 0 254 0
sets the required address of a particular relay within a network for
IEC60870-5-103 and MODBUS-RTU
Line Idle LIGHT ON, LIGHT OFF LIGHT OFF
sets the required communications line idle sense for fibre optic
sytems. RS485 requires that this setting is set to OFF.
Data Echo OFF / ON OFF
enables Data Echo which is necessary for use with relays connected
in a ring for IEC60870-5-103. RS485 or MODBUS-RTU requires that
this setting is set to OFF.
8 Data Storage Menu

Gn Fault Trigger RL1..RLn 4
sets the output relay(s) which are connected as trip outputs for the
purpose of giving trip information and storing fault records
Gn Waveform Trig STA, DIF, O/C, iTp, SIG STA + DIF +
selects which functions trigger a waveform record (STA = status input) O/C + iTp
Gn Waveform Pre-trigger OFF, 10%-100% step 10% 70%
selects which functions trigger a waveform record
Demand Window Type OFF, ROLLING, FIXED OFF
selects how the maximum demand is measured


Demand Window 5-50 mins, step 5 mins. 15 minutes
selects the period over which the maximum demand is measured
90300 mins, step 30 mins.
360-1440 mins., step 60 mins.
Clear All Waveforms NO, YES (Confirmation NO
clears all the waveform records stored. Note that this can also be done required)
at the instruments display
Clear All Events NO, YES (Confirmation NO
clears all the event records stored. Note that this can also be done at required)
the instruments display
Clear All Faults NO, YES (Confirmation NO
clears all the fault data records stored required)
9 CB Maintenance Menu
Trip Counter Reset NO, YES (Confirmation NO
resets the Trip Counter to zero required)
Trip Counter Alarm OFF OFF
sets a target value for which an alarm output will be given when the 1 999 step 1
value is reached
2
Sum I Reset NO, YES (Confirmation NO
resets the CB Duty I2 to zero required)
I2 Alarm OFF OFF
sets a target value for which an alarm output will be given when theCB 10 100 step 1MA2
Duty Sum I2 value is reached 2
200 20000 step 100MA
21000 100000 step 1000MA2
Power on Count Alarm OFF, 999 OFF
Allows a set number of relay power ups to produce an alarm
Phase A Reversal OFF, ON OFF
allows phase A current input to be reversed. This is equivalent to
swapping the wiring connected to the phase A current input
Phase B Reversal OFF, ON OFF
allows phase B current input to be reversed. This is equivalent to
swapping the wiring connected to the phase B current input
Phase C Reversal OFF, ON OFF
allows phase C current input to be reversed. This is equivalent to
swapping the wiring connected to the phase C current input
Earth Reversal OFF, ON OFF
allows the earth current input to be reversed. This is equivalent to
swapping the wiring connected to the earth fault current input
Manual Intertrip OFF, Internal iTrip, OFF
allows a manual intertrip to be sent to the remote relay External iTrip1, External iTrip2
O/P Test Any output relay option OFF
allows any combination of output relays to be energised. This is
achieved by selecting one of the output settings defined in the O/P
Relay Config Menu. Note that the relay is energised after 10 seconds
have elapsed and is energised for the minimum output relay energise
time

7SG18 Solkor N Communication Interface
7SG18 Solkor N


2015/06 Some Protections Comms options may no longer be available
2016/03 References to obsolete Sigma devices removed

19/04/2005 2646H80006R5

Contents
1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................5
2 Protection Signalling Channel ........................................................................................................5
2.1 Connection Specification and Relay Settings .......................................................................... 5
2.1.1 General ........................................................................................................................5
2.1.2 Recommended cable ....................................................................................................5
2.1.3 Connection Method.......................................................................................................5
2.1.4 Transmission Method....................................................................................................6
2.1.5 Transmission Rate (Baud Rate Setting) ........................................................................ 6
2.1.6 Local Address Setting ...................................................................................................6
2.1.7 Propagation Delay ........................................................................................................6
3 IEC60870-5-103 Interrogation Channel .......................................................................................... 7
3.1 Connection Specification and Relay Settings .......................................................................... 7
3.1.1 Recommended cable ....................................................................................................7
3.1.2 Connection Method.......................................................................................................7
3.1.3 Transmission Method....................................................................................................7
3.1.4 Transmission Rate ........................................................................................................7
3.1.5 Line Idle Setting ............................................................................................................7
3.1.6 Parity Setting ................................................................................................................7
3.1.7 Address Setting ............................................................................................................7
3.2 Modems .................................................................................................................................8
3.2.1 Connecting a modem to the relay(s).............................................................................. 8
3.2.2 Setting the Remote Modem...........................................................................................8
3.2.3 Connecting to the remote modem ................................................................................. 8
3.3 Support Software ....................................................................................................................8
4 Introduction Modbus RTU............................................................................................................9
4.1 Medium ..................................................................................................................................9
4.2 Fibre-optic to RS232 Converters .............................................................................................9
4.3 Recommended cable ..............................................................................................................9
4.4 Network Topology...................................................................................................................9
4.5 Settings ..................................................................................................................................9
4.6 Baud Rate ..............................................................................................................................9
4.7 Comms Parity .........................................................................................................................9
4.8 Relay Address ...................................................................................................................... 10
4.9 Line Idle ............................................................................................................................... 10
4.10 Data Echo ............................................................................................................................ 10
APPENDIX A PROTECTION SIGNALLING COMMUNICATION CONNECTIONS .......................... 11
APPENDIX B IEC60870-5-103 COMMUNICATION CONNECTIONS ............................................. 13

Table of Figures
Figure 1 Fibre Optic Signalling Connections .............................................................................. 11
Figure 2 - Multiplexer Signalling Communications Configuration ................................................... 11
Figure 3 - RS485 Signalling Cable Connections............................................................................ 12
Figure 4 - Pilotwire Signalling Cable Connections ......................................................................... 12
Figure 5 - Basic Fibre Optic Data Communications Configuration ................................................. 13
Figure 6 Fibre Optic Data Communications Configuration (Remote)........................................... 13
Figure 7 - Star Type Configuration (Multiplexer)............................................................................ 14
Figure 8 - Data Concentrator Configuration .................................................................................. 14
Figure 9 - Optical Ring Configuration (Data Echo - On)................................................................. 15
Figure 10 - Configuration using a Dual Port RS232 Device ........................................................... 15
Figure 11 Data Communication using the Two wired RS485 Interface ....................................... 15

Glossary
Baud Rate See bits per second.
Bit The smallest measure of computer data.
Bits Per Second (BPS) Measurement of data transmission speed.
Data Bits A number of bits containing the data. Sent after the start bit.
Half-Duplex Asynchronous Communications in two directions, but only one at a time.

Communications
Full-Duplex Asynchronous Communications in two directions, both at the same time.
Communications
Hayes AT Modem command set developed by Hayes Microcomputer products, Inc.
Master Station See primary station.

Modem MOdulator / DEModulator device for connecting computer equipment to a telephone line.
Parity Method of error checking by counting the value of the bits in a sequence, and adding a
parity bit to make the outcome, for example, even.
Parity Bit Bit used for implementing parity checking. Sent after the data bits.
Primary Station The device controlling the communication.
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
RS232C Serial Communications Standard. Electronic Industries Association Recommended

Standard Number 232, Revision C.
Secondary Station The device being communicated with.

Slave Station See secondary station.
Start Bit Bit (logical 0) sent to signify the start of a byte during data transmission.
Stop Bit Bit (logical 1) sent to signify the end of a byte during data transmission.

1 Introduction
The relay has two communications channels:
1 Protection Communication Channel used to exchange power system current and other protection
information between relays at each end of the protected feeder. The type of connection may be one of three
types. The three types are: One pair of ST (RX&TX) type ports for various types of Fibre Optic ports; a four
wire RS485 terminal or RS232 nine pin D type for connection to a Pilotwire Modem.
2 Auxiliary Communication Channel used to set, control and interrogate the relay and extract captured fault
records. This may be either two wire RS485 or Fibre optic
Some Protection communication options are no longer available. Check 7SG18 Catalogue Sheet for updated
availability information.
The auxiliary communications channel can use either an IEC 60870-5-103 compliant protocol or MODBUS-RTU
protocol, which allows the relay to communicate with a portable computer or a host computer in a SCADA
scheme. The end to end protection communications uses a protocol based on IEC60870-5-103, but is a
propriety protocol.
Access to the relay via the auxiliary communications port requires appropriate software in the interrogating
computer, such as Reydisp Evolution. This software uses IEC60870-5-103 and therefore the relay must be set
with this protocol active during setting and commissioning.
2 Protection Signalling Channel
2.1 Connection Specification and Relay Settings

This section defines the connection medium used for the protection signalling channel.
The settings for the protection signalling channel can be found in the PROT. SIGNALLING MENU.
2.1.1 General
The relays work in pairs, one at each end of a protected zone or feeder, connected via the protection
communications channel. This could be a direct end-to-end connection as shown in Figure 1 or it could be routed
through a multiplexer as shown in Figure 2. The physical connection to the relay can be either electrical or optical,
allowing twisted pair sections to be employed between the relay and multiplexer.
2.1.2 Recommended cable

The type of cables recommended for the various interface options are given in the table below. Details of
transmission distances and signal budgets are given in the Performance Specification.
See Performance Specification for the available communication channels.
No other types of media are suitable for use with the protection signalling channel.
2.1.3 Connection Method

The relays are connected pairs consisting of a local end and a remote end. These pairs may be connected directly
together (see figure 1) or through a digital multiplexer such as the UMUX 1500 from RFL Electronics Inc (see figure
2). The third connection method using RS 485 is shown in figure 3. A fourth type is connection over two pairs of
screened twisted pilot wires.

The following table specifies the options available for communication between relays.
Transmitter Wire/Fibre Typical Launch Receive
Typical Distance
Type Type Attenuation Limits Power Power
Electrical RS- Belden 9842
- - 0-2km
485 twisted pair
Total Pilotwire
Electrical Resistance and Requires Externally
Screened Intercore mounted RS232 to
Various 0-10km **
Twisted Pair Capacitance Pilotwire Modem,
Pilotwire Product 19200 Baud only
<300,000nFohms
Fibre Optic -1.5dB at 1300nm
62.5/125m
1300nm per km of FO. -10dB -30dB 0-15km*
multimode
Short Range
-0.35dB at 1300nm
9/125m
per km of FO. -10dB -30dB 0-49km*
Fibre Optic single mode
1300nm
-1.5dB at 1300nm
Long Range 62.5/125m
per km of FO. -7dB -30dB 5-15km*
multimode
* assumes FO splices every 4km of -0.05dB to - 0.1db each, but includes a 3dB safety margin for relay connector
losses etc, based on minimum output levels. Typical distances may be greater. Loss estimates should be calculated
for individual application studies using cable manufacturers data or measured after installation using specialised
equipment.
Note all Fibre Optic type relays have a maximum Receive Power limit of -9dB, above which the input saturates.
The long range relays have the 1300nm transmitter set to have a launch power set to this level when a 9m
singlemode fibre is connected. When a 62.5m multimode fibre is connected to the long range device the launch
power will be above this level and therefore have a minimum as well as a maximum distance limit. The Launch
power can be calibrated downwards at the rear of the relay using a suitable Fibre Optic Meter to allow the Signalling
to become healthy.
The short range device is set to a launch power of -9dB when a 62.5m fibre is connected and therefore are not
restricted by a minimum length.
** maximum length of pilotwire connection is dependent on cable properties. See Section 5 - Applications.
2.1.4 Transmission Method

Full duplex asynchronous communications is employed. The protocol is based on IEC60870-5-103 and uses frames
assembled from individual characters. Each character consists of 11 bits:
1 start, 8 data, 1 parity, 1 stop.
Each frame consists of 10 characters:
1 Start flag, 7 Data, 1 Check sum, 1 End flag.
2.1.5 Transmission Rate (Baud Rate Setting)

Baud rates of 38400 and 19200 bits per second (BPS) are provided. Wherever possible use 38400 bps as this gives
faster operate times. Use 19200 bps with external communications equipment (e.g. multiplexers) that do not support
38400 bps. When the signalling channel is non-standard and may introduce more noise than normal, a 19200 bps
will provide more immunity. When using the relay with screened twisted pilotwires via the Pilotwire modem, the
Protection Signalling baud rate must be set to 19,200.
2.1.6 Local Address Setting

The protection signalling address of the relay can be set to a value of between 0 and 31. The remote relays
address must be set so that the sum of both addresses is 31. I.e. if the local relay has an address of 5 then the
remote relays address must be set to 26. The lowest number in a pair is assigned as the master relay.
2.1.7 Propagation Delay

The protection can accommodate propagation delay up to the maximum specified in the Performance Specification.
The Go and Return delays should be near identical, preferably to within 0.5 ms of each other.

3 IEC60870-5-103 Interrogation Channel
3.1 Connection Specification and Relay Settings

This section defines the connection medium as defined by IEC60870-5-103. Appendix B shows some typical
communication connections.
The settings for the IEC60870-5-103 interrogation channel can be found in the COMMS INTERFACE MENU.
3.1.1 Recommended cable

Selection of fibre optic cable is critical. Fibres should be terminated with BFOC/2.5 (ST ) bayonet-style connectors.
With this type of connector the recommended cable is 62.5 / 125m glass fibre. This offers superior performance
over SMA type connectors in terms of better coupling to the fibre and therefore has lower losses.
No other types of cable are suitable for use with the relays.
3.1.2 Connection Method

The relays can be connected in either a Star or Ring fibre-optic communications network. If star connected then a
passive fibre optic hub must be used. A lower cost option is the ring configuration where the relays are daisy
chained. That is, the transmit output of the first relay is connected to the receive input of the second relay, and so on
until the ring is complete.
If the device the relay is connected to does not have a compatible fibre-optic port then a suitable electrical to optical
converter is required to connect it to a standard RS232C electrical interface.
Communication to the ring may be achieved either locally in the substation or remotely via the Public Switched
Telephone Network (PSTN). If remote communication is desired, then additional modem equipment must be
installed.
Reydisp Evolution is a PC based software package providing capability for both local and remote communication. It
provides features such as download of disturbance and event records, upload of relay settings, real-time monitoring
of measurands and remote control of plant.
3.1.3 Transmission Method

The transmission method is Half Duplex serial asynchronous transmission. In IEC60870-5-103 the line idle state is
defined as Light ON. This can alternatively be selected as Light OFF in the Communications Interface menu of the
relay if required for use with alternate hardware (See Section 3.1.5).
3.1.4 Transmission Rate

Rates of 19200, 9600, 4800, 2400, 1200, 600, 300, 150, 110 and 75 bits per second (BPS) are provided. Only 19200
and 9600 BPS are standard in IEC60870-5-103, the additional rates are provided for local or modem
communications. The 19,200 BPS setting is normally used.
3.1.5 Line Idle Setting

The line idle setting can be set to be either ON or OFF and the setting must be compatible with the device connected
to the relay. The IEC60870-5-103 standard defines a line idle state of Light On.
3.1.6 Parity Setting

IEC60870-5-103 defines the method of transmission as using EVEN Parity. However, in some instances an
alternative may be required. This option allows the parity to be set to NONE.
3.1.7 Address Setting

The IEC60870-5-103 address of the relay must be set to a value between 1 and 254 inclusive before any
communication can take place. Setting the address to zero disables communications to the relay, although if it is in
an optical ring it will still obey the Data Echo setting. All relays in an optical ring must have a unique address.
Address 255 is reserved as a global broadcast address.

3.2 Modems
The communications interface has been designed to allow data transfer via modems. However, IEC60870-5-103
defines the data transfer protocol as an 11 bit format of 1 start, 1 stop, 8 data and 1 parity bit which is a mode most
commercial modems do not support. High performance modems, for example, Sonix (now 3Com), Volante and
MultiTech Systems MT series will support this mode but are expensive. For this reason a parity setting (see section
2.6) to allow use of easily available and relatively inexpensive commercial modems has been provided. The
downside to using no parity is that the data security will be reduced slightly and the system will not be compatible
with true IEC60870 control systems.
3.2.1 Connecting a modem to the relay(s)

The RS232C standard defines devices as being either Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) e.g. computers, or Data
Communications Equipment (DCE) e.g. modems. To connect the modem to a relay requires a fibre-optic to electrical
connector and a Null Terminal connector that switches various control lines. The fibre-optic converter is then
connected to the relay in the following manner:
Fibre-Optic Relay
Converter Connection
Tx Rx
Rx Tx
3.2.2 Setting the Remote Modem

Most modems support the basic Hayes AT command format, though different manufacturers can use different
commands for the same functions. In addition, some modems use DIP switches to set parameters while others are
entirely software configured. Before applying the following settings it is necessary to return the modem to its factory
default settings to ensure that it is in a known state.
The remote modem must be configured as Auto Answer, which will allow it to initiate communications with the relays.
Auto answer usually requires 2 parameters to be set. One switches auto answer on and the other, the number of
rings after which it will answer. The Data Terminal Ready (DTR) settings should be forced on which tells the modem
that the device connected to it is ready to receive data. The parameters of the modems RS232C port need to be set
to match those set on the relay i.e. baud rate and parity to be the same as the settings on the relay, and number of
data bits to be 8 and stop bits 1.
Note: although it may be possible to communicate with the modem at e.g. 19200bps, it may not be possible to
transmit at this rate over the telephone system which may be limited to 14400. A baud rate setting needs to be
chosen which is compatible with the telephone system. Since 14400 is not available in the relay, the next lowest rate,
9600, would have to be used.
Since the modem needs to be transparent, simply passing on the data sent from the controller to the device and vice
versa, the error correction and buffering must be turned off. In addition if possible force the Data Carrier Detect
(DCD) setting to ON as the fibre-optic converter will use this control line.
Finally these settings should be stored in the modems memory for power on defaults.
3.2.3 Connecting to the remote modem

Once the remote modem is configured correctly it should be possible to dial into it using the standard configuration
from a local PC. As the settings on the remote modem are fixed, the local modem should negotiate with it on
connecting and choose suitable matching settings. If it does not, however, set the local modem to mimic the settings
of the remote modem described above.
3.3 Support Software

Reydisp Evolution is a PC based software package that provides access to the relay from a computer via the
auxiliary communication channel. Its salient features are:
Download, display and analysis of fault records and event records.
Upload relay settings.

Real-time measurements.
Remote control of plant.
4 Introduction Modbus RTU

This section describes how to use the Modbus Interface with a compliant control system. For further information
regarding the interface, reference should be made to the Argus Modbus implementation report 434/TIR/14 available
on website www.siemens.com.
The same communications interface is used to provide control system connections.
The relay complies with the physical requirements of Modbus using fibre-optics or an RS485 interface.
4.1 Medium
The communicating medium is optical fibre or electrical RS485. The device communicating with the Argus should
have an interface optimised for 62.5/125 m glass fibre-optics, or RS485 electrical connection.
4.2 Fibre-optic to RS232 Converters

If the device the relay is connected to does not have a compatible fibre-optic port then a suitable electrical to optical
converter is required to connect it to a standard RS232C electrical interface.
4.3 Recommended cable

Selection of fibre-optic cable is important. Fibres must be terminated with STTM (BFOC/2.5) connectors. The
recommended type is 62.5/125m glass fibre. Communication distances over 1 km are achievable using this type of
fibre.
The RS485 electrical interface can be connected using 120 ohm screened twisted pair wire i.e. Belden 9841 or
equivalent.
4.4 Network Topology

Fibre optical communication networks can be connected singularly or in a star configuration. Modbus does not
support a fibre optic ring configuration.
RS485 electrical connection can be used in a single or multi-drop configuration. The last device must be terminated
correctly.
Appendix B illustrates typical network arrangements.
4.5 Settings
Communication parameters of Communications Interface:Comms Baud Rate, Communications Interface:Comms
Parity and Communications Interface: Line Idle should match those of the communicating device.
4.6 Baud Rate

Rates of 19200, 9600, 4800, 2400, 1200, 600, 300, 150, 110 and 75 bits per second are provided.
The Communications Interface:Comms Baud Rate setting should match that of the communicating device,
4.7 Comms Parity

The Communications Interface:Comms Parity setting allows parity of Even or None to be selected. This setting
should match that of the communicating device.

4.8 Relay Address

Each relay on a network must have a unique address, between 1 and 247, as set by the Communications Interface:
Relay Address setting. A relay with the default address of 0 will not be able to communicate. The actual number of
devices will be limited to 32 devices on any one RS485 connection. Note that the setting range available on the relay
is 0-254 to suit IEC60870-5-103 but only 0-247 apply to Modbus-RTU.
4.9 Line Idle

If the communication medium is fibre-optic the Communications Interface: Line Idle setting defines the quiescent
state. When set as Light On binary 0 is represented by light on, binary 1 is represented by light off and vice versa
for Light Off mode. While in Light On mode and the device is not communicating it maintains the Light On mode to
allow breaks in the cable to be detected. These potential breaks would not be detected when the device mode is set
to Light Off.
This must be set to OFF when connected to the RS485 electrical connection.
4.10 Data Echo

All relays must have the Communications Interface:Data Echo setting to OFF for Modbus-RTU.

APPENDIX A PROTECTION SIGNALLING COMMUNICATION CONNECTIONS
Figures 1 to 5 illustrate a number of methods of connecting the protection signalling communications channel.
Figure 1 Fibre Optic Signalling Connections
Figure 2 - Multiplexer Signalling Communications Configuration

Figure 3 - RS485 Signalling Cable Connections
Figure 4 - Pilotwire Signalling Cable Connections
As shown above the pilot wires should be earthed at both ends, at the substation pilot wire terminations. The relay
and Pilotwire Modem must be earthed separately at the relay panel. The Protection Signalling Baud Rate of the relay
must be set to 19,200 when using pilot wire. The Pilotwire Modem has a mounting bracket that may be altered to
suite the available panel space.
The Pilot wire modem is internally panel mounted.

APPENDIX B IEC60870-5-103 COMMUNICATION CONNECTIONS
Figures 5 to 11 illustrate a number of methods of connecting relays in communications networks.

(Note that in the case of the optical ring configuration (figure 9 & 10), the Data Echo feature must be switched ON
in the communications settings menu of the relay. In all other cases this setting should be set to OFF).
Figure 5 - Basic Fibre Optic Data Communications Configuration
Figure 6 Fibre Optic Data Communications Configuration (Remote)

Figure 7 - Star Type Configuration (Multiplexer)
Figure 8 - Data Concentrator Configuration

Figure 9 - Optical Ring Configuration (Data Echo - On)
Figure 10 - Configuration using a Dual Port RS232 Device
Up to 254 relays may be connected in the above Fibre Optic ring.
Figure 11 Data Communication using the Two wired RS485 Interface

Up to 31 similar relays can be connected on the RS485 multi-drop bus per main interface.


7SG18 Solkor N Applications
7SG18 Solkor N


2013/10 Software revision updated, minor corrections
2016/04 Trip Circuit Supervision description improved.

19/04/2005 2646H80006R5

Contents
1 0BIntroduction ...................................................................................................................................... 4
2 1BGeneral Information ......................................................................................................................... 5
2.1 7BRelay External Connections................................................................................................... 5
2.2 8BCurrent Differential - Fixed or Optional Variable Settings ...................................................... 5
3 2BCurrent Transformer Requirements................................................................................................. 5
3.1 9BCurrent Transformer Ratio Selection ..................................................................................... 5
3.2 10BCurrent Transformer Class/Rating ......................................................................................... 6
3.3 1BCT Formulae .......................................................................................................................... 7
4 3BDetermining Current Transformer Requirements ............................................................................ 9
4.1.1 29BStep 1 - Determine the Bias Break Point Setting .............................................................. 9
4.1.2 30BStep 2 - Determine the Fault Level and X/R Ratio of a Through Fault.............................. 9
4.1.3 31BStep 3 Estimate of Total Resistance of the CT Secondary Circuit ............................... 10
4.1.4 32BExample CT Requirement - Solidly Earthed 10km 132kV Feeder .................................. 10
4.1.5 3BFault Level and X/R for a Phase Through Fault .............................................................. 13
5 4BFibre Optic Losses ......................................................................................................................... 14
6 5BRelay Functions & Settings ........................................................................................................... 16
6.1 12BCurrent Differential Protection.............................................................................................. 16
6.2 13BBackup Over current and Earth Fault .................................................................................. 18
6.3 14BDifferential Guard Elements ................................................................................................. 18
6.4 15BProtection Signalling ............................................................................................................ 18
6.5 16BIntertripping .......................................................................................................................... 18
6.6 17BCircuit Breaker Fail (CBF) Protection................................................................................... 19
6.7 18BUser Defined Alarms ............................................................................................................ 20
6.8 19BTrip Circuit Supervision ........................................................................................................ 20
6.9 20BCT Supervision..................................................................................................................... 21
6.10 21BWaveform, Fault and Event Records ................................................................................... 21
6.11 2BRelay Settings Groups ......................................................................................................... 22
6.12 23BTrip and Intertrip Tests ......................................................................................................... 22
7 6BDifferential Protection Settings For Feeder Circuits ...................................................................... 22
7.1 24B Capacitive Charging Current Cable and Hybrid Feeders ................................................ 23
7.2 25BPlain Poly Phase Cable Feeders ......................................................................................... 24
7.3 26BPhase Segregated Single Phase Cable Feeders ................................................................ 24
7.4 27BOverhead Line Feeder ......................................................................................................... 24
7.5 28BEarth Fault Sensitivity .......................................................................................................... 25
7.5.1 34BSolid or Effective Neutral Earthing................................................................................... 25
7.5.2 35BHigh Impedance and Resistance Earthed Neutrals ........................................................ 25
7.5.3 Isolated (unearthed) and Reactance Earthing ................................................................. 30

Figures
Figure 1 Relay Amplitude for CT Saturation for an external Phase Fault. ....................................... 8
Figure 2 Fault Level and X/R reducing with feeder length. ............................................................ 13
Figure 3 Relay Magnitude and Phase Angle Comparators (Revision 4 and above) ..................... 17
Figure 4 Circuit Breaker Fail........................................................................................................... 20
Figure 5 Engineering Recommendations S.15 H6 Trip Circuit Supervision scheme..................... 20
Figure 6 Engineering Recommendations S.15 H5 Trip Circuit Supervision scheme..................... 21
Figure 7 Earth Fault with load bias for Resistance Earthed System .............................................. 26
Figure 8 Setting of P/F Diff. Setting for Load Bias ......................................................................... 27
Figure 9 Setting of Bias Slope for Load Bias ................................................................................. 27
Figure 10 Settings for correct Load Bias ........................................................................................ 27
Figure 11 Setting of Bias Break Point for Load Bias ...................................................................... 28
Figure 12 10% P/F Differential and Bias Break Point of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0. ............................... 29
Figure 13 15% Differential and Bias Break Point of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0. ..................................... 29
Figure 14 20% Differential and Bias Break Point of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0. ..................................... 30
Figure 15 Relay Connections for Fibre Optic ................................................................................. 31
Figure 16 Relay connections for RS485 Cable .............................................................................. 32
Figure 17 Relay Connections for Screened Twisted Pair Metallic Pilotwires ................................ 33
Figure 18 - Typical CT Connection Diagram ..................................................................................... 34
Reference Material
[1] REYDISP EVOLUTION: is a PC based relay support package which allows local or remote access to relays
for uploading and downloading settings, down loading waveform, event and fault records, reading real time
instruments and plant control. This software is a MS WindowsTM based package, and is compatible with Solkor N,
Argus and Modular II Reyrolle numerical relays. This package is very useful tool for commissioning and setting
relays, as it saves time. The use of Reydisp Evolution is covered in the communications section of this manual.
[2] INFORMATIVE COMMUNICATIONS INTERFACE: is a report detailing all aspects of the IEC 870-5-103
communications protocol used by the Solkor N, Argus and Modular II products available from Siemens Protection
Devices Limited. This manual is very useful when interfacing the relay protocol to the control system protocol for
remote access and control.
[3] REYROLLE COMMUNICATIONS MANUAL: is a report detailing the methods of how relays supplied by
Siemens Protection Devices Ltd can be connected together to realise communications access to the relays. This
report covers the configuration, type and interface equipment required for remote and local access.

1 Introduction
0B
This relay is a numerical current differential relay providing unit protection of a cable or over head line feeder. It
has all of the usual features of such a device such as remote communications, waveform and event recording.
It uses two concurrent phase and amplitude comparators on each of the three phases to detect internal faults. It
can employ several common types of direct protection communications link.
Several types of Direct Fibre Optic to 70km

Multiplexed
RS485 Four Wire Cable to 1.5km
Screened Twisted Pair Pilotwire to 10km
The relays can be applied to the following circuit types:
Two Terminal Cable Feeders.

Two Terminal Overhead Line Feeders.
Two Terminal Hybrid or Mixed Cable/Overhead line Feeders
The speed of operation is 30 to 40ms for normal feeder faults such as lightening strikes and cable sealing end
flashovers. The operate time will suit applications for sub-transmission and distribution feeder protection. When
the relay is set to 38.4K baud
The relay provides the following functions:
Current Differential using independent phase angle and magnitude comparison for each phase current.
IDMTL and DTL Backup Over Current and Earth Fault
Differential Guard elements
Protection Signal Channel Supervision
External and Internal initiated Inter-tripping/Protection Signalling
Trip Circuit Supervision
CT Ratio Correction
Circuit Breaker Fail
CT Supervision
User definable Alarms
Communications for Remote Access of Relay Data via IEC-60870-5-103 or Modbus Protocols
Waveform, Event and Maximum Demand Recording.
The typical end to end protection signalling length limitations, for direct connection between relays are indicated in
the Performance Specification, for each type of the direct protection communication channel. A fibre optic loss
budget calculation should be considered for any prospective application. An example is shown in this manual
section.
One of the above types of communication medium must be specified at the time of order.
The Fibre Optic or RS485 type signal may also be multiplexed using a high speed MUX device.
The specification of the fibre optic and RS485 cable can be found in Section 4 Communications Interface of this
manual.
The communications output type may be changed easily, as the send and receive module can be removed from
the case and changed.
The maximum length of the Cable Feeder that can be protected with a pilot wire type output is primarily
dependant upon the pilot wire resistance and inter-core capacitance. A larger diameter pilot wire will allow greater
feeder lengths to be covered. The Twisted pilots must have an earthed screen to limit any induced interference.
The drop out pilot wire resistance and capacitance product is approximately 340,000 nano-Farad ohms. The limits
for the communications range, as set out in the Section 4 Communications of this Technical Manual are based on
approximately 250,000 nano-Farad ohms to allow for a safety margin for tolerances. An absolute limit on the
length of pilot wire that may be used with the pilotwire modem is 300,000 nano-farad ohms.
The relay requires two pairs of screened conductors when used over pilotwires. Where conventional circulating
protection using two or three wire connection is used, such as with Solkor A, B, R or Rf, the inter-tripping pilots
may be utilised, this relay has a two internal, supervised, inter-trip channels.

2 General Information
1B
2.1 Relay External Connections

7B
The relay should be connected to a three-phase set of CTs at either end of the protected zone. Typical
connections are shown in Figure 15 (Fibre Optic), Figure 16 (RS485 Cable) and Figure 17 (Screened Twisted
Pair Metallic Pilotwire). These connections provide the facility to provide backup over current and earth fault
protection, as well as current differential. Figure 18 details the CT connections for the relays at either end of the
feeder. The Protection Signalling connection diagram for fibre optics, RS485 cable and Pilotwire interface can be
found at the end of Section 4 Communication Interface.
The auxiliary DC supply voltage of the relay must be specified at time of order. The user may choose from two
power supplies. One is rated from 18 to 60V DC and is suitable for 24V, 30V, or 50 V systems. The other is rated
from 88V to 280V DC, and is suitable for 110V or 220V systems. If ac voltage is used to power the relays, the
instantaneous peak voltage must not exceed the maximum DC voltage, i.e. 60V for the first power supply and
280V for the other.
The rating of status inputs can be either 30V, 50V, 110V or 220V. Refer to Sections 2 Performance
Specification of this manual, for their range of operating voltage.
The relay is supplied with seven output contacts and either one or nine status inputs. The status inputs can be
programmed to any of the relay elements. The output relays consist of 4 normally open and 3 change over
contacts.
2.2 Current Differential - Fixed or Optional Variable Settings

8B
The relay can be ordered in two variants, it can have fixed or variable differential settings.
If relays are ordered for the protection of plain feeder circuit current differential on medium voltage distribution
networks, or where personnel are inexperienced in setting numerical differential protection, a fixed setting relay
may be the most appropriate choice.
Generally the Variable Settings version affords more flexibility when applying the relay to a variety circuits. The
circuits may vary in terms of length or type (overhead line, cable or hybrid). Where there is a mis-match of CT
ratios or rating, the variable setting relay is also recommended. Eight settings groups are included in the variable
setting relay. Relays can be converted from fixed to variable differential type if setting problems occur by software
upgrade.
Refer to Section 3 - Relay Settings for the range of settings available. The variable setting version of the relay is
supplied with the default settings as set out in Section 3.
3 Current Transformer Requirements

2B
The two primary criteria to be met when specifying current transformers (C.T.) for use with the relay are C.T. ratio
and kneepoint voltage. The CT connections and polarity are shown at the end of this section.
3.1 Current Transformer Ratio Selection

9B
The first criterion is to select a CT ratio to step the primary rated current of the protected circuit down to
approximately a relay nominal current of 1A or 5A. Ratios should be chosen to provide the relay with about rated
current at full feeder rating. As a general comment, 1A secondary rated CTs are superior to 5A, for all types of
protection relays, as they are less prone to saturation. Where possible 1A rated CTs are recommended, however
the relay does have 1A and 5A rated CT terminals.
The relay settings can then be chosen to allow the use of sensitive settings. The relay can be connected with 1A
rated CTs at one end and 5A rated CTs at the other end. CT ratio correction is provided in the range of 0.5 to 1.0
to cater for retrofit applications whereby the c.t. ratio at one end may have a different ratio to that at the other.
This setting operates on the secondary level of current from the line CTs. The setting range of the CT ratio
correction factor of 0.5 to 1.0 must be taken into account when considering protection of a circuit with different CT
ratios.
Example of Applying CT Ratio Correction

A feeder circuit rated at 600A and maximum anticipated load of 600A has a line CT ratio of 600/1 at one end and
800/5 at the other end. The ratio correction would be set to 600/800 = 0.75 on the relay connected to the 600/1
CT, and 800/800 = 1.0 on the other relay. Each relay has 1A and 5A inputs for connection to the C.T.s, allowing
for example 600/1A at one end of the feeder circuit and 800/5A at the other.
3.2 Current Transformer Class/Rating

10B
The second criterion is the specification of the c.t. class/rating. The relay is a relatively sensitive biased current
differential relay and therefore, to ensure stability for high values of through fault current (ie high multiples of the
rated current) a class PX c.t. to IEC 60044 is recommended.
A class PX ensures a guaranteed turns ratio, maximum excitation current, minimum knee-point (or saturation)
voltage and maximum secondary wiring resistance. With an appropriate design specification for ratio and class
PX, the relay can be set sensitively without concern for false operation for a through fault.
The following formula for establishing a class PX knee-point voltage design is based on the relay settings for the
fixed setting variant, (or the defaults of the variable setting models) and the settings are listed below. This c.t.
specification is also suitable for any settings which are less sensitive than those listed.
The CT requirements may be altered by selection of any one of three relay Bias Break Point settings. A lower
Bias Break Point setting will lower the CT requirements.
The following page contains formulae that may be used to select appropriate CT kneepoint voltages. The CT
e.m.f. is chosen to allow the protection to be stable for the worst case through fault.

3.3 CT Formulae
1B
The minimum kneepoint voltage of the CTs is dependant on the settings used:
With Bias Slope 2 = 150% and Bias Break Point = 2 x IN

X X
Vk = 0.6 + 0.05 IFm Rs for 18
R R
X X
Vk = 1.5 + 0.3 18 IFm Rs for18 < 25
R R
X X
Vk =
3.6 + 0.08 R 25 IFm Rs for > 25
R
With Bias Slope 2 = 150% and Bias Break Point = 1 x IN

X
Vk = 1 IFm Rs for 15
R
X X
Vk =
1.0 + 0.13 R 15
IFm Rs for 15 < 30
R
X X
Vk =
2.95 + 0.033 R 30
IFm Rs for > 30
R
With Bias Slope 2 = 150% and Bias Break Point = 0.5 x IN

X
R
X X
Vk = 1.0 + 0.135 20 IFm Rs for 20 < 30
R R
X X
Vk = IFm Rs
2.35 + 0.029 R 30 for > 30
R
where,
Vk - is the knee point voltage of the CT defined as the point where a 10% increase in excitation voltage produces
a 50% increase in magnetising or excitation current.
X/R - is the system reactance to resistance ratio for a three phase through fault on the protected feeder.
IFM - is the feeder maximum primary three phase through fault current referred to the secondary side.
RS - is the total resistive burden of the secondary circuit, including CT secondary winding, relay phase input and
lead loop resistance.
The above formulae include a minimum safety margin in excess of 120%. This may be utilised if the CTs
calculated above are loo large to fit in the Circuit Breaker chamber. Therefore a 120% reduction may be made to
the above minimum kneepoint requirements. This margin is present, as the above expressions were based on
tests using the saturation e.m.f (Esat) level of the CT. As the kneepoint voltage (Vk) of the CT is a measurable
constant, this was instead of Esat in the expression above. Esat is always at between 120% and 160% of the
kneepoint voltage Vk and therefore reducing the Vk calculated above by up to 20% is valid.
The above expressions are derived from system conjunctive tests and power system simulations. The lower the
Bias Break Point setting becomes the greater the level of saturation that may be tolerated as is shown in the
following figure. This must be offset against fault sensitivity for load bias that may continue during an internal
earth fault on resistance earthed power systems.

CT Requirements for Various Bias Break Point Settings
MAGNITUDE
COMPARITOR
Differential Current (x IN)
OPERATION
0%
15
=
2
e
op
MAGNITUDE
Sl
as
COMPARITOR
Bi
STABLE
Fault cleared by downstream

protection and CB.
Trajectory of differnetial current due to

transient CT saturation. for a Through Fault on
the Feeder
0.5 1.0 2.0(defautl)

Restraint Current (x IN)
Bias Break Point Settings
Figure 1 Relay Amplitude for CT Saturation for an external Phase Fault.
The above demonstrates that decreasing the Bias Break Point (B2) setting has the affect of lowering the Minimum
CT requirements. The reduction in Bias Break Point setting must be balanced against making sure the relay will
operate for load bias due to arc resistance and non-effectively earth systems for single end fed internal faults.
For example if the system was resistance earthed and an earth fault occurred on a cable at a very high load a
Bias Break Point of 0.5 may not be suitable. A typical example for setting the relay with a resistance earthed
power system is given later.

4 Determining Current Transformer Requirements

3B
There are four parameters that must be established before the minimum CT kneepoint voltage can be specified
for a particular circuit. This assumes the Bias Slope 2 setting is set to its default of 150%. For all applications of
the relay this setting should be set to 150%.
Bias Breakpoint Setting.

Maximum Three Phase Fault Through Fault Level.
X/R of the through Fault.
Estimation of the total secondary resistance
The process of specifying the CT kneepoint voltage required is done in three steps:
4.1.1 Step 1 - Determine the Bias Break Point Setting

29B
As discussed above the Bias Breakpoint setting is established by examining the earth fault sensitivity required to
detect the minimum internal earth fault. The relay settings are selected so that the relay measures this fault to be
in the operate region. This setting should be set as low as possible to lower CT requirements and add stability for
through faults.
As a general guideline, cable feeders used on power systems with solidly earthed neutrals allow for lower Bias
Breakpoint Setting of 0.5 to 1 x In to be selected. Cable and all overhead line feeders that are resistively earthed
may require a setting of 1.0 to 2.0 xIn, in order to detect the minimum earth fault, as some load bias will also be
measured during the fault. The Bias Break Point setting should therefore be set as low as possible, but should be
set to attempt to allow tripping of the minimum earth fault on the feeder. This compromise between lowered CT
requirements for through phase faults and detection of low level internal earth faults with load bias dictate the best
setting to adopt.
4.1.2 Step 2 - Determine the Fault Level and X/R Ratio of a Through Fault
30B
This maximum level for a three phase through fault can be calculated if the source and feeder primary
resistance (R) and reactance (X) values are known. Sometimes only the source fault level at the busbars will be
known. The system primary time constant can also be used to calculate the source X /R ratio, as the time
constant (X/R) = 2 x f x L / R.
The maximum through fault and maximum X/R ratio cannot occur simultaneously as one counter acts the other.
Therefore it is not technically sound to use both the circuit breaker breaking capacity and maximum system X/R
simultaneously when calculating the CT requirements. If the source X/R is at a maximum the external fault level
will tend towards a minimum.
System Voltage (kV) Source - Transient Current

Multiple(TCM)
X/R x Fault Level (kA)
33 and Below 500
66 600
132 700
275 900
400 1000
The above TCM limits are the extremes taken from the system data contained in international power system
standards. The above figures can be used for all circuits, except for circuits where the feeder protected by the
relays is fed from a busbar source with several directly connected (i.e. no step up transformer) generators, such
as at 11kV. In this case the source TCM may exceed the above limits, and such circuit will need careful
consideration for the CTs requirements.
For example at the 132kV busbar, the source X/R is considered to be 50 and the circuit breaker has a fault
current breaking capacity of 40kA, this produces a TCM of 2000. This value is not practical for a through fault on
any power system, so the practical maximum limit of 700 is imposed.
The maximum source fault level and X/R can then be calculated. The two cases are studied separately. The first
considers the maximum source X/R and the second the maximum fault level.

Example
U
Case1 Maximum Source X/R

U
The source fault level to use in the CT calculations = 700 / 50 = 14kA.
Therefore a check of each feeder should be done with an X/R of 50 and a fault level of 14kA.
Case 2 Maximum Fault Level

U
The source X/R to use with the maximum source fault level = 700 / 40 = 17.5
The second case should be done with an X/R of 17.5 and a fault level of 40kA
For the above example the three phase fault level may be quoted in MVA instead of kA. In this case, the fault
current can be calculated by using:
3Phase Fault MVA / (Rated Voltage Line Voltage x root 3)
System positive sequence impedance information is required in order to accurately estimate both values. The
calculation process needs to evaluate the following:
X/R used in CT equation = (XS + XF ) / ( RS + RF )
The source reactance (XS) and resistance (RS) will be fixed, but the feeder reactance (XF) and resistance (RF) will
increase with the length of the circuit. This means the line impedance dominating the over all X/R for the external
fault as the circuit length increases.
Several sources feeding the busbar will have the affect of magnifying the feeder impedance. For example four
transformers feeding the busbar in parallel will have affect of keeping the source X/R (=X/4 / R/4) at around 40 to
50, but means the effect of the feeder impedance is magnified by a factor of 4, in dominating the overall X/R of
the feeder external phase fault.
4.1.3 Step 3 Estimate of Total Resistance of the CT Secondary Circuit

31B
The lead loop resistance may be estimated by examining the cable run. For 2.5mm square multi-cores used with
a one ampere secondary nominal rating, the resistance is approximately 7.4 ohms per km. For 4mm square multi-
core the resistance is about 4.6 ohms per km. The CT secondary winding resistance and relay phase input
burden should be added to this.
The relay burden is 0.05 ohms when using one ampere rated CTs and relay inputs.
The relay burden is 0.01 ohms when using five ampere rated CTs and relay inputs.
RS = CT Secondary Winding Resistance + Relay Phase Input + Lead Loop Resistance
RS = (RCT + RPH + RLL)
4.1.4 Example CT Requirement - Solidly Earthed 10km 132kV Feeder

32B
The cable feeder is 10 km in length and uses single core 630mm square cables. The 132kV power system is
solidly earthed and has a minimum internal earth fault level of 15000 amperes and the cable circuit has a rating of
840 amperes. The CT ratio is chosen to be 1000/1A. Cables rated at 132kV have earthed sheaths and are cross
bonded. All internal feeder faults will therefore be earth faults.
As shown later the P/F Differential setting should be chosen so that the minimum internal earth fault level is
detected. Where the power system is non-effectively earthed such as resistance or reactance type earthing, the
load current will continue during the fault. The load current will have an effective of biasing the relay towards
stability. Setting the differential protection for non-effectively earthed systems is covered in 5.5.2.
In this case, as the system is solidly earthed, and the cables are cross bonded to earth at each substation and
cable joint all internal earth faults will be large. The fault current will almost exclusively return to the source via the
cable sheathed, which will cancel most of the induction effect of the fault current.

The minimum earth fault level is estimated to be not less than 15,000 amperes, are the minimum setting of 0.5 x
IN can be chosen. This level of earth fault will always produce a large differential current and a fast and definite
relay operation. If the circuit were resistance or reactance earthed a higher setting would be required.
Differential Current = 15000/1000A = 15 x IN, Bias Current = (15 + 0) / 2 = 7.5 x IN. This fault would appear in the
operate region of the bias characteristic at a percentage slope of approximately 200%.
If we assume the total secondary resistance is 5 ohms, then the Vk requirement can be established.
The cable feeder is fed from a busbar with a three phase fault level of 40kA and a maximum X/R of 50. As
explained earlier these two extremes cannot occur together as they would compromise the circuit breaker
breaking capacity. The above Transient Current Multiples are used to limit the parameters used to practical
maximum values. The maximum TCM of 700 is applied to 132kV systems. The parameters to use for each of the
two cases were calculated previously to be:
Case 1 CT required with a maximum X/R of 50 and a fault level of 14kA.
Case 2 CT required with a maximum fault level of 40kA and an X/R of 17.5.
The CTs are 1000/1A and have a secondary winding resistance of 4 ohms. The lead loop resistance (RLL), CT
secondary winding resistance and relay phase input resistance of 0.05 oms, must be added together to find the
total circuit resistance of the secondary circuit (RS).
The cable has a characteristic impedance of X = -j 0.1277 ohms per km, and R = 0.039 ohms per km. The
charging current for this type of cable is 8 amperes per km.

Example calculation
Case 1: Source X/R=50 FL=14kA Case 2: Source X/R=17.5 FL=40kA
IF = 14kA, X/R=50 IF=40kA, X/R=17.5
ZS = 132,000 / (3 x 14,000) = 5.443 ohms. ZS = 132,000 / (3 x 40,000) = 1.905 ohms.
As the busbar X/R is known for both cases the X and R components of the source impedance may be found.
-1
XS=Cos(Tan (1/X/R ))xZS=-j5.442 ohms XS=Cos(Tan-1(1/X/R ))xZS=-j1.9046 ohms
RS=Sin(Tan-1(1/X/R))xZS=0.109 ohms RS=Sin(Tan-1(1/X/R))xZS = 0.0381 ohms
Cable Impedance = 0.39 j1.277 ohms Cable Impedance = 0.39 j1.277 ohms
Total Impedance = 0.499 j6.719ohms Total Impedance = 0.4281 j3.1816 ohms
The X/R for external fault = 13.46 The X/R for external fault = 8.91
ZT = (0.499 + 6.719 ) = 6.737ohms ZT = (0.42812 + 3.18162) = 3.210 ohms

2 2
External Fault Level = 132kV / (root 3 x ZT) External Fault Level = 132kV / (root 3 x ZT)
= 11,312 A = 23,741 A
Both Cases should be considered when arriving at the CT minimum e.m.f. requirements
The X/R= ranges from 8.91 to 13.46. The through fault level ranges from 11.312 to 23.741A.
As the bias break point is being set to 0.5 xIN the following CT formula is applicable:
X
R
CT Requirements:
Case 1: Source X/R=50 FL=14kA Case 2: Source X/R=17.5 FL=40kA
Vk 1 x 11312/1000 x (RLL + RPH + RCT) Vk 1 x 23741/1000 x (RLL + RPH + RCT)
From the above, Case 2 requirements are more onerous and should be use to calculate the Vk minimum
required.
CTs for Substation A: CTs for Substation B:
Vk 1 x 23741/1000 x (1.95+0.05+5) Vk 1 x 23741/1000 x (3.5+0.05+5)
Vk 167 volts Vk 203 volts
The above figures are recommended for the relay, however the safety margin of 20% may be used if CT core size
makes fitting the CT into the switchgear chamber difficult. In the above example the absolute lower limits would
be:
Vk 167 / 1.2 = 140 volts Vk 203 / 1.2 = 170 volts
This 20% reduction is attributable to the fact the CT formulae were based on the saturation emf (esat). The esat of a
CT is always 120 % of the CT kneepoint voltage. The relay would still remain stable for these CT kneepoint
voltages as there are other safety margins built into the formulae.
These additional safety margins are:
The CT requirements was based on three phase fault levels, therefore only the single core run between
the relay and CT needed to be considered as the lead burden. The formulae used included the full lead
loop resistance.

The CT core was induced with a one Tesla of remnant flux prior to the fault being applied.
The fault inception point was set at zero degrees, which produces the largest dc offset in the primary
fault current and the highest dc transient flux requirement in the CT core. Most short circuit faults occur
at between fourty-five and ninety degrees.
On solidly earthed systems the earth fault level can exceed the phase fault level by up to a factor of 1.2. However
the X/R of the earth fault will always be less than the three phase fault as the return path via the earth/sheath is
mainly resistive. This will reduce any dc offsets in the primary fault current for an earth fault. It is therefore it is
sufficient to consider three phase faults only.
The above figures demonstrate the feeder impedance reduces the CT minimum requirements as the feeder
length increases. The Feeder reactance and resistance will become more dominant as the feeder length
increases. This is shown graphically for the 132kV cable feeder used in the example.
Typical 132kV Cable Feeder

External Fault Level and X/R decreasing with circuit length
50000 60
Three Phase External Fault Level

for 30kA Source
50
40000 Three Phase Fault Level For a 40kA
Source
X/R Ratio of External Three Phase
X/R of External Phase Fault

Fault for a Source X/R of 30 40
Fault Current (kA)
30000 X/R of Three Phase External Fault

for a Source X/R of 50
30
20000
20
10000
10
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Length of Cable Feeder (km's)
Figure 2 Fault Level and X/R reducing with feeder length.
The above shows the X/R ratio of feeder through fault current is less than half the source X/R when the cable
exceeds only 3kms in length. The fault level also reduces with increasing length and may allow the use of an
instantaneous high set over current element for longer feeders. This may be set to provide fast tripping for close
up faults, if say a flexible earth clamp was inadvertently left connected when the circuit is energised.
4.1.5 Fault Level and X/R for a Phase Through Fault

3B
Combinations of X/R and Fault level will rarely exceed a maximum of 1000 on any power system. This is because
a high X/R will tend to reduce the fault level. System X/R and fault level therefore have an inverse relationship. In
the above example the source reactance (Xs) and resistance (Rs) are calculated and additional feeder reactance
(XF) and resistance (RF) are added as the feeder length increases, to arrive at the profile shown above.
Therefore using the Maximum Breaking capacity of the CB and maximum system X/R together is not technically
valid as the both of these values cannot occur at the same time. If one of these parameters is at a maximum the
other tends towards its minimum value. This is why a limit is imposed on the product of these two parameters.
These limits are the maximum practical case possible.
The circuit type also affects the CT requirements. Cables have much lower X/R ratios than over head lines and
therefore tend to dominate as feeder length increases.

Cables in particular will reduce the through fault X/R ratio, as they have small X/R ratios in the 5 to 0.3 range.
Higher voltage single phase cables tending towards the higher figure and lower voltage trifoil cable tend towards
the lower end of this range. If the cable feeder is longer than a few miles then it is fairly safe to use the X/R of the
cable. Using more then one cable per phase will of course reduce this affect and increase charging current. In all
cases it is better to calculate the X/R and fault level of the through fault if the data is available. Where multiple
sources are present to feed the fault this has a magnifying affect in reducing the overall X/R of the external fault
as the feeder circuit impedance will dominate.
5 Fibre Optic Losses

4B
The main factors limiting transmission distances with fibre-optics are:

Transmitter launch power
Attenuation, based on light frequency, fibre material and fibre diameter
Number of intermediate connectors and splices
Receiver sensitivity
The light power at the receiver must be above the sensitivity of the receiver in order that effective communication
can occur.
The sensitivity of the fibre optic receiver is -30dB.
The launch power of the fibre optic transmitter is as follows:

Relay Type Fibre Type Launch Power
Long Range device Single-mode fibre -10dB
Long Range device Multi-mode fibre -7dB
Short Range device Multi-mode fibre -10dB
Typical attenuation for 1300nm:

Fibre Type Loss (dB/km)
9m Single mode Glass 0.3
62.5m Multi-mode Glass 1.2
Consult fibre manufacturers data for actual values
Fibre cables are supplied on reels of finite length which may necessitate additional jointing. Jointing losses should
be allowed for to suit this limitation, for example one additional splice every 4km.
Typical losses at connectors are 0.5-1.0dB each. This allows for normal age related deterioration. Consult
manufacturers data for actual values
Typical Splice losses are <0.3dB.
A 3dB safety margin is usually allowed after the budget calculation is performed.
Individual applications should be assessed using actual manufacturers data.
Following installation the actual losses should be measured for each fibre using a calibrated light source and
meter and the measured values compared to the calculated estimate before the relay is applied.

The following table can be used to record budget calculations:
A Launch power
dB
B Fibre Type
C Loss (dB/km)
dB/km
D Length
km
E Total fibre loss (CxD)

dB
F No. of Splices
G Loss at each splice

dB
H Total loss at splices (FxG)

dB
I No. of connectors
J Loss per connector

dB
K Total loss at connectors (IxJ)

dB
L Total losses (E+H+K)

dB
M Receive power budget (A-L)

dB
N Safety Margin
dB
O Device Receive Sensitivity

dB

6 Relay Functions & Settings

5B
6.1 Current Differential Protection

12B
The current differential elements have separate phase angle and current magnitude comparators. The current
differential magnitude comparator has four settings; P/F differential (IS), Bias Slope 1 (S1), Bias Break Point (B2)
and Bias Slope 2 (S2). The relay operates by comparing the magnitude and phase of the local and remote relay
currents. The characteristics and equations are shown in Figure 3. The differential algorithm is phase segregated
and will produce a trip for the operation of any of the three phase differential elements.
It is imperative that the relay differential settings and software revisions are identical for each pair of
relays protecting a feeder at all times. The Software Revision can be checked by pressing and holding
the [TEST/RESET] and [CANCEL] pushbutton simultaneously, when the relay displaying its identifier at
the top of the menu structure. The Software Revision number installed is scrolled across the LCD.
Advice on setting the differential elements for various types of circuits and earthing methods are covered later.
But a summary of the technical aspects to consider is listed.
P/F Differential - this setting defines the minimum sensitivity of the internal fault that the protection can detect.
This setting also defines the bias current that the phase angle comparator becomes active. The phase angle
comparator is active when the bias current measured by a pair of relay is greater than half of this setting. A lower
setting can normally be used on. The feeder charging current must be assessed when defining the lowest setting
that could be applied to a feeder.
Bias Slope 1- this is used to allow the relay to detect lower level internal earth faults. It will generally be selected
to 20% for resistance earthed power systems and 30% for solidly earthed power systems.
Bias Slope 2 this setting is used to accommodate some saturation of the CTs caused by through phase faults
on the feeder. This setting should always be selected to 150%.
Bias Break Point this setting as a multiple of rated current, defines where Slope 1 ends and Slope 2 begins.
This setting is critical as it defines the CT formula to use and the ability of the relay to detect earth faults on
resistance earthed networks. A lower setting makes the relay more stable for through faults but may compromise
earth fault detection. Non-effectively earthed power systems will tend to require a higher setting than solidly
earthed power systems, as some load will tend to continue to flow during the earthed. This will provide extra bias
to the relays and shift the fault point towards a more stable position.
The following page illustrates the relay differential characteristics and settings.

Differential Charcterisitics
Magnitude Comparitor
Slope=
200%
Fau End
Relay Bias
lts
le
Charactersitic
Ph Sing
P/F Bias Slope 2 (S2)
ase
Differential Current
Fed ernal
|I
Local
Int
| Remot | - | I
All
TRIP (150%)
e
P/F Bias Slope 1 (S1 ) I Diff = I S + S1 (B2 - 0.5 x I S )

+ S 2 (IRES - B2)
(2 x IN)
STABLE
(30%)
P/F Diff
Setting (IS) I Diff = I S + S1 (IRES - 0.5 x I S )
(0. 30 x IN) IRES = (| I | + | I Remote | ) /2
Local
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
I (x Is)
Bias Breakpoint RESTRAIN
IS/2 Setting (B2)
Phase Angle Comparitor

+180
+160
+140 = Break Point

Shapin I RESTRAI
N Setting (2xIn) TRIP
+120 g
+100
TRIP +67.5
degrees
+80
+60 +45 degrees

+40
STABLE
Phase angle +20 STABLE
between local
and remote -
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0
I RESTRAIN (x Is)
primary 20
- STABLE STABLE
currents 40
-
60
-45 degrees
-
80 -67.5 degrees
-100
-120
TRIP TRIP
Shaping
-140
-160
Note Primary Currents are used as the CT connections make the seconday
-180 current in anti phase for a normal healthy case
No operation, as phase Relay operates when the phase

difference of the primary currents Relay operates when the phase difference of the
comparitor is blocked
is above the comparitor threshold primary currents is above the comparitor
when Ires < I S/2 or
of 45 degrees. This angle setting threshold of 67.5 degrees. This angle setting is
current at either end
is in operation when both ends operational when both ends have > I s/2 current and
is less than I S /2 have > the restraint current is above the bias breakpoint (B 2)
I s /2 current and the restraint
current is between I s /2 and the bias
breakpoint.
Figure 3 Relay Magnitude and Phase Angle Comparators (Revision 4 and above)

6.2 Backup Over current and Earth Fault

13B
The relay provides one IDMTL (inverse definite minimum time lag) inverse curve and three instantaneous or DTL
(definite time lag) elements, for both phase and earth faults. The DTL elements are named Highset 1, Highset 2
and Lowset in the relay OC PROTECTION menu. The P/F or E/F Characteristic settings can be selected to
Normal inverse, long-time inverse, extremely inverse and very inverse IDMTL curves or to DTL.
Any of these elements can be set to be in service permanently, or only when the end to end protection signal
becomes corrupted, i.e. when differential protection is no longer possible. To use any of the elements in this way,
scroll down to the Status Input menu and select the element required to be inhibited by the signal healthy. The
elements can be inhibited by any of the status inputs, plus the virtual input of the state of signal healthy (SIG)
seen on the relay display screen at the end of the binary string. Setting the SIG input to 1 means the element is
inhibited by a healthy signal.
These elements can be set and used as guard relays for the differential protection, ie the differential protection
will only operate and trip when the local relay current exceeds the guard element setting(s).
The IDMTL/DTL elements can be set to grade with relays or fuses up and down-stream of the protected feeder. In
most applications, the selection of relay IDMTL characteristics will be dictated by the type of curve used on the
over current and earth fault protection relays on the source and load side of this relay. Usually normal inverse
curves are selected for grading between relays. Extremely Inverse curves type C to IEC 255 are often used on
H.V. transformer circuits, since this type of curve grades with L.V. fuses or moulded case circuit breakers. The
setting applied to the earth fault elements must consider residual current caused by charging current under
normal load and under fault conditions.
6.3 Differential Guard Elements

14B
When overcurrent and earth fault elements are allocated as a guard to the differential elements, the feeder
current must exceed the guard level(s) before a differential trip is allowed. Other relay functions such as inter-trip,
status inputs, circuit breaker fail may be used as differential guard relays. The guard elements are allocated in the
O/P RELAY CONFIG menu. Setting the virtual relay output GPF (guard phase fault differential) to 1 in the output
setting string enables the guard feature. If more than one element is set as GPF, operation of ANY of the GPF
elements will allow the Differential element to operate.
The differential elements are automatically blocked if a protection signaling disturbance occurs; i.e. a discrete
guard element does not have to be set to ensure stability.
6.4 Protection Signalling

15B
The relay provides two separate external signalling channels. These can be used for externally initiated inter-
tripping or for signalling from another protection, such as a permissive or blocking signal required by distance
protection schemes. The use of this differential protection with a distance relay is a cost-effective method of
protecting a circuit. It provides dual main protections (operating on different principles and hardware), inter-
tripping, signalling and backup over current protection.
The protection/intertrip signal is initiated by a contact on the external device, wired to energise one or more of the
status inputs. The operating time is approximately 50ms from energising the local relay status input to closing the
output contact of the remote relay. The reset time is approximately 45ms.
6.5 Intertripping
16B
Provision for both Internally and Externally initiated intertripping is included in the relay. The relay is provided with
an intertrip LED to signal the operation of this function. The intertrip LED on the receive relay, is always
illuminated, for both external and internal type intertrips. The relay at the send end, only illuminates its own
intertrip LED flag, if the intertrip is initiated from its own protection elements, i.e. it is an internal intertrip. This
assists in determining where the external intertrip was originated. The internal and external intertripping can be
enabled or disabled in the DIFF. PROTECTION MENU. Either type of inter-tripping can be selected to ON or OFF
in this menu.
a) Externally Initiated Intertipping

The external inter-tripping can be initiated by energising a relay Status Input. The status input(s) used for this
purpose, must be assigned as External Intertrips (iTrip1&2) in the STATUS CONFIG setting menu. The output

relay(s) assigned to trip the circuit breaker, of the remote end relay must be allocated in the [Remote Ext. itrip1&2]
of the O/P RELAY CONFIG menu. The operate time of the external intertrip, from energising the status input to
closure of the remote output contact, is 50ms, ie if no pickup delay is applied to the status input. As mentioned
previously, the external intertrip must be selected to ON in the DIFF. PROTECTION relay menu.
b) Internally Initiated Intertripping

The Internal inter-tripping may be used when over current and earth fault elements are used as guard relays and
fault current can only be fed from one end of the feeder. The differential element of the relay at the end of the
feeder with no fault infeed will not trip, as the guard element(s) will prevent operation. The relay sensing fault
current will trip on differential, as the guard levels will be exceeded. This relay can send an internal inter-trip signal
to the other relay and force a trip of the other relay.
The internal inter-trip must be set to ON in the DIFF. PROTECTION relay menu, and trip outputs allocated.
6.6 Circuit Breaker Fail (CBF) Protection

17B
This type of protection function is designed to ensure a fault current is cleared even if the local circuit breaker fails
to trip and remove the fault. For this reason it is also called local backup protection.
The CBF function may use either internal protection elements or external relay outputs to initiate the circuit
breaker fail logic.
Internally Initiated CBF
The relay incorporates an internal two-stage circuit breaker fail feature. The sequence of the internal CBF logic is
as follows.
An internal protection element picks up and operates its output contact(s) to trip the circuit breaker. If the circuit
breaker fails to open, the protection algorithm pickup and the output contact closure will both continue for as long
as the fault current continues to flow. The output relay(s) closure and pickup of the protection algorithm are both
monitored. The output contacts used to trigger the internal CBF logic MUST be allocated as Fault Triggers in the
DATA STORAGE menu. This is necessary to differentiate the use of output contacts used for alarms and trips.
Additionally the relay has over current and earth fault CBF level detectors that may be used to give additional
security to the CBF scheme. If the level detectors are required both must be set. If one or both the CB Fail
detectors are set to OFF the additional level detector check is not implemented.
The level detectors are triggered by three conditions:
Protection element timing out

An output allocated as a Fault Trigger has operated
The pick up level of one the CBF level detectors is exceeded.
This combination of a relay algorithm that has not reset following an output contact closure and optionally the
level detector being exceeded will start the definite time lag feature designated CB Fail 1. This function can be
programmed to energise an output relay when the CB Fail 1 time delay has elapsed.
The contacts of CB Fail 1 element can be employed to energise a second trip coil on the feeder circuit breaker or
to trip another circuit breaker - typically an incoming breaker. The timing out of the CB Fail 1 timer starts a second
time lag feature designated CB Fail 2. If the trip outputs already initiated do not stop the current flow through the
relay, another output relay can be programmed in the output matrix to trip a further breaker e.g. a bus section
circuit breaker. The timers should be set to operate in 50ms plus the longest C.B. tripping time. The 50ms time
allows for operating and reset times of the internal relay elements. The circuit breaker fail feature can also be
used to implement multi-stage tripping.
Externally Initiated CBF

A conventional circuit breaker fail relay is usually initiated by main protection trip relay(s). CB Fail current
detectors monitor if fault current is removed and allow the CBF timer(s) to run. When these timer(s) have expired
the scheme will initiate repeat and/or back tripping. This relay can be employed to provide the c.b. fail function in
this manner by employing a status input, initiated by an external trip output. This status input is mapped to
operate an output relay. This output relay must also be allocated as a Fault Trigger.
Two stage timing via dedicated output contacts can then be employed for repeat or back tripping as required. The
CB Fail logic is shown in the diagram below.

Any Intenal Protection

Element CB Fail Time Delay
1
Status Input Y Circuit breaker fail 1
Event CB Fail 1
Fault Trigger
Output
relay
CB Fail Time Delay

2
P/F CBF Current Setting Circuit breaker fail 2
ENABLE E/F CBF Current Setting
EN
*see note 1 Event CB Fail 2
Iph
1 Note 1:- EN, Enable input is edge triggered and level active.
Ief IF CBF is applied then P/F & E/F must each have an ICBF current setting.
IF any CBF Current Setting = OFF (Zero) then output = 1 when enabled.
Enable/Output is Reset when all currents are OFF (Zero) or all are below setting.
Solkor N Protection Functions CBF
Figure 4 Circuit Breaker Fail
6.7 User Defined Alarms

18B
These alarms allow flagging of the operation of external protection on the relay LCD display. The waveform
recording of the relay can also be triggered.
For example, operation of a cable low oil pressure detector could be wired to a status input of the relay. This
could be used to display Low Cable Oil Pressure alarm on the relay lcd display.
This is programmed into the relay by assigning a relay Status Input as Alarm 1, in the STATUS CONFIG menu
and naming Set Alarm 1 as Low Cable Oil Pressure, in the SYSTEM CONFIG menu.
If the external device is initiated by a fault and trips the feeder (eg Bucholz protection on an in-zone power
transformer), the status input can also be programmed to initiate the waveform storage to assess if fault current
was flowing.
6.8 Trip Circuit Supervision

19B
The Solkor N relay can be used to supervise one or more trip circuits, via status inputs, with the associated circuit
breaker open or closed. A low value of d.c. current is passed through the entire trip circuit to monitor the auxiliary
supply, the trip coil, its auxiliary switch, the C.B. secondary isolating contacts and the relevant wiring/links. If the
circuit develops a fault and monitoring current flow ceases, the normally energised status input drops off and if it
is user programmed to operate one of the output relays, then this relay gives a contact output to signal Trip Circuit
Fail. In addition, the LCD display on the Argus relay will indicate Trip Circuit FAIL.
To avoid giving spurious alarm messages while the circuit breaker is operating, the status input should be
programmed to have a 400 ms drop-off delay.
Schemes, based on the Electricity Association H6/H5 schemes, are shown below.
Argus relay Circuit breaker
+ve -ve
Trip contacts
Trip coil
For 110/125 VDC
use external 2K7
dropper resistor
with 48V status
input
Status input Auxiliary contacts
P300005 Application Diagrams / TCS
Figure 5 Engineering Recommendations S.15 H6 Trip Circuit Supervision scheme

This scheme provides continuous Trip Circuit Supervision of trip coil with circuit breaker Open or Closed. It does
not, however, provide pre-closing supervision of the connections and links between the tripping contacts and the
circuit breaker.
Reyrolle protection relay Circuit breaker Open position
+ve -ve
Trip contacts Trip Link
Trip coil
Rs
Rd
Status input Auxiliary contacts
Provides continuous Trip circuit supervision of all wiring and links with Breaker Open or Closed.
Auxilliary Status Rs Rd ITRIP COIL ITRIP COIL ITC max Note1
Voltage Voltage CB Open CB Closed CB Closed
110/125 V 48 V 2K7 2K7 < 20 ma < 35 ma < 55ma

110/125 V 110/125 V 4K7 4K7 < 2.5 ma < 5 ma < 35 ma
220/250 V 220/250 V 10K 10K < 2.5 ma < 5 ma < 30 ma
Note 1:- Worst case current - Short circuit applied across Status input with CB Closed and max Auxilliary Voltage.
Resistors must be at least 18 Watt rated and connected using crimped connections as under worst case they will
run hot. P300005 Application Diagrams / TCS H5
Figure 6 Engineering Recommendations S.15 H5 Trip Circuit Supervision scheme
This scheme provides continuous, high security, Trip Circuit Supervision of all wiring and links with circuit breaker
Open or Closed. Note a TCS Alarm will be generated if the trip contact is latched.
6.9 CT Supervision
20B
The relay provides supervision of the CTs connected to the relay. It is used to produce an alarm if the connection
between relay and one or more CTs is broken. The function does not block operation of the differential protection.
If the load level is above the relay P/F Differential Setting, when the CT wiring becomes open circuit, then the
relay will still trip.
The feeder circuit must be loaded for the CT supervision element to operate. The CT Supervision element must
have a time delay applied to allow external faults to be cleared before the CT supervision times out. A typical
setting would be 0.1 x IN and 5 to 10 seconds time delay.
The function will give an alarm after the set time delay if the current measured on one or two phases falls below
the setting whilst at least one other phase remains above the setting, and remains so for the set time delay. This
function may be disabled by applying a setting of OFF.
Where single pole reclosing is applied either the function must be set to OFF or the time delay set longer than the
longest dead time plus a margin.
6.10 Waveform, Fault and Event Records

21B
The relay has three types of information provided to help investigate relay operation. The waveform recorder is an
oscillograph of a.c. current waveforms, r.m.s. values of local and remote currents, state of differential elements
and state of status input and output relays. The waveform recorder displays both local and remote currents to
determine differential operation.
The sine waves shown by the Waveform Records are instantaneous samples, i.e. the peak level of current. The
relay uses the r.m.s. value of current to determine operation. The r.m.s. value of current, may be estimated from

the peak value by dividing the peak value on a sine wave by 2. The waveform recorder, can be configured to be
automatically triggered by operation of starter elements, differential, over current and earth fault, inter-trip, and
signal unhealthy (ST+DF+OC+iTp+SIG) in the DATA STORAGE - Waveform Trigger menu. The waveform can
be set with a pre-trigger, to capture the fault currents before the relay trip occurred.
The waveform recorder can be triggered from a relay status input or from Reydisp Evolution. This can be used to
trigger a hard copy of the commissioning tests carried out. The waveforms can be printed out and used to form
part of the Commissioning Test Report.
The Fault Recorder is used to display operation of any of the relay elements on the front of the relay via the LCD.
The fault record is scrolled across the LCD, and displays the pickup value and the elements that have operated.
To trigger the fault recorder the Fault Trigger output relays must be set and the Waveform Trigger must be set.
For example, if an over current element is meant to trigger the Fault Recorder and is allocated to use output relay
2 (RL2), the Waveform Trigger Menu must include OC and the relay 2 must be allocated as a Fault Trigger in the
DATA storage menu.
The Event Records is a list of time stamped pick-up, drop-off and operation status of the relay algorithms. This is
particularly useful, in determining the sequence of events that led to a relay operation, and the cause of the trip. It
does not have to be set as it continuously records any events. Five hundred events are recorded with a time
stamped accuracy of 1ms.
6.11 Relay Settings Groups

2B
The variable settings version of the relay has eight Settings Groups. The fixed setting relay does not have settings
groups.
The active Settings Group can be changed manually via the front pushbuttons, Reydisp Evolution, or remotely via
the relay communications. It can also be changed automatically by energising a relay status input. Care must be
taken to ensure the differential elements are stable if settings at either end are different. Advice can be provided
on request, if an application requires this feature to be used.
6.12 Trip and Intertrip Tests

23B
The settings in the CB maintenance menu can be used to do trip and intertrip tests.
The trip test allows the local circuit breaker to be tested and the intertrip test allows the remote CB to be tested.
The settings to do these tests are found in the CB maintenance menu. The trip test has a ten second delay
before closure of the selected trip contacts to allow personnel to vacate the vicinity of the circuit breaker.
7 Differential Protection Settings For Feeder Circuits

6B
The relay was developed to provide protection for two ended sub-transmission and distribution feeders. The relay
combines current differential feeder protection with back-up over current and earth fault protection suitable for
these feeders. The fibre optic, RS485 and twisted pair pilotwire connections to the relay are shown in Figure 15,
Figure 16 and Figure 17. The relay is only suitable for two ended feeders.
There are various primary circuit types each requiring specific considerations.
These include:
Plain poly-phase Tri-foil cable Feeders.

Phase segregated, single phase cables Feeders.
Overhead line feeders.
A Feeder with a mixture of the above.
Each of these configurations is discussed below.
Special consideration is also given to earth fault protection provided by the relay for different network designs with
respect to the method of grounding. The feeder charging current will have the most impact on the minimum
differential setting that may be chosen.

7.1 24B Capacitive Charging Current Cable and Hybrid Feeders

Significant Charging currents are to be expected on cable or hybrid (a mix of cable and over head line) feeder
circuits. Pure overhead line feeders will not have significant charging currents and will not generally affect the
lowest differential setting that may be chosen. The cable charging current will increase linearly with circuit length.
The capacitive charging current is at leading power factor to the feeder load current and has the affect of causing
a phase and magnitude difference to arise between the current measured at each end of the feeder. This normal
steady state difference in currents will have an impact on the minimum differential settings that may be used.
The relay must be set with a P/F Differential setting that must be minimum multiple of the steady state charging
current. The steady state charging current may be calculated from the cable data and the circuit length. This
multiple of charging current is necessary to accommodate transient charging current, steady state charging
current and rises in phase to neutral voltages during system faults. As the relay design was developed an effort
was made to improve the relay sensitivity to allow resistive earth faults to be detected. Later releases of code
allowed lower differential settings to be used.
The phase angle comparator was altered in Release 4 of the relay code. This was done to allow the relay
differential protection to be set to improve sensitivity by allowing the relay to be set to a lower multiple of steady
state charging current. This enhancement also improves relay stability for lightly loaded circuits.
The minimum initial setting that can be selected on the relay depends upon the revision of software installed on
the relay. Revision 3 or earlier requires the following minimum sensitivities to be selected:
The recommended figures are in terms of a multiple of the steady state feeder charging current (Ic).
Minimum P/F Differential Setting recommended for Relays with Revision 1 to 3 code(prior to July 2004):
Feeder Type and Pure Cable Feeder Hybrid Feeder Pure OHL Feeder
System Earth Method (OHL+Cable)
Solidly Earthed 8 x Ic 14 x Ic 14 x Ic
Resistance Earthed 14 x Ic 14 x Ic 14 x Ic
Reactance Earthed 14 x Ic 14 x Ic 14 x Ic
Isolated 14 x Ic 14 x Ic 14 x Ic
Revision code 4 or later allows the relay to be set more sensitively as the comparison of the tables above and
below demonstrate.
Minimum P/F Differential Setting recommended for Revision 4 (released July 2004) code with or later are:
Feeder Type and Pure Cable Feeder Hybrid Feeder Pure OHL Feeder
System Earth Method (OHL+Cable)
Solidly Earthed 2.5 x Ic 4 x Ic 4 x Ic
Resistance Earthed 4 x Ic 4 x Ic 4 x Ic
Reactance Earthed 5 x Ic 5 x Ic 5 x Ic
Isolated 5 x Ic 5 x Ic 5 x Ic
A significant transient charging current will flow a cable feeder is first energised. The relay digital filtering is
designed to remove almost all of this transient current. The frequency of this current tends to be a high multiple of
power system frequency. Therefore the steady state charging current only need to be considered when selecting
the differential setting.
The revision of the relay software installed, may be found moving to the top of the menu structure to display the
relay identifier and holding the [Cancel] and [Test/Reset] pushbuttons depressed or by selecting [Relay]
[Information][Get System Information] in Reydisp Evolution. If the setting file for the relay is saved, open the .set

file in Reydisp Evolution, clicking on the Info (i) tab at the top right hand corner of the Settings Editor window.
The Software Revision should now be displayed in the Settings Source Information window.
If relays with installed code of Revision 1 to 3 do not provide enough sensitivity, the latest revision may be
downloaded. Note a pair of relays must have identical software installed and differential settings selected at all
times.
These above figures include provision for transient increases in healthy phase charging current during external
earth faults on non-effectively earthed power systems.
Some typical Examples of Cable Charging Currents are given in the Table below:
Voltage kV Charging current per km
3.3 0.2 to 0.7

6.6 0.5 to 1.6
11 0.7 to 2.4
22 1.1 to 3.2
33 1.3 to 3.5
66 4 to 7.5
132 5 to 11
220 10 to 20
400 15 to 30
The above figures are for single cables only. Where two cables per phase are used the feeder charging current
will double. The highest charging current figure at the top end of the range are for the largest cross-sectional area
single core cables and for small diameter three core cables at the bottom of the table. If the charging current is
not known the top figure in the range may be used with confidence, as it will tend to over estimate the feeder
charging current and set the relay to a more stable differential setting.
The above table should only been used as a worst case estimate. For optimum relay settings the differential
setting to select, should be based a multiple on the true charging current or susceptance of the cable.
7.2 Plain Poly Phase Cable Feeders

25B
This type of cable is usually used at 33kV and below. The reactance of these cables tends to be low as the phase
currents tend to cancel in each cable. The X/R of the external fault to use in the CT formula will tends towards the
cable X/R if the cable exceeds 2 to 3 km. This assists in reducing the CT requirements.
7.3 Phase Segregated Single Phase Cable Feeders

26B
The major difference between this type of circuit and poly-phase cable circuits, is that the transient and steady
state charging current will be higher. The charging current will rise with rated voltage and the length of the circuit.
The variable setting relay is recommended for this type of circuit, as it offers the flexibility to cope with a variable
level of charging current. The P/F differential setting must be set above the charging current on the feeder. The
waveform recorder in the relay can be used to assess the magnitude of charging current. The method is covered
in part 4.4 of this section of the manual. Several Cables per phase may be used and this may increase overall
charging current by a multiple of a single cable.
The P/F Differential should be set as per the recommendations in 6.1.
The cable X/R will reduce the external fault X/R to a significant extent is the cable is more than a few kilometres in
length.
7.4 Overhead Line Feeder

27B
The relay is suitable for protecting circuits of this type. The settings can be set more sensitively than for cable
feeders as charging current is much lower. The P/F differential setting may need to be set towards the lower
settings of 10% to 20% to cover arc resistance and/or resistively earthed neutral. The Slope 1 Setting should also
be set to 20% and the Bias Break Point may need to be set to 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 to allow for load current flow during
the internal earth fault. The Bias Break Point will usually have to be set higher for overhead lines, than for cable
circuits, to allow for load bias during a high resistance earth fault on the feeder.

Where twisted pair pilotwire connection is used for protection signalling, and the circuit is an overhead line, the
consideration of the induced voltage onto the pilotwires becomes important. Please contact Customer Services
for applications advice.
7.5 Earth Fault Sensitivity

28B
The method adopted for earthing the power system network will determine the amount of fault current available to
operate the differential elements. As mentioned above care must be taken when assessing the best combination
of settings to use.
Network feeder circuits of the type that this relay is likely to be applied on, eg 3kV to 150kV, may operate with
their neutral points either solidly earthed (typical for the 150 kV end of the range), unearthed (often employed in
the middle range of distribution voltage ratings) and impedance earthed at the lower end.
This must be considered when selecting and applying the relay, as outlined below:
7.5.1 Solid or Effective Neutral Earthing

34B
Solid earthing will normally result in earth fault levels of a similar magnitude or just above the three phase faults.
Low impedance earthed generators are normally designed to allow fault current of the order of magnitude of the
source incoming circuit rating, typical values being in the range of 100-1600 amps.
In either case, solid or low impedance, the standard basic relay, with fixed or variable settings should provide
adequate sensitivity for earth faults. Both the differential and the back-up non-unit protection will provide sensitive
protection.
For low impedance earthed networks it is only necessary to ensure that the current transformer primary rating and
ratio is compatible with the earth fault current, or is of a lower value.
Example: maximum fault current 800 amp

c.t ratio 800/1 (or 5)
For low impedance earthed networks it is recommended that the differential sensitivity be no more than 80% of
the minimum earth fault current. The relay with variable differential settings should allow this to be met.
7.5.2 High Impedance and Resistance Earthed Neutrals

35B
This method is often employed in medium voltage power system, where the fault current in each source neutral is
limited to a low value, for reasons of safety and to limit fault damage.
The fault current may be of the order of 100 to 1000 amps.
In this type of network, with feeders typically rated 400-800 amps and c.t ratios chosen appropriately, eg
800/400/1 or 5 amp, the earth fault current may not be sufficient to operate relay models from the basic range.
The minimum relay setting is 10% of nominal current rating for both the differential (ie variable setting models)
and back-up protection.
For transformer feeders, an earth fault part way into the transformer winding would result in a much lower
proportion of maximum fault current. For Delta windings this is usually acceptable, whereas for star connected
windings a separate more sensitive restricted earth fault protection is normally provided.
For plain feeders, acceptable settings to apply to the relay are as follows:
Example: Maximum earth fault from one source = 40 amps

C.t. ratio 100/1 (or 5 amp)
Relay settings P/F Differential (IS) = 0.10 x IN

Bias slope 1 (S1) = 20%
Bias slope 2 (S2) = 150%
Bias Break Point (B2) = 2.0 x IN

Example - 33kV Earth Fault on Resistance Earthed Cable Feeder
ILOAD ILOAD
IEARTH FAULT
LOCAL LOCAL
Figure 7 Earth Fault with load bias for Resistance Earthed System
Circuit Parameters:
33kV Cable Length = 7km

Load prior to Fault inception = 700A.
Load during Earth Fault 600A
Circuit Rating = 800A
CT Ratio = 1200/1A
Maximum Feeder Earth Fault level = 800A (two transformers)
Minimum Feeder Earth Fault Level = 400A (one transformer)
Charging Current per cable = 4.5A per km
At the fault point the phase to neutral voltage may not fall significantly and therefore load current will continue to
flow through the radial cable to the load during the earth fault. The load will usually reduce, but the full circuit
rating is used to calculate the fault position on the relay bias characteristic, as this will test the relay setting for the
worst case. At one end of the feeder only the load current will be measured. At the other end the load and the
superimposed fault current will flow.
As the system is radial the phase comparator will generally not operate as the fault current and load is often of a
very similar power factor. Therefore it is essential the relay is set to ensure this minimum earth fault level is
detected by the magnitude comparator.
Secondary Currents under Fault conditions:
For a minimum earth fault of 400 amps, the currents measured by the relays at either end of the feeder will be:
Local End = 600 amps + 400 amps = 1000 amps / 1200 = 0.833 amps
Remote End = 600 amps / 1200= 0.500 amps
Restraint or Bias Current = (0.833 + 0.500) / 2 = 0.666A
Differential Current = 0.833 - 0.500 = 0.333A
The measured relay point is therefore 0.333A differential current at bias current 0.666A.
This can be compared graphically with the relay default P/F Diff. Setting of 0.3xIn and 30% Slope.

Operate
30%
0.333 Restrain
0.3
0.15 0.666 Restraint Current
Figure 8 Setting of P/F Diff. Setting for Load Bias
It is clear that the relay will not operate for this fault. To detect this level of fault the relay P/F Differential and/or
Slope 1 setting must be reduced.
This setting must be set in excess of the multiple of steady state charging current required by the relay to ensure
stable operation. For relays with shaped phase angle comparators (Revision 4 and above) the required minimum
limit is 4 x Ic, where Ic is the steady state cable charging current of the feeder.
Cable Charging Current:
The P/F Differential Setting > 4 x charging current [Resistance Earthed System]
The secondary charging current can be estimated to be: 7km x 4.5A x 1/1200 = 0.0263 A
P/F Differential Setting > 4 x 0.0263A / rated current = 0.106 x IN
The relay should be set to the next highest Differential Setting of 0.15 x IN
Operate
30%
0.333
Restrain
0.15
Figure 9 Setting of Bias Slope for Load Bias
Shown graphically it is clear that it would be advantageous to reduce the bias slope. The next setting below 30%
is the minimum of 20%.
Operate
0.333
20%
Restrain
0.15
Figure 10 Settings for correct Load Bias

To allow operation of the relay for this minimum earth fault the Bias Break Point must be set to 1.0 x IN or above.
A setting of 1 x IN, rather than 1.5 x IN, would be selected as this help lower the CT requirements. The Figure
below shows the effect of settings applied for detecting earth faults on resistance earthed systems. It also shows
the fault point for the above example:
Where the relay is used on interconnected systems and the fault current is fed from both ends of the
feeder (double end fed) the phase comparator will generally operate.
Fault Sensitivity for Resistance Earthed Sytems
MAGNITUDE
COMPARITOR
Differential Current (x IN)
OPERATION
0%
15
2=
e
lop
sS
Bia
MAGNITUDE
COMPARITOR
STABLE
0.5 1.0 1.5

Restraint Current (x IN)
Bias Break Point Settings
Figure 11 Setting of Bias Break Point for Load Bias
Figure 12 to Figure 14 shows typical values chosen for the P/F Differential, Bias Slope 1 and Bias Break Point
settings to allow an earth fault with some load biasing to be detected. Three typical relay settings used for
resistance earthed systems are shown graphically, to assist with selecting appropriate settings.

Solkor N - Bias Characteristic

Is = 10%,S1=20%, S2=150%, B2= 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2
2.000
Operate or Differential Current (x IN)
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
0.00000 0.50000 1.00000 1.50000 2.00000 2.50000
Restraint or bias Current (x IN)
Figure 12 10% P/F Differential and Bias Break Point of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0.

Is = 15%,S1=20%, S2=150%, B2= 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
0.00000 0.50000 1.00000 1.50000 2.00000 2.50000
Figure 13 15% Differential and Bias Break Point of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0.


Is = 20%,S1=20%, S2=150%, B2= 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2
2.000
1.500
1.000
0.500
0.000
0.00000 0.50000 1.00000 1.50000 2.00000 2.50000
Figure 14 20% Differential and Bias Break Point of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0.
7.5.3 Isolated (unearthed) and Reactance Earthing
For these networks, the intention is to ensure that an earthed live conductor does not result in any significant fault
current and minimise interruptions to supply. Utility networks of this type do not normally include discriminating
protection as a first level, e.g. whilst the network is earthed via a Peterson Coil (reactance earthing).
Often the earth fault position is found by applying a short to the neutral reactance after a time delay. If the fault is
within the protected zone of the relay then the device would then trip. Often systems with this type of earthing will
have pecking type faults that may lead to problems in grading different types of over current and earth fault
relays. XLPE cable circuits typically have pecking faults where the arc is extinguished and the fault re-seals.
The reset of the relays may become out of step as the pulses of fault current usually are not long enough to allow
relays to time out, and eventually this will often lead to loss of grading. Where circuits have pilot wires often this
grading problem may be over come by the use of this relay type.
For industrial networks, employing the isolated network neutral philosophy, it is usually intended that
discriminating protection be employed if possible. This type of protection employs the detection of zero sequence
fault current resulting from network cable capacitance, employing a core balance c.t., and zero sequence voltage
from a neutral displacement voltage transformer winding, in combination, to establish the position of a fault.
During the period where the system is earthed via a variable neutral reactance, the fault current pulse is usually
long enough for this relay type to provide satisfactory earth fault protection on such a network. After the neural
control time delay has expired and the reactance earthed system becomes solidly earthed, the relay will operate
and trip the faulted circuit.

A B C C B
Phase rotation ANALOGUE DATA
53 COMMS
54
A
1
55 Ia Tx
56
A
5
49
Rx
1A
50
51 Ib
52
5A
P1 S1 S1 S1 45 FIBRE OPTIC
1A
46 PROTECTION
47 Ic SIGNALLING
P2 S2 S2 S2 48
5A
25 Tx1
1A
26
27 Ie
Rx1
28
A
5
PSU EXPANSION
13 35
+
+
S2 36
- 14 -
Case Earth 33
+
15 S3 34 -
3
+
4 S1 31
-
+
S4 32 -
5
6 RL1
29
7
+
8 S5 30 -
9
RL2
PROTECTION 10 43
COMMS DATA
+
COMMS 16 S6 44 -
17
RL3
18
41 +
11 S7 42
RL4
-
12
19
39
20 RL5
+
S8 40
21 -
Notes :
1 - CT circuits shown connected to 1A inputs (5A rated 22 RL6
CTs use alternative inputs) 23 37
+
2 - CT and Earth connections are typical only. RL7 S9 38

3 - Expansion board only fitted on C type relays.
24 -
Typical application diagram : 3 Phase + EF connection
Figure 15 Relay Connections for Fibre Optic

A B C C B
Phase rotation ANALOGUE DATA
53 COMMS
54
A
1
55 Ia Tx
56
A
5
49
Rx
1A
50
51 Ib
52
5A
P1 S1 S1 S1 45 RS 485
1A
46 PROTECTION
47 Ic SIGNALLING
P2 S2 S2 S2 48
5A
25 A
B
1A
26
Z
27 Ie
28 Y
A
5
SCR
PSU EXPANSION
13 35
+
+
S2 36
- 14 -
Case Earth 33
+
15 S3 34 -
3
+
4 S1 31
-
+
S4 32 -
5
PROTECTION 6 RL1
COMMS 29
7
+
DATA 8 S5 30 -
COMMS
9
RL2
10 43
+
16 S6 44 -
17
RL3
18
41 +
11 S7 42
RL4
-
12
19
39
20 RL5
+
S8 40
21 -
Notes :
+
2 - CT and Earth connections are typical only. RL7 S9 38

3 - Expansion board only fitted on C type relays.
24 -

- RS485 Signalling
Figure 16 Relay connections for RS485 Cable

PROTECTION
COMMS
DATA
COMMS
Pilotwire Modem
A B C ANALOGUE DATA
53 COMMS
54
1A
55 Ia Tx
56
5A
49
50 Rx
51 Ib
52
P1 S1 S1 S1 45
RS 232
46 PROTECTION
47 Ic SIGNALLING
P2 S2 S2 S2 48
25
26 RS - 232C
27 Ie
28
PSU EXPANSION
13 35
+
+
14 S2 36
- -
Case
33
15 Earth
+
S3 34
-
3
+
4 S1 31
-
+
S4 32
5 -
6 RL1
29
A 7
+
S5 30
8 -
9
RL2
10 43
C B
+
16 S6 44
-
17
Phase rotation
18
RL3 Pilotwires
41
+
11 S7 42
12 RL4 -
Notes :
1 - CT circuits shown connected to 1A inputs 19
39
(5A rated CTs use alternative inputs) 20 RL5
+
2 - CT and Earth connections are typical only. 21

S8 40
- RS232
3 - Expansion board only fitted on C type relays. 22 RL6 Cable
23 37
+
24 RL7 S9 38
-

Screened Twisted Pilotwire
Figure 17 Relay Connections for Screened Twisted Pair Metallic Pilotwires

A B C
C B
Phase rotation
53
54
1A
I
55
a
5A
56
49
50
1A
I
51
b
5A
52
P1 S1 S1 S1 45
1A
46
47 Ic
P2 S2 S2 S2
5A
48
25
1A
26
I
27
e
5A
28
Protection Signalling -
Fibre Optic, RS485 or
Pilotwire(with external
interface)
25
26
1A
P2 S2 S2 S2 27 Ie
5A
28
45
P1 S1 S1 S1
1A
46
47 Ic
5A
48
49
1A
50
51 Ib
5A
52
53
1A
54
55 Ia
5A
56
Notes
:
1 - CT circuits shown connected to 1A inputs (5A rated
CTs use alternative inputs)
2 - CT and Earth connections are typical only.
3 - CT ratings and connections can be 1A at one end and

5A at the other end of the feeder.
4 - Ratio Correction settings are avaialble to match CT
ratios at either end of the feeder.
Typical CT Connection Diagram
Figure 18 - Typical CT Connection Diagram

7SG18 Solkor N Installation
7SG18 Solkor N


2016/03 Reference to obsolete Sigma device removed

19/04/2005 2646H80006R5

Contents
1 Unpacking, Storage And Handling ...............................................................................................2
2 Recommended Mounting Position ...............................................................................................3
3 Relay Dimensions .......................................................................................................................3
4 Fixings ........................................................................................................................................3
4.1 Crimps.................................................................................................................................3
4.2 Panel Fixing Screws ............................................................................................................4
4.3 Communications ..................................................................................................................4
5 Ancillary Equipment.....................................................................................................................4
Figures
Figure 1 - Overall Mounting Dimensions (E8 size Case) ................................................................. 5
Figure 2 - Mounting Dimensions of Pilotwire Modem....................................................................... 6

1 Unpacking, Storage And Handling

On receipt, remove the relay from the container in which it was received and inspect it for obvious damage.
Check that the relay is the correct model number and the rating information is correct. It is recommended that
the relay is not removed from the case. To prevent the possible ingress of dirt, the sealed polythene bag
should not be opened until the relay is to be used. If damage has been sustained a claim should immediately
be made against the carrier and Siemens should be informed, using the Defect Report Form in the
Maintenance section of this manual.
When not required for immediate use the relay should be returned to its original carton and stored in a clean,
dry place. The relay contains static sensitive devices, which are susceptible to damage due to static discharge
and for this reason it is essential that the correct handling procedure is followed. The relays electronic circuits
are protected from damage by static discharge when it is housed in its case. When it has been withdrawn
from the case, static handling procedures should be observed.
Before removing the relay from its case the operator must first ensure that he is at the same potential as
the relay by touching the case.
The relay must not be handled by any of the relay terminals on the rear of the chassis.
Relays must be packed for transport in an anti-static container.
Ensure that anyone else handling the relays is at the same potential as the relay.
As there are no user serviceable parts in the relay, then there should be no requirement to remove any
modules from the chassis. If any modules have been removed or tampered with, then the guarantee will be
invalidated. Siemens reserves the right to charge for any subsequent repairs.
2 Recommended Mounting Position

The relay uses a liquid crystal display (LCD) which displays setting and metering information. It has a viewing
angle of 70 and an internal back light. The recommended viewing position is at eye level.
The relay should be mounted onto the circuit breaker or panel at a level which allows the user easiest access
to the relay functions.
3 Relay Dimensions
The relay is supplied in an Epsilon size E8 case. Mechanical diagrams of the case dimensions and panel cut-
out requirements are shown in Figure 1.
4 Fixings
4.1 Crimps
Amp Pidg or Plasti Grip Funnel entry ring tongue
Size AMP Ref Reyrolle Ref

2
0.25-1.6mm 342103 2109E11602
2
1.0-2.6mm 151758 2109E11264

4.2 Panel Fixing Screws

Kit 2995G10046 comprising:
Screw M4 X10TT 2106F14010 4 off

Lock Washers 2104F70040 4 off
Nut M4 2103F11040 4 off
Note Two Mounting screws for the Pilot wire Interface are not supplied as this is mounted inside the
protection panel. The Pilot wire modem has two 5mm diameter holes on a mounting bracket - see
figure 2.
4.3 Communications
The communications connection types supplied are:
IEC60870-5-103 Communication Interface

BFOC/2.5 (ST ) bayonet-style connectors 2 per relay.
Protection Signalling Communication Interface

Any one of the following internal communication interfaces may be supplied with the relay.
RS485 Cable - Screen twisted pair - 5 way screw terminal 1 per relay.
electrical link
RS232C and Pilot wire Modem - 4 way screw to 1.9m RS232 cable 1 per relay.

1300nm LED Multimode optical fibre - BFOC/2.5 (ST ) bayonet-style connectors 2 per relay
link
1300nm LED Single mode optical - BFOC/2.5 (ST) bayonet-style connectors 2 per relay.
fibre link
(Refer to Section 4 of this manual Communications Interface).
5 Ancillary Equipment
The relay can be interrogated locally or remotely by making connection to the fibre optic terminals on the rear
of the relay. For local interrogation a portable PC with a fibre to RS232 converter is required. The PC must be
capable of running Microsoft Windows XP or greater, and it must have a standard RS232 port in order to drive
the converter. For remote communications more specialised equipment is required. Refer to Section 4 of this
manual Communications Interface.

Figure 1 - Overall Mounting Dimensions (E8 size Case)

Figure 2 - Mounting Dimensions of Pilotwire Modem
The pilot wire connections are shown in Section 4 Communications Interface.

7SG18 Solkor N Commissioning
7SG18 Solkor N


2013/10 Software revision updated, minor corrections
2016/03 Reference to obsolete Sigma device removed

19/04/2005 2646H80006R5

Contents
1 Required Test Equipment ...........................................................................................................3
2 Inspection ...................................................................................................................................3
3 Applying Settings ........................................................................................................................3
4 Precautions ................................................................................................................................3
5 Insulation Tests ..........................................................................................................................3
6 Injection Tests ............................................................................................................................4
6.1 Secondary Injection Tests ....................................................................................................4
6.1.1 Current Differential .......................................................................................................4
6.1.2 IDMTL/DTLOver Current and Earth Fault Pick-up and Reset ........................................5
6.1.3 Overcurrent and Earth Fault IDMTL/DTL Timing Characteristics ...................................6
6.1.4 Overcurrent and Earth Fault Lowset and HighSets (DTL or Instantaneous Elements) 6
6.1.5 Circuit Breaker Fail (CBF) ............................................................................................7
6.1.6 Status Inputs ................................................................................................................7
6.1.7 Output Relays ..............................................................................................................8
6.2 Primary Injection Tests ........................................................................................................8
6.3 End to end Signalling ...........................................................................................................8
6.4 On-Load Tests .....................................................................................................................8
7 Trip And Intertrip Tests .............................................................................................................10
7.1 Local Trip Test ...................................................................................................................10
7.2 Manual Intertrip Test ..........................................................................................................10
8 Putting Into Service...................................................................................................................10
9 Sample Test Records ...............................................................................................................11

1 Required Test Equipment

500V Insulation resistance test set.
Variable single or three phase secondary injection current source rated at greater than 10A. The
amplitude must be adjustable.
Time interval meter.
Primary injection equipment up to circuit rating.
A d.c. supply with nominal voltage within the working range of the relays d.c. auxiliary supply rating.
A d.c. supply with nominal voltage within the working range of the relays d.c. status input rating.
Additional equipment for testing the communications channel:
Portable PC with Reydisp Evolution v4.02 (or later) installed, pair of ST type fibre optics, RS232/FO
converter and RS232 lead. Alternative is USB to RS232 converter.
Test Plugs suitable for panel mounted test sockets.
It is recommended the facilities afforded by Reydisp Evolution Software be used for relay setting and
commissioning. Relays can be programmed and final settings applied, then saved as a setting file, before altering
the settings during commissioning. These can then be downloaded back into the relays before the circuit is put
back into service. See Section 2 of this manual for equipment required.
Settings file can be compared using Reydisp Evolution Software. This is done by opening two settings files to be
compared and then selecting [Relay] [File compare]. Any differences are highlighted in a different colour.
2 Inspection
Ensure that all connections are tight and in accordance with the relay wiring diagram and the scheme diagram.
Check the relay is correctly programmed and the relay is fully inserted into the case. Refer to the Description of
Operation for programming the relay.
3 Applying Settings
The relay settings for the particular application should be applied before any secondary testing occurs. If they are
not available then the relay has default settings that can be used for pre-commissioning tests. Note the tripping
and alarm contacts must be programmed correctly before any scheme tests are carried out. See the Relay
Settings section of this manual for the default values and settings advice.
The relay features eight alternative settings groups. In applications where more than one settings group is to be
used, it may be necessary to test the relay in more than one configuration.
When using settings groups, it is important to remember that the relay need not necessarily be operating
according to the settings currently displayed. There is an active settings group on which the relay will operate,
and a separate selection for edit/view settings group which is visible on the display. The displayed Settings
Group can be altered. This allows the settings in one group to be altered while the protection continues to operate
on a different unaffected group. The active settings group and the edit settings group are selected in the
System Configuration Menu. The differential setting of a pair of relays, at either end of the feeder must remain
identical at all times.
Elsewhere in the settings menu, the settings can be altered in the different groups. Each Settings Group is
indicated by the symbols G1, G2 etc. in the top left of the display. Some settings are common to all groups, but all
the protection settings can be set to different values. It is important to set the differential settings identically on
each pair of relays.
4 Precautions
Before testing commences the equipment should be isolated from the current transformers and the CTs short
circuited in line with the local site and safety procedures. The tripping and alarm circuits should also be isolated
where practical. Busbar CTs should be shorted where necessary, to avoid primary injection operating busbar
protection.
Ensure the correct auxiliary supply voltage and polarity is applied to the relay. See the relevant scheme diagrams
for the relay connections.
5 Insulation Tests

Connect together all of the C.T. terminals and measure the insulation resistance between these terminals and all
of the other relay terminals connected together and to earth.
Connect together the terminals of the DC auxiliary supply circuit and measure the insulation resistance between
these terminals and all of the other relay terminals connected together and to earth.
Connect together the terminals of the DC status input circuits and measure the insulation resistance between
these terminals and all of the other relay terminals connected together and to earth.
Connect together the terminals of the output relay circuits and measure the insulation resistance between these
terminals and all of the other relay terminals connected together and to earth. Satisfactory values for the various
readings depend upon the amount of wiring concerned. Where considerable multi-core wiring is involved a
reading of 2.5 to 3.0 megohms can be considered satisfactory. For short lengths of wiring higher values can be
expected. A value of 1.0 megohm or less should not be considered satisfactory and should be investigated for
insulation damage.
Remove temporary connections.
6 Injection Tests
It is imperative that the relay differential settings and software revisions are identical at all times, for each pair of
relays protecting the feeder. The Software Revision can be checked by pressing [TEST/RESET] and [CANCEL]
pushbuttons simultaneously, when the relay is displaying its identifier at the top of the menu structure. The
Revision information is scrolled across the LCD. The latest Software code revision is R5 to which relays may be
upgraded, to improve sensitivity for feeders with significant charging current.
6.1 Secondary Injection Tests

Select the required relay configuration and settings for the application. Note that the relay may be connected as
either a 1A or 5A rated device. The user should check this before commencing secondary testing.
Reydisp Evolution software can be used to prepare a setting file to download into the relay, prior to
commissioning. It is often useful to download the file again, at the end of the tests prior to putting the circuit into
service.
It is important that relay elements are tested individually, as spurious results may be recorded if more than one
element operates from an injection. Some functional elements may need to be set to OFF or some may need to
have pickup and time delay settings to be increased, to avoid simultaneous operation of relay functions.
6.1.1 Current Differential

It is only necessary to test the relay operation at the settings to be used. Apply the settings to the relay in
accordance to the requirements for the circuit and scheme.
The differential elements can be tested for accuracy of current magnitude comparison with the relays in three
different configurations:
a) Normal - with healthy communications between relays

b) Loop Test Mode Single relay test without communications
c) Line Test Mode Single relay test with communications.
The relays at both ends of the feeder should be tested using one of these modes. The injection will test the relay
accuracy at differential setting (Is). The differential pickup level should be approximately the Phase Fault
differential setting applied to the relays. The results can be recorded in Table 1 of the Sample Test Record below.
Note: Phase angle comparison cannot be tested by secondary injection. Refer to 6.2 Primary Injection and load
tests below.
a) Normal Connection
This test requires both relays to be powered up, settings applied and healthy communications channel. Inject
single phase or three phase current into the current inputs of each relay in turn. Slowly increase the current until
the TRIP LED (red) operates and record the pick-up current in table 1 of the Sample Test Record at the end of
his section. The remote relay will also operate on current differential as the relay can operate for a single end fed
fault. Reduce the current and record the drop off level.
Check that all pick-up current levels are measured within 100% 10% for 1A rated inputs, and 100% 15% for
5A rated inputs, of the applied setting. Check that the reset levels are 95% of the measured pick-up value.

The stability of the differential protection system can only be checked when primary load current is applied, refer
to item 6.4 below.
b) Loop Test Mode

A single relay can be tested on its own in this mode. To select this mode, press the [Down] arrow button on the
relay until the PROTECTION SIGNALLING MENU appears, and select the Signal Test Mode to LOOP TEST
using [ENTER] and [UP]/[DOWN] arrow keys.
The relay can be tested by connecting a single fibre optic between the Tx to the Rx ports on one relay. In this
mode, the relay will test as a single end relay, as the received signal is ignored. Inject Current into the relay as
above and record the pickup and drop-off values of current. Using this method it is only possible to check the P/F
Differential Setting and perform a local end trip test.
The phase angle comparator cannot be tested using this method.
c) Line Test Mode

If the communications path exists and both relays are capable of being powered up, this method may be used.
The whole communications channel can be checked from the Signal Healthy LED. It will be held illuminated if it is
healthy. If an end to end communications problem exists, the Signal Healthy LED will flash constantly.
Connect relays at either end to the communications channel.
Set the relay required to be tested into LINE TEST mode, in the PROTECTION SIGNALLING MENU. Only one
relay must be put in LINE TEST MODE at a time, as this enables a complete test of the signal path from one end
of the feeder.
The relay in LINE TEST MODE can now be tested as in the LOOP TEST MODE, i.e. injection will simulate a
single end fed fault. The pickup and drop-off accuracy of the differential elements of the relay in LINE TEST can
performed in a similar way to the Loop test above. Only the relay injected will operate.
6.1.2 IDMTL/DTLOver Current and Earth Fault Pick-up and Reset

This test checks the accuracy of the pick-up and drop-off levels of the settings applied.
Inject single phase current into one of the current inputs. Slowly increase the current until the I>Is LED (yellow)
operates and record the pick-up current in Table 2 of the Sample Test Record. Reduce the current until the LED
goes out, and record this as the reset level. Repeat this test for each current input.

Check that all pick-up current levels are measured within 105% 4% of the applied setting. Check that the reset
levels are 95% of the measured pick-up value.
Note: Depending upon the applied settings a trip could occur if the current is on for longer than the relay operating
time. This may be undesirable while measuring pick-up and reset levels. The fault trigger setting (in the data
storage menu) can be used to disable trip indication temporarily during this test. Alternatively the Low and High
Set elements can be temporarily turned off, in order to prevent unwanted instantaneous operations.
6.1.3 Overcurrent and Earth Fault IDMTL/DTL Timing Characteristics

This test checks the accuracy of the time delay characteristic (IDMTL/DTL) applied. Select the relay current
setting, characteristic and time multiplier setting as required, and then inject a level of current which is a multiple
of the relay setting.
The correct output contact must be programmed for the phase fault and earth fault elements. A time interval
meter must be connected to the correct terminals. The timer should be started by the source and stopped by the
trip contacts. Each current input should be tested. A secondary injection timing test circuit is illustrated in Figure
1.
The table below shows theoretical values for each characteristic curve with a time multiplier of 1.0. Record the
actual results in Table 3 of the Sample Test Record and check that the measured times lie within 5% of the
theoretical ones.
Curve 2X Is 5 X Is 10 X Is 20 X Is
NI 10.03 4.28 2.97 2.27
EI 26.67 3.33 0.81 0.20
VI 13.50 3.38 1.50 0.71
LTI 120.00 30.0 13.33 6.32
DTL * * * *
Timing characteristic (Time in seconds) *User setting
A specific operate times at set multiple of pickup, can be calculated using the IDMTL equations found in Section
2- Performance Specification.
6.1.4 Overcurrent and Earth Fault Lowset and HighSets (DTL or Instantaneous
Elements)
Two highsets and one lowset are available and any one of these instantaneous/DTL characteristics may be
required depending on the application. The following tests should be applied to the functions in use.
The low/high set under test should be programmed to operate an output contact. That contact can then be
monitored to detect operation of the protection.
Programme the current setting for the low/high set characteristic to the required level, and set its time delay to
0.00 sec. Inject a level of current below the setting of the relay, then increase the current until the output contact
operates. Record the pick-up level of these elements in Table 4, 5 or 6 and confirm that in each case it occurs
within 5% of the applied setting.
For high levels of current the thermal limit of the relay must not be exceeded. Refer to the performance
specification for the relay which defines the thermal limits.
To test the operating time, a current of 5 times setting should be applied and the required time delay set on the
relay. Output contacts for the high/low set must be programmed and a time interval meter connected to the
correct terminals.
The timer should be started by the source and stopped by the High/Low set contacts. Each phase should be
tested. For testing above this level then care must be taken to ensure that the test equipment has the required
rating and stability and the relay is not stressed beyond its thermal limit.
Record the results in Tables 7, 8 and 9 and confirm that the measured delays are within 5% of the set values.

6.1.5 Circuit Breaker Fail (CBF)

The CBF feature works by looking at the reset of the protection element(s) that have operated, allocated fault
triggers to distinguish between alarm and trip outputs and an optional level detector on each of the relay poles.
The level detector check may also be switched off.
Internally Initiated CBF

The 2-stage internal circuit breaker failure feature should be tested if it is being used, otherwise the CBF time
delay 1 & 2 should be set to OFF. If only one of the stages is to be used then only CBF delay 1 need be tested.
In order to test both stages of the CBF feature then the two CBF delays should be programmed to operate output
contacts other than the main trip output. They should also be programmed with their appropriate delays.
CBF delay 1 starts timing out when the main trip output operates and a protection element remains operated,
indicating a fault current is still flowing. After timing out, it generates a trip output of its own and also initiates CBF
delay 2 which subsequently generates a final trip output.
Note both Phase and Earth CBF Level detectors must be set to allow them to be incorporated into the CBF logic.
Connect the main trip output to start a time interval meter. Connect the output from CBF delay 1 to stop both the
timer and the current source. Inject current of 2x setting into any pole and record the first CBF time delay in
Table 10.
Connect the CBF delay 1 output to start the time interval meter. Connect the output from CBF delay 2 to stop both
the timer and the current source. Inject current of 2x setting into any pole and record the second CBF time delay.
Check that the measured delays are within 5% of the set values.
External Initiated CBF

The 2-stage external circuit breaker failure feature should be tested if required by the application. If only one of
the stages is to be used then only one of the DTL elements (used as the CBF 1 detector) need be tested.
In order to test both stages of the CBF feature then the two DTL elements used should be programmed to operate
output contacts other than the main trip output. They should also be programmed with their appropriate delays.
CBF delay 1 DTL element is initiated by voltage being applied to its assigned status input to allow the DTL
element to measure and time out. After timing out, it generates a trip output of its own. The second DTL element
used for CBF delay 2 is usually set to the same current pickup and inhibited by the same status input, but has a
longer time delay applied and separate trip output(s) allocated.
Connect the main trip output to start a time interval meter. Connect the output from CBF delay 1 to stop both the
timer and the current source. Inject current of 2x setting into any pole and record the first CBF time delay in
Table 11. The inverted status input used to block operation of the DTL elements must be energised to allow the
DTL elements to operate.
Connect the DTL (CBF) delay 1 output to start the time interval meter. Connect the output from DTL (CBF) delay
2 to stop both the timer and the current source. Inject current of 2x setting into any pole and record the second
CBF time delay.
Check that the measured delays are within5% of the set values.
The pickup and drop-off of the CBF level detectors may be tested by operating the element with a ramp up or
down of the injected current.
6.1.6 Status Inputs

The operation of the status input(s) can be monitored on the status input display when in Instruments Mode.
Apply the required supply voltage to the status input and check for correct operation. Repeat for the other status
inputs if the expanded relay with 9 status inputs is ordered.
Depending on the application, the status inputs may be programmed to perform a number of functions, and these
may need to be tested individually. Such functions are alarms and waveform recording from other external
protection devices, such as Buchholz.
Status inputs may be inverted to allow testing without applying and energising voltage.
See Table 12 to record test results.

6.1.7 Output Relays

All relay models have seven output relays, three of which have change-over contacts; the remaining four have
normally open contacts. Each contact can be tested individually by the trip test feature or they can be checked
during commissioning by testing the feature to which they are assigned. See Table 13 to record test results.
6.2 Primary Injection Tests

Primary injection tests are important, to check the ratio and polarity of the current transformers as well as the
secondary wiring. Alternatively on load tests may be conducted to speed to up test procedure.
Use the circuit shown in Figure 2 to check the current transformer ratio and the c.t. phase to earth connections.
Inject a current of sufficient magnitude for the relay ammeters to display. These values should be compared with
the ammeters connected in series with the relay.
Primary current
The secondary current is: Is =
C. T. ratio
Use the circuit shown in Fig. 3 to check the current transformer ratio and the C.T. phase to phase connections.
Record the results in Table 14.
6.3 End to end Signalling

Healthy end to end signalling will illuminate the SIGNAL HEALTHY LED permanently. A flashing LED indicates a
fault in the end to end signalling.
The SIGNAL HEALTHY LED of both relays should be checked, as they are independent of each other.
The relays monitor the incoming received signal for noise or interruption. Differential protection is
blocked if the signal to noise ratio exceeds a set value or the channel is lost.
The state of the signal healthy LED can be recorded in Table 15.
6.4 On-Load Tests

The phase angle comparator must be tested using load current. The test undertaken (Test 1 or Test 2) is
depending upon the level of load current flowing in the feeder at the time of the test. The level of load current can
be checked via the restraint current measurement in the Instruments mode. The levels of load, restraint and
differential currents should be recorded in Table 16. One of the following tests should be performed to test the
phase angle comparator. Which of these two tests to do, will depend upon the restraint (feeder load) current
flowing at the time of the test:
(i) Test 1 If restraint current is greater than the P/F Differential Setting /2
(ii) Test 2 - If the load current is less than P/F Differential Setting /2
The test procedure is as follows:
Close both circuit breakers at either end of the feeder to permit load current to flow. Both relays should be stable
and the Signal Healthy LED on both relays should be permanently illuminated, i.e. not flashing.
Test 1 Where Load Current is High

This test applies when the load current is high enough to ensure that the restraint current is higher than half of
P/F Differential setting. The restraint current is the average of the load current measured at each end. Since
these two values are normally the same (eg, unless there are significant values of in-zone capacitance current or
load current of a small auxiliary power transformer in the protected zone), then the restraint current will equal the
load current.
If this load current is higher than half the P/F Differential current setting there is sufficient current to ensure the
phase angle comparator is not blocked.
The load current at the local end and the remote end can both be read from either relay using the Instrument
display. This allows the restraint current to be established.
Positive operation of the phase angle comparator can be checked as follows and this test could provide an on-
load trip test:

With the relays connected normally and load current flowing the relay should be stable and minimum differential
current displayed on the instruments.
Reversing the CT connections will cause the relays to become unstable and they will issue a trip signal. High
levels of differential current can be observed on the instruments.
The CT Reversal setting in the relays CB Maintenance setting menu is employed to swing the current
vector on one relay by 180 and thus operate the phase angle comparator function.
Use the [ENTER], [] and [] pushbuttons or Reydisp Evolution to change the CT Reversal setting from
OFF to ON.
Note: When the [ENTER] pushbutton is pressed to initiate the CT reversal of 180, the trip output will be initiated
immediately! CT reversal can then be turned back to the OFF setting. See Table 17 to record test results.
Often this test is conducted to operate the trip relay only, without tripping the feeder, by removal of the CB Trip -
Fuse and Link. For this test, the relay will be in permanent trip state. The relay does not accept setting changes
when in the tripped state, as the relay trip operation takes priority over implementing setting changes. To revert
the relay to its normal state, change the CT reversal setting(s) to normal and select Update Changed Setting in
the Relay Menu of Reydisp Evolution. Then remove the relay supply by extracting either its supply fuse or link, to
power the relay down. Immediately after the LCD powers down, power the relay up by re-inserting the fuse or link.
The setting change will then be implemented to and the CT reversal removed (set to OFF) to allow the relay to
reset.
Test 2 Where Load Current is Low

This test applies when the restraint current is below the P/F differential settings /2. At this level of load current the
Phase angle comparator is blocked and as a result the relays will remain stable.
The phase comparator will be blocked if the restraint current (which is approximately equal to the load current for
on-load testing) is less than half of the P/F Differential setting.
The connections are correct if the relay indicates an increase in differential current when the CT reversal applied
to one relay only. The CT Reversal Setting is found in the CB Maintenance Menu. In this state, the differential
current should be approximately double the restraint current. The differential current should increase significantly
when CT reversal is implemented. Check the differential and restraint currents for all three phases.
The CT Reversal is implemented as described in Test No 1 above. See Table 18 to record test results. The CT
reversal should then be de-selected.
If load current levels measured by the relay are very low then settings may have to be altered to allow the
increase in differential currents to be registered, when the CT reversal is applied. An angle measurement cut-off is
applied at the following levels if either the Local or Remote current is less than the following levels:
P/F Differential Setting Selected Secondary Current Required to activate CT Reversal

Relay 1 Ampere Rated Inputs Relay 5 Ampere Rated Inputs
used (mA) used (mA)
0.10 x In 13 60
0.15 x In 15 70
0.20 x In 16 75
0.25 x In 20 95
0.30 x In 21 113
0.35 x In 29 136
0.40 x In 30 137
0.45 x In 35 158
0.50 x In 40 172
If load levels are very low set both relays to the minimum P/F Differential of 0.1 x In. As indicated above the
minimum levels are 13mA for 1A and 60mA for 5A terminals. If 5A CTs are used and the secondary current is
below 60mA, the check for an increase in differential current may be carried out by temporarily connecting the 5A
CT wiring to the 1A relay input terminals.
Test Waveform Records

The Reydisp Evolution software program can be employed to trigger waveform storage to provide a record of
these tests. A snapshot of the load current can be taken for both of the above tests and in the case of Test No 1
the trip record can also be taken.

Waveform storage can be triggered either by the trip initiation (i.e. Test No 1) or by energising a status input
which has been programmed to trigger a waveform record (i.e. Test No 2). These records can be used as part of
the protection commissioning report for the relay under test. When the relay is balanced the phase angle
difference on each phase, as displayed on the waveform record should be 8 2.
7 Trip And Intertrip Tests

The relays have settings to allow:
1. A local trip test or
2. An intertrip test of both relays
7.1 Local Trip Test

This can be activated through the fascia pushbuttons on the Reydisp Evolution Software. Select the [CB
Maintenance Menu] and scroll down into O/P test. Select the output relays used to initiate circuit breaker tripping
on pressing the enter pushbutton to activate the setting the relay will wait 10 secs before the closing the selected
output contacts. This 10 secs delay is used to allow personnel to vacate the vicinity of the CB before it opens.
7.2 Manual Intertrip Test

Either a simulated internal intertrip or external intertrip can be simulated by selection of settings. Again the
[ENTER] pushbutton to activate this setting will initiate this test.
Record the Trip and Intertrip Test results in Table 19.
Note: These tests do not require any current in the relay.
8 Putting Into Service

After tests have been performed satisfactorily the relay should be put back into service as follows:
Remove all test connections.
Where possible, the relay settings should be down-loaded to a computer and a printout of the settings produced.
This should then be compared against the required settings. The Reydisp Evolution Software can compare
settings files automatically. To do this open the two settings files for comparison and select [Relay] [Compare
Settings]. Select one file to compare to the other and select [Compare]. Differences are highlighted in colour.
It is important that the correct settings group is active if more than one group has been programmed.
Replace all fuses and links.

9 Sample Test Records

RECORD OF COMMISSIONING TESTS RESULTS
Substation Name:
Feeder Name:
Date Tested:
INSULATION TEST RESULTS M Ohms

Between Relay a.c. current inputs and earth
Between Relay power supply terminals and earth
Between Relay status inputs and earth
Between Relay output contacts and earth
SECONDARY INJECTION TESTS
Differential Protection
Substation Name - end A:
Mode of Test : Normal/ Loop Test/Line Test (delete where appropriate)
Substation Name - end B:
Mode of Test : Normal/ Loop Test/Line Test (delete where appropriate)
Level of Restraint current = IS/2
Current P/F differential Measured *Pick-up Measured Reset (95% of

Input Setting Pick-up Error(10% of Reset pick-up)
100% Max)
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
Table 1 Differential Pick-up/Reset Results
*This accuracy tolerance is for 1A rated inputs used on both relays. Note the pickup error for 5A inputs or where
1A and 5A inputs are used is 15%.
Table 1. Differential Pick-up/Reset Results
Overcurrent and Earth Fault Protection
Current Pick-up Measured Pick-up Error (4% Measured Reset (95%) of

Input Setting Pick-up of 105%) Reset pick-up)
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
E/F
Table 2 - Characteristic Pick-up/Reset Results

Current Characteristic 2xIs 5xIs 10xIs 20xIs

Input (NI, VI, EI, LTI, Delay Error Delay Error Delay Error Delay Error
DTL) (5%) (5%) (5%) (5%)
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
E/F
Table 3 - Timing Characteristic Results
Current Input Lowset Setting Measured Pick-up Error

(5% setting)
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
E/F
Table 4 - Lowset Setting Results
Current Input Highset 1 Setting Measured Pick-up Error

(5% of setting)
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
E/F
Table 5 - Highset 1 Setting Results
Current Input Highset 2 Setting Measured Pick-up Error

(5% of setting)
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
E/F
Table 6 - Highset 2 Setting Results
Current Input Lowset Delay Setting Measured Delay Error

(5% of setting)
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
E/F
Table 7 - Lowset Timing Results
Current Input Highset 1 Delay Measured Delay Error

Setting (5% of setting)
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
E/F
Table 8 - Highset 1 Timing Results
Current Input Highset 2 Delay Measured Delay Error

Setting (5% of setting)
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
E/F
Table 9 - Highset 2 Timing Results
CBF Delay Delay Setting Measured Delay Error

(5% of setting)
Delay 1
Delay 2
Table 10 - Circuit Breaker Fault Timing Results

CBF Delay Delay Setting Measured Delay Error

(5% of setting)
Delay 1
Delay 2
Table 11 External Circuit Breaker fault Timing Results
CBF Level PU Setting PU Measured Error

Detectors (5% of setting)
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
E/F
Table 12 External Circuit Breaker fault Timing Results
Status Inputs
S/I No 1 2* 3* 4* 5* 6* 7* 8* 9*
Tested OK ()
Table 13 Status Input Test Results * - Applicable Yes/No
Output Relays
Relay Reference RL1 RL2 RL3 RL4 RL5 RL6 RL7

Operation Confirmed
()
Table 14 Output Contact Test Results
Primary Injection
Phase Primary Secondary Current

Injected Current A B C N
A-B Nil Nil
B-C Nil Nil
B-E Nil Nil
Table 15 Primary Injection Results
Signal Healthy LED Indication
Green LED illuminated constantly Signal Healthy

Green LED flashing Signal unhealthy
Table 16 Protection Signalling Test Results
If Signal unhealthy, investigate protection signalling path.

On Load Tests
Substation A -
Substation B -
Instruments Display
Phase Measured Restraint Current Restraint current Differential Differential

Load displayed by relay displayed by relay at Current Current
Current at Substation A Substation B Displayed S/S displayed
(x IN ) (Sec Amps) (Sec Amps) end A S/S end B
(Sec Amps) (Sec Amps) (Sec Amps)
A
B
C
Table 17 Record of Load, Restraint and Differential Currents
The differential current shown on the instruments display should be less than 15% of the local and remote
restraint currents.
If the calculated restraint current is less than the P/F Bias Setting /2, proceed to Test 2. If the restraint current is
greater than the P/F Bias Setting /2, proceed to Test 1.
Test 1 Phase Comparison Test medium to high feeder load current
P/F Differential Setting (Sec Amps)

Restraint Current (Sec Amps)
CT Reversal OFF No trip Yes/No
*CT Reversal ON Relay Trip Yes/No
CT Reversal OFF Relay Reset Yes/No
Waveform record obtained Yes/No
Table 18 Comparator test results with feeder load current > P/f Bias Setting /2
*Note, for correct operation, when the CT reversal is activated both relays operate.

Test 2 Phase Comparison trip Blocked low feeder load current
P/F Differential Setting (Sec Amps)

Restraint Current (Sec Amps)
CT Reversal OFF No trip Yes/No
*CT Reversal ON Relay Trip Yes/No
CT Reversal OFF Relay Reset Yes/No
Waveform record obtained (eg from status input Yes/No
initiation)
Table 19 Comparator tests with feeder load current< P/F Bias Setting/2.
*Note for correct operation, when setting the CT reversal to ON the relay should NOT trip.
Manual Trip and Intertrip Tests
Internal iTrip ( - OK)

External iTrip 1 ( - OK)
External iTrip 2 ( - OK)
Trip Test Output Contacts Tested-> ( - ok)
Table 20 Record of Manual Trip and Inter-trip tests
Test Result - Approval Signatures
The above Results are a true reflection of the test measurements taken, and the protections scheme is
considered fit for service.
Witnessing Engineer: Date:
Company:
Commissioning Engineer: Date:
Company

240V A.C.
Supply A
Ia
Time Interval Meter Ib
START
Ic
Ie
DC Aux Supply
+VE -VE
STOP
Figure 1 - Secondary Injection Test Circuit
A B C
SOLKOR N
Ia
Ib
A
Ic
Ie
DC Aux Supply
+VE -VE
Primary Injection
Test Source
Figure 2 - Phase to Earth Primary Injection Test Circuit

A B C
SOLKOR N
Ia
A
Ib
A
Ic
Ie
DC Aux Supply
+VE -VE
Primary Injection
Test Source
Figure 3 - Phase to Phase Primary Injection Test Circuit

7SG18 Solkor N Maintenance
7SG18 Solkor N



19/04/2005 2646H80006R5

Contents
1 Maintenance Instructions ..................................................................................................................3

2 Defect Report Form ..........................................................................................................................4

1 Maintenance Instructions
The relay is a maintenance free relay, with no user serviceable parts. During the life of the relay it should be checked for
operation during the normal maintenance period for the site on which the product is installed. It is recommended the
following tests are carried out:
1 Visual inspection of the metering display (every year)
2 Operation of output contacts (every 2 years)
3 Secondary injection of each element (every 5 years)
The revision of the relay software installed, may be found moving to the top of the menu structure to display the relay
identifier and holding the [Cancel] and [Test/Reset] pushbuttons depressed or by selecting [Relay] [Information][Get
System Information] in Reydisp Evolution. If the setting file for the relay is saved, open the .set file in Reydisp
Evolution, clicking on the Info (i) tab at the top right hand corner of the Settings Editor window. The Software
Revision should now be displayed in the Settings Source Information window.

2 Defect Report Form
Form sheet for repairs and returned goods (fields marked with * are mandatory fields)
S ender:
* Name, first name: Co mplete pho ne nu mbe r (incl. co untry co de): C omp lete fax nu mber (incl. cou ntry cod e):
E mail address: * Org-ID and GBK refere nc e: * AWV :
* Order-/ refere nce-no (choos ing at lea st 1 option):

Order-no fo r rep air: o rd er-/ delivery n ote-no for return of comm issio n Beginning order-no fo r cred it n ote d ema nd:
fa ilure:
Information conce rning the product and its use :

* Order C ode (M LFB): Firm ware version : * S eria l numbe r:
V
* Custom er: Product wa s in u se approximate ly since: Station /proje ct : Hotline Inpu t no .:
Cu sto mer origin al purchase o rd er num ber: De live ry no te nu mbe r with posit ion num ber: M anu facturer:
* Type of order (c hoos ing at leas t 1 option):

Re pair Re turn o f co mm ission failure Cre dit Note
Up grade / Mod ification to W arranty repa ir Qu otation (n ot repa ir V 4 and curre nt
For colle ction products! Se e price s in PMD)
Type of failure:
De vice or mo dule do es not sta rt up M echanical problem Overlo ad
Sporad ic failu re Knock sensitive Tran sp ort dam age
Perman ent f ailure Tem perat ure caused f ailure Fa ilure af ter ca h rs in use
Re peat ed brea kd own Failure afte r firmwa re upd ate
E D EA MF TCC 6 release from 11/2009
E rror desc ription:

Displa y m essa ge:
(use sepa ra ted she et fo r more info )
Act ive LED m essa ges:
Fau lty Inte rf ace(s), wh ich? W rong mea su re d valu e(s), wh ich? Fa ult y inpu t(s)/ou tput(s), which ?
*Detailed e rror desc ription (p le ase refer to othe r e rror rep orts or docum entat ion if possible):
* Shall a firmwa re update be made duri ng repair or me chanical upgrade of protective rela ys? (choosing at le ast 1 option)
Yes, to m ost recent versio n No Yes, actua l p arame ters must be reusable
repair report:
Yes, st anda rd report (free of charge ) Yes, det ailed re port (charge: 400E UR)
S hippi ng a ddress of the repaired/upgraded produc t:

Co mpan y, depa rtm ent
Na me, f irst nam e
S treet, n umb er
P ostco de, city, co untry
Da te , Signature
Please contact the Siemens representative office in your country to obtain return instructions.

7SG18 Solkor N Appendix
7SG18 Solkor N



19/04/2005 2646H80006R5

APPENDIX
Attached are Setting Configuration Sheets, which can be photocopied and used to store a record of
a relays settings and general Notes Pages, for customer use.

GENERAL INFORMATION
Relay Type :
Article Number :
Serial Number :
Date :
Station :
Circuit :
The following Setting Menu Tables are for SETTINGS GROUP G
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION MENU

SETTING RANGE SET VALUE
Active Settings Group G1-G8
Power System Frequency 50 / 60 Hz
Local P/F Rating 1A, 5A
Local E/F Rating 1A, 5A
Local P/F CT Ratio 5 to 10000 : 1 or 5
Local E/F CT Ratio 5 to 10000 : 1 or 5
Remote P/F Rating 1A, 5A
Remote P/F CT Ratio 5 to 10000 : 1 or 5
Current Display xIn, PRIMARY, SECONDARY
Set Identifier Up to 16 alphanumeric characters
Set Alarm 1 Up to 13 alphanumeric characters
Calendar Set Date DD/MM/YY
Clock - Set Time HH:MM:SS
Clock Sync. From Status Seconds or Minutes
Default Screen Timer 10sec, 60sec, 5min, 1hour
Change Password 4 alphanumeric characters

DIFF. PROTECTION MENU

Gn P/F Diff. Setting 0.10 2.50xIn step 0.05xIn
Gn P/F Bias Slope 1 20%, 30%, 50%, 70%
Gn P/F Bias Slope 2 50%, 100%, 150%
Gn Bias Break Point 0.50xIn 20.00xIn step 0.10xIn
Gn Differential Delay 0.000s 0.200s step 0.005s
0.210s 1.000s step 0.010s
1.100s 10.000s step 0.100s
P/F CT Ratio Correction 0.50 1.00 step 0.01
Gn Internal Intertrip ON, OFF
Gn External Intertrip ON, OFF
Gn Ext Intertrip Delay 0.000s 0.200s step 0.005s
0.210s 1.000s step 0.010s
1.100s 10.000s step 0.100s
Gn Internal Intertrip ON, OFF
O/C PROTECTION MENU

Gn P/F Charact. Setting 0.10xIn 2.50xIn step 0.05xIn
Gn P/F Charact. NI, VI, EI, LTI, DTL
Gn P/F Charact. Time Mult 0.025 1.600 step 0.025
Gn P/F Charact. Delay 0.00s 20.00s step 0.01s
Gn P/F Lowset Setting OFF, 0.10xIn 2.50xIn step 0.05xIn
Gn P/F Lowset Delay 0.00s 20.00s step 0.01s
Gn P/F Highset1 Setting OFF, 0.10xIn 2.50xIn step 0.05xIn
Gn P/F Highset1 Delay 0.00s 20.00s step 0.01s
Gn P/F Highset2 Setting OFF, 0.10xIn 2.50xIn step 0.05xIn
Gn P/F Highset2 Delay 0.00s 20.00s step 0.01s
Gn E/F Charact. Setting 0.10xIn 2.50xIn step 0.05xIn
Gn E/F Charact. NI, VI, EI, LTI, DTL
Gn E/F Charact. Time Mult 0.025 1.600 step 0.025
Gn E/F Charact. Delay 0.00s 20.00s step 0.01s
Gn E/F Lowset Setting OFF, 0.10xIn 2.50xIn step 0.05xIn
Gn E/F Lowset Delay 0.00s 20.00s step 0.01s
Gn E/F Highset1 Setting OFF, 0.10xIn 2.50xIn step 0.05xIn
Gn E/F Highset1 Delay 0.00s 20.00s step 0.01s
Gn E/F Highset2 Setting OFF, 0.10xIn 2.50xIn step 0.05xIn
Gn E/F Highset2 Delay 0.00s 20.00s step 0.01s
Gn CB Fail Time Delay1 OFF, 0.01s 20.00s step 0.01s
Gn CB Fail Time Delay2 OFF, 0.01s 20.00s step 0.01s
Gn P/F CB Fail Setting 0.10xIn 1.00xIn step 0.05xIn
Gn E/F CB Fail Setting 0.10xIn 1.00xIn step 0.05xIn
Gn CT Failure Setting OFF, 0.10xIn 1.00xIn step 0.05xIn
Gn CT Failure Delay 0.00s 20s step 0.01s
Gn Relay Reset Delay INST, 1s 60s step 1s

O/P RELAY CONFIG MENU

Gn Prot. Healthy RL1..RL7
Gn P/F Diff. RL1..RL7
Gn P/F Starter RL1..RL7, GPF
Gn P/F Charact. RL1..RL7, GPF
Gn P/F Lowset RL1..RL7, GPF
Gn P/F Highset1 RL1..RL7, GPF
Gn P/F Highset2 RL1..RL7, GPF
Gn E/F Starter RL1..RL7, GPF
Gn E/F Charact. RL1..RL7, GPF
Gn E/F Lowset RL1..RL7, GPF
Gn E/F Highset1 RL1..RL7, GPF
Gn E/F Highset2 RL1..RL7, GPF
Gn Remote Int. iTrip RL1..RL7, GPF
Gn Remote Ext. iTrip1 RL1..RL7, GPF
Gn Remote Ext. iTrip2 RL1..RL7, GPF
Gn Status 1 RL1..RL7, GPF
Gn CB Fail 1 RL1..RL7, GPF
Gn CB Fail 2 RL1..RL7, GPF
Gn Counter Alarm RL1..RL7, GPF
2
Gn Sum of I Alarm RL1..RL7, GPF
Gn Power on Count. RL1..RL7
Gn Signal Dist. RL1..RL7
Gn Signal Alarm RL1..RL7
Gn Signal Test RL1..RL7
Gn Hand Reset RL1..RL7, GPF
Gn Min O/P Energise Time 100ms 500ms step 50ms
STATUS CONFIG MENU

Settings Group Select S1..S9
(Note : special setting where each status
can be set from 1-8 to select active group
1-8)
Inverted Inputs S1..S9
Gn P/F Diff. Inhibit S1..S9
Gn P/F Charac. Inhibit S1..S9, SIG
Gn P/F Lowset Inhibit S1..S9, SIG
Gn P/F Highset1 Inhibit S1..S9, SIG
Gn P/F Highset2 Inhibit S1..S9, SIG
Gn E/F Charac. Inhibit S1..S9, SIG
Gn E/F Lowset Inhibit S1..S9, SIG
Gn E/F Highset1 Inhibit S1..S9, SIG
Gn E/F Highset2 Inhibit S1..S9, SIG

STATUS CONFIG MENU

Gn External iTrip1 S1..S9
Gn External iTrip2 S1..S9
Gn Receive iTrip Inhibit S1..S9
Gn Send iTrip Inhibit S1..S9
Gn CB Open S1..S9
Gn CB Closed S1..S9
Gn Trip Circuit Fail S1..S9
Gn Waveform Trigger S1..S9
2
Gn Sum of I Update S1..S9
Gn Reset Flag and Outputs S1..S9
Gn Clock Sync. S1..S9
Gn ALARM 1 S1..S9
Gn ALARM 2 S1..S9
Gn ALARM 3 S1..S9
Gn ALARM 4 S1..S9
Gn ALARM 5 S1..S9
Gn ALARM 6 S1..S9
Gn ALARM 7 S1..S9
Gn ALARM 8 S1..S9
Gn ALARM 9 S1..S9
Gn Status 1 P/U Delay 0 2.00 sec step 10ms
2.10 20.00 sec step 100ms
21 300 sec step 1 sec
360 3600 sec step 60 sec
3900 14400 sec step 300 sec
Gn Status 1 D/O Delay As above
Gn Status 2 P/U Delay As above

PROT. SIGNALLING MENU

Local Address 0 31 step 1
Baud Rate 19200, 38400
Signalling Delay 0.000ms 9.375ms
9.375ms 18.750ms
18.750ms 28.125ms
28.125ms 37.500ms
Signal Alarm Timeout 1s 60s step 1s
Signal Test Mode OFF, LINE TEST, LOOP TEST
Signalling Port DISABLED, ENABLED
COMMS INTERFACE MENU

Comms Baud Rate 75, 110, 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800,
9600, 19200
Comms Parity NONE, EVEN
Relay Address 0 254
Line Idle LIGHT ON, LIGHT OFF
Data Echo OFF / ON
DATA STORAGE MENU

Gn Fault Trigger RL1..RL7
Gn Waveform Trig STA, DIF, O/C, iTp, SIG
Gn Waveform Pre-trigger OFF, 10%-100% step 10%
Demand Window Type OFF, ROLLING, FIXED
Demand Window 5-50 mins, step 5 mins
90-300 mins, step 30 mins
360-1440 mins, step 60 mins
CB MAINTENANCE MENU
Trip Counter Alarm OFF, 1 999 step 1
2
Sum I Alarm OFF
2
10 100 step 1MA
2
200 20000 step 100MA
2
21000 100000 step 1000MA
Power on Count Alarm OFF, 999
Phase A Reversal OFF, ON
Phase B Reversal OFF, ON
Phase C Reversal OFF, ON
Earth Reversal OFF, ON
Manual Intertrip OFF, Internal iTrip, External iTrip, External
iTrip2

7SG18 Solkor N Diagrams
7SG18 Solkor N



19/04/2005 2646H80006R5

Contents
1 Typical Application Diagram
2 CT Connection Diagram
3 Secondary Injection Test Circuit
4 Phase to Phase Primary Injection Test Circuit
5 Phase to Earth Primary Injection Test Circuit

A B C SOLKOR-N - SO1
ANALOGUE IEC 60870
53
COMMS
54
1A
55 Ia Tx
56
5A
49
50 Rx
51 Ib
52
P1 S1 S1 S1 45 FIBRE OPTIC
46 PROTECTION
47 Ic SIGNALLING
P2 S2 S2 S2 48
25 Signal TX
26
27 Ie
Signal Rx
28
PSU EXPANSION
13 35
+
+
14 S2 36
- -
Case Earth 33
+
15 S3 34
-
3
+
4 S1 31
-
+
S4 32
5 -
6 RL1
29
A 7
+
S5 30
8 -
9
RL2
10 43
+
C B 16 S6 44
-
Phase rotation 17
RL3
18
41
11 +
S7 42
12 RL4 -
19
39
RL5
+
20
S8 40
Notes : 21 -
+
2 - CT and Earth connections are typical only. RL7 S9

24 38
3 - Expansion board only fitted on C type relays. -
Typical application diagram : 3 Phase + EF

connection


A B C
Ia
A
Ib
A
Ic
Ie
DC Aux Supply
+VE -VE
Primary Injection
Test Source
Phase to Phase Primary Injection Test Circuit
A B C
SOLKOR N
Ia
Ib
A
Ic
Ie
DC Aux Supply
+VE -VE
Primary Injection
Test Source
Phase to Earth Primary Injection Test Circuit

Siemens Protection Devices Limited
P.O. Box 8, North Farm Road
Hebburn, Tyne & Wear
NE31 1TZ
United Kingdom
Phone: +44 (0)191 401 7901
Fax: +44 (0)191 401 5575
E-mail: [email protected]
For enquires please contact our Customer Support Center

Phone: +49 180/524 8437 (24hrs)
Fax: +49 180/524 2471
E-mail: [email protected]
EMEA-T10042-00-76GB
April 16
www. siemens.com/energy
Siemens Protection Devices Limited 1

7SG18 - Solkor N Complete Technical Manual PDF

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What are the main chapters covered in the document?

What are the main chapters covered in the document?

What are the different protection functions described?

What are the different protection functions described?

Reyrolle

2014 Siemens Protection Devices Limited

Document Release History

2010/02 Document reformat due to rebrand

Software Revision History

2016 Siemens Protection Devices Limited

2016 Siemens Protection Devices Limited Chapter 1 Page 2 of 32

[2] - INFORMATIVE COMMUNICATIONS INTERFACE : a report detailing all aspects of the

2016 Siemens Protection Devices Limited Chapter 1 Page 3 of 32

Current differential elements:

2016 Siemens Protection Devices Limited Chapter 1 Page 4 of 32

2016 Siemens Protection Devices Limited Chapter 1 Page 5 of 32

2.2 Output Relays

2.3 Status Inputs

2016 Siemens Protection Devices Limited Chapter 1 Page 6 of 32

2.4 Self Monitoring

2.5 Measuring Principles

2016 Siemens Protection Devices Limited Chapter 1 Page 7 of 32

3.1 Differential Element

To Remote Relay From Remote Relay

Signalling Inhibit Control

Figure 1 Differential Protection Element (1 Phase)

2016 Siemens Protection Devices Limited Chapter 1 Page 8 of 32

3.1.1 End To End Synchronisation

3.1.2 Differential Operation

arg(I L ) arg(I R + 180) Ths A

2016 Siemens Protection Devices Limited Chapter 1 Page 9 of 32

Magnitude Threshold: The operating threshold is given by the equation:

ThsM = I S for I res < 0.5 I S

Bias Break Point (B2)

Is-> 1 Stable Zone

Figure 3 Magnitude Comparator Bias Characteristic

2016 Siemens Protection Devices Limited Chapter 1 Page 10 of 32

Angle Threshold: The operating threshold is given by the equation:

Ths A = 180 for I res < 0.5 I S

150 Trip Zone

Figure 4 Angle Comparator Bias Characteristic

Remote = 0 First stage of bias Second stage of bias

Figure 5 Overall Polar Characteristic

2016 Siemens Protection Devices Limited Chapter 1 Page 11 of 32

3.1.4 Trip Decision Processing

3.1.5 Supervision of the Protection Signalling Channel

3.2 Intertripping Elements

3.2.1 Internal Intertrip

3.2.2 External Intertrip

3.2.3 Intertrip Operation

2016 Siemens Protection Devices Limited Chapter 1 Page 12 of 32

3.3 Overcurrent Characteristic Elements

Figure 6 Overcurrent Characteristic Element

3.4 Lowset Elements

Lowset DTL Trip

Figure 7 - Lowset Element

2016 Siemens Protection Devices Limited Chapter 1 Page 13 of 32

3.5 Highset 1 & Highset 2 Elements

Highset1(2) DTL Trip