Experiment 8B - Chemistry 31.1.
Experiment 8B - Chemistry 31.1.
Experiment 8B - Chemistry 31.1.
Qualitative Analysis
Part E: Tests for Alcohols and
Phenols
Methodology:
Test for alcohols
Lucas Test
Lucas reagent: HCl and ZnCl2 dissolved in water
Certain alcohols react with ZnCl2 in acidic aqueous solution to form alkyl halides
Substitution reaction: OH is replaced with Cl
Involves carbocation intermediate
Only secondary and tertiary alcohols react to form alkyl halide
Tertiary alcohols react readily (stable)
Secondary alcohols react slowly
Primary alcohols react negligibly slowly or do not react at all.
Test for Alcohols
Reaction with potassium dichromate
Sample Visible
Results
Phenol Amethyst
Catechol Brown
Resorcinol
Pink
Millons Test
Millons: Mercuric and mercurous ions in nitric
and nitrous acids
Formation of mercury salts after heating
Positive: Pink to red-colored solution, formation of
precipitate
Part F: Test for Aldehydes and
Ketones
Methodology for 2,4-DNPH test
Sample Results
Formaldehyde Orange
Acetone
Benzaldehyde red
Results
*Theoretical
Sample Results
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde
POSITIVE RESULTS
Acetone
Benzaldehyde
Discussion
- They yield dinitrophenylhydrazones that are insoluble solids
- precipitate may be oily first and become crystalline
- alcohols may give positive test because of the air oxidation
Methodology for Bisulfite Test
Sample Results
Acetaldehyde clear
Acetone
Sample Results
Acetone No precipitate
Sample Results
Formaldehyde magenta
Acetaldehyde violet
Acetone
Sample Results
Sample Results
Acetone
Sample Results
Sample Results
Formaldehyde Clear
Acetone
Benzaldehyde Clear
Results
*Theoretical
Sample Results
Formaldehyde -
Acetaldehyde +
Acetone +
Benzaldehyde -
Discussion
- The yellow precipitate
indicates the presence
of aldehyde or ketone
with this grouping:
http://www.chemguide.co.uk/organicprops/
carbonyls/iodoform.html
Methodology for Fehlings Test
Sample Results
Formaldehyde Aquamarine
Acetaldehyde Green
Acetone
Benzaldehyde Blue-Green
Results
*Theoretical
Sample Results
Formaldehyde +
Acetaldehyde +
Acetone -
Benzaldehyde +
Discussion
- The green suspension and red precipitate
indicates a positive test.
- Aldehydes: +
Sample Results
Maltose -----
Sucrose Blue
Sample Results
Glucose +
Maltose +
Sucrose -
Boiled Starch -
Discussion
- The brick-red precipitate
indicates a positive test.
- Non-reducing sugars: -
- Non-reducing sugars:
sucrose, trehalose
Methodology for Molisch Test
Sample Results
Maltose -----
Sample Results
Glucose +
Maltose +
Sucrose +
Boiled Starch +
Discussion
Repeat using:
Dimethylamine Add 3 M HCL Add water if it
Trimethylamine (if it has has precipitates.
Aniline precipitates). Shake and
N-methylaniline Observe observe
Results
Experiment
Methylamine -- -- --
Solutions SALTS
- In 10 mL test tube:
- 20 drops of methanol
- Salicylic Acid
- Hydrolysis of Benzamide
- In 5 mL test tube:
- Pinch of Benzamide
- Hydrolysis of an Ester
- In 5 mL test tube:
- Hydrolysis of an Anhydride
- In 5 mL test tube:
- 20 drops of water
Functional group:
Anhydride
Anhydrides hydrolyze to form acid, in the experiment.
Hydrolysis of an anhydride produces carboxylic acid and heat.
Unpleasant odor will be observed.
Hydroxamic Acid test for Acid Derivatives
- In 5 mL test tube:
- Cool slightly