Citing Medicine PDF

Karen Patrias Dan Wendling
Citing Medicine
The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and
Publishers
2nd edition
Last Updated: March 17, 2017
National Library of Medicine (US)

Bethesda (MD)
National Library of Medicine (US), Bethesda (MD)
Suggested citation: Patrias K. Citing medicine: the NLM style guide for authors, editors, and publishers
[Internet]. 2nd ed. Wendling DL, technical editor. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US);
2007 - [updated 2015 Oct 2; cited Year Month Day]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/
citingmedicine
NLM Citation: Patrias K, author; Wendling D, editor. Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors,
Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007-.
iii
Citing Medicine provides assistance to authors in compiling lists of

references for their publications, to editors in revising such lists, to
publishers in setting reference standards for their authors and editors,
and to librarians and others in formatting bibliographic citations.
iv Citing Medicine
Contributors
Author
Karen Patrias, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health
Editor
Dan Wendling, Technical Editor, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of
Health
v
Table of Contents
About this Book......................................................................................................................................................... vii
Introduction................................................................................................................................................................ ix
2015 Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................ xv
Foreword.................................................................................................................................................................... xvii
Citing Published Print Documents ........................................................................................... 1

Chapter 1 Journals .......................................................................................................................................... 3
Chapter 2 Books............................................................................................................................................... 123
Chapter 3 Conference Publications ............................................................................................................. 289
Chapter 4 Scientific and Technical Reports................................................................................................ 387
Chapter 5 Dissertations and Theses............................................................................................................. 455
Chapter 6 Bibliographies ............................................................................................................................... 495
Chapter 7 Patents............................................................................................................................................. 557
Chapter 8 Newspaper Articles ..................................................................................................................... 597
Chapter 9 Maps ............................................................................................................................................... 625
Chapter 10 Legal Documents........................................................................................................................... 675
Citing Unpublished Material .........................................................................................................677

Chapter 11 Forthcoming ("in press")............................................................................................................. 679
Chapter 12 Papers and Poster Sessions Presented at Meetings .............................................................. 755
Chapter 13 Letters and Other Personal Communication........................................................................... 777
Chapter 14 Manuscripts and Preprints.......................................................................................................... 813
Citing Audio and Visual Media (audiocassettes, videocassettes,

slides, photographs, etc.) ................................................................................................................891
Chapter 15 Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats ................................................. 893
Chapter 16 Journals in Audiovisual Formats............................................................................................... 955
Chapter 17 Prints and Photographs...............................................................................................................1035
Citing Material on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk .....................................................................1101

Chapter 18 Books and Other Individual Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk ..........................................1103
Chapter 19 Journals on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk .......................................................................................1165

vi Citing Medicine
Chapter 20 Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk ...................................................................................1241
Chapter 21 Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk..................................................................1305
Citing Material on the Internet (Online) ...........................................................................1363

Chapter 22 Books and Other Individual Titles on the Internet .................................................................1365
Chapter 23 Journals on the Internet...............................................................................................................1501
Chapter 24 Databases/Retrieval Systems on the Internet.........................................................................1623
Chapter 25 Web Sites .......................................................................................................................................1757
Chapter 26 Electronic Mail and Discussion Forums ...................................................................................1847
Appendixes .....................................................................................................................................................2007
Appendix A Abbreviations for Commonly Used English Words in Journal Titles ................................2009
Appendix B Additional Sources for Journal Title Abbreviations ..............................................................2011
Appendix C Abbreviations for Commonly Used English Words in Bibliographic Description..........2015
Appendix D ISO Country Codes for Selected Countries ............................................................................2017
Appendix E Two-Letter Abbreviations for Canadian Provinces and Territories and U.S. States
and Territories ...............................................................................................................................2021
Appendix F Notes for Citing MEDLINE /PubMed................................................................................2025
Appendix Content Updates ...........................................................................................................................2031

vii
About this Book

How to cite this publication:
Patrias K. Citing medicine: the NLM style guide for authors, editors, and publishers
[Internet]. 2nd ed. Wendling DL, technical editor. Bethesda (MD): National Library
of Medicine (US); 2007 - [updated 2015 Oct 2; cited Year Month Day]. Available
from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/citingmedicine
How to use this publication
Citing Medicine gives information on constructing citations at three levels:
1. Diagrammed Citation - Many people need to format a non-complex citation and
want to know how to format a citation, without learning why it should be
structured that way. The picture of the sample citation and the broad guidelines
(what we're calling the Introduction) will be enough for many people in this group.
2. General Rules and Examples - A smaller number of people will need to view the
General Rules and Examples sections to get more information. They either will
have a specific problem to solve or their work requires them to build a general
knowledge of citation that they can later apply to specific cases. For this group we
lay out why citations are structured the way they are and show them what types of
citations exist (Examples) and what special, difficult cases they may encounter
(Specific Rules).
3. Specific Rules - A yet smaller number of people will need to enter the Specific
Rules section to solve a specific problem, such as handling non-English citations.
The Library intends Citing Medicine to be an evolving publication. Join the CITINGMED
LISTSERV at http://list.nih.gov/archives/citingmed.html to learn of additions and
changes. Your comments and suggestions are welcome. Please submit them to us via the
National Library of Medicine's Contact Form.
History
This publication updates and supersedes two existing publications:
National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic Citation
(1991).
National Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for Bibliographic
Citation.Internet Supplement (2001).
Why a new edition?
1. NLM changed some of the rules for citations in MEDLINE/PubMed. For example,
we changed the number of authors taken to all and added a period at the end of the
journal title abbreviation.
2. The National Information Standards Organization issued a new standard for
Bibliographic References in 2005 (ANSI/NISO Z39.29).
viii Citing Medicine
3. The volume and types of publications on the Internet have vastly increased. For
example, instructions on citing wikis and blogs are now included.
4. We wished to incorporate the feedback received from users over the years. Users
wanted:
More information about each type of publication, e.g., on the various
possible titles for conferences
More information on each part of a citation, e.g., author surnames followed
by III or Jr
More examples
HTML format
Terms and Conditions
Citing Medicine is published by the U.S. government and not subject to copyright
protection. You may use the material in this publication without permission. We ask that
you acknowledge this source in any published writing. We also recommend that you link
to the top level of Citing Medicine at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/citingmedicine whenever
possible because this address will continue to be valid over time. More specific links to
other pages in the publication may change.
ix
Introduction
Citing Medicine provides assistance to authors in compiling lists of references for their
publications, to editors in revising such lists, to publishers in setting reference standards
for their authors and editors, and to librarians and others in formatting bibliographic
citations.
If you wish to cite this publication, please use the following format:
Patrias K. Citing medicine: the NLM style guide for authors, editors, and publishers
[Internet]. 2nd ed. Wendling DL, technical editor. Bethesda (MD): National Library
of Medicine (US); 2007 - [updated 2015 Oct 2; cited Year Month Day]. Available
from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/citingmedicine
Background
Citing Medicine updates and supersedes two previous National Library of Medicine
publications:
Patrias K. National Library of Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic
citation [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1991. Available from: http://
www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/formats/recommendedformats.pdf
Patrias K. National Library of Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic
citation. Supplement: Internet formats [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 2001
Jul. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/formats/internet.pdf
As in the previous edition, it is not the purpose of the National Library of Medicine to
create a new bibliographic standard with this publication, but rather to apply existing
standards to complex biomedical material. NLM is an active member of the National
Information Standards Organization (NISO) and its various published standards have
been adopted for the Library's MEDLINE/PubMed database. This publication thus also
serves to document the Library's rules for the structure of journal citations.
Instructions for citing a variety of print publications, audiovisual material such as
videocassettes, CD-ROMs and DVDs, items found on the Internet, and unpublished
material such as papers presented at meetings are found in Citing Medicine. Be aware,
however, that individual publishers may not accept references to all the types of items
presented here. Papers that have been accepted for publication but not yet published,
papers or abstracts of papers that were never published, and written personal
communication such as letters or e-mails in particular may not be approved. Consult the
instructions to authors for the particular publisher.
Source Material
Three major sources are utilized in compiling Citing Medicine: the MEDLARS Indexing
Manual of the National Library of Medicine (NLM); pertinent NISO standards, primarily
ANSI/NISO Z39.29-2005 Bibliographic References (http://www.niso.org/); and relevant
x Citing Medicine
standards from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), primarily ISO
690 Documentation - Bibliographic References (http://www.iso.org/).
In applying the rules presented by these three sources, the MEDLARS Indexing Manual is
given preference. The NLM format as shown in this publication follows NISO in principle,
but certain deviations are made, primarily in the interest of saving labor in producing
MEDLINE/PubMed. Those familiar with the Manual are aware that its scope is limited to
journal articles. However, if a precedent was established by the Manual, as for example
with pagination and dates, this precedent is carried over into other types of bibliographic
material. If no NLM precedent is available, then the NISO and ISO standards are
followed.
Users should note that bibliography is not the same as cataloging. The references found in
this publication will therefore not agree with the records found in the Library's
LocatorPlus and NLM Catalog databases.
Structure
Citing Medicine is divided into 26 chapters, each one representing a separate bibliographic
format. Formats range from print publications such as books and journals to blogs and
wikis on the Internet. Both published and unpublished material is included. Two new
chapters have been added since the previous edition: Manuscripts (Chapter 14) and Prints
and Photographs (Chapter 17).
Each chapter has three distinct sections: Sample Citation and Introduction, Citation
Rules, and Examples of Citations. The sample citation is a diagram with labels for all of
the parts of a citation and includes punctuation; the introduction provides information on
the primary factors in citing the particular format. We believe that this section will satisfy
the needs of many users who need only cursory information.
Section two, Citation Rules, gives step-by-step instructions for constructing a citation.
Each part of a citation is presented in the order in which it would appear in a reference.
For each part, General Rules provide basic information (for example, authors should be
listed surname first) and Specific Rules cover special situations, such as handling
organizations as author. Each part is also labeled either a required or optional component
of a reference. Required parts are those necessary to uniquely identify an item; optional
parts provide additional information to assist in locating an item and/or deciding if it is
worthwhile to obtain an item. For example, pagination is optional for books, but the
length of a book usually can provide an indication of the coverage of the subject.
Finally, the third section, Examples of Citations, includes sample citations that illustrate
the rules given in section two. These examples are obtained primarily from the NLM
collection and a variety of online databases. Because of the large volume of references
needed, it is not possible to verify all information with the original, as an author would for
a list of references. All the URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) used for Internet references
were valid at the date of citation shown, but their current validity cannot be assured.
Introduction xi
All the references in the Examples section represent actual publications. However, some
license is taken in the examples for the Specific Rules. In an effort to illustrate unusual
situations that might occur for which no actual examples can be found, citation fragments
are created.
Citing Medicine also contains six appendixes. Appendixes A through D consist of
summary information from relevant ISO and other standards to assist the user. Appendix
E contains official US and Canadian abbreviations for the names of states, provinces, and
territories. Links from the Specific Rules to these appendixes are made throughout the
publication. Appendix F contains exceptions to NISO standards and Citing Medicine for
nine citation elements found in Chapter 1A Journal Articles and Chapter 23A Journal
Articles on the Internet
Application
Although this publication permits a number of variations in format, the user should be
consistent in applying them throughout a reference list. For example, if the full journal
title is used instead of the title abbreviation in one reference, it should be used in all
journal article references.
The user may also wish to consider the purpose for which the references are being created.
For example, Citing Medicine permits the publisher name to be given in an abbreviated
format if the author and publisher are the same. Thus if the University of Virginia is the
author, it may be abbreviated to "The University" as publisher. However, if the references
will be used in a database in which the publisher name is searchable, the name should be
given in full in both places.
When citing any type of format, one rule is primary: an author should never place in a
reference list a document that he or she has not seen. The medical literature is full of
references that have been cited from other references, serving only to perpetuate
erroneous information. If a document is important enough to be cited in a reference list, it
is equally important to examine the original for citation information.
Internet publication has created the new complication of citing the version seen. Many
publishers are producing documents such as books and journals in multiple versions - in
print, CD-ROM or DVD, and the Internet. These versions may appear identical in
content, but because errors or other changes may have been introduced in the conversion
from one format to another, they may in fact differ in significant ways. Also, once a
document is in electronic format, changes and additions can easily be made that further
distance the content from the more fixed print version. Always cite the specific version
seen. In particular, do not cite a document as if it were a print one when the electronic
version was used.
Reference Lists Versus In-Text References
References are presented in two ways in medical publications. At the end of a journal
article, book, or book chapter, all of the references that contributed to the work are
xii Citing Medicine
presented in a list called references, end references, literature cited, or bibliography.

Within the text of a publication, individual references are presented in an abbreviated
format that refers back to the list. These abbreviated references within the text are called
"in-text references."
Three major systems of in-text references are used by medical publishers: citation-
sequence, citation-name, and name-year. See Scientific Style and Format (7th ed. Reston
(VA): Council of Science Editors; 2006) for a detailed discussion of all three systems.
In the citation-sequence system, numbers are used to refer to the reference list. References
are numbered in the list in the order they first appear in the text. For example, if a
reference by Zelinski is the first one referred to in the text, then the Zelinski reference is
number one in the list.
In the citation-name system, numbers are also used in the text to refer to the reference list.
However, the references in the list are numbered in alphabetical order by author. Thus a
reference authored by Adam would be number 1, by Baker number 2, etc. These numbers
are used in the text regardless of the order in which they appear.
Finally, in the name-year system, in-text references consist of the surname of the author
and the year of publication, usually enclosed in parentheses, such as (Smith 2006). The list
of references is ordered first by author, then by year.
Both the citation-sequence and citation-name systems format parts of references in the
same order that they are found in Citing Medicine. In the name-year system the date of
publication is taken out of order and placed after the author or after the title if there is no
author. To accommodate those users who prefer using the name-year system, instructions
are provided in each chapter in the Special Rules under "Options for date of publication."
The Library intends Citing Medicine to be an evolving publication. Join the publications e-
mail list at http://list.nih.gov/archives/citingmed.html to learn of additions and changes.
Your comments and suggestions are welcome. Please submit them to us via the National
Library of Medicine's Contact Form.
Acknowledgments
The author wishes to acknowledge the many individuals who worked so tirelessly to bring
this entire huge publication project to fruition:
Dan Wendling - for his electronic publishing expertise.
Lori Klein - for leading the editorial review process.
Marcia Zorn - for her review and suggestions for chapter readability.
Terry Ahmed, Mary Conway, Lori Klein, Carolyn Willard, and Marcia Zorn - for their
line-by-line proofread of the chapters.
Introduction xiii
Terry Ahmed, Cynthia Burke, Mary Conway, Bill Feidt (National Agricultural Library
(retired)), Ron Gordner, Jenny Heiland, Lori Klein, Andrew Plumer, Barbara Slavinski
(NLM Guest Researcher), Carolyn Willard, and Marcia Zorn - for their resourcefulness in
locating many of the examples provided.
Brooke Dine and Simon Vann - for their HTML/XML expertise.
Peggy Morrison (Hendrix College, Conway, Arkansas) - for consultation with citation
problems.
Joyce Backus - for oversight of the project.
xiv Citing Medicine
xv
2015 Foreword
NLM conceived this 2nd edition after the 2005 revision of ANSI/NISO Z39.29
Bibliographic References published by the National Information Standards Organization.
Some of the changes in that revision addressed the then new and evolving content
appearing on the Internet. Since that time, there have been numerous changes in
publishing. Researchers often use electronic rather than print materials thanks to ready
access, and determining the type of Web resource one is referencing has become difficult
as differences between Web sites, online books, online databases, etc. are disappearing and
all are searchable.
As we are making changes and adding more examples to Citing Medicine, we are also
waiting to see if there will be changes in ANSI/NISO Z39.29. In 2010 the ANSI/NISO
standard was renewed, as revisions to a sister international standard (ISO/FDIS 690
Information and documentation Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to
information resources) was being voted on. Now ANSI/NISO Z39.29 is again due for
review. The standard is in need of updating, and perhaps simplification. Some examples:
For materials on the Internet the medium designator [Internet] is required following
the title, and the URL is required. In 2015, almost everyone recognizes a string
starting with http: or https: or doi: as a URL or address for something on the
Internet. Do we still need to require Internet in brackets as a medium designator?
Citations are slightly different between books on the Internet, databases on the
Internet, and Web sites, and different in print and electronically depending on if a
smaller section is a contribution to or just a part of the whole. As the Internet
evolves, a lot of content today is created directly for the Internet, not reformatted
from print materials. Materials that started out as books on the Internet have
sometimes become more database-like than book-like, searched to find the relevant
information rather than read as whole books or chapters. Does it still make sense to
follow publisher information for a Web site or book or single database on the
Internet with a semicolon, but to end the publisher information for serial databases
and retrieval systems with a period?
Today Internet resources may not readily provide information on who is responsible
for the content, and where that person or organization may be. For example, a site
may provide an organization name, but have no indication of where that
organization is geographically. Authors can spend hours searching for this
information to include it in brackets, or choose the allowable [publisher unknown],
[place unknown], etc. However, is it helpful to indicate the information not known?
Perhaps it is time to rethink the necessary information to identify a cited work today, and
to better standardize citations across different media and publication types. Authorship,
titles, and dates (content created or published, revised, and cited if on the Internet) are
still crucial but what else is essential? In addition, is it possible to apply the same order
xvi Citing Medicine
and punctuation to all references? Print materials are still used and need consideration;
however, electronic resources prevail and citing these materials needs to be simplified.
NLM hopes for a future simplification of the national standard for bibliographic
references.
/Joyce E.B. Backus /
Joyce Backus
Associate Director for Library Operations
National Library of Medicine
xvii
Foreword
The Internet has fundamentally changed the publishing model that authors, editors and
publishers have followed for centuries. Information that took months or years to publish,
edit and distribute in print is now produced and available to the public worldwide on an
accelerated schedule. Despite changes brought by technology, the need to accurately cite
the source of information for scholarly publication remains. And, while the need to cite
remains, the challenges of collecting and reporting accurate, lasting citation information
have increased tremendously. Electronic publishing creates new issues of impermanence
that paper did not present.
With this publication, Citing Medicine, the National Library of Medicine strives to provide
those charged with capturing an accurate scholarly citation with a guide to do so in this
new era of electronic information, both permanent and ephemeral. We hope you find it
useful in your pursuit of scholarship and the published word. We welcome your
suggestions for improving Citing Medicine in the future.
/Sheldon Kotzin/
Sheldon Kotzin
Associate Director for Library Operations
National Library of Medicine
xviii Citing Medicine
1
Citing Published Print

Documents
2 Citing Medicine
3
Chapter 1. Journals
Created: October 10, 2007; Updated: August 11, 2015.
Journals are a particular type of periodical. These same rules and examples can be used
for magazines and other types of periodicals.
A. Journal Articles
Sample Citation and Introduction
Citation Rules with Examples
Examples
B. Parts of Journal Articles
Examples
C. Entire Journal Titles
Examples
See also:
Chapter 11A Forthcoming ("in press") Journal Articles
Chapter 16 Journals in Audiovisual Formats
Chapter 19 Journals on CD-ROM, DVD, Disk
Chapter 23 Journals on the Internet
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Journal Articles

The general format for a reference to a journal article, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Journal Articles

4 Citing Medicine
By tradition, the rules for formatting references to journal articles permit greater
abbreviation compared to books:
Journal references omit information on place of publication and publisher, whereas
book references carry these details.
The words "volume" and "number" (or their abbreviations) are usually omitted
when citing journal articles, but are included when citing books.
Journal titles are abbreviated; book titles are not.
This brevity in citing journal articles stems from the need to conserve space in printed
bibliographies and the early databases.
Following are some important points concerning citing journal articles:
Cite the journal name that was used at the time of publication. For example, the
British Medical Journal officially changed title to BMJ in 1988. Cite articles from
1987 and earlier as Br Med J, not BMJ.
Cite the version you saw. For example, do not cite the print version if you have used
the Internet one.
Do not include a header, such as "news", "case report", or "clinical study", as part of
the article title, unless the table of contents for the journal issue indicates that it is.
Use caution when employing typography, such as bold type and italics, to indicate
parts of a journal article citation. Too many variations in type styles may actually
make the reference harder to read.
The source for journal title, volume, issue, and date information is, in order of preference:
(1) the title page of the issue, (2) the issue cover, and (3) the masthead. Running headers
or footers may not carry the official title of a journal and date and issue information may
be missing from these locations.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Journal Articles.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Journal Articles.
Citation Rules with Examples for Journal Articles

Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after
the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means
it is optional.
Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Article Title (R) | Article Type (O) | Journal Title (R)
| Edition (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Supplement/Part/Special
Number to a Date (R) | Volume Number (R) | Supplement/Part/Special Number to a
Volume (R) | Issue Number (R) | Supplement/Part/Special Number to an Issue (R) |
Location (Pagination) (R) | Physical Description (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Journals 5
Author for Journal Articles (required)

General Rules for Author
List names in the order they appear in the text
Enter surname (family or last name) first for each author
Capitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as they appear in the
document cited on the assumption that the author approved the form used. For
example: Van Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.
Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials, for a maximum of two
initials following each surname
Give all authors, regardless of the number
Separate author names from each other by a comma and a space
End author information with a period
See exceptions for Author in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE /PubMed.
Specific Rules for Author

Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them
Other surname rules
Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle
Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name
Designations of rank within a family, such as Jr and III
Names appearing in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew,
Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)
Organizations as author
No author can be found
Options for author names
Box 1. Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them.

Keep hyphens within surnames
Estelle Palmer-Canton becomes Palmer-Canton E
Ahmed El-Assmy becomes El-Assmy A
Keep particles, such as O', D', and L'
Alan D. O'Brien becomes O'Brien AD
Jacques O. L'Esperance becomes L'Esperance JO
U. S'adeh becomes S'adeh U
Omit all other punctuation in surnames
Box 1 continues on next page...
6 Citing Medicine
Box 1 continued from previous page.
Charles A. St. James becomes St James CA
Box 2. Other surname rules.

Keep prefixes in surnames
Lama Al Bassit becomes Al Bassit L
Jiddeke M. van de Kamp becomes van de Kamp JM
Gerard de Pouvourville becomes de Pouvourville G
Keep compound surnames even if no hyphen appears
Sergio Lopez Moreno becomes Lopez Moreno S
Jaime Mier y Teran becomes Mier y Teran J
Virginie Halley des Fontaines becomes Halley des Fontaines V
[If you cannot determine from the article whether a surname is a compound
one or a combination of a middle name and a surname, look to the table of
contents of the issue or an annual or other index for clarification. For example,
Elizabeth Scott Parker may be interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott Parker E.]
Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores some
conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language
publications.
Treat letters marked with a diacritic or accent as if they are not marked
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
Journals 7
Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Box 3. Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle.

Disregard hyphens joining given (first or middle) names
Jean-Louis Lagrot becomes Lagrot JL
Use only the first letter of given names and middle names when they contain a
prefix, a preposition, or other particle
D'Arcy Hart becomes Hart D
W. St. John Patterson becomes Patterson WS
De la Broquerie Fortier becomes Fortier D
Craig McC. Brooks becomes Brooks CM
Disregard traditional abbreviations of given names. Some non-US publications use
abbreviations of conventional given names rather than single initials, such as St. for
Stefan. Use only the first letter of the abbreviation.
Ch. Wunderly becomes Wunderly C
C. Fr. Erdman becomes Erdman CF
For non-English names that have been romanized (written in the roman alphabet),
capitalize only the first letter when the original initial is represented by more than
one letter
Iu. A. Iakontov becomes Iakontov IuA
G. Th. Tsakalos becomes Tsakalos GTh
Box 4. Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name.

Omit degrees, titles, and honors that follow a personal name, such as M.D.
James A. Reed, M.D., F.R.C.S. becomes Reed JA
Katherine Schmidt, Ph.D. becomes Schmidt K
8 Citing Medicine
Robert V. Lang, Major, US Army becomes Lang RV

Omit rank and honors that precede a name, such as Colonel or Sir
Sir Frances Hildebrand becomes Hildebrand F
Dr. Kristine Eberhard becomes Eberhard K
Captain R. C. Williams becomes Williams RC
Box 5. Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III.

Place family designations of rank after the initials, without punctuation
Convert roman numerals to arabic ordinals
Examples:
Vincent T. DeVita, Jr. becomes DeVita VT Jr
James G. Jones II becomes Jones JG 2nd
John A. Adams III becomes Adams JA 3rd
Henry B. Cooper IV becomes Cooper HB 4th
Box 6. Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or

character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese).
Romanization, a form of transliteration, means using the roman (Latin) alphabet to
represent the letters or characters of another alphabet. A good authority for romanization
is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
Romanize names in Cyrillic (Russian, Bulgarian, etc.), Greek, Arabic, Hebrew,
Korean, or character-based languages, such as Chinese and Japanese
Capitalize only the first letter of romanized names when the original initial is
represented by more than one letter
publications.
Journals 9
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Box 7. Organizations as author.

An organization such as a university, society, association, corporation, or governmental
body may be an author.
Omit "The" preceding an organizational name
The American Cancer Society becomes American Cancer Society
If a division or other part of an organization is included in the publication, give the
parts of the name in descending hierarchical order, separated by commas
American Medical Association, Committee on Ethics.
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Organic and
Biomolecular Chemistry Division.
American College of Surgeons, Committee on Trauma, Ad Hoc Subcommittee
on Outcomes, Working Group.
When citing organizations that are national bodies such as government agencies, if
a nationality is not part of the name, place the country in parentheses after the
name, using the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D)
10 Citing Medicine
National Academy of Sciences (US).

Royal Marsden Hospital Bone-Marrow Transplantation Team (GB).
Separate two or more different organizations by a semicolon
Canadian Association of Orthodontists; Canadian Dental Association.
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Pediatric Emergency
Medicine; American College of Emergency Physicians, Pediatric Committee.
If both individuals and an organization(s) appear on the title page of an article as
authors, give both, in the order they appear in the article, and separate them by a
semicolon
Sugarman J, Getz K, Speckman JL, Byrne MM, Gerson J, Emanuel EJ;
Consortium to Evaluate Clinical Research Ethics.
Pinol V, Castells A, Andreu M, Castellvi-Bel S, Alenda C, Llor X, Xicola RM,
Rodriguez-Moranta F, Paya A, Jover R, Bessa X; Spanish Gastroenterological
Association, Gastrointestinal Oncology Group.
Margulies EH; NISC Comparative Sequencing Program; Maduro VV, Thomas
PJ, Tomkins JP, Amemiya CT, Luo M, Green ED.
For names of organizations in languages other than English:
Give names in languages using the roman alphabet (primarily European
languages, such as French, Italian, Spanish, German, Swedish, etc.) as they
appear in the publication. When possible follow a non-English name with a
translation, placed in square brackets.
Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica del CNR.
Universitatsmedizin Berlin.
Nordisk Anaestesiologisk Forening [Scandinavian Society of
Anaesthesiologists].
Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate names of organizations
in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for
romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables. When possible follow a
non-English name with a translation. Place all translations in square brackets.
Rossiiskoe Respiratornoe Obshchestvo [Russian Respiratory Society].
or
Journals 11
[Russian Respiratory Society].

Translate names of organizations in character-based languages such as
Chinese and Japanese. Place all translations in square brackets.
[Chinese Medical Society].
Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This rule ignores
some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for
English-language publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Box 8. No author can be found.

If no person or organization can be found as the author but editors or translators
are present, begin the reference with the names of the editors or translators. Follow
the same rules used for author names, but end the list of names with a comma and
the specific role, that is, editor or translator.
Morrison CP, Court FG, editors.
Walser E, translator.
12 Citing Medicine
If no person or organization can be identified as the author and no editors or

translators are given, begin the reference with the title of the article. Do not use
anonymous.
New accreditation product approved for systems under the ambulatory and
home care programs. Jt Comm Perspect. 2005 May;25(5):8.
Box 9. Options for author names.

The following formats are not NLM practice for citing authors, but are acceptable options:
Full first names of authors may be given. Separate the surname from the given
name or initials by a comma; follow initials with a period; separate successive
names by a semicolon.
Takagi, Yasushi; Harada, Jun; Chiarugi, Alberto M.; Moskowitz, Michael A.
Mann, Frederick D.; Swartz, Mary N.; Little, R.T.
If space is a consideration, the number of authors may be limited to a specific
number, such as the first three authors or first six authors. Follow the last named
author by a comma and "et al." or "and others."
Rastan S, Hough T, Kierman A, et al.
Adler DG, Baron TH, Davila RE, Egan J, Hirota WK, Leighton JA, and others.
If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on the title page of
an article as authors, the individuals may be given as the author and the
organization listed at the end of the reference as a note
Cox JL, Ramer SA, Lee DS, Humphries K, Pilote L, Svenson L, Tu JV.
Pharmacological treatment of congestive heart failure in Canada: a
description of care in five provinces. Can J Cardiol. 2005 Mar 15;21(4):337-43.
Authors are investigators of the Canadian Cardiovascular Outcomes Research
Team.
Examples for Author

1. Standard journal article
2. Journal article with many authors
3. Journal article with optional limit to the number of authors
4. Journal article with organization as author
Journals 13
5. Journal article with organization as author, with subsidiary part of the

organization included
6. Journal article with multiple organizations as author
7. Journal article with multiple organizations as author, with subsidiary part of the
8. Journal article with governmental body as author
9. Journal article with both a personal author and an organization as author
10. Journal article with a personal author and more than one organization as author
11. Journal article with a personal author and note on the organization, as
recommended by NISO
12. Journal article authors with designations of rank within a family
13. Journal article authors with compound last names (give as found in the article)
14. Journal article author names with particles, prepostitions, prefixes (give as found
in the article)
15. Journal article authors with romanized names
16. Journal article with no author provided
Author Affiliation for Journal Articles (optional)

General Rules for Author Affiliation
Enter the affiliation of all authors or only the first author
Begin with the department and name of the institution, followed by city and state/
Canadian province/country
Use commas to separate parts of the affiliation
Place the affiliation in parentheses, such as (Department of Psychology, University
of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA)
Separate the affiliation from its author by a space
Follow the affiliation with a comma placed outside the closing parenthesis, unless it
is the affiliation of the last author, then use a period
See exceptions for Author Affiliation in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE /
PubMed
Specific Rules for Author Affiliation

Abbreviations in affiliations
E-mail address included
Organizational names not in English
Names for cities and countries not in English
14 Citing Medicine
Box 10. Abbreviations in affiliations.

Abbreviate commonly used words in affiliations, if desired. Follow all abbreviated
words with a period.
Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Assoc. for Association
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Corp. for Corporation
Dept. for Department
Div. for Division
Inst. for Institute or Institution
Soc. for Society
Univ. for University
See Appendix C for more abbreviations of commonly used English words.
Abbreviate names of US states and Canadian provinces using their official two-
letter abbreviations. See Appendix E for a list of these.
Abbreviate names of countries outside of the US and Canada using the two-letter
ISO country code, if desired. See Appendix D for codes of selected countries.
Be consistent. If you abbreviate a word in one reference, abbreviate the same word
in all references.
Box 11. E-mail address included.

Follow the US state, Canadian province, or country of the author with a period and
a space
Insert the e-mail address as it appears in the publication
Do not end an e-mail address with a period
Place the e-mail address within the closing parenthesis for the author affiliation
Example:
Journals 15
Patrias K (Reference Section, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda MD.

[email protected]), de la Cruz FF (Mental Retardation and Developmental
Disabilities Branch, National Institute of Child Health and Human
Development, Bethesda, MD. [email protected]).
Box 12. Organizational names not in English.

Give the affiliation of all authors or only the first author
Begin with the department and name of the organization, followed by the city, the
two-letter abbreviation for the US state or Canadian province (see Appendix E),
and the country name or two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D) if non-US
For non-English organizational names in the roman alphabet (primarily European
languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.), provide the
name in the original language
Carpentier AF (Service de Neurologie, Hopital de la Salpetriere, Paris,
France), Moreno Perez D (Unidad de Infectologia e Inmunodeficiencias,
Departamento de Pediatria, Hospital Materno-Infantil Carlos Haya, Malaga,
Spain).
Pinet LM (Departamento de Servicios de Salud de Emergencia, Escuela de
Posgrado, Universidad de Maryland, Condado de Baltimore, USA.
[email protected]).
Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate organizational names in
Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is
the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
Barbulescu M (Clinica Chirurgicala, Spitalul Clinic Coltea, Bucuresti), Burcos
T, Ungureanu CD, Zodieru-Popa I.
Grudinina NA (Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of
Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia), Golubkov VI, Tikhomirova OS,
Brezhneva TV, Hanson KP, Vasilyev VB, Mandelshtam MY.
Translate organizational names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)
Susaki K (First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,
Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan), Bandoh S, Fujita J, Kanaji N, Ishii T,
Kubo A, Ishida T.
16 Citing Medicine
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Use the English form of names for cities and countries when possible. For example,
Vienna for Wien and Spain for Espana. However, the name found on the
publication may always be used.
Place the affiliation in parentheses
Box 13. Names for cities and countries not in English.

Use the English form for names of cities and countries when possible. However, the
name as found on the publication may always be used.
Moskva becomes Moscow
Wien becomes Vienna
Italia becomes Italy
Espana becomes Spain
Journals 17
Examples for Author Affiliation

17. Journal article with author affiliation included (give the affiliation of only the first
author or all authors)
Article Title for Journal Articles (required)

General Rules for Article Title
Enter the title of an article as it appears in the publication
Capitalize only the first word of a title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms,
and initialisms
Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless some other
form of punctuation (such as a question mark, period, or an exclamation point) is
already present
Translate non-English titles into English; place the translation in square brackets
End a title with a period unless a question mark or exclamation point already ends
it or an Article Type follows it
See exceptions for Article Title in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE /PubMed
Specific Rules for Article Title

Article titles not in English
Article titles in more than one language
Translated article titles ending in punctuation other than a period
Article titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special character
Article titles with headers
No article title can be found
Box 14. Article titles not in English.

Translate article titles not in English
Place all translated titles in square brackets
Indicate the language after the location (pagination), followed by a period
Examples:
Wilkniss SM, Hunter RH, Silverstein SM. [Multimodal treatment of
aggression and violence in individuals with psychosis]. Sante Ment Que. 2004
Autumn;29(2):143-74. French.
Batysheva TT, Kostenko EV, Ryl'skii AV, Boiko AN. [Movalis in treatment of
painful shoulder syndrome in poststroke patients]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S
Korsakova. 2004;104(12):60-1. Russian.
18 Citing Medicine
Itabashi M, Yoshida K, Kameoka S. [Sentinel node navigation surgery for

colorectal cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2005 Apr;32(4):557-60. Japanese.
When possible, place the original language title or romanized title before the
translation
Capitalize only the first word of the title, proper nouns, proper adjectives,
acronyms, and initialisms unless the conventions of a particular language
require other capitalization
Neue Nifedipin-Zubeitung ermoglicht tagliche Einmalgabe [New
nifedipine preparation makes single daily dose possible]. Fortschr Med.
1997 Nov 30;115(33):[following p. 54]. German.
Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in titles. This rule ignores
Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
In PubMed, use the TT field in the MEDLINE display to locate the original
language or romanized title for most article titles except those in character-
based languages (Chinese, Japanese)
Journals 19
Example:
Wilkniss SM, Hunter RH, Silverstein SM. Traitement multimodal de
l'agressivite et de la violence chez des personnes souffrant de psychose
[Multimodal treatment of aggression and violence in individuals with
psychosis]. Sante Ment Que. 2004 Autumn;29(2):143-74. French.
Box 15. Article titles in more than one language.

If an article is written in English and another language(s):
Give the English language version of the article title
List all languages of publication, separated by commas, after the location
(pagination)
Capitalize the language names
End the list of languages with a period
Example:
Palmese S, Pezza M, De Robertis E. Hypophosphatemia and metabolic
acidosis. Minerva Anestesiol. 2005 May;71(5):237-42. English, Italian.
If an article is written in more than one language and none of them is English:
Translate into English the version of the title that appears first
Place the translation in square brackets
(pagination)
Example:
Shaha M, Rabenschlag F, Holzer R. [Lowering stress levels in the
workplace]. Krankenpfl Soins Infirm. 2005;98(4):10-3, 40-3, 62-5.
French, German, Italian.
As an option, when an article title is presented in two or more equal languages, as
often occurs in Canadian publications:
20 Citing Medicine
Give all titles in the order in which they are presented in the text
Separate them with an equals sign
(pagination)
Example:
Aouizerate P, Guizard M. Prise en charge des thrombocytopenies
induites par l'heparine = Management of heparin-induced
thrombocytopenia. Therapie. 2002;57(6):577-88. French, English.
Box 16. Translated article titles ending in punctuation other than a period.
Most article titles end in a period. When a translation of an article title is provided,
place it in square brackets, with a closing period outside the right bracket.
Vazquez de la Iglesia F, Fernandez Gonzalez S. [Method for the study of
pulmonary function in laryngectomized patients]. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp.
2006 Jun-Jul;57(6):275-8. Spanish.
or
Vazquez de la Iglesia F, Fernandez Gonzalez S. Metodo para el estudio de la
funcion pulmonar en los laringectomizados [Method for the study of
pulmonary function in laryngectomized patients]. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp.
2006 Jun-Jul;57(6):275-8. Spanish.
If a translated article title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that
punctuation. Place the title in square brackets, with a closing period outside the
right bracket.
Minvielle E. [Quality criteria in medicine: which limits?]. Ann Urol (Paris).
2006 Jun;40(3):184-91. French.
or
Minvielle E. Les criteres de qualite en medecine: jusqu' ou aller? [Quality
criteria in medicine: which limits?]. Ann Urol (Paris). 2006 Jun;40(3):184-91.
French.
Journals 21
Box 17. Article titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special
character.
Capitalize the first word of an article title unless the title begins with a Greek letter,
chemical formula, or another special character that might lose its meaning if
capitalized
Hubbard AR. von Willebrand factor standards for plasma and concentrate
testing. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2006 Jul;32(5):522-8.
Sun Y. p53 and its downstream proteins as molecular targets of cancer. Mol
Carcinog. 2006 Jun;45(6):409-15.
Panthong K, Garson MJ, Bernhardt PV. 1,3-dimethylisoguanine. Acta
Crystallogr C. 2006 Apr;62(Pt 4):o193-5.
If a title contains a Greek letter or some other symbol that cannot be reproduced
with the type fonts available, substitute the name for the symbol. For example,
becomes omega.
Jagetia GC, Baliga MS, Venkatesh P. Influence of seed extract of Syzygium
Cumini (Jamun) on mice exposed to different doses of -radiation. J Radiat
Res (Tokyo). 2005 Mar;46(1):59-65.
may become
Jagetia GC, Baliga MS, Venkatesh P. Influence of seed extract of Syzygium
Cumini (Jamun) on mice exposed to different doses of gamma-radiation.
JRadiat Res (Tokyo). 2005 Mar;46(1):59-65.
If a title contains superscripts or subscripts than cannot be reproduced with the
type fonts available, place the superscript or subscript in parentheses
Ripoche P, Bertrand O, Gane P, Birkenmeier C, Colin Y, Cartron JP. Human
Rhesus-associated glycoprotein mediates facilitated transport of NH3 into red
blood cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Dec 7;101(49):17222-7.
may become
Ripoche P, Bertrand O, Gane P, Birkenmeier C, Colin Y, Cartron JP. Human
Rhesus-associated glycoprotein mediates facilitated transport of NH(3) into
red blood cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Dec 7;101(49):17222-7.
Box 18. Article titles with headers.

Journal articles sometimes contain a header (such as news, case report, or clinical
study) at the top of the page to indicate a section of the issue. Do not include a
22 Citing Medicine
header as part of the article title unless the table of contents for the journal issue
indicates that it is.
Box 19. No article title can be found.

Occasionally an article does not appear to have any title; the article simply begins
with the text. In this circumstance, create a title from the first few words of the text
and place it in square brackets. Use enough words to make the constructed title
meaningful.
Examples for Article Title

18. Journal article in a language other than English
19. Journal article in a language other than English with optional original language
title included
20. Journal article published in two equal languages
21. Journal article published in multiple languages
22. Journal article title beginning with a lower case letter
23. Journal article title with special characters
Article Type for Journal Articles (optional)

General Rules for Article Type
An article type alerts the user that the reference is to an abstract of an article or a
letter to the editor, not a full article. Content designator is another phrase for this.
Place [abstract] or [letter] after the article title
Other article types are also available though used less often, such as book review,
editorial, or interview
Follow the bracketed article type with a period placed outside the closing bracket
See exceptions for Article Type in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE /PubMed
Specific Rules for Article Type

Article titles ending in punctuation other than a period
Journals 23
Box 20. Articles titles ending in punctuation other than a period.

Most journal article titles end in a period. Place [letter] or [abstract] inside the
period.
Sundset R, Green KG, Kanter EM, Yamada KA. Increased cardiac Connexin45
results in uncoupling and spontaneous ventricular arrhythmias in mice
[abstract]. Circulation. 2004 Oct 26;110(17 Suppl):III192.
Inoue K, Takano H, Yanagisawa R, Yoshikawa T. Eosinophilic pneumonia and
arthritis [letter]. Chest. 2005 Jun;127(6):2294-5.
If an article title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and
follow [letter] or [abstract] with a period
Bhat YM, McGrath KM, Bielefeldt K. Bravo pH monitoring: should we
exclude the first 6 hours? [abstract]. Gastroenterology. 2002 Apr;128(4 Suppl
2):A392.
Challoner A. Horizon: Does the MMR jab cause autism? Has the fat lady sung
then? [letter]. BMJ. 2005 Jul 9;331(7508):111.
McLeod GA, Columb MO. Moles, weights and potencies: freedom of
expression! [letter]. Br J Anaesth. 2005 Jul;95(1):110-1.

Most journal article titles end in a period. When a translation of a journal article
title is used as the title, place it in square brackets. Place (letter) or (abstract) within
the square brackets.
Rivera M, Lizarraga JP, Pantoja F, Pantoja R. [Study of nasal permeability in
patients with operated unilateral clefts (letter)]. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac.
2005 Jun;106(3):192-4. French.
punctuation. Place (letter) or (abstract) within the square brackets and end title
information with a period.
Rotenberg DK. [Eat less, exercise more! (letter)]. Ugeskr Laeger. 2005 Jun
20;167(25-31):2797. Danish.
Reimer M. [Peripheral facial paralysis? Exclude borreliosis, perform LP!
(letter)]. Lakartidningen. 2005 Apr 25-May 1;102(17):1358. Swedish.
24 Citing Medicine
When the original language or romanized title and a translation are provided, place
[letter] or [abstract] after the translation. End title information with a period placed
outside the closing bracket.
Rivera M, Lizarraga JP, Pantoja F, Pantoja R. Etude de la permeabilite nasale
dans les fentes unilaterales operees [Study of nasal permeability in patients
with operated unilateral clefts] [letter]. Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac. 2005
Jun;106(3):192-4. French.
Rotenberg DK. Aed mindre, motioner mere! [Eat less, exercise more!] [letter].
Ugeskr Laeger. 2005 Jun 20;167(25-31):2797. Danish.
Examples for Article Type

24. Journal article with type of article indicated
Journal Title for Journal Articles (required)

General Rules for Journal Title
Enter a journal title in the original language
Cite the journal name that was used at the time of publication. For example, the
British Medical Journal officially changed title to BMJ in 1988. Cite articles from
1987 and earlier as Br Med J, not BMJ.
Abbreviate significant words in a journal title (see Abbreviation rules for journal
titles) and omit other words, such as articles, conjunctions, and prepositions
Capitalize all remaining title words, including abbreviations
End the journal title with a period unless an Edition or a Type of Medium is
included, then use a space
See exceptions for Journal Title (Journal Title Abbreviation) in Appendix F: Notes for
Citing MEDLINE /PubMed
Box 22. Abbreviation rules for journal titles.

Abbreviate and capitalize significant words in a journal title and omit other words,
such as articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. For example: of, the, at, in, and, L'.
The Journal of Biocommunication becomes J Biocommun.
La Pediatria Medica e Chirurgica becomes Pediatr Med Chir.
L'Orthodontie Francaise becomes Orthod Fr.

Journals 25
A list of the abbreviations for common English words used in journal titles is in
Appendix A. Other sources for title-word abbreviations are:
the List of Journals Indexed for MEDLINE
the PubMed Journals database
Appendix B for non-NLM sources
Do not abbreviate journal titles that consist of a single word or titles written in a
character-based language such as Chinese or Japanese
Virology. remains Virology.
Kansenshogaku Zasshi. remains Kansenshogaku Zasshi.
Do not include journal subtitles as part of the abbreviated title
JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association becomes JAMA.
Injury Prevention: Journal of the International Society for Child and
Adolescent Injury Prevention becomes Inj Prev.
Omit any punctuation in a title
Journal of Neuro-Oncology becomes J Neurooncol.
Drug-Nutrient Interactions becomes Drug Nutr Interact.
Women's Health becomes Womens Health.
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and
Endodontics becomes Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod
Some bibliographies and online databases show a place of publication after a
journal title, such as Clin Toxicol (Phila). This practice is used to show that two or
more journal titles with the same name reside in a library collection or database; the
name of the city where the journal is published distinguishes the titles. The city is
usually shown in abbreviated format following the same rules used for words in
journal titles, as Phila for Philadelphia in the example above. If you use a
bibliography or database such as PubMed to verify your reference and a place name
is included, you may keep it if you wish.
See also Construction of National Library of Medicine Title Abbreviations
Specific Rules for Journal Title

Abbreviation rules for journal titles
Single word journal titles
Non-English journal titles
Journal titles appearing in more than one language
26 Citing Medicine
Journals appearing in different editions

Options for journal titles
Box 23. Single word journal titles.

Do not abbreviate journal titles consisting of a single word, regardless of language.
Urology. remains Urology.
Harefuah. remains Harefuah.
Box 24. Non-English journal titles.

For non-English journal titles written in the roman alphabet (French, German,
Spanish, Italian, etc.):
Provide the title in the original language
Abbreviate it according to the Abbreviation rules for journal titles
Capitalize all remaining words, including abbreviations
Indicate the language of the article after the location (pagination)
Example:
Wilkniss SM, Hunter RH, Silverstein SM. [Multimodal treatment of
aggression and violence in individuals with psychosis]. Sante Ment Que.
2004 Autumn;29(2):143-74. French.
For a journal title in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean:
Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) the title. A good authority for
romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
Examples:
Neurenberger E, Bishai WR, Groose JH. [Latent tuberculosis infection].
Probl Tuberk Bolezn Legk. 2005;(2):45-51. Russian.
Natapov L, Zusman SP. [Specifying a field of practice in dentistry when
lacking specialty]. Refuat Hapeh Vehashinayim. 2005 Jan;22(1):74-5.
Hebrew.
Journals 27
For a journal title in a character-based language (Chinese, Japanese):

Do not abbreviate any of the words or omit any words
Use the capitalization system of the particular language
Example:
It is not NLM practice, but you may translate journal titles in character-
based languages. If you do, abbreviate the title according to the
Abbreviation rules for journal titles and indicate the language of the
article after the location (pagination).
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
28 Citing Medicine
Box 25. Journal titles appearing in more than one language.

Use the title in the first language found, in order of preference: on the title page of
the issue, on the issue cover, on the masthead
Box 26. Journals appearing in different editions.

If a journal is published in more than one edition, include the edition information
after the title
Abbreviate and capitalize all significant words in the edition information and omit
the other words, such as articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. For example: of,
the, at, in, and L'.
Use the same rules for abbreviating the words in an edition statement as for the
words in journal titles (see Abbreviation rules for journal titles)
Do not follow abbreviated words with a period
Omit any punctuation found
Separate the edition from the title itself by a space and place it in parentheses
End edition information with a period placed outside the closing parenthesis
American Homeopathy. Consumer Edition. becomes Am Homeopath
(Consum Ed).
American Homeopathy. Professional Edition. becomes Am Homeopath
(Prof Ed).
Hospital Practice. Office Edition. becomes Hosp Pract (Off Ed).
Hospital Practice. Hospital Editon. becomes Hosp Pract (Hosp Ed).
See the Abbreviation rules for editions for more information
Box 27. Options for journal titles.

The following forms are not NLM practice for citing journal titles, but are acceptable
options:
Periods may be placed after each abbreviated word in the title
J Contin Educ Nurs. may become J. Contin. Educ. Nurs.
The title may be written out in full
Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing.
Journals 29
Box 28. Abbreviation rules for editions.

An edition is considered a part of the title in journals.
words in journal titles
Abbreviate and capitalize all significant words and omit the other words, such as
articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. For example: of, the, at, in, and L'. See
Appendix A for a list of commonly abbreviated English words in journal titles.
Other sources for title word abbreviations are:
List of Journals Indexed for MEDLINE
PubMed Journals database
Do not follow abbreviated words with a period, but end all the title information
with a period placed outside the closing parenthesis
Examples:
(Consum Ed).
(Prof Ed).
Hospital Practice. Hospital Edition. becomes Hosp Pract (Hosp Ed).
Examples for Journal Title

25. Journal title consisting of a single word
26. Journal title in a character-based language
27. Journal title with an edition
28. Journal title with city of publication added after the title for clarification
Edition for Journal Articles (required)

General Rules for Edition
Indicate the edition/version being cited after the title if a journal is published in
more than one edition or version
30 Citing Medicine
Abbreviate each significant word (see Abbreviation rules for editions below) and
omit other words, such as articles, conjunctions, and prepositions
Capitalize all words
Place the edition statement in parentheses, such as (Br Ed)
End the edition statement with a period unless the Type of Medium is included
See exceptions for Edition in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE /PubMed
Specific Rules for Edition

Abbreviation rules for editions
Non-English words for editions
Box 29. Non-English words for editions.

For non-English edition statements written in the roman alphabet (French,
German, Spanish, Italian, etc.):
Give edition information in the original language
Abbreviate and capitalize all significant words and omit the other words, such
as articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. For example: de, der, y, les, and L'.
Sources for word abbreviations are:
Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. This rule ignores
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
Journals 31
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Separate the edition from the title by a space and place it in parentheses
Do not follow abbreviated words with a period, but end all the journal title
information with a period placed outside the closing parenthesis
Examples:
Tierrztliche Praxis. Ausgabe Klientiere Heimtiere becomes Tierarztl
Prax (Ausg Klient Heimtiere).
Angiology. Edicion Espanola. becomes Angiology (Ed Esp).
Farmaco. Edizione Pratica. becomes Farmaco (Ed Prat).
For an edition statement in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean:
Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) the words for edition. A good
authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
as articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. For example: de, la, por, der, and
L'.
Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. Treat letters
marked with a diacritic or accent as if they are not marked. This rule ignores
32 Citing Medicine
Example: or becomes c
Separate the edition from the title proper by a space and place it in
parentheses
End all journal title information with a period placed outside the closing
parenthesis
Example:
Pharmakeutikon Deltion. Epistemonike Ekdosis. becomes Pharm Delt
(Epistem Ekd).
For an edition statement written in a character-based language such as Chinese or
Japanese:
Examples:
becomes o
becomes u
parentheses
End all the title information with a period placed outside the closing
parenthesis
Example:
Fang She Hsueh Shi Jian. Zhong Wen Ban. becomes Fang She Hsueh
Shi Jian (Zhong Wen Ban).
It is not NLM practice, but you may translate character-based journal
titles and their editions. If you do, abbreviate them according to the
Abbreviation rules for journal titles.
Journals 33
J Jinan Univ (Nat Sci Med Ed).

Below is a brief list of Non-English words for editions with their abbreviations, if
any. (n.a. = not abbreviated):
Language Word for Edition Abbreviation
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
Finnish julkaisu julk.
French edition ed.
German Ausgabe Ausg.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
Italian edizione ed.
Norwegian publikasjon publ.
utgave utg.
Portuguese edicao ed.
Russian izdanie izd.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.
Swedish upplaga n.a.
Examples for Edition

Type of Medium for Journal Articles (required)

General Rules for Type of Medium
Indicate the type of medium (microfiche, ultrafiche, microfilm, microcard, etc.)
following the journal title (and edition, if present) when a journal is published in a
microform
Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period placed
outside the closing bracket, such as [microfiche].
34 Citing Medicine
Add information about the medium according to the instructions under Physical
Description
See Chapter 16A for journal articles in audiovisual formats, Chapter 19A for
articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, and Chapter 23A for articles on the Internet
See exceptions for Type of Medium in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE /
PubMed
Specific Rules for Type of Medium

Both an edition and a type of medium
Box 30. Both an edition and a type of medium.

If a journal has both an edition and a type of medium, follow the title with the
edition, then the type of medium
Place a period outside the closing bracket for the medium
Example:
Hosp Pract (Off Ed) [microfilm].
Examples for Type of Medium

72. Journal article in a microform
Date of Publication for Journal Articles (required)

General Rules for Date of Publication
Include the year, month, and day of publication in that order. For example: 2004
May 5
Convert roman numerals to arabic numbers, such as MM to 2000
Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters,
such as Jan
End date information with a semicolon unless there is no volume or issue (see No
volume or issue follows the date below), then end with a colon
Box 34. No volume or issue follows the date.

If no volume or issue can be found in a journal, follow the year (and month or
season if present) with a colon and the location (pagination).
2000:146-9.
2004 Jan:377-82.
2005 Winter:17-22.
Journals 35
Specific Rules for Date of Publication

Multiple years, months, or days of publication
Non-English names for months
Seasons instead of months
No volume or issue follows the date
Options for dates
Box 31. Multiple years, months, or days of publication.

For multiple years of publication, separate the first and last year of publication by a
hyphen. Do not shorten the second of the two years to the last two digits.
2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
If months and days of the month are given, place them after the year. Use English
names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters.
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec 7-2003 Jan 9
Separate multiple months of publication and multiple days of the month by a
hyphen
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan
2005 Feb 1-7
2004 Jan 25-31
Separate multiple seasons by a hyphen, as Fall-Winter. Do not abbreviate names of
seasons.
Box 32. Non-English names for months.

Translate names of months into English
Abbreviate them to the first three letters
Capitalize them
For example:
36 Citing Medicine
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
Box 33. Seasons instead of months.

Translate names of seasons into English
Capitalize them
Do not abbreviate them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring
Separate multiple seasons by a hyphen, such as Fall-Winter
Box 35. Options for dates.

It is not NLM practice, but the following are acceptable options:
The month and day of the month or the season may be omitted if the journal is
continuously paginated throughout the volume. However, the month and day of the
month or the season must be included when citing a journal that has no volume or
issue number.
Klose RJ, Kallin EM, Zhang Y. JmjC-domain-containing proteins and histone
demethylation. Nat Rev Genet. 2006;7(9):715-27.
if also omitting the issue:
demethylation. Nat Rev Genet. 2006;7:715-27.
The date of publication may follow the author names (or article title if there is no
author) in the list of references when the name-year system of in-text references is
used
Journals 37
Use the year of publication only

Enter the year after the last named author (or article title if there is no author)
Follow the year with a period
Place the volume number immediately following the journal title
NLM citation:
Klose RJ, Kallin EM, Zhang Y. JmjC-domain-containing proteins and
histone demethylation. Nat Rev Genet. 2006 Sep;7(9):715-27.
Pelvic floor exercise can reduce stress incontinence. Health News. 2005
Apr;11(4):11.
Name-year system of citation:
Klose RJ, Kallin EM, Zhang Y. 2006. JmjC-domain-containing proteins
and histone demethylation. Nat Rev Genet. 7(9):715-27.
Pelvic floor exercise can reduce stress incontinence. 2005. Health News.
11(4):11.
Examples for Date of Publication

29. Journal article with year having a special number
30. Journal article with year having a supplement
31. Journal article with year with supplement having a further division
32. Journal article with year having a named supplement
33. Journal article with year having a part
34. Journal article with season included in date
35. Journal article with multiple years of publication
36. Journal article with multiple months of publication
37. Journal article with multiple days of publication
Supplement/Part/Special Number to a Date for Journal Articles

(required)
General Rules for Supplement/Part/Special Number to a Date
Place a supplement, part, special number, or other division to a year after the date
Abbreviate these: Suppl, Pt, Spec No
38 Citing Medicine
Include numbers and letters accompanying them. For example: Pt 1 or Suppl A.

Use arabic numbers only. For example: convert Suppl II to Suppl 2.
End the supplement, part, special number with a colon unless further divisions exist
(see Further divisions to supplements, parts, etc. below)
Box 38. Further divisions to supplements, parts, etc.

A supplement, part, or special number to a date will occasionally have another
subdivision.
Abbreviate the names for such subdivisions:
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
Special Number = Spec No
Place them after the initial supplement, part, or special number. For example:
- date with supplement - with a part
2005;Suppl: 2005;Suppl Pt 1:
2005;Suppl 2: 2005;Suppl 2 Pt A:
2005 Jan;Suppl: 2005 Jan;Suppl Pt 2:
- date with part - with a supplement
2004;(Pt 2): 2004;(Pt 2 Suppl):
- date with special number - with a part
2003;Spec No: 2003;Spec No Pt 2:
Specific Rules for Supplement/Part/Special Number to a Date

Non-English names for supplements, parts, etc., to a date
Named supplements
Further divisions to supplements, parts, etc.
Box 36. Non-English names for supplements, parts, etc., to a date.

Translate names for supplements, parts, and special numbers into English. To help
identify these, see the following examples:
Language Suppl Spec No Pt
French supplement nombre speciale partie
annexe part

Journals 39

German Beiblatt spezielle Zahl Teil
Beilage
Erganzung
Zusatz
Italian supplemento numero speciale parte
Russian prilozenie specialnaja cast'
dopolnenie
Spanish adjunto numero especial parte
suplemento
anejo
Capitalize and abbreviate them, but do not end the abbreviated words with a period
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
Box 37. Named supplements.

Infrequently, supplements are given a name rather than the usual letter or number.
Abbreviate significant words and omit other words such as articles, conjunctions,
and prepositions
Abstract Supplement becomes Abstr Suppl
Supplement: Dementia becomes Suppl Dementia
Supplement: AIDS in Children becomes Suppl AIDS Child
Use the word abbreviations lists found in Appendix A and Appendix B
Examples for Supplement/Part/Special Number to a Date

40 Citing Medicine
Volume Number for Journal Articles (required)

General Rules for Volume Number
Omit "volume", "vol.", and similar wording preceding the number
Use arabic numbers onlyconvert LX or Sixtieth to 60.
Separate multiple volumes by a hyphen, such as 5-6 or 42-43
Do not follow volume number(s) with any punctuation unless there is no issue
number or other subdivision to the volume, then follow with a colon
Specific Rules for Volume Number

No volume number present
Non-English names for volume
Box 39. No volume number present.

A volume number usually follows the date of publication. Occasionally a journal is
published in a series of issues without volumes or is published with a supplement, part, or
special number to a date of publication rather than to a volume or issue.
If there are issues only, no volume numbers, follow the date of publication with a
semicolon and the issue number, placed in parentheses
Sabatier R. Reorienting health and social services. AIDS STD Health Promot
Exch. 1995;(4):1-3.
Abidov AM, Saiitkulov AM. [Treatment of disorders in interferon status of
patients with urogenital chlamydial infection]. Lik Sprava. 2003 Apr-Jun;(3-4):
81-4. Russian.
If a journal publishes a supplement, part, or special number to a date of publication
rather than to a volume or issue, follow the date of publication with a semicolon,
the abbreviation for supplement, part, or special number, and any accompanying
letter or number found. End supplement, part, or special number information with
a colon.
- date with a supplement
2004;Suppl:
2004;Suppl 2:
2004;Suppl A:
2004 Winter;Suppl:
Journals 41
- date with a part

2005;(Pt 3):
2005 Sep;(Pt 2):
- date with a special number
2003;Spec No:
2003;Spec No 2:
2003 Jun;Spec No:
If there are no volume numbers, issue numbers, supplements, parts, or special
numbers, follow the date information with a colon and the page numbers of the
article
2004:34-7.
2005 Jun:256-9.
2001 Summer:15-21.
Box 40. Non-English names for volume.

To help locate volumes, see the following list for the words and abbreviations used
for volume in a variety of languages:
aarg. aargang anne anno ao rg. rgang band bd. bind
vf. vfolyam g. god god. godina godit jaarg. jaargang
jahrg. jahrgang kt. ktet r. ronk rocznik rok sv. svazek
svezak t. tom tom. tome tomo tomus vol. volumen zv. zvzok zvez
ek
Omit these names when creating a citation; use the number only
Examples for Volume Number

38. Journal article volume with supplement
39. Journal article volume with supplement with further division
40. Journal article volume with supplement with part
41. Journal article volume with named supplement
42 Citing Medicine
42. Journal article volume with part

43. Journal article volume with part with supplement
44. Journal article volume with special number
45. Journal article with multiple volume numbers
46. Journal article with volume without issue
47. Journal article with volume in a new series
57. Journal article with an issue without a volume
58. Journal article with no volume or issue
Supplement/Part/Special Number to a Volume for Journal Articles

(required)
General Rules for Supplement/Part/Special Number to a Volume
Place a supplement, part, special number, or other division to a volume after the
volume number
Place parts in parentheses, such as 34(Pt 1); other divisions have no punctuation
around them, such as 34 Suppl
End the supplement, part, special number with a colon unless further divisions exist
(see Further subdivisions to supplements, parts, etc., to a volume below) or an issue
number is present
Box 42. Further subdivisions to supplements, parts, etc., to a volume.

A supplement, part, or special number to a volume will occasionally have another
subdivision.
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
- volume with supplement - with a part

Journals 43
2005;15 Suppl 1: 2005;15 Suppl 1 Pt A:

2005;45 Suppl A: 2005;45 Suppl A Pt 2:
2005 Mar;87 Suppl 1: 2005 Mar;87 Suppl 1 Pt 1:
- volume with part - with a supplement
2004;66(Pt 2): 2004;66(Pt 2 Suppl):
2004 Dec;124(Pt A): 2004 Dec;124(Pt A Suppl)
- volume with special number - with a part
2003;6 Spec No: 2003;6 Spec No Pt 2:
Specific Rules for Supplement/Part/Special Number to a Volume

Further subdivisions to supplements, parts, etc., to a volume
Non-English names for supplement, part, etc.
Named supplements
Box 43. Non-English names for supplement, part, etc.

annexe part
Beilage
Erganzung
Zusatz
dopolnenie
suplemento
anejo
Capitalize and abbreviate them:

Supplement = Suppl
44 Citing Medicine
Part = Pt

and prepositions
Examples for Supplement/Part/Special Number to a Volume

Issue Number for Journal Articles (required)

General Rules for Issue Number
Omit "number", "no.", and other wording preceding the number
Use arabic numbers only. For example: convert IV or Fourth to 4
Separate multiple issues by a hyphen, such 2-3
Place issue information in parentheses
End issue information with a colon unless further divisions, such as a supplement
or part, exist (see Further subdivisions to supplements, parts, etc., to an issue
below)
Journals 45
Box 49. Further subdivisions to supplements, parts, etc., to an issue.

A supplement, part, or special number to an issue will occasionally have a further
subdivision.
Abbreviate the names for subdivisions:
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
- issue with supplement with a part
2005;15(1 Suppl): 2005;15(1 Suppl Pt A):
2005;(12 Suppl A): 2005;(12 Suppl A Pt 2):
2005 Mar;87(3 Suppl): 2005 Mar;87(3 Suppl Pt B):
- issue with part with a supplement
2004;66(1 Pt 2): 2004;66(Pt 2 Suppl):
2004 Dec;124(Pt A): 2004 Dec;124(Pt A Suppl)
- issue with special number with a part
2003;6(2 Spec No): 2003;6(2 Spec No Pt 2):
Specific Rules for Issue Number

Non-English names for issue
No issue number present
Options for issues
Box 45. Non-English names for issue.

To help locate issues in languages other than English, see the following list of words
and abbreviations used for issue (usually variations on the word number) in a
variety of languages:
s. slo fasc. fascicle fascicule fasciculus heft knika
no. nommernr. numer nmero nummer sveska sz. szm
vypusk zesz. zeszyt zoit
46 Citing Medicine

semicolon and the issue number, placed in parentheses
Sabatier R. Reorienting health and social services. AIDS STD Health Promot
Exch. 1995;(4):1-3.
Box 47. No issue number present.

If no issue number is found, follow the volume number with a colon and the
location (pagination)
Prokai-Tatrai K, Prokai L. Modifying peptide properties by prodrug design for
enhanced transport into the CNS. Prog Drug Res. 2003;61:155-88.
If no issue or volume is found, follow date information with a colon and the
Schwartz-Cassell T. Feeding assistants: based on logic or way off base?
Contemp Longterm Care. 2005 Jan:26-8.
Box 48. Options for issues.

It is not NLM practice, but an issue number may be omitted if the journal is continuously
paginated throughout the volume. However, note that many libraries such as the NLM
require issue numbers for retrieval from their collections and for interlibrary loan.
Nallamothu BK, Bradley EH, Krumholz HM. Time to treatment in primary
percutaneous coronary intervention. N Engl J Med. 2007 Oct 18;357:1631-8.
Examples for Issue Number

48. Journal article issue with name instead of number
49. Journal article issue with supplement
50. Journal article issue with supplement with further division
51. Journal article issue with supplement with part
52. Journal article issue with named supplement
53. Journal article issue with part
54. Journal article issue with part with supplement
Journals 47
55. Journal article issue with special number

56. Journal article with multiple issue numbers
Supplement/Part/Special Number to an Issue for Journal Articles

(required)
General Rules for Supplement/Part/Special Number to an Issue
Place a supplement, part, special number, or other division to an issue after the
issue number and inside the parentheses
End issue information with a colon unless further divisions exist (see Further
subdivisions to supplements, parts, etc., to an issue below)
Specific Rules for Supplement/Part/Special Number to an Issue

Further subdivisions to supplements, parts, etc., to an issue
Non-English names for supplements, parts, etc.
Named supplements
Box 50. Non-English names for supplements, parts, etc.

annexe part
Beilage
Erganzung
Zusatz
dopolnenie

48 Citing Medicine

suplemento
anejo

Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt

and prepositions
Example:
Leifer BP. Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: clinical and economic
benefits. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003 May;51(5 Suppl Dementia):S281-8.
Examples for Supplement/Part/Special Number to an Issue

Journals 49
Location (Pagination) for Journal Articles (required)

General Rules for Location (Pagination)
Give the inclusive page numbers on which the article appears
Do not repeat page numbers unless they are followed by a letter. For example:
123-125 becomes 123-5, but 124A-126A is correct.
Include a letter (often S for Supplement or A for Appendix) when it precedes the
page number. For example: S10-8.
End pagination information with a period
Specific Rules for Location (Pagination)

Roman numerals used as page numbers
Discontinuous page numbers
Text such as a discussion, quiz, or author reply to a letter follows the article
No numbers appear on the pages of the article
Box 52. Roman numerals used as page numbers.

Unlike the practice with volume and issue numbers, keep roman numerals
expressing location (pagination)
Use upper or lower case, whichever appears in the publication
Examples:
Nagpal S. An orphan meets family members in skin. J Invest Dermatol.
2003;120(2):viii-x.
Gothefors L. [Current aspects in vaccination program for children].
Vardfacket. 1991;15(16):X-XI. Swedish.
Box 53. Discontinuous page numbers.

If the pagination is discontinuous, as often occurs when an article is interrupted by
advertisements, separate the groupings of page numbers by a comma and a space
:345-6, 348-9, 352.
:15, 17, 19-21.
Give up to three groupings of page numbers and use "passim" in place of the fourth
and later occurrences
:345-346, 348-349, 352, 355-357, 360, 362. becomes :345-6, 348-9, 352
passim.
50 Citing Medicine
Box 54. Text such as a discussion, quiz, or author reply to a letter follows the article.
Begin with the location (pagination) of the article
Follow it by a semicolon and a space
Add the name of the additional material and its location (pagination)
End with a period
:145-54; discussion 155-6.
:23-35; quiz 36-42.
:458-9; author reply 460.
Box 55. No numbers appear on the pages of the article.

Occasionally, a journal article will have no page numbers.
If only the particular item to be cited has no page numbers, identify the location in
relation to numbered pages. For example: preceding p. 1 or following p. 503. Place
such phrases in square brackets.
Kolloch RE. [In practice nothing has changed in the indication for therapeutic
use of calcium antagonists]. Fortschr Med. 1997;115(33):[preceding p. 55].
German.
[New nifedipine preparation makes single daily dose possible]. Fortschr Med.
1997;115(33):[following p. 54]. German.
If the entire publication has no page numbers, give the total number of pages of the
item you wish to cite, placed in square brackets, such as [5 p.].
Glenwright HD, Martin MV. Infection control in dentistry. A practitioner's
guide. Br Dent J. 1993;175(1 Suppl):[8 p.].
Examples for Location (Pagination)

59. Journal article with page numbers including a letter
60. Journal article with roman numerals for page numbers (upper or lower case as
found)
61. Journal article with discontinuous pagination
62. Article on an insert, pages tipped in the issue
63. Journal article with indication that additional text follows it
Journals 51
64. Journal article with no page number provided
Physical Description for Journal Articles (optional)

General Rules for Physical Description
Give information on the location of an article and its physical characteristics when
the journal appears in a microform (microfilm, microfiche, etc.). For example:
microfiche 2 of 3 microfiche: color, 2 x 4 in.
See exceptions for Physical Description in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE /
PubMed
Specific Rules for Physical Description

Language for describing physical characteristics
Box 56. Language for describing physical characteristics.

If a journal volume or issue is published on microfiche or microcards, follow the
pagination with information on the location of the article within the fiche or cards.
For example, if the volume or issue consists of 5 microfiche and the particular
article being cited is on the third fiche, cite it as "microfiche 3 of 5 microfiche." Enter
a colon and a space, then enter information on the physical characteristics, such as
color and size. Separate types of information by commas.
Typical words used include:
color
black & white
positive
negative
4 x 6 in. (standard microfiche size)
3 x 5 in. (standard microcard size)
Examples of complete physical description statements:
microfiche 1 of 3 microfiche: color, positive, 4 x 6 in.
microcard 4 of 5 microcards: black & white, 3 x 5 in.
If a journal volume or issue is published on microfilm, follow the pagination with
information on the film and its physical characteristics, such as color and size.
Because microfilm reels carry a large amount of text, a volume is usually contained
within one reel.
52 Citing Medicine

color
black & white
positive
negative
35 mm.
16 mm.
1 reel: color, positive, 35 mm.
2 reels: black & white, negative, 16 mm.
Examples for Physical Description

Language for Journal Articles (required)

General Rules for Language
Give the language of publication if other than English
Capitalize the language name
Follow the language name with a period
See exceptions for Language in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE /PubMed
Specific Rules for Language

Articles appearing in more than one language
Box 57. Articles appearing in more than one language.

If an article is written in English and another language(s):
(pagination)
Journals 53

Example:
Palmese S, Pezza M, De Robertis E. Hypophosphatemia and metabolic
acidosis. Minerva Anestesiol. 2005 May;71(5):237-42. English, Italian.
Indicate all languages of publication, separated by commas, after the location
(pagination)
Example:
Shaha M, Rabenschlag F, Holzer R. [Lowering stress levels in the
workplace]. Krankenpfl Soins Infirm. 2005;98(4):10-3, 40-3, 62-5.
Precede the translation with the first original language or romanized title
when possible
Colombo C. Damit die "Spanische Grippe" nicht zuruckkehrt [How
"Spanish flu" is not recognized]. Krankenpfl Soins Infirm. 2006;99(6):
10-4, 40-3, 62-4. German, French, Italian.
As an option, when an article title is written in two or more equal languages as often
occurs in Canadian publications:
Separate them with an equals sign surrounded by a space
List all the languages, separated by commas, after the location (pagination)
Example:
54 Citing Medicine
Aouizerate P, Guizard M. Prise en charge des thrombocytopenies

induites par l'heparine = Management of heparin-induced
thrombocytopenia. Therapie. 2002;57(6):577-88. French, English.
Examples for Language

19. Journal article in a language other than English with optional original language
title included
Notes for Journal Articles (optional)

General Rules for Notes
Notes is a collective term for further information given after the citation itself
Complete sentences are not required
Be brief
Specific Rules for Notes

Errata
Retractions
Electronic publication before print
Article accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
Other types of material to include in notes
Box 58. Errata.

Errata (error notices) range from simple indications of a misspelling to serious errors in
drug dosages or mathematical calculations. NLM uses two ways to show errata in a
citation:
1. a note indicating that the article being cited had a subsequent erratum notice
published
2. a note indicating that the article being cited contains an erratum notice
NLM policy is that errata are acknowledged only if they are printed in a citable form; that
is, an erratum notice must appear on a numbered page in the journal that originally
published the article. Error notices that are inserted unbound into a journal issue or
tipped in are not considered part of the permanent bibliographic record.
Journals 55
To indicate that an article being cited had a subsequent erratum notice published,
begin by citing the article. Enter the phrase "Erratum in: " followed by the journal
title abbreviation, date of publication, volume, issue, and location (pagination). Use
the same punctuation and format as you would for the article itself.
Blake DA, Proctor M, Johnson NP. The merits of blastocyst versus cleavage
stage embryo transfer: a Cochrane review. Hum Reprod. 2004 Apr;19(4):
795-807. Erratum in: Hum Reprod. 2004 Sep;19(9):2174.
Separate multiple notice statements with a semicolon and a space:
Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Actual causes of death in
the United States, 2000. JAMA. 2004 Mar 10;291(10):1238-45. Erratum in:
JAMA. 2005 Jan 19;293(3):293-4.; JAMA. 2005 Jan 19;293(3):298.
To indicate that the article being cited contains an erratum notice, begin by citing
the article. Enter the phrase "Erratum for: " followed by the journal title
abbreviation, date of publication, volume, issue, and location (pagination). Use the
same punctuation and format as you would for the article itself.
Blake DA, Proctor M, Johnson NP. The merits of blastocyst versus cleavage
stage embryo transfer: a Cochrane review. Hum Reprod. 2004 Sep;19(9):2174.
Erratum for: Hum Reprod. 2004 Apr;19(4):795-807.
Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, Gerberding JL. Correction: actual causes of
death in the United States, 2000. JAMA. 2005 Jan 19;293(3):293-4. Erratum
for: JAMA. 2004 Mar 10;291(10):1238-45.
See also the NLM Fact Sheet on Errata, Retraction, Duplicate Publication,
Comment, Update and Patient Summary Policy for MEDLINE
Box 59. Retractions.

NLM uses two ways to show retractions in a citation:
1. a note that the article being cited has been retracted by the author(s) or publisher
2. a note that the article being cited contains a notice of retraction by the author(s) or
publisher
To indicate that an article had a subsequent retraction notice published, begin by
citing the article. Enter the phrase "Retraction in: " followed by the names of the
authors, the journal title abbreviation, date of publication, volume, issue, and
location (pagination). Use the same punctuation and format as you would for the
article itself.
56 Citing Medicine
Schulz JB, Falkenburger BH. Neuronal pathology in Parkinson's disease. Cell

Tissue Res. 2004 Oct;318(1):135-47. Retraction in: Schulz JB. Cell Tissue Res.
2005 Apr;320(1):211.
To indicate that an article contains a notice of retraction, begin by citing the article.
Enter the phrase "Retraction of: " followed by the names of the authors, the journal
title abbreviation, date of publication, volume, issue, and location (pagination). Use
the same punctuation and format as you would for the article itself.
Schulz JB. Neuronal pathology in Parkinson's disease. Cell Tissue Res. 2005
Apr;320(1):211. Retraction of: Schulz JB, Falkenburger BH. Cell Tissue Res.
2004 Oct;318(1):135-47.
See also the NLM Fact Sheet on Errata, Retraction, Duplicate Publication,
Comment, Update and Patient Summary Policy for MEDLINE
Box 60. Electronic publication before print.

To indicate that a journal article was available over the Internet before it was
available in print, follow the location (pagination) for the article with the word
"Epub" and the date of Internet publication in the format year month day. Provide
months in English and abbreviate them to the first three letters, such as Jan for
January.
Nieboer P, de Vries EG, Mulder NH, van der Graaf WT. Relevance of high-
dose chemotherapy in solid tumours. Cancer Treat Rev. 2005 May;31(3):
210-25. Epub 2005 Mar 19.
Box 61. Article accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

If a journal article has supplemental material accompanying it in the form of a
videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, or other medium, begin by citing the article. Add the
phrase "Accompanied by: " followed by a description of the medium.
Sathananthan AH, Tarin JJ, Gianaroli L, Ng SC, Dharmawardena V, Magli MC,
Fernando R, Trounson AO. Development of the human dispermic embryo. Hum
Reprod Update. 1999 Sep-Oct;5(5):553-60. Accompanied by: Video on CD-ROM.
Orchard JW, Alcott E, James T, Farhart P, Portus M, Waugh SR. Exact moment of a
gastrocnemius muscle strain captured on video. Br J Sports Med. 2002 Jun;36(3):
222-3. Accompanied by: Video available at http://www.bjsportmed.com
Journals 57
Dale RC, Church AJ, Surtees RA, Thompson EJ, Giovannoni G, Neville BG. Post-
streptococcal autoimmune neuropsychiatric disease presenting as paroxysmal
dystonic choreoathetosis. Mov Disord. 2002 Jul;17(4):817-20. Accompanied by:
Videocassette available as vol. 17 videotape supplement 2.
Box 62. Other types of material to include in notes.

The notes element may be used to provide any further information. For example:
If a reference to the article may be found in PubMed
Ryan MA, Shevade AV, Zhou H, Homer ML. Polymer-carbon black composite
sensors in an electronic nose for air-quality monitoring. MRS Bull. 2004 Oct;
29(10):714-9. Cited in: PubMed; PMID 15991400.
If the article contains a review of the literature and this is not indicated in the title
Davies J, Alton E, Griesenbach U. Cystic fibrosis modifier genes. J R Soc Med.
2005;98 Suppl 45:47-54. Review.
If article is a book review or interview, or has other content for which additional
information is helpful
Flegel K. Biographies of healers [book review]. CMAJ. 2007 Jul 3;177(1):70.
Review of: Bynum WF, Bynum H, editors. Dictionary of Medical Biography.
Westport (CT): Greenwood Press; c2007.
Packman Z, Steen P. The nurses who simplified discharge planning
[interview]. Nurs Times. 2007 Oct 16-22;103(42):20-1. Interview by Victoria
Hoban.
When citing an abstract, the number of the abstract
exclude the first 6 hours? [abstract]. Gastroenterology. 2002 Apr;128(4 Suppl
2):A392. Abstract no. M1786.
If the journal being cited is not a common one, the name of a library or other
archive where it may be found, including any finding number
Wen LY, Cai L, Zhang RL, Zhou XN. [Schistosomiasis transmission in urban
area]. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2004 Jul;25(7):577-9. Chinese.
Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W1 CH982KJ.
58 Citing Medicine
If the journal article contains a handout or informative material used to explain a

procedure or a condition or the contents of a specific article are written in non-
technical language for the patient or consumer, indicate this
American Academy of Family Physicians. Information from your family
doctor. What you should know about worrying too much. Am Fam Physician.
2006 Mar 15;73(6):1057-8. Includes patient education handout.
Examples for Notes

65. Journal article that is a retraction notice
66. Journal article retracted
67. Journal article that is an erratum notice
68. Journal article having an erratum
69. Journal article with indication article published electronically before print
70. Journal article with an indication it may be found in PubMed
71. Journal article with DOI provided
73. Journal article accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, or other visual
medium
74. CD-ROM published as a supplement to an issue of a journal
75. Other types of notes for journal articles
Examples of Citations to Journal Articles

1. Standard journal article
Petitti DB, Crooks VC, Buckwalter JG, Chiu V. Blood pressure levels before dementia.
Arch Neurol. 2005 Jan;62(1):112-6.
Jun BC, Song SW, Park CS, Lee DH, Cho KJ, Cho JH. The analysis of maxillary sinus
aeration according to aging process: volume assessment by 3-dimensional reconstruction
by high-resolutional CT scanning. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2005 Mar;132(3):429-34.
Meneton P, Jeunemaitre X, de Wardener HE, MacGregor GA. Links between dietary salt
intake, renal salt handling, blood pressure, and cardiovascular diseases. Physiol Rev. 2005
Apr;85(2):679-715.
Journals 59
2. Journal article with many authors

Rastan S, Hough T, Kierman A, Hardisty R, Erven A, Gray IC, Voeling S, Isaacs A, Tsai H,
Strivens M, Washbourne R, Thornton C, Greenaway S, Hewitt M, McCormick S, Selley R,
Wells C, Tymowska-Lalanne Z, Roby P, Mburu P, Rogers D, Hagan J, Reavill C, Davies K,
Glenister P, Fisher EM, Martin J, Vizor L, Bouzyk M, Kelsell D, Guenet JL, Steel KP,
Sheardown S, Spurr N, Gray I, Peters J, Nolan PM, Hunter AJ, Brown SD. Towards a
mutant map of the mouse--new models of neurological, behavioural, deafness, bone, renal
and blood disorders. Genetica. 2004 Sep;122(1):47-9.
3. Journal article with optional limit to the number of authors

to 3 authors
Rastan S, Hough T, Kierman A, et al. Towards a mutant map of the mouse--new models of
neurological, behavioural, deafness, bone, renal and blood disorders. Genetica. 2004 Sep;
122(1):47-9.
or
Rastan S, Hough T, Kierman A, and others. Towards a mutant map of the mouse--new
models of neurological, behavioural, deafness, bone, renal and blood disorders. Genetica.
2004 Sep;122(1):47-9.
to 6 authors
Hallal AH, Amortegui JD, Jeroukhimov IM, Casillas J, Schulman CI, Manning RJ, et al.
Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography accurately detects common bile duct
stones in resolving gallstone pancreatitis. J Am Coll Surg. 2005 Jun;200(6):869-75.
or
Hallal AH, Amortegui JD, Jeroukhimov IM, Casillas J, Schulman CI, Manning RJ, and
others. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography accurately detects common bile
duct stones in resolving gallstone pancreatitis. J Am Coll Surg. 2005 Jun;200(6):869-75.
4. Journal article with organization as author

American Diabetes Association. Diabetes update. Nursing. 2003 Nov;Suppl:19-20, 24.
Parkinson Study Group. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of rasagiline in levodopa-
treated patients with Parkinson disease and motor fluctuations: the PRESTO study. Arch
Neurol. 2005 Feb;62(2):241-8.
Merritt, Hawkins & Associates. 2004 survey of physicians 50 to 65 years old. J Med Assoc
Ga. 2004;93(3):21-6.
Institute of Medical Illustrators. Photography of cleft audit patients. J Audiov Media Med.
2004 Dec;27(4):170-4.
60 Citing Medicine
Sugarterapias es Onkologiai Szakmai Kollegium. [Methodologic recommendations of the

Oncology and Radiotherapy College. Protocol for oncology care. Diagnostic algorithms in
the course of patient follow-up]. Magy Onkol. 2004;48(4):339-47. Hungarian.
5. Journal article with organization as author, with subsidiary part of the

American College of Dentists, Board of Regents. The ethics of quackery and fraud in
dentistry: a position paper. J Am Coll Dent. 2003;70(3):6-8.
Council of Europe, Steering Committee on Bioethics. Draft additional protocol to the
Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, on biomedical research. J Int Bioethique.
2004 Mar;15(1):107-22.
6. Journal article with multiple organizations as author

American Dietetic Association; Dietitians of Canada. Position of the American Dietetic
Association and Dietitians of Canada: nutrition and women's health. J Am Diet Assoc.
2004 Jun;104(6):984-1001.
Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia; Comissao de Infecciologia Respiratoria.
[Portuguese Respiratory Society guidelines for the management of community-acquired
pneumonia in immunocompetent adults]. Rev Port Pneumol. 2003 Sep-Oct;9(5):435-61.
Portuguese.
Polish Neurologic Society; Polish Neurosurgical Society. [Recommendation of the Polish
Neurologic Society and the Polish Neurosurgical Society regarding stroke prevention and
therapy]. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2003;37 Suppl 6:3-41. Polish.
7. Journal article with multiple organizations as author, with subsidiary

part of the organization included
American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine;
American College of Emergency Physicians, Pediatric Committee. Care of children in the
emergency department: guidelines for preparedness. Pediatrics. 2001 Apr;107(4):777-81.
8. Journal article with governmental body as author

National Institutes of Health (US). End-of-life care. National Institutes of Health
statement on the state of the science. AWHONN Lifelines. 2005 Feb-Mar;9(1):15-22.
United States District Court, S.D. Florida, Miami Division. Greenberg v. Miami Children's
Hospital Research Institute. Wests Fed Suppl. 2003;264:1064-78.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Registry (US). Policy on the inclusion of women and racial and ethnic minorities
in externally awarded research; notice. Fed Regist. 1995 Sep 15;60(179):47947-51.
Journals 61
National Institute on Drug Abuse (US); Caribbean Epidemiology Centre; Pan American
Health Organization; World Health Organization. Building a collaborative research
agenda: drug abuse and HIV/AIDS in the Caribbean 2002-2004. West Indian Med J. 2004
Nov;53 Suppl 4:1-78.
9. Journal article with both a personal author and an organization as

author
Orchard TJ, Temprosa M, Goldberg R, Haffner S, Ratner R, Marcovina S, Fowler S;
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. The effect of metformin and intensive
lifestyle intervention on the metabolic syndrome: the Diabetes Prevention Program
randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Apr 19;142(8):611-9.
Faustini A, Giorgi Rossi P, Perucci CA; Gruppo Regionale Sorveglianza Tossinfezioni.
[Impact of guidelines in investigating foodborne disease outbreaks services in Lazio
region, Italy]. Epidemiol Prev. 2003 Nov-Dec;27(6):333-9. Italian.
Margulies EH; NISC Comparative Sequencing Program; Maduro VV, Thomas PJ,
Tomkins JP, Amemiya CT, Luo M, Green ED. Comparative sequencing provides insights
about the structure and conservation of marsupial and monotreme genomes. Proc Natl
Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Mar 1;102(9):3354-9.
10. Journal article with a personal author and more than one
organization as author
Mulligan K, Zackin R, Clark RA, Alston-Smith B, Liu T, Sattler FR, Delvers TB, Currier
JS; AIDS Clinical Trials Group 329 Study Team; National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group (US). Effect of nandrolone
decanoate therapy on weight and lean body mass in HIV-infected women with weight
loss: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. Arch Intern Med.
2005 Mar 14;165(5):578-85.
11. Journal article with a personal author and note on the organization,
as recommended by NISO
Orchard TJ, Temprosa M, Goldberg R, Haffner S, Ratner R, Marcovina S, Fowler S. The
effect of metformin and intensive lifestyle intervention on the metabolic syndrome: the
Diabetes Prevention Program randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Apr 19;142(8):
611-9. Authors are members of the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group.
12. Journal article authors with designations of rank within a family

King JT Jr, Horowitz MB, Kassam AB, Yonas H, Roberts MS. The short form-12 and the
measurement of health status in patients with cerebral aneurysms: performance, validity,
and reliability. J Neurosurg. 2005 Mar;102(3):489-94.
62 Citing Medicine
Coats DK, Stager DR Sr, Beauchamp GR, Stager DR Jr, Mazow ML, Paysse EA, Felius J.
Reasons for delay of surgical intervention in adult strabismus. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005
Apr;123(4):497-9.
Pendergast D, Mollendorf J, Zamparo P, Termin A 2nd, Bushnell D, Paschke D. The
influence of drag on human locomotion in water. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2005 Jan-Feb;
32(1):45-57.
Infram JJ 3rd. Speaking of good health. Tenn Med. 2005 Feb;98(2):53.
Bennett KE, Beaty BJ, Black WC 4th. Selection of D2S3, an Aedes aegypti (Diptera:
Culicidae) strain with high oral susceptibility to Dengue 2 virus and D2MEB, a strain with
a midgut barrier to Dengue 2 escape. J Med Entomol. 2005 Mar;42(2):110-9.
13. Journal article authors with compound last names (give as found in
the article)
Bruno-Ambrosius K, Yucel-Lindberg T, Twetman S. Salivary buffer capacity in relation to
menarche and progesterone levels in saliva from adolescent girls: a longitudinal study.
Acta Odontol Scand. 2004 Oct;62(5):269-72.
Fuentes Ramirez M, Lopez Moreno S. [Social health research: recent communications in
Salud Publica de Mexico]. Salud Publica Mex. 2005 Jan-Feb;47(1):5-7. Spanish.
Mier y Teran J. [An interview of Salud Publica de Mexico with Dr. Jaime Mier y Teran,
Ministry of Health of Tabasco]. Salud Publica Mex. 2005 Jan-Feb;47(1):78-82. Spanish.
Halley des Fontaines V. [The public health law of August 2004 between public
responsibility and private collaboration]. Sante Publique. 2004 Dec;16(4):613-5. French.
14. Journal article author names with particles, prepostitions, prefixes

(give as found in the article)
O'Neill GM, Catchpoole DR, Golemis EA. From correlation to causality: microarrays,
cancer, and cancer treatment. Biotechniques. 2003 Mar;Suppl:64-71.
MacGregor RJ. A functional view of consciousness and its relations in brain. J Integr
Neurosci. 2004 Sep;3(3):253-66.
Lee CH, Macgregor PF. Using microarrays to predict resistance to chemotherapy in
cancer patients. Pharmacogenomics. 2004 Sep;5(6):611-25.
DeWolf WC, Gaston SM. The cell cycle and its relevance to the urologist. J Urol. 2004 Apr;
171(4):1674-81.
De Wolf H, Blust R, Backeljau T. The use of RAPD in ecotoxicology. Mutat Res. 2004 May;
566(3):249-62.
Journals 63
de Pouvourville G, Ulmann P, Nixon J, Boulenger S, Glanville J, Drummond M. The

diffusion of health economics knowledge in Europe: The EURONHEED (European
Network of Health Economics Evaluation Database) project. Pharmacoeconomics.
2005;23(2):113-20.
Hashim DS, Al Kubaisy W, Al Dulayme A. Knowledge, attitudes and practices survey
among health care workers and tuberculosis patients in Iraq. East Mediterr Health J. 2003
Jul;9(4):718-31.
Abou Shabana K, el-Shiek M, el-Nazer M, Samir N. Women's perceptions and practices
regarding their rights to reproductive health. East Mediterr Health J. 2003 May;9(3):
296-308.
Cowper SE, Bucala R, LeBoit PE. Case 35-2004: nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy. N
Engl J Med. 2005 Apr 21;352(16):1723-4; author reply 1723-4.
van Wamel A, Bouakaz A, Bernard B, ten Cate F, de Jong N. Controlled drug delivery with
ultrasound and gas microbubbles. J Control Release. 2005 Jan 3;101(1-3):389-91.
Versantvoort CH, Oomen AG, Van de Kamp E, Rompelberg CJ, Sips AJ. Applicability of
an in vitro digestion model in assessing the bioaccessibility of mycotoxins from food.
Food Chem Toxicol. 2005 Jan;43(1):31-40.
15. Journal article authors with romanized names

Nyporko AIu, Demchuk ON, Blium IaB. [Analysis of structural characteristics of alpha-
tubulins in plants with enhanced cold tolerance]. Tsitol Genet. 2003 Nov-Dec;37(6):3-11.
Russian.
Ni H, Qing D, Kaisa S, Lu J. [The study on the effect of LBP on cleaning hydroxygen free
radical by EPR technique]. Zhong Yao Cai. 2004 Aug;27(8):599-600. Chinese.
16. Journal article with no author provided

Pelvic floor exercise can reduce stress incontinence. Health News. 2005 Apr;11(4):11.
Drug-resistance tuberculosis among the foreign-born in Canada. Can Commun Dis Rep.
2005 Feb 15;31(4):46-52. English, French.
17. Journal article with author affiliation included (give the affiliation of
only the first author or all authors)
Patterson F (Department of Psychology, City University, London EC1V 0HB.
[email protected]), Ferguson E, Norfolk T, Lane P. A new selection system to recruit
general practice registrars: preliminary findings from a validation study. BMJ. 2005 Mar
26;330(7493):711-4.
Mahmutyazicioglu K (Department of Radiology, Zonguldak Karaelmas University School
of Medicine, Kozlu Zonguldak, Turkey), Ogawa T (Department of Radiology, Tottori
64 Citing Medicine
University School of Medicine,Yonago, Japan). Remote effect of optic tract trauma in the
occipital lobe (case report). Diagn Interv Radiol. 2005 Mar;11(1):19-22.
Pinet LM (Departamento de Servicios de Salud de Emergencia, Escuela de Posgrado,
Universidad de Maryland, Condado de Baltimore, USA. [email protected]). [Prehospital
emergency care in Mexico City: the opportunities of the healthcare system]. Salud Publica
Mex. 2005 Jan-Feb;47(1):64-71. Spanish.
Benyahia B (Federation de Neurologie Mazarin, Hopital de la Salpetriere, Paris, France),
Carpentier AF, Delattre JY. [Antineuron antibodies and paraneoplastic neurological
syndromes]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2003 Apr;159(4):463-5. French.

in a roman alphabet
Berrino F, Gatta G, Crosignani P. [Case-control evaluation of screening efficacy].
Epidemiol Prev. 2004 Nov-Dec;28(6):354-9. Italian.
Bechade D, Desrame J, Raynaud JJ, Algayres JP. [Oesophageal ulcer associated with the
use of bacampicillin]. Presse Med. 2005 Feb 26;34(4):299-300. French.
in a non-roman alphabet
Zhao L, Li H, Han D. [Effects of intestinal endotoxemia on the development of cirrhosis in
rats]. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2001 Jul;9 Suppl:21-3. Chinese.
Paroussis D, Papaoutsopoulou C. [Porcelain laminate veneers (HI-ERAM)].
Odontostomatol Proodos. 1990 Dec;44(6):423-6. Greek.
19. Journal article in a language other than English with optional

original language title included
Calera Rubio AA, Roel Valdes JM, Casal Lareo A, Gadea Merino R, Rodrigo Cencillo F.
Riesgo quimico laboral: elementos para un diagnostico en Espana [Occupational chemical
risk: elements for a diagnostic in Spain]. Rev Esp Salud Publica. 2005 Mar-Apr;79(2):
283-95. Spanish.

Warnock GL. Quality care is job one = Les soins de qualite font du chemin. Can J Surg.
2005 Feb;48(1):6-8. English, French.
Picozzi G, Paci E, Lopez Pegna A, Bartolucci M, Roselli G, De Francisci A, Gabrielli S,
Masi A, Villari N, Mascalchi M. Screening della neoplasia polmonare con TC spirale a
bassa dose. Risultati di uno studio pilota triennale e disegno dello studio clinico
randomizzato ''Italung-CT'' = Screening of lung cancer with low dose spiral CT: results of
a three year pilot study and design of the randomised controlled trial ''Italung-CT''. Radiol
Med (Torino). 2005 Jan-Feb;109(1-2):17-26. Italian, English.
Journals 65

Mittelmark MB, Lamarre MC. The IUHPE's response to the Tsunami disaster. Promot
Educ. 2004;11(4):203, 222, 237. English, French, Spanish.
Colombo C. [How "Spanish flu" is not recognized]. Krankenpfl Soins Infirm. 2006;99(6):
10-4, 40-3, 62-4. German, French, Italian.
22. Journal article title beginning with a lower case letter

Yao S, Zhang Y, Li J. c-jun/AP-1 activation does not affect the antiproliferative activity of
phenethyl isothiocyanate, a cruciferous vegetable-derived cancer chemopreventive agent.
Mol Carcinog. 2006 Aug;45(8):605-12.
Sun Y. p53 and its downstream proteins as molecular targets of cancer. Mol Carcinog.
2006 Jun;45(6):409-15.
23. Journal article title with special characters

Greek letters may be written out if special fonts are not available
Guan M, Chen Y. Aberrant expression of Np73 in benign and malignant tumours of the
prostate: correlation with Gleason score. J Clin Pathol. 2005 Nov;58(11):1175-9.
may become
Guan M, Chen Y. Aberrant expression of DeltaNp73 in benign and malignant tumours of
the prostate: correlation with Gleason score. J Clin Pathol. 2005 Nov;58(11):1175-9.
Bell RP, Verdijk D, Relou M, Smith D, Regeling H, Ebbers EJ, Leemhuis FM, Oniciu DC,
Cramer CT, Goetz B, Pape ME, Krause BR, Dasseux JL. -cycloalkyl-substituted -keto-
dicarboxylic acids as lipid regulating agents. Bioorg Med Chem. 2005 Jan 3;13(1):223-36.
may become
Bell RP, Verdijk D, Relou M, Smith D, Regeling H, Ebbers EJ, Leemhuis FM, Oniciu DC,
Cramer CT, Goetz B, Pape ME, Krause BR, Dasseux JL. alpha-cycloalkyl-substituted
omega-keto-dicarboxylic acids as lipid regulating agents. Bioorg Med Chem. 2005 Jan
3;13(1):223-36.
Superscripts/subscripts may be enclosed in parentheses as regular type if special fonts are not
available
Paluchowska MH, Charakchieva-Minol S, Tatarczynska E, Klodzinska A, Stachowicz K,
Chojnacka-Wojcik E. New 4-[-(diarylmethylamino)alkyl]- and 4-[-
(diarylmethoxy)alkyl]-1-arylpiperazines as selective 5-HT1A/5-HT2A receptor ligands
with differentiated in vivo activity. Pol J Pharmacol. 2004 Nov-Dec;56(6):743-54.
may become
66 Citing Medicine
Paluchowska MH, Charakchieva-Minol S, Tatarczynska E, Klodzinska A, Stachowicz K,

Chojnacka-Wojcik E. New 4-[omega-(diarylmethylamino)alkyl]- and 4-[omega-
(diarylmethoxy)alkyl]-1-arylpiperazines as selective 5-HT(1A)/5-HT(2A) receptor
ligands with differentiated in vivo activity. Pol J Pharmacol. 2004 Nov-Dec;56(6):743-54.
24. Journal article with type of article indicated

Zhang Y, Griendling KK, Taylor WR. A critical role for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in
neointima formation induced by carotid ligation [abstract]. Circulation. 2004 Oct
26;110(17 Suppl):III-259. Abstract no. 1238.
Jackson B, Fleming T. A drug is effective if better than a harmless control [letter]. Nature.
2005 Apr 28;434(7037):1067.
Gayer T, Hahn RW. Regulating mercury: what's at stake? [letter]. Science. 2005 Jul
8;309(5732):244-5.
Kardel T. [Can a physician pay too many visits? (letter)]. Ugeskr Laeger. 2005 Jun
13;167(24):2666. Danish.
Flegel K. Biographies of healers [book review]. CMAJ. 2007 Jul 3;177(1):70.
25. Journal title consisting of a single word

Bryant BJ, Alperin JB, Indrikovs AJ. Blood bank on-call physician's experiences at a large
university medical center. Transfusion. 2005 Jan;45(1):35-40.
26. Journal title in a character-based language

Itabashi M, Yoshida K, Kameoka S. [Sentinel node navigation surgery for colorectal
cancer]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2005 Apr;32(4):557-60. Japanese.
Li YJ, He X, Liu LN, Lan YY, Wang AM, Wang YL. [Studies on chemical constituents in
herb of Polygonum orientale]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2005 Mar;30(6):444-6.
Chinese.

Fisher ML, Balke CW, Freudenberger R. Therapeutic options in advanced heart failure.
Hosp Pract (Off Ed). 1997 Dec 15;32(12):97-106.
Pekcan O, Kara S. Cation effect on thermal transition of iota-carrageenan: a photon
transmission study. J Biomater Sci (Polym Ed). 2005;16(3):317-33.
28. Journal title with city of publication added after the title for
clarification
Lillehei KO, Simon J, Gaspar L, Damek DM. Non-small-cell lung cancer with brain
metastasis. Oncology (Williston Park). 2004 Dec;18(14):1725-8.
Journals 67

Scott JD. The protease inhibitor drugs. Posit Aware. 2005 Winter;Spec No:16-9.
Mar Molinero F, Ramos Amador JT, Sanchez Diaz JI. Terapeutica antimicrobiana en las
infecciones respiratorias de vias bajas [Antibacterial therapy in lower respiratory tract
infections]. An Esp Pediatr. 1997 Jun;Spec No 2:207-8. Spanish.

Beyond menopause. Life after estrogen. Mayo Clin Health Lett. 2005 Feb;Suppl:1-8.
Draghici S, Khatri P, Shah A, Tainsky MA. Assessing the functional bias of commercial
microarrays using the onto-compare database. Biotechniques. 2003 Mar;Suppl:55-61.
Kenney JT Jr. The pharmacy director's view of the implications of dose escalation. Manag
Care Interface. 2004;Suppl A:9-10.
Doherty DE, Briggs DD Jr. Long-term nonpharmacologic management of patients with
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Cornerstone. 2004;Suppl 2:S29-34.

New measurement methods require reassessment of WHO criteria. Diagn Imaging (San
Franc). 1998 Nov;Suppl Bone Mass:7.

Ophthalmology sourcebook & reference guide 1990. Ophthalmology. 1990 Sep;(Pt 2):
1-145.
Sanders G, Hesse A, Leusmann DB. Experimental investigation of the genesis of struvite
stones in cats. Scan Electron Microsc. 1986;(Pt 4):1713-20.
34. Journal article with season included in date

Swan T. Current challenges in hepatitis C. Res Initiat Treat Action. 2004 Fall;10(2):17-20.
Hilgers K, Ramer P. Forced medication of defendants to achieve trial competency: an
update on the law after Sell. Georget J Leg Ethics. 2004 Summer;17(4):813-26.
Hesperian Foundation; Program for Appropriate Technology in Health PATH. Cancer of
the cervix: a training guide to promote awareness. Hesperian Found News. 1997 Spring-
Summer;Suppl:1-4.
35. Journal article with multiple years of publication

Legge A. Children in need. Nurs Times. 2002 Dec 17-2003 Jan 6;98(51):40-1.
68 Citing Medicine
Spencer P, Zakaib G, Winter E. The risks of reuse: legal implications for hospitals of
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Martin H, Rushforth P. The big bang approach to health reform: an update from the
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Clark P, Lavielle P, Duarte C. Patient ratings of care at a rheumatology out-patient unit.
Arch Med Res. 2004 Jan-Feb;35(1):82-6.
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Flanagan M. One nurse's story. Prairie Rose. 2005 Feb-Apr;74(1):8.
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COPD. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2004 Jul-Sep;61(3):140-7.
Morris D, Turnbull P. Dyslexia. Br J Nurs. 2005 Jan 27-Feb 9;14(2):63.
37. Journal article with multiple days of publication

Townsend E, Griffiths G, Rocker M, Winter R, Lewis M. Setting up a screening service for
abdominal aortic aneurysm. Nurs Times. 2005 Feb 1-7;101(5):36-8.
Jootun D, MacInnes A. Examining how well students use correct handling procedures.
Nurs Times. 2005 Jan 25-31;101(4):38-40.

El Shehaby A, Ganz JC, Reda WA, Hafez A. Temporary symptomatic swelling of
meningiomas following gamma knife surgery. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg. 2005 Jan;
102 Suppl:293-6.
Lee A, Chan EC, Ho M, Wong WS, Ng PP. The importance of needs assessment in
planning health promoting schools initiatives: comparison of youth risk behaviours of two
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Tolosa E, Valldeoriola F. Mid-stage parkinsonism with mild motor fluctuations. Clin
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Black HR. Evaluation of the elderly hypertensive. Geriatrics. 1989 Oct;44 Suppl B:15-9.

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80A-81A.

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1999. Abstracts. Haematologica. 1999 Jun;84 Abstr Suppl:1-285.
Cattaneo M, Mannucci PM. Current status of non-transfusional haemostatic agents.
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Neulander E, Rivera I, Wajsman Z. The role of the simple cystectomy in urologic surgery.
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Prokai-Tatrai K, Prokai L. Modifying peptide properties by prodrug design for enhanced
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48. Journal article issue with name instead of number

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Crawford M, Mullan J, Vanderveen T. Technology and safe medication administration. J
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Abstracts of the 41st Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology
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Leifer BP. Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: clinical and economic benefits. J Am
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Menter A. Pharmacokinetics and safety of tazarotene. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000 Aug;
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Fukuzawa M, Oguchi S, Saida T. Kaposi's varicelliform eruption of an elderly patient with
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Baxter CR. Foreword: comments on critical pathways. J Burn Care Rehabil. 1995;16(2 Pt 2
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Muller H, Scott R, Weber W, Meier R. Colorectal cancer: lessons for genetic counselling
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56. Journal article with multiple issue numbers

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Shul'gina GI, Ziablitseva EA. [Effect of the GABA derivative phenibut on learning]. Vestn
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Abidov AM, Saiitkulov AM. [Treatment of disorders in interferon status of patients with
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Schwartz-Cassell T. Feeding assistants: based on logic or way off base? Contemp
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letter preceding the page numbers
Siedenburg J, Perry I, Stuben U. Tropical medicine and travel medicine: medical advice for
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Barrett CJ, Malpas SC. Problems, possibilities, and pitfalls in studying the arterial
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Guo X, Lu X, Kassab GS. Transmural strain distribution in the blood vessel wall. Am J
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Staiano S. Trial--unknown accused--defense warranty. Forensic Sci Int. 2004 Dec 2;146
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Hafeez A, Mehmood G, Mazhar F. Oral zinc supplementation in pregnant women and its
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letter following the page numbers
Hop LT, Berger J. Multiple micronutrient supplementation improves anemia,
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Coltorti M. [The pharmacological therapy of intrahepatic cholestasis]. Ann Ital Med Int.
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60. Journal article with roman numerals for page numbers (upper or
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Weinstock MA. Public health messages regarding skin cancer. J Invest Dermatol. 2004
Dec;123(6):xvii-xix.
Giger JN. Human genetics: can we really eliminate health disparities. J Natl Black Nurses
Assoc. 2003 Jun;14(1):vii-viii.
Shaldon S. Hemodialysis vascular access and peritoneal dialysis access. Preface. Contrib
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Klyszejko-Stefanowicz L, Gniazdowski M. The birth of biochemistry in Lodz. Acta
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61. Journal article with discontinuous pagination

Fitzgerald-Bocarsly P. Natural interferon-alpha producing cells: the plasmacytoid
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Ferguson-Noyes N. Bipolar disorder in children: diagnostic and treatment issues. Adv
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Assael LA. Should dentists become 'oral physicians'? No, dentistry must remain dentistry.
J Am Dent Assoc. 2004 Apr;135(4):439, 441, 443 passim.
Pelletier KR, Astin JA. Integration and reimbursement of complementary and alternative
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Vowden K. Complex wound or complex patient? Strategies for treatment. Br J
Community Nurs. 2005 Jun;Suppl:S6, S8, S10 passim.
62. Article on an insert, pages tipped in the issue

Loprinzi C. Follow-up care after breast cancer treatment. Mayo Clin Womens
Healthsource. 2004 Sep;8(9):suppl 1-2.
Moore W. Screening. More harm than good? Health Serv J. 2000 Apr 27;110(5702):suppl
3.
63. Journal article with indication that additional text follows it

discussion
74 Citing Medicine
Hoffmann J, Lenhard A. Psychology has to deal with efferences too. J Mot Behav. 2004
Dec;36(4):384-5, 402-7; discussion 408-17.
quiz
Preston BL, Warren RC, Wooten SM, Gragg RD 3rd, Walker B. Environmental health and
antisocial behavior: implications for public policy. J Environ Health. 2001 May;63(9):9-19;
quiz 33-4.
letter with reply by author
Graham DY, Chan FK. Endoscopic ulcers with low-dose aspirin and reality testing.
Gastroenterology. 2005 Mar;128(3):807; author reply 807-8.
64. Journal article with no page number provided

Jerger J. Broadening our horizons. J Am Acad Audiol. 1998 Feb;9(1):[preceding p. 1].
[New nifedipine preparation makes single daily dose possible]. Fortschr Med. 1997 Nov
30;115(33):[following p. 54]. German.
Gearry RB, Cook HB, Burt MJ. Time for gastroscopy. N Z Med J. 2003 Jan 24;116(1168):[1
p.].
65. Journal article that is a retraction notice

Chen C, Li Q. A strict solution for the optimal superimposition of protein structures.
Retraction. Acta Crystallogr A. 2004 Nov;60(Pt 6):640. Retraction of: Chen C, Li Q. Acta
Crystallogr A. 2004 May;60(Pt 3):201-3.
Bassett D, Morrell JC, Gatto GJ Jr, Bai J, Geisbrecht BV, Hieter P, Gould SJ. Detecting
patterns of protein distribution and gene expression in silico. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
2005 Jan 11;102(2):516. Retraction of: Geraghty MT, Bassett D, Morrell JC, Gatto GJ Jr,
Bai J, Geisbrecht BV, Hieter P, Gould SJ. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Mar 16;96(6):
2937-42.
66. Journal article retracted

Chen C, Li Q. A strict solution for the optimal superimposition of protein structures. Acta
Crystallogr A. 2004 May;60(Pt 3):201-3. Retraction in: Chen C, Li Q. Acta Crystallogr A.
2004 Nov;60(Pt 6):640.
Geraghty MT, Bassett D, Morrell JC, Gatto GJ Jr, Bai J, Geisbrecht BV, Hieter P, Gould SJ.
Detecting patterns of protein distribution and gene expression in silico. Proc Natl Acad
Sci U S A. 1999 Mar 16;96(6):2937-42. Retraction in: Bassett D, Morrell JC, Gatto GJ Jr,
Bai J, Geisbrecht BV, Hieter P, Gould SJ. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Jan 11;102(2):516.
Journals 75
67. Journal article that is an erratum notice

Scuderi A, Letsou A. Amnioserosa is required for dorsal closure in Drosophila. Dev Dyn.
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Colau JC. [Contrary medical references in Gynecology-Obstetrics]. J Gynecol Obstet Biol
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68. Journal article having an erratum

Scuderi A, Letsou A. Amnioserosa is required for dorsal closure in Drosophila. Dev Dyn.
2005 Mar;232(3):791-800. Erratum in: Dev Dyn. 2005 May;233(1):249.
Lansac J. [Medical consensus practice guidelines in gynecology-obstetrics]. J Gynecol
Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 1997;26(2):124-30. French. Erratum in: J Gynecol Obstet Biol
Reprod (Paris). 1997;26(6):650-1.
69. Journal article with indication article published electronically before

print
Walsh B, Steiner A, Pickering RM, Ward-Basu J. Economic evaluation of nurse led
intermediate care versus standard care for post-acute medical patients: cost minimisation
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Epub 2005 Mar 9.
70. Journal article with an indication it may be found in PubMed

Amalberti R, Auroy Y, Berwick D, Barach P. Five system barriers to achieving ultrasafe
health care. Ann Intern Med. 2005 May 3;142(9):756-64. Cited in: PubMed; PMID
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71. Journal article with DOI provided

Bhutta ZA, Darmstadt GL, Hasan BS, Haws RA. Community-based interventions for
improving perinatal and neonatal health outcomes in developing countries: a review of
the evidence. Pediatrics. 2005 Feb;115(2 Suppl):519-617. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1441.

Moore W Jr, Lambert PD. The chromosomes of the Beagle dog. J Hered [microfilm]. 1963
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Habibullah CM, Mujahid Ali M, Ishaq M. Dermatoglyphic profiles in duodenal ulcer:
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76 Citing Medicine
73. Journal article accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, or other

visual medium
Sathananthan AH, Tarin JJ, Gianaroli L, Ng SC, Dharmawardena V, Magli MC, Fernando
R, Trounson AO. Development of the human dispermic embryo. Hum Reprod Update.
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Orchard JW, Alcott E, James T, Farhart P, Portus M, Waugh SR. Exact moment of a
gastrocnemius muscle strain captured on video. Br J Sports Med. 2002 Jun;36(3):222-3.
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Crompton DE, Chinnery PF, Bates D, Walls TJ, Jackson MJ, Curtis AJ, Burn J. Spectrum of
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Dale RC, Church AJ, Surtees RA, Thompson EJ, Giovannoni G, Neville BG. Post-
streptococcal autoimmune neuropsychiatric disease presenting as paroxysmal dystonic
choreoathetosis. Mov Disord. 2002 Jul;17(4):817-20. Accompanied by: Videocassette
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Van Voorhis BJ. In vitro fertilization. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jan 25;356(4):379-86.
Accompanied by: Video clip showing ultrasound-guided oocyte retrieval available from
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74. CD-ROM published as a supplement to an issue of a journal

9th United European Gastroenterology Week. Amsterdam 2001. Abstracts of
presentations [CD-ROM]. Gut. 2001 Nov;49(5 Suppl 3):[1 CD-ROM].
75. Other types of notes for journal articles

Harlow BL, Barbieri RL. Influence of education on risk of hysterectomy before age 45
years. Am J Epidemiol. 1999 Oct 15;150(8):843-7. Supported by a Public Health Service
grant from the National Institute of Mental Health.
Schrag D, Chung KY, Flombaum C, Saltz L. Cetuximab therapy and symptomatic
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presented at the Gastrointestinal Oncology Meeting of the American Society of Clinical
Oncology, Hollywood, FL, January 29, 2005.
American Academy of Family Physicians. Information from your family doctor. What you
should know about worrying too much. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Mar 15;73(6):1057-8.
Patient education handout.
Flegel K. Biographies of healers [book review]. CMAJ. 2007 Jul 3;177(1):70. Review of:
Bynum WF, Bynum H, editors. Dictionary of Medical Biography. Westport (CT):
Greenwood Press; c2007.
Journals 77
Packman Z, Steen P. The nurses who simplified discharge planning [interview]. Nurs
Times. 2007 Oct 16-22;103(42):20-1. Interview by Victoria Hoban.
Heppner HJ, Bauer JM, Sieber CC, Bertsch T. Laboratory aspects relating to the detection
and prevention of frailty. Int J Prev Med. 2010 Summer;1(3):149-57. PubMed PMID:
21566784. Authorship note: Heppner HJ and Bauer JM contributed equally.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Parts of Journal

Articles
The general format for a reference to a part of a journal article, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Parts of Journal Articles

Rather than citing an entire journal article, a part of an article such as a table may be
cited. In general, most modern articles have standardized to three types of parts: figures,
tables, and appendixes. However, other names may be found for parts, including section,
chart, graph, box, and photograph. Use the name provided in the article.
Because a reference should start with the individual or organization responsible for the
journal article start with the article information, then follow it with the information about
the part.
Journal articles frequently contain charts, figures, and other illustrative material that has
been reproduced with permission from other sources. Do not cite these as parts using the
instructions presented here. Consult the original publication and cite the particular item
from there.
Note that PubMed cites only entire articles; you will not see a citation to a part in
MEDLINE/PubMed.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Journal Articles
Continue to Examples of Citations to Parts of Journal Articles
78 Citing Medicine
Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Journal Articles

it is optional.
Journal Article (R) | Name and Number/Letter (R) | Title (R) | Location (Pagination) (R)
Journal Article (required)

General Rules for Journal Article
Cite the article according to Chapter 1A Journal Articles
Name and Number/Letter of Part for Parts of Journal Articles (required)

General Rules for Name and Number/Letter of Part
Enter the name of the part, such as Table, Figure, or Appendix, as it appears in the
article
Translate non-English names into English
Do not abbreviate names. For example, convert Fig. to Figure.
Follow the name with any accompanying number or letter, such as Table 2, Figure
3.1, or Appendix A
Use arabic numbers only. For example: convert VI or Six to 6.
End name and number/letter information with a comma and a space
Specific Rules for Name and Number/Letter of Part

Non-English names for parts
No letter or number follows the name
No name appears
Box 63. Non-English names for parts.

Translate into English names for parts, such as a table, figure, graph, or appendix
Follow the name of the part with any accompanying letter or number
Follow the name and number or letter with a comma and the translated title of the
part
Place all part information in square brackets
End with a semicolon and the location (pagination)
Examples:
Journals 79
Hof H. [Candida, aspergillus and company. Pathogenic fungi]. Pharm Unserer

Zeit. 2003;32(2):96-103. [Figure 2, Effect of AFL-B1]; p. 97. German.
Balogou AA, Grunitzky EK, Kpade C, Belo M. [Non-traumatic paraplegia at
the campus teaching hospital of Lome. Report of 243 cases]. Tunis Med. 2002
Jan;80(1):33-6. [Table 2, Etiology]; p. 35. French.
Whenever possible, place the name in the original language or a romanized form
before the translation
Hof H. Candida, Aspergillus und Co., Pathogene Pilze [Candida, aspergillus
and company. Pathogenic fungi]. Pharm Unserer Zeit. 2003;32(2):96-103.
Abb.2, Wirkung von AFL-B1 [Figure 2, Effect of AFL-B1]; p. 97. German.
Balogou AA, Grunitzky EK, Kpade C, Belo M. Les paraplegies non
traumatiques au CHU Campus de Lome a propos de 243 cas [Non-traumatic
paraplegia at the campus teaching hospital of Lome. Report of 243 cases].
Tunis Med. 2002 Jan;80(1):33-6. Tableau 2, Les etiologies [Table 2, Etiology];
p. 35. French.
To help identify parts in other languages, see the following examples:
Language Table Figure Appendix Section
French Tableau Figure Appendice Section
German Tabelle Abbildung Anhang Sektion
Figur Appendix Abteilung
Zusatz
Italian Tabella Figura Appendice Parte
Sezione
Russian Tablitsa Risunok Prilozenie Sekcija
Otdel
Otdelenie
Spanish Tabla Figura Apendice Seccion
Parte
Box 64. No letter or number follows the name.

Occasionally, an author will label an illustration as simply "Table", "Figure",
"Appendix", or other name without following the name with any letter or number.
80 Citing Medicine
In this case, give whatever name has been used for the illustration and follow it with
a comma and the title.
Mackey KM, Sparling JW. Experiences of older women with cancer receiving
hospice care: significance for physical therapy. Phys Ther. 2000 May;80(5):
459-68. Table, Informant demographics and characteristics; p. 461.
Box 65. No name appears.

If the part being cited is clearly a table, figure, or appendix but it is not labeled as
such, place the name in square brackets
[Figure], Protein binding and drug disposition; p. 212.
[Table], Radiographic and functional outcome of ESWL related perirenal
hematomas; p. 1674.
If the part being cited is not a table, figure, or appendix and has no other identifying
name such as "section", begin with the title of the part
Martin F, Linden T, Katschinski DM, Oehme F, Flamme I, Mukhopadhyay
CK, Eckhardt K, Troger J, Barth S, Camenisch G, Wenger RH. Copper-
dependent activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1: implications for
ceruloplasmin regulation. Blood. 2005 Jun 15;105(12):4613-9. Induction of
ceruloplasm mRNA by hypoxoa and CU2+; p. 4616-7.
Examples for Name and Number/Letter of Part

1. Standard numbered/lettered table in a journal article
2. Unnumbered/unlettered table in a journal article
3. Unnamed table in a journal article
4. Unnumbered/unlettered and untitled table in a journal article
5. Standard numbered/lettered figure in a journal article
6. Unnumbered/unlettered figure in a journal article
7. Unnamed figure in a journal article
8. Unnumbered/unlettered and untitled figure in a journal article
9. Standard numbered/lettered appendix in a journal article
10. Unnumbered/unlettered appendix in a journal article
Journals 81
11. Unnumbered/unlettered and untitled appendix in a journal article

12. Numbered section in a journal article
13. Unnumbered/unlettered section in a journal article
14. Miscellaneous numbered parts in journal articles
15. Parts of journal articles not in English
16. Parts of journal articles not in English with original or romanized language
included
17. Parts of journals in two equal languages
Title of Part for Parts of Journal Articles (required)

General Rules for Title of Part
Enter the title of the part as it appears in the article
and initialisms
Translate non-English titles into English and place the translation in square
brackets
End title information with a semicolon and a space
Specific Rules for Title of Part

Titles of parts not in English
Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special character
No title appears
Box 66. Titles of parts not in English.

Translate titles of parts not in English
Give the title after the name for the part (table, figure, etc.) and any
accompanying letter or number
Place name and title information in square brackets
Follow the closing bracket with a semicolon
Example:
Llanos De La Torre Quiralte M, Garijo Ayestaran M, Poch Olive ML.
[Evolution of the infant mortality rate in la Rioja in Spain (1980-1998)].
An Esp Pediatr. 2001 Nov;55(5):413-20. [Figure 3, Trends in infant
mortality]; p.418. Spanish.
82 Citing Medicine
When possible, place the name and title in the original language or in a romanized
form before the translation
Llanos De La Torre Quiralte M, Garijo Ayestaran M, Poch Olive ML.
Evolucion de la mortalidad infantil de La Rioja (1980-1998) [Evolution of the
infant mortality rate in la Rioja in Spain (1980-1998)]. An Esp Pediatr. 2001
Nov;55(5):413-20. Figura 3, Tendencia de mortalidad infantil [Figure 3,
Trends in infant mortality]; p. 418. Spanish.
Box 67. Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special character.
Capitalize the first word of the title of a part unless the title begins with a Greek
letter, chemical formula, or another special character that might lose its meaning if
capitalized
Figure 10, n-alkenes on capillary columns with stationary phases of C87
hydrocarbon; p. 374.
becomes omega.
Figure 3, Influence of seed extract of Syzygium Cumini (Jamun) on mice
exposed to different doses of -radiation; p. 566.
may become
exposed to different doses of gamma-radiation; p. 566.
Table 4, Glycoprotein mediated transport of NH3 into red blood cells; p. 149.
may become
Table 4, Glycoprotein mediated transport of NH(3) into red blood cells; p.
149.
Box 68. No title appears.

Occasionally a part does not have a formal title, only a legend (explanatory text) for the
table, figure, appendix, or other part. When this occurs:
Journals 83
Create a title from the first few words of the text. Use enough words to make the
constructed title meaningful.
Place the created title in square brackets
Examples:
Hartz AJ, Rupley DC, Rimm AA. The association of girth measurements with
disease in 32,856 women. Am J Epidemiol. 1984 Jan;119(1):71-80. Table,
[Waist-hip ratio ranges and the sample sizes for women aged 40 to 59]; p. 72.
Lee KF. Palliative care: good legal defense. Surg Clin North Am. 2005 Apr;
85(2):287-302, vii. Appendix, [Excerpts from "Prescription Pain Medications:
Frequently Asked Questions and Answers for Health Care Professionals"]; p.
296-301.
Examples for Title of Part

included
Location (Pagination) of Part for Parts of Journal Articles (required)

Begin location with "p." followed by a space
Enter the page number or numbers for the part, such as p. 438 and p. 663-4
84 Citing Medicine
126-127 becomes p. 126-7, but p. 126A-127A is correct.
page number, such as p. S10-8
End page information with a period

No page numbers appear on the pages of the part

Unlike the practice with volume and issue numbers, keep roman numerals when
they are used as page numbers
Give them in upper or lower case, whichever appears in the publication
Appendix 2, Common aquatic invertebrates; p. XXI-XXII.
Table 8, Classification of lung adenocarcinoma; p. xv.
Box 70. No page numbers appear on the pages of the part.

Occasionally, a table, figure, appendix, or other part will appear on a page that is not
numbered.
If only the particular part to be cited has no page numbers, identify the location in
relation to numbered pages. For example: preceding p. 17 or following p. 503.
Surround such phrases with square brackets.
Figure 5, Modelling the risk of in-hospital death following lung resection;
[preceding p. 55].
Appendix, Patient questionnaire;[following p. 17].
If the entire article has no page numbers or the part cannot be easily located in
relation to numbered pages, give the total number of pages of the part you wish to
cite, placed in square brackets, such as [5 p.].
Table, Checklist of symptoms; [1 p.].

Journals 85

included
Examples of Citations to Parts of Journal Articles

Diaz-Cruz ES, Shapiro CL, Brueggemeier RW. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors suppress
aromatase expression and activity in breast cancer cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005
May;90(5):2563-70. Table 2, Aromatase activity and expression in cell lines; p. 2565.
2. Unnumbered/unlettered table in a journal article

Mackey KM, Sparling JW. Experiences of older women with cancer receiving hospice care:
significance for physical therapy. Phys Ther. 2000 May;80(5):459-68. Table, Informant
demographics and characteristics; p. 461.
3. Unnamed table in a journal article

Krishnamurthi V, Streem SB. Long-term radiographic and functional outcome of
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy induced perirenal hematomas. J Urol. 1995 Nov;
154(5):1673-5. [Table], Radiographic and functional outcome of ESWL related perirenal
hematomas; p. 1674.

Hartz AJ, Rupley DC, Rimm AA. The association of girth measurements with disease in
32,856 women. Am J Epidemiol. 1984 Jan;119(1):71-80. Table, [Waist-hip ratio ranges and
the sample sizes for women aged 40 to 59]; p. 72.

Mitchell GF, Pfeffer MA. Evaluation and management of patients with uncontrolled
systolic hypertension: is another new paradigm really needed? Am Heart J. 2005 May;
149(5):776-84. Figure 3, Regional pressure wave forms in the normal arterial system; p.
780.
Wood RH, Gardner RE, Ferachi KA, King C, Ermolao A, Cherry KE, Cress ME,Jazwinski
SM. Physical function and quality of life in older adults: sex differences. South Med J. 2005
May;98(5):504-12. Figure 2a, Physical function vs. SF-36 PCS in women; p. 510.
86 Citing Medicine
Picardi E, Regina TM, Brennicke A, Quagliariello C. REDIdb: the RNA editing database.
Nucleic Acids Res. 2007 Jan;35(Database issue):D173-7. Figure 1A, Flow diagram of the
various steps used during database construction; p. D175.
6. Unnumbered/unlettered figure in a journal article

Glascoe FP, Martin ED, Humphrey S. A comparative review of developmental screening
tests. Pediatrics. 1990 Oct;86(4):547-54. Figure, Developmental screening tests; p. 549.
7. Unnamed figure in a journal article

Lindup WE, Orme MC. Clinical pharmacology: plasma protein binding of drugs. Br Med
J (Clin Res Ed). 1981 Jan 17;282(6259):212-4. [Figure], Protein binding and drug
disposition; p. 212.

Roth S, Semjonow A, Waldner M, Hertle L. Risk of bowel dysfunction with diarrhea after
continent urinary diversion with ileal and ileocecal segments. J Urol. 1995 Nov;154(5):
1696-9. [Figure, Resection of long ileal or ileocecal segments disturbs enterohepatic bile
acid circulation]; p. 1697.

House MG, Choti MA. Palliative therapy for pancreatic/biliary cancer. Surg Clin N Am.
2005 Apr;85(2):359-71. Appendix 1, Principles guiding care at the end of life; p. 389-90.
Galant SP, Crawford LJ, Morphew T, Jones CA, Bassin S. Predictive value of a cross-
cultural asthma case-detection tool in an elementary school population. Pediatrics. 2004
Sep;114(3):e307-16. Appendix A, International study of asthma and allergy in childhood
questionnaire; p. e315.
10. Unnumbered/unlettered appendix in a journal article

Sorkin JD, Muller DC, Andres R. Longitudinal change in height of men and women:
implications for interpretation of the body mass index: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study
of Aging. Am J Epidemiol. 1999 Nov 1;150(9):969-77. Appendix, Equations, obtained
from cross-sectional analysis, relating height to age; p. 976-7.

Lee KF. Palliative care: good legal defense. Surg Clin North Am. 2005 Apr;85(2):287-302,
vii. Appendix, [Excerpts from "Prescription Pain Medications: Frequently Asked
Questions and Answers for Health Care Professionals"]; p. 296-301.
Saada M, Le Chenadec J, Berrebi A, Bongain A, Delfraissy JF, Mayaux MJ, Meyer L.
Pregnancy and progression to AIDS: results of the French prospective cohorts. AIDS.
Journals 87
2000 Oct 20;14(15):2355-60. Appendix, [Members of the SEROGEST and SEROCO Study
groups]; p. 2360.

Wakita A, Nitta M, Mitomo Y, Takahashi M, Tanaka M, Kaneda T. Cell proliferation
detected by DNA polymerase alpha in acute leukemias. Cancer Detect Prev. 1997;21(1):
55-61. Section 2A, Cell preparation; p. 55-6.

Martin F, Linden T, Katschinski DM, Oehme F, Flamme I, Mukhopadhyay CK, Eckhardt
K, Troger J, Barth S, Camenisch G, Wenger RH. Copper-dependent activation of hypoxia-
inducible factor (HIF)-1: implications for ceruloplasmin regulation. Blood. 2005 Jun
15;105(12):4613-9. Induction of ceruloplasm mRNA by hypoxoa and CU2+; p. 4616-7.

Pratt HD, Patel DR, Greydanus DE. Behavioral aspects of children's sports. Pediatr Clin
North Am. 2003 Aug;50(4):879-99, ix. Box 7, Indicators of potential problems an athlete
may experience; p. 892-3.
Morales CA, Layton ME, Shair MD. Synthesis of (-)-longithorone A: using organic
synthesis to probe a proposed biosynthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Aug
17;101(33):12036-41. Scheme 7, Unsuccessful model intermolecular Diels-Alder reaction
of 4 with 47; p. 12039.
Fong A, Garcia E, Gwynn L, Lisanti MP, Fazzari MJ, Li M. Expression of caveolin-1 and
caveolin-2 in urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder correlates with tumor grade and
squamous differentiation. Am J Clin Pathol. 2003 Jul;120(1):93-100. Image 4,
Immunohistochemical staining of a urothelial carcinoma with squamous differentiation
with anti-caveolin-1; p. 98.

Balogou AA, Grunitzky EK, Kpade C, Belo M. [Non-traumatic paraplegia at the campus
teaching hospital of Lome. Report of 243 cases]. Tunis Med. 2002 Jan;80(1):33-6. [Table 2,
Etiology]; p. 35. French.
Solignac M. [COART France 2003 report on new socioeconomic data on osteoarthritis in
France]. Presse Med. 2004 May 22;33(9 Pt 2):S4-6. [Figure, Distribution of consultations
for osteoarthritis in France in 2002]; p. S5. French.
Llanos De La Torre Quiralte M, Garijo Ayestaran M, Poch Olive ML. [Evolution of the
infant mortality rate in la Rioja in Spain (1980-1998)]. An Esp Pediatr. 2001 Nov;55(5):
413-20. [Figure 3, Trends in infant mortality]; p.418. Spanish.
88 Citing Medicine
Hof H. [Candida, aspergillus and company. Pathogenic fungi]. Pharm Unserer Zeit.
2003;32(2):96-103. [Figure 2, Effect of AFL-B1]; p. 97. German.
16. Parts of journal articles not in English with original or romanized

language included
Balogou AA, Grunitzky EK, Kpade C, Belo M. Les paraplegies non traumatiques au CHU
Campus de Lome a propos de 243 cas [Non-traumatic paraplegia at the campus teaching
hospital of Lome. Report of 243 cases]. Tunis Med. 2002 Jan;80(1):33-6. Tableau 2, Les
etiologies [Table 2, Etiology]; p. 35. French.
Solignac M. COART France rapport 2003 sur les nouvelles donnees socio-economiques
de l'arthrose en France [COART France 2003 report on new socioeconomic data on
osteoarthritis in France]. Presse Med. 2004 May 22;33(9 Pt 2):S4-6. Figure, Repartition
des consultations pour arthrose en France en 2002 [Figure, Distribution of consultations
for osteoarthritis in France in 2002]; p. S5. French.
Llanos De La Torre Quiralte M, Garijo Ayestaran M, Poch Olive ML. Evolucion de la
mortalidad infantil de La Rioja (1980-1998) [Evolution of the infant mortality rate in la
Rioja in Spain (1980-1998)]. An Esp Pediatr. 2001 Nov;55(5):413-20. Figura 3, Tendencia
de mortalidad infantil [Figure 3, Trends in infant mortality]; p. 418. Spanish.
Hof H. Candida, Aspergillus und Co., Pathogene Pilze [Candida, aspergillus and
company. Pathogenic fungi]. Pharm Unserer Zeit. 2003;32(2):96-103. Abb. 2, Wirkung
von AFL-B1 [Figure 2, Effect of AFL-B1]; p. 97. German.

Gruppo di Studio SIAARTI Sicurezza in Anestesia e Terapia Intensiva [SIAARTI Study
Group for Safety in Anesthesia and Intensive Care]. Raccomandazioni per il trasporto
inter ed intra ospedaliero del paziente critico = Recommendations on the transport of
critically ill patients. Minerva Anestesiol. 2006 Oct;72(10):XXXVII-LVII. Tabella 3,
Scheda di trasporto; p. XLIV-XLV = Table 3, Record of transport; p. LVI-LVII. Italian,
English.
C. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Entire Journal

Titles
The general format for a reference to an entire journal title, including punctuation:
- for a title continuing to be published:
Journals 89
- for a title that ceased publication:
Examples of Citations to Entire Journal Titles

If a journal is still being published, as shown in the first example, follow volume and date
information with a hyphen and three spaces. If a journal has ceased publication, as in
example two, separate beginning and ending volume and date information with a hyphen
surrounded by a space.
Journals frequently change titles and publishers over time. When citing a journal, always
provide information on the latest title and publisher unless you are citing an earlier
version. If you wish to cite all volumes for a journal that has changed title, provide a
separate citation for each title. For example:
JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association. Chicago: American

Medical Association. Vol. 173, No. 9, 1960 - . Continues: Journal of the American
Medical Association.
Journal of the American Medical Association. Chicago: American Medical

Association. Vol. 1, No. 8, 1883 - Vol. 173, No. 8, 1960. Continued by: JAMA.
It is not correct to cite it as:

90 Citing Medicine
JAMA: the journal of the American Medical Association. Chicago: American

Medical Association. Vol. 1, 1883 - .
It is also important to cite the version you saw. Many journal titles with both print and
Internet versions do not carry the same exact content. If you viewed a journal title on the
Internet, do not cite it as if it were a print one. See Chapter 23B for citing Internet journal
titles.
Authoritative information on a journal, in order of preference, may be found on: (1) the
title page, (2) cover, and (3) the masthead of journal issues. Running headers or footers
may not carry the official title of a journal.
Note that the rules for creating references to journal titles are not the same as the rules for
cataloging them. Therefore records found in the NLM LocatorPlus and the NLM Catalog
databases will not always agree with the instructions presented here.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Journal Titles
Continue to Examples of Citations to Entire Journal Titles
Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Journal Titles

it is optional.
Title (R) | Edition (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Editor (O) | Place of Publication (R) |
Publisher (R) | Volume Number (R) | Issue Number (R) | Date of Publication (R) |
Physical Description (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Title for Entire Journal Titles (required)

General Rules for Title
Do not abbreviate any words or omit any words
Use whatever capitalization and punctuation are found within the title
Follow the title with a colon and any subtitle that appears
Follow a non-English title with a translation when possible; place the translation in
square brackets
End the journal title with a period unless an Edition statement or a Type of
Medium is included, then use a space
Specific Rules for Title

Journal titles not in English
Journals appearing in more than one language
Journals 91
Box 71. Journal titles not in English.

For non-English journal titles in the roman alphabet (French, German, Spanish,
Italian, etc.), provide the name in the original language
Sante Mentale au Quebec. Montreal (QC): Communaute et Sante Mentale.
Vol. 1, 1976 - . French.
For a journal title in a non-roman alphabet:
Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) titles in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic,
Hebrew, or Korean or in a character-based language (Chinese, Japanese). A
good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
Problemy Tuberkuleza i Boleznei Legkikh. Moscow: Meditsina. No. 1,
2003 - . Russian.
Refu'at ha-Peh veha-Shinayim: it'on ha-Histadrut li-Refu'at Shinayim
be-Yisra'el. Jerusalem: ha-Histadrut. Vol. 13, 1996 - . Hebrew.
Taehan Kan Hakhoe Chi. Seoul (Korea): Taehan Kan Hakhoe. Vol. 1,
1995 - Vol. 9, No. 4, Dec 2003. Korean.
It is not NLM practice, but you may translate journal titles in character-based
languages
Korean Journal of Hepatology. Seoul (Korea): Taehan Kan Hakhoe. Vol.
1, 1995 - Vol. 9, No. 4, Dec 2003. Korean.
Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in titles. This rule ignores some
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
92 Citing Medicine
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Provide an English translation after the original language or romanized title when
possible; place translations in square brackets
Archives des Maladies du Coeur et des Vaisseaux [Archives of Diseases of the
Heart and Vessels]. Paris: Bailliere. Vol. 30, No. 4, Apr 1937 - . French.
Box 72. Journals appearing in more than one language.

For a journal appearing in two or more equal languages, as often occurs with
Canadian journals:
Begin with the title in the first language found, in order of preference: on the
title page of the issue, on the issue cover, or on the masthead
Give all titles in the order they are provided in the text
Place an equals sign with a space before and after between each title
List all the languages, separated by commas, after the date of publication (and
Physical Description, if provided)
Example:
Canadian Family Physician = Medecin de Famille Canadien.
Mississauga (ON): College of Family Physicians of Canada. Vol. 13, No.
7, Jul 1967 - . English, French.
For a journal title appearing in multiple languages:
Give the title in the first language found, in order of preference: on the title
page of the issue, on the issue cover, or on the masthead
List all languages of publication, separated by commas, after the date of
publication (and Physical Description, if provided)
Journals 93

Examples:
Acta Dermato-Venereologica. Oslo (Norway): Scandinavian University
Press. Vol. 1, 1920 - . English, French, German.
Medicina Interna: Revista da Sociedade Portuguesa de Medicina
Interna. Lisbon: Imprensa Medica. Vol. 1, No. 1, Apr-Jun 1994 - .
Portuguese, English, French, Spanish.

If a journal is published in more than one edition:
Capitalize all significant words in edition information
End all title information with a period
Examples:
American Homeopathy (Consumer Edition).
American Homeopathy (Professional Edition).
Examples for Title

1. Standard journal title that is still being published
2. Standard journal title that has ceased publication
3. Journal title with subtitle
4. Journal title with edition
5. Journal title published in parts
6. Journal title not in English
7. Journal title not in English, with optional translation
8. Journal title published in two equal languages
9. Journal title published in multiple languages
94 Citing Medicine
Edition for Entire Journal Titles (required)

Do not abbreviate or omit any words
Use whatever capitalization and punctuation are found in the edition statement
Place the edition statement in parentheses, such as (British Edition)
End the edition statement with a period placed outside the closing parenthesis
unless the Type of Medium is included, then use a space

Non-English words for edition
Box 74. Non-English words for edition.

For non-English edition statements in the roman alphabet (French, German,
Give the name in the original language
End title and edition information with a period
Examples:
Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe Klientiere
Heimtiere becomes Tierarztliche Praxis (Ausgabe Klientiere
Heimtiere).
Angiology. Edicion Espanola. becomes Angiology (Edicion Espanola).
Farmaco. Edizione Pratica. becomes Farmaco (Edizione Pratica).
For an edition statement in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean, or in a
character-based language such as Chinese and Japanese:
End the title and edition information with a period
Examples:
Journals 95
Pharmakeutikon Deltion. Epistemonike

Ekdosis. becomes Pharmakeutikon Deltion (Epistemonike Ekdosis).
It is not NLM practice, but you may translate journal titles and their editions
in a character-based language
Journal of Jinan University (Natural Science and Medicine Edition).
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
To help identify editions in other languages, below is a brief list of Non-English
words for editions with their abbreviations, if any (n.a. = not abbreviated):
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave

96 Citing Medicine

Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

Type of Medium for Entire Journal Titles (required)

Indicate the specific type of medium (microfiche, ultrafiche, microfilm, microcard,
etc.) following the title (and Edition, if present) if a journal is published in a
microform
Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period placed
outside the closing bracket, such as [microfiche].
See Chapter 16B for journal titles in audiovisual formats, Chapter 19B for titles on
CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, and Chapter 23B for titles on the Internet

39. Journal title in a microform
Journals 97
Editor for Entire Journal Titles (optional)

General Rules for Editor
Give the name of the current (or last) editor
Enter the editor's name in natural order, such as John A. Jones
Follow the name with a comma and the word "editor"
End editor information with a period
Specific Rules for Editor

Editor names not in English
Box 75. Editor Names not in English.

Give names in languages using the roman alphabet (primarily European languages,
such as French, Italian, Spanish, German, Swedish, etc.) as they appear in the
publication
Korean, or character-based languages, such as Chinese and Japanese.
represent the letters or characters of another alphabet. A good authority for
Iu. A. Iakontov
G. Th. Tsakalos
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
98 Citing Medicine
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
To assist in identifying editors, below is a brief list of non-English words for editor:
Language Word for Editor
French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor
Examples for Editor

10. Journal title with editor included
Place of Publication for Entire Journal Titles (required)

General Rules for Place of Publication
Place is defined as the city where the journal was published
Follow US and Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the state or
province (see Appendix E) to avoid confusion when citing lesser known cities or
when cities in different locations have same name, such as Palm Springs (CA) and
Palm Springs (FL)
Follow cities in other countries with the name of the country, either written out or
as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D), when citing lesser known
Journals 99
cities or when cities in different locations have the same name, such as Cambridge
(MA) and Cambridge (England)
End place information with a colon
Specific Rules for Place of Publication

Non-US cities
Multiple places of publication
No place of publication can be found
Box 76. Non-US cities.

Use the anglicized form for the name of a city, such as Rome for Roma and Moscow
for Moskva, when possible
Follow Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the name of the
province (see Appendix E)
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
If the city is not well known or could be confused with another city of the same
name, follow the city with the name of the country, either written out or as the two-
letter ISO country code (see Appendix D). Use the anglicized form of the name,
such as Spain for Espana. Place the country name or code in parentheses.
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but
Malaga (Spain): or Malaga (ES):
Basel (Switzerland): or Basel (CH):
Oxford (England): or Oxford (GB):
As an option, use the country name after all cities not in the US or Canada
Box 77. Multiple places of publication.

If a journal changed publishers over the years or if the publisher changed its
location, give the place of publication of the current (or last) publisher
100 Citing Medicine
If more than one place of publication is found for the publisher, use the first one or
the one set in the largest type or in bold type. Do not give multiple places of
publication.
An alternative is to use the place of publication and publisher likely to be most
familiar to the audience of the reference list. For example, use the place of an
American publisher for a US audience and a London publisher for a British one.
Box 78. No place of publication can be found.

If no place can be found but one can be reasonably inferred, such as Chicago as the
place of publication for a journal of the American Medical Association, put the
place name in square brackets
ACOG Technology Assessment in Obstetrics and Gynecology. [Washington]:
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. No. 1, 2002 - .
If no place of publication can be found or inferred, use [place unknown]
Acta Radiologica: Therapy, Physics, Biology. [place unknown]: Societies of
Medical Radiology in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Vol. 1, 1963 -
Vol. 16, 1977.
Examples for Place of Publication

11. Journal title with well-known place of publication
12. Journal title with lesser-known place of publication
13. Journal title with place of publication inferred
14. Journal title with unknown place of publication
19. Journal title with unknown place of publication and publisher
Publisher for Entire Journal Titles (required)

General Rules for Publisher
Record the name of the publisher as it appears in the journal, using whatever
capitalization and punctuation are found there
Abbreviate well-known publisher names if desired but with caution to avoid
confusion. For example, "John Wiley & Sons, Ltd." may become simply "Wiley".
When a division or other subsidiary part of a publisher is given, enter the publisher
name first. For example: McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division.
End publisher information with a period
Journals 101
Specific Rules for Publisher

Abbreviated words in publisher names
Non-English publishers
Government agencies and other national and international bodies as publisher
Multiple publishers
Joint publication
No publisher can be found
Box 79. Abbreviated words in publisher names.

Abbreviate commonly used words in publisher names, if desired
Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society
Be consistent. If you abbreviate a word in one reference in a list of references,
abbreviate the same word in all references.
Follow all abbreviated words with a period
Box 80. Non-English publishers.

Give publisher names in the roman alphabet (French, Spanish, Italian, etc.) in their
original language
Rome: Societa Editrice Universo.
102 Citing Medicine
Lisbon: Imprensa Medica.

Romanize names in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, and character-based
languages (Chinese, Japanese)
Sofia (Bulgaria): Sofia Medizina i Fizkultura.
If the name of a division or other part of an organization is included in the
publisher information, give the names in hierarchical order from highest to lowest
Valencia (Spain): Universidade de Valencia, Instituto de Historia de la Ciencia
y Documentacion Lopez Pinero.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Follow a non-English name with a translation, if desired. Place all translated
publisher names in square brackets.
Aarhus (Denmark): Aarhus-Universitetsforlag [Aarhus University Press].
Journals 103
As an option, you may translate all publisher names not appearing in English. Place
all translated names in square brackets unless the translation is given in the
publication.
Aarhus (Denmark): [Aarhus University Press].
Box 81. Government agencies and other national and international bodies as
publisher.
When citing publishers that are national bodies such as government agencies, if a
nationality is not part of the name, place the country in parentheses after the name,
using the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D)
National Cancer Institute (US).
National Society on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NZ).
Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd. (GB).
Royal College of Physicians (AU), Paediatrics & Child Health Division.
Do not confuse the publisher with the distributor of documents for the publisher.
The most common distributors of US government publications are the US
Government Printing Office (GPO) and the National Technical Information Service
(NTIS). Designate the agency making the publication available as the publisher and
include distributor information as a note. Begin with the phrase "Available from"
followed by a colon and a space. Add the name of the distributor, the city and state,
and the accession or order number.
FDA Consumer. Rockville (MD): Food and Drug Administration (US). Vol. 6,
No. 6, Jul-Aug 1972 - . Available from: US Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC; HE 20.4010. Continues: FDA Papers.
Box 82. Multiple publishers.

If a journal changed publishers over the years, give the name of the current (or last)
publisher
If more than one publisher is found in a journal, use the first one given or the one
set in the largest type or set in bold
An alternative is to use the publisher likely to be most familiar to the audience of
the reference list, such as an American publisher for a US audience and a London
publisher for a British one
104 Citing Medicine
Do not list multiple publishers. For journals with joint or co-publishers, use the
name provided first as the publisher. Include the name of the other publisher(s) as a
note, if desired.
Example:
Journal of Natural Products. Cincinnati (OH): American Society of
Pharmacognosy. Vol. 42, Jan-Feb 1979 - . Continues: Lloydia. Jointly
published by the Lloyd Library and Museum.
Box 83. Joint publication.

For those journals with joint or co-publishers, use the name provided first as
publisher, in order of precedence: on the title page of the issue, on the issue cover,
and on the masthead
Include the name of the other publisher(s) as a note, if desired
Journal of Natural Products. Cincinnati (OH): American Society of
Pharmacognosy. Vol. 42, Jan-Feb 1979 - . Continues: Lloydia. Jointly
published by the Lloyd Library and Museum.
Do not list multiple publishers
Box 84. No publisher can be found.

If no publisher can be determined, use [publisher unknown]
Acta Therapeutica. Brussels: [publisher unknown]. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1975 - Vol.
23, No. 1-2, 1997.
Examples for Publisher

15. Journal title with well-known publisher
16. Journal title with government agency or national or international organization as
publisher
17. Journal title publisher with subsidiary part
18. Journal title with unknown publisher
Journals 105
Volume Number for Entire Journal Titles (required)

Precede the number with "Vol.", regardless of the particular word for volume used
by the journal
Use arabic numbers only. For example: convert LX or Sixtieth to 60.
Separate multiple volumes by a hyphen. For example: 5-6 or 42-43.
Follow volume number(s) with a comma

No volume number can be found

Use only the English word for volume and abbreviate it to "Vol."
ek
Box 86. No volume number can be found.

If no volume number can be found, follow the publisher with the issue number
Sexual Health Exchange. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Royal Tropical Institute.
No. 1, 1998 - .
If no volume number or issue number is found, follow the publisher with the
beginning year of publication. Precede the year with the name and day of the
month or season, if provided.
Clinical Transplants. Los Angeles: UCLA Tissue Typing Laboratory. 1986 - .
Harvard AIDS Review. Cambridge (MA): Harvard AIDS Institute. Fall 1995 -
Winter 2001.
106 Citing Medicine

20. Journal title with volume and issue number
21. Journal title with volume, but no issue number
22. Journal title with issue number, but no volume
23. Journal title without volume or issue number
24. Journal title published in more than one series
Issue Number for Entire Journal Titles (required)

Precede the issue number with "No.", regardless of the particular word for issue
used by the journal
Use arabic numbers only. For example: convert IV or Fourth to 4.
Separate multiple issues by a hyphen, such as 2-3
Follow issue information with a comma

No volume number can be found
No issue number can be found
Options for issues

Use only "number", the English word for issue, and abbreviate it to "No."
Box 88. No volume number can be found.

If no volume number is present, follow the publisher with the issue number
Sexual Health Exchange. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Royal Tropical Institute.
No. 1, 1998 - .
Journals 107
If no volume number or issue number is present, follow the publisher with the
Winter 2001.
Box 89. No issue number can be found.

If no issue number is present but a volume number can be found, follow the
publisher with the volume number and beginning date
Annual Review of Nursing Research. New York: Springer. Vol. 1, 1983 - .
Winter 2001.

It is not NLM policy, but the following is an acceptable option:
If a journal began publishing with volume one, number one, you may omit the issue
number
Cancer Molecular Biology: CMB. Cairo: Ain Shams Faculty of Medicine,
Oncology Diagnostic Unit. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1994 - .
or
Oncology Diagnostic Unit. Vol. 1, Jan-Feb 1994 - .

108 Citing Medicine
Date of Publication for Entire Journal Titles (required)

Include the month and year the journal began to be published, in that order, such as
May 2004
Convert roman numerals to arabic numbers. For example: MM to 2000.
Use English names for months and abbreviate them to the first three letters, such as
Jan
End beginning date information with a hyphen, three spaces, and a period if the
journal is still being published
End beginning date information with a space, a hyphen and a space if the journal
ceased publication. Enter closing volume and issue information followed by a
comma (see above) and the closing date. End closing date information with a
period.

Options for dates

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
Example:
Nursing Forum. Philadelphia: Nursecom Inc. Vol. 1, Winter 1961-1962 - .
If months and days of the month are given, place them before the year. Use English
Oct 1999
Mar 1, 2002
Jan 1, 2005-Feb 31, 2005

Journals 109
Example:
Hospital Practice (Office Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill. Vol. 16, No. 1, Jan
1981 - Vol. 36, No. 9, Sep 15, 2001.
hyphen
Mar-Apr 2005
Dec 1999-Jan 2000
Feb 1-7, 2005
Jan 25-31, 2001
Examples:
Oncology Diagnostic Unit. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1994 - .
The American Journal of Anesthesiology. Chatham (NJ): Quadrant
Healthcom. Vol. 22, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1995 - Vol. 28, No. 9, Nov-Dec 2001.
Separate multiple seasons by a hyphen, as Spring-Summer. Capitalize names of
seasons; do not abbreviate them.
Examples:
Advanced Practice Nurse: APN. Encino (CA): Petersons/Cog Publishing
Group. Spring-Summer 1994 - Fall-Winter 1995.
The ACA Journal. Towson (MD): American Council on Alcoholism. Vol. 1,
No. 1, Spring 1987 - Fall-Winter 1990.

Abbreviate them using the first three letters
Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
110 Citing Medicine

Capitalize them
Examples:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring
Advanced Practice Nurse: APN. Encino (CA): Petersons/Cog Publishing
Group. Spring-Summer 1994 - Fall-Winter 1995.

It is not NLM policy, but the following are acceptable options:
If both volume and issue numbers are present, you may omit the name of the
months or seasons.
American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology.
Bethesda (MD): American Physiological Society. Vol. 1, No. 1, Aug 1989 - .
or
Bethesda (MD): American Physiological Society. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1989 - .
Clinics in Communication Disorders. Woburn (MA): Butterworth-
Heinemann. Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring 1991 - Vol. 4, No. 4, Fall 1994.
or
Clinics in Communication Disorders. Woburn (MA): Butterworth-
Heinemann. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1991 - Vol. 4, No. 4, 1994.

25. Journal title with multiple month(s) in date
26. Journal title with days of the month included in date
Journals 111
27. Journal title with season in date

28. Journal title with multiple seasons in date
29. Journal title with multiple years in beginning or ending dates of publication
Physical Description for Entire Journal Titles (optional)

Enter the medium on which the journal title is issued, in plural form, if a journal is
published in a microform
Follow the medium by a colon and a space, such as Microfiche:
Give information on the physical characteristics of the medium, such as color and
size


If a journal is published on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:
Begin with the name of the type of microform, in plural form, followed by a colon
and a space
Microfiche:
Microfilm:
Microcards:
Enter information on the physical characteristics, such as color and size. Abbreviate
common words for measurement, such as in. for inches and mm. for millimeters.
Separate types of information by commas.
color
black & white
positive
negative
112 Citing Medicine
35 mm. (a standard microfilm size)

Microfiche: color, positive, 4 x 6 in.
Microcards: black & white, 3 x 5 in.
Microfilm: black & white, negative, 35 mm.

Language for Entire Journal Titles (required)

Give the language of publication if not English


If a journal is published in multiple languages:
Give the title in the first language found, in order of precedence: on the title
page of the issue, on the issue cover, or on the masthead
List all languages of publication after the date(s) of publication (and Physical
Description if provided)
Separate the languages by commas
Example:
Acta Dermato-Venereologica. Oslo (Norway): Scandinavian University
Press. Vol. 1, 1920 - . English, French, German.
Journals 113
If a journal is published in two or more equal languages, as often occurs with

Canadian journals:
Begin with the title in the language appearing first, in order of precedence: on
the title page of the issue, on the issue cover, or on the masthead
Place an equals sign with a space on either side between each title
List all languages of publication after the date(s) of publication (and Physical
Description if provided)
Separated the languages by commas
Example:
Canadian Family Physician = Medecin de Famille Canadien.
Mississauga (ON): College of Family Physicians of Canada. Vol. 13, No.
7, Jul 1967 - . English, French.

Notes for Entire Journal Titles (optional)

Notes is a collective term for further useful information about the journal
If the journal was previously published under another title, provide the name
preceded by "Continues: ", such as Continues: Immunochemistry.
If the journal continues to be published under another title, provide the name
preceded by "Continued by: ", such as Continued by: Molecular Immunology.

114 Citing Medicine

The name under which a journal was previously published. Begin with Continues:
Molecular Immunology. Oxford (UK): Pergamon Press. Vol. 16, 1979 - .
Continues: Immunochemistry.
The name under which a journal continues to be published. Begin with Continued
by:
Immunochemistry. Oxford (UK): Pergamon Press. Vol. 1, 1964 - Vol. 15, 1978.
Continued by: Molecular Immunology.
If a print journal is also available as an Internet version, the address where it may be
found
Bethesda (MD): American Physiological Society. Vol. 1, No. 1, Aug 1989 - .
Also available on the Internet: http://ajplung.physiology.org/.
The sponsorship of the journal if the sponsor is not also the publisher
The Journal of Infection. Kent (UK): W.B. Saunders. Vol. 1, Mar 1979 - .
Sponsored by the British Society for the Study of Infection.
Frequency of publication of the journal
Immunology. Oxford (England): Blackwell Scientific Publications. Vol. 1, Jan
1958 - . Monthly.
The International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) of the journal
Applied Physics Letters. College Park (MD): American Institute of Physics.
Vol. 1, Sep 1962 - . ISSN: 0003-6951.
If the journal is an unusual one, the name of a library or other archive where it may
be found. Begin with the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space
Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften.
Husum (Germany): Matthieson Verlag. Vol. 1, 1934 - . German. Located at:
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W1 AB797.
If the journal is usually accompanied by a CD-ROM, videocassette, or other
additional medium, provide this information preceded by the words "Accompanied
by: "
Alzheimers Disease. London: Current Drugs. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1996 - .
Accompanied by: CD-ROMs.
Journals 115
Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. New

York: Wiley-Liss. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1986 - . Accompanied by: Videocassette
supplements.
Any other information that would be useful
Acta Medica Nagasakiensia. Nagasaki (Japan): Nagasami Daigaku Igakubu.
Vol. 1, 1939 - . Publication suspended 1944-59.
Doklady Biological Sciences: Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the
USSR, Biological Sciences Sections. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum
Publishers. Vol. 154, No.1-6, Jan-Feb 1964 - . English translation from the
Russian of articles on biology from Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR and
Doklady Akademii Nauk.
Examples for Notes

30. Journal title previously published under another name
31. Journal title continuing to be published under another name
32. Journal title both previously published and continuing to be published under
another name
33. Journal title with note on Internet availability
34. Journal title with sponsorship note
35. Journal title with frequency of publication note
36. Journal title with ISSN note
37. Journal title with note on a library where it may be located
38. Journal title with distributor note
40. Journal title accompanied by a CD-ROM, videocassette, etc.
41. Journal title with examples of other notes
Examples of Citations to Entire Journal Titles

1. Standard journal title that is still being published
Advances in Applied Microbiology. San Diego: Academic Press. Vol. 1, 1959 - .
Nature. Basingstoke (UK): Nature Publishing Group. Vol. 1, 1869 - .
116 Citing Medicine
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier. Vol. 1, 1947 - .
2. Standard journal title that has ceased publication

Clinics in Endocrinology and Metabolism. London: W.B. Saunders. Vol. 1, Mar 1972 -
Vol. 15, No. 4, Nov 1986.
The American Journal of Anesthesiology. Chatham (NJ): Quadrant Healthcom. Vol. 22,
No. 1, Jan-Feb 1995 - Vol. 28, No. 9, Nov-Dec 2001.
Jahrbuch fur Geschichte von Staat, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Lateinamerikas. Cologne
(Germany): Bohlau. Vol. 1, 1964 - Vol. 34, 1997. German.
3. Journal title with subtitle

Blood Purification: Official Journal of the International Society of Blood Purification
(ISBP), Vascular Access Society (VAS), Japanese Society of Hemodiafiltration (JS-HDF).
Basel (Switzerland): S. Karger AG. Vol. 1, 1983 - .
Heart & Lung: the Journal of Critical Care. St. Louis (MO): Mosby. Vol. 1, Jan-Feb 1972 -
.
Nitric Oxide: Biology and Chemistry. Official Journal of the Nitric Oxide Society. Orlando
(FL): Academic Press. Vol. 1, No. 1, Feb 1997 - .

BMJ (Clinical Research Edition). London: British Medical Association. Vol. 297, No. 6640,
Jul 2, 1988 - .
Hospital Practice (Office Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill. Vol. 16, No. 1, Jan 1981 - Vol.
36, No. 9, Sep 15, 2001.
Indice de Especialidades Farmaceuticas Intercon (Edicion para Farmacias). Madrid:
Noticias Medicas. Vol. 12, Jan-Feb 1970 - . Spanish.
5. Journal title published in parts

American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part C, Seminars in Medical Genetics. Hoboken
(NJ): Wiley-Liss. Vol. 117C, No. 1, Feb 15, 2003 - .
The Anatomical Record. Part A, Discoveries in Molecular, Cellular, and Evolutionary
Biology. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley-Liss. Vol. 270A, No. 1, Jan 2003 - .
Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance. Washington:
American Psychological Association. Vol. 1, Feb 1975 - .
Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. Larchmont (NY):
Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. Vol. 7, No. 1, Feb 1997 - .
Journals 117
Acta Crystallographica. Section A, Foundations of Crystallography. Copenhagen:

Munksgaard. Vol. A39, Pt. 1, Jan 1, 1983 - .

Tidsskrift for Den norske laegeforening. Oslo (Norway): Norske Laegeforening. Vol. 10,
Jan 1980 - . Norwegian.
Orvosi Hetilap. Budapest (Hungary): Ifjusagi Lapkiado Vallalat. Vol. 1, 1857 - .
Hungarian.
Annali di Igiene: Medicina Preventiva e di Comunita. Rome: Societa Editrice Universo.
Vol. 1, No. 1-2, Jan-Apr 1989 - . Italian.
Hinyokika Kiyo. Kyoto (Japan): Editorial Board of Acta Urologica Japonica. Vol. 1, 1955 -
. Japanese.

Archives des Maladies du Coeur et des Vaisseaux [Archives of Diseases of the Heart and
Vessels]. Paris: Bailliere. Vol. 30, No. 4, Apr 1937 - . French.

Canadian Family Physician = Medecin de Famille Canadien. Mississauga (ON): College
of Family Physicians of Canada. Vol. 13, No. 7, Jul 1967 - . English, French.

Acta Dermato-Venereologica. Oslo (Norway): Scandinavian University Press. Vol. 1, 1920
- . English, French, German.
Medicina Interna: Revista da Sociedade Portuguesa de Medicina Interna. Lisbon:
Imprensa Medica. Vol. 1, No. 1, Apr-Jun 1994 - . Portuguese, English, French, Spanish.
10. Journal title with editor included

Folia Primatologica: International Journal of Primatology. R.H. Crompton, editor. Basel
(Switzerland): S. Karger AG. Vol. 1, 1963 - .
11. Journal title with well-known place of publication

Advances in Health Sciences Education: Theory and Practice. Boston: Kluwer Academic
Publishers. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1996 - .
Research in Veterinary Science. London: British Veterinary Association. Vol. 1, Jan 1960 -
.
118 Citing Medicine
12. Journal title with lesser-known place of publication

Biological Research for Nursing. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage Publications, Inc. Vol. 1, No.
1, Jul 1999 - .
13. Journal title with place of publication inferred

ACOG Technology Assessment in Obstetrics and Gynecology. [Washington]: American
College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. No. 1, 2002 - .
14. Journal title with unknown place of publication

Acta Radiologica: Therapy, Physics, Biology. [place unknown]: Societies of Medical
Radiology in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Vol. 1, 1963 - Vol. 16, 1977.
15. Journal title with well-known publisher

The Quarterly Review of Biology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Vol. 1, Jan 1926 -
.
Head & Neck. New York: Wiley. Vol. 11, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1989 - .
16. Journal title with government agency or national or international

organization as publisher
MMWR. CDC Surveillance Summaries. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (US). Vol. 32, No. 3SS, Aug 1983 - Vol. 50, No. SS-5, Dec 7, 2001.
Addictions Newsletter. Wellington (New Zealand): National Society on Alcoholism and
Drug Dependence (NZ). Vol. 1, No. 1, 1984 - .
17. Journal title publisher with subsidiary part

Cancer Molecular Biology: CMB. Cairo: Ain Shams Faculty of Medicine, Oncology
Diagnostic Unit. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1994 - .
MMWR. Surveillance Summaries. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(US), Epidemiology Program Office. Vol. 51, No. SS-1, Mar 29, 2002 - .
18. Journal title with unknown publisher

Acta Therapeutica. Brussels: [publisher unknown]. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1975 - Vol. 23, No. 1-2,
1997.

Al-Azhar Medical Journal. [place unknown: publisher unknown]. Vol. 1, 1972 - Vol. 31,
2002.
Journals 119

Clinical Lymphoma. Dallas (TX): Cancer Information Group. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jun 2000 - .

Annual Review of Nursing Research. New York: Springer. Vol. 1, 1983 - .

Sexual Health Exchange. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Royal Tropical Institute. No. 1, 1998 -
.
Latin American Population History Bulletin. Minneapolis (MN): University of
Minnesota, Department of History. No. 16, Fall 1989 - .

Harvard AIDS Review. Cambridge (MA): Harvard AIDS Institute. Fall 1995 - Winter
2001.
Nordisk Medicinhistorisk Arsbok. Stockholm (Sweden): Museum of Medical History,
Stockholm. 1968 - 1996.
24. Journal title published in more than one series

The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. Hagerstown (MD): Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins. Vol. 1, Nov 1827 - Vol. 26, Aug 1840; NS Vol. 1, Jan 1841 - .
Medicina nei Secoli. Rome: University of Rome, Institute for the History of Medicine. Vol.
1, 1964 - Vol. 21, 1984; NS Vol. 1, 1989 - . English, French, German, Italian, Spanish.
25. Journal title with multiple month(s) in date

Clinical Nephrology. Munich (Germany): Dustri-Verlag Dr Karl Feistle. Vol. 1, Jan-Feb
1973 - .
Advances in Anatomic Pathology. Hagerstown (MD): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Vol.
1, Jul-Aug 1994 - .
26. Journal title with days of the month included in date

British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition). London: British Medical Association.
Vol. 282, No. 6257, Jan 3, 1981 - Vol. 296, No. 6639, Jun 25, 1988.
120 Citing Medicine
27. Journal title with season in date

Journal of Gerontological Social Work. Binghamton (NY): Haworth Press. Vol. 1, Fall
1978 - .
Clinics in Communication Disorders. Woburn (MA): Butterworth-Heinemann. Vol. 1,
No. 1, Spring 1991 - Vol. 4, No. 4, Fall 1994.
28. Journal title with multiple seasons in date

The ACA Journal. Towson (MD): American Council on Alcoholism. Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring
1987 - Fall-Winter 1990.
Advanced Practice Nurse: APN. Encino (CA): Petersons/Cog Publishing Group. Spring-
Summer 1994 - Fall-Winter 1995.
29. Journal title with multiple years in beginning or ending dates of

publication
Nursing Forum. Philadelphia: Nursecom Inc. Vol. 1, Winter 1961-1962 - .
The Journal of the Australasian College of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine.
Beaumaris (Australia): ACNEM. Vol. 15, No. 2, Dec 1996-May 1997 - Vol. 16, No. 1, Dec
1997. Continues: Journal of the Australian College of Nutritional and Environmental
Medicine. Continued by: ACNEM Journal.
30. Journal title previously published under another name

Molecular Immunology. Oxford (UK): Pergamon Press. Vol. 16, 1979 - . Continues:
Immunochemistry.
The Journal of Immunology: Official Journal of the American Association of
Immunologists. Baltimore (MD): American Association of Immunologists. Vol. 64, No. 1,
Jan 1950 - . Continues: Journal of Immunology, Virus Research and Experimental
Chemotherapy.
Revue de Tuberculose et de Pneumologie. Paris: Masson. Vol. 23, Jan 1959 - Vol. 36, Dec
1972. French. Continues: Revue de la Tuberculose.
Advances in Anatomy, Embryology, and Cell Biology. Berlin: Springer Verlag. Vol. 47,
1973 - . Continues: Ergebnisse der Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte.
31. Journal title continuing to be published under another name

Immunochemistry. Oxford (UK): Pergamon Press. Vol. 1, Apr 1964 - Vol. 15, Dec 1978.
Continued by: Molecular Immunology.
Journals 121
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, and Oral Pathology. St. Louis (MO): Mosby-Year Book. Vol.
1, No. 1, Jan 1948 - Vol. 78, No. 6, Dec 1994. Continued by: Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine,
Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontology.
32. Journal title both previously published and continuing to be

published under another name
Nursing & Health Care: Official Publication of the National League for Nursing. New
York: National League for Nursing. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jul-Aug 1980 - Vol. 15, No. 10, Dec 1994.
Continues: NLN News. Continued by: N & HC Perspectives on Community.
Revista de Sanidad e Higiene Publica. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. Vol. 7,
Jan 1932 - Vol. 69, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1995. Spanish, English. Continues: Boletin Tecnico.
Continued by: Revista Espanola de Salud Publica.
33. Journal title with note on Internet availability

American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology. Bethesda
(MD): American Physiological Society. Vol. 1, No. 1, Aug 1989 - . Also available on the
Internet: http://ajplung.physiology.org/.
34. Journal title with sponsorship note

The Journal of Infection. Kent (UK): W.B. Saunders. Vol. 1, Mar 1979 - . Sponsored by
the British Society for the Study of Infection.
Revue des Maladies Respiratoires. Paris: Masson. Vol. 1, 1984 - . French. Continues:
Revue Francaise des Maladies Respiratoires. Sponsored by the Societe de Pneumologie de
Langue Francaise.
35. Journal title with frequency of publication note

Nursing History Review: Official Journal of the American Association for the History of
Nursing. New York: Springer Publishing. Vol. 1, 1993 - . Annual.
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders
Co. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jul 1992 - . Quarterly.
36. Journal title with ISSN note

Chronic Respiratory Disease. London: Hodder Arnold Journals. Vol. 1, 2004 - . ISSN:
1479-9723.
37. Journal title with note on a library where it may be located

European Journal of Cardio-thoracic Surgery: Official Journal of the European
Association for Cardio-thoracic Surgery. Oxford (UK): Elsevier Science. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jul
1987 - . Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W1 EU72BF.
122 Citing Medicine
38. Journal title with distributor note

FDA Consumer. Rockville (MD): Food and Drug Administration (US). Vol. 6, No. 6, Jul-
Aug 1972 - . Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; HE
20.4010. Continues: FDA Papers.

Bioimaging [microfiche]. Bristol (UK): Institute of Physics Publishing. Vol. 1, No. 1, Mar
1993 - Vol. 6, No. 4, Dec 1998. Microfiche: negative, 4 x 6 in.
Journal of Chemical Research [microfiche]. St Albans (UK): Science Reviews Ltd. Vol.
2000, No. 1, Jan 1, 2000 - .
40. Journal title accompanied by a CD-ROM, videocassette, etc

Alzheimers Disease. London: Current Drugs. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1996 - . Accompanied by:
CD-ROMs.
Movement Disorders: Official Journal of the Movement Disorder Society. New York:
Wiley-Liss. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1986 - . Accompanied by: Videocassette supplements.
British Journal of Sports Medicine. London: BMJ Publishing Group. Vol. 4, 1969 - .
Recent articles accompanied by videos available on the Internet via http://
bjsm.bmjjournals.com/.
41. Journal title with examples of other notes

Journal of Morphology. New York: Wiley-Liss. Vol. 1, Jun 1887 - Vol. 38, Jun 1924; Vol. 52,
No. 2, 1931 - . Issued Sep 1924 - Sep 1931 with title: Journal of Morphology and
Physiology.
Doklady Biological Sciences: Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR,
Biological Sciences Sections. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Vol. 154,
No.1-6, Jan-Feb 1964 - . English translation from the Russian of articles on biology from
Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR and Doklady Akademii Nauk.
Acta Psychologica. Amsterdam (Netherlands): North Holland Publishing. Vol. 1, 1935 - .
Publication suspended 1942-48.
123
Chapter 2. Books
A. Entire Books
Examples
B. Individual Volumes of Books
(1) Individual Volumes With a Separate Title but Without Separate Authors/Editors
Examples
(2) Individual Volumes With a Separate Title and Separate Authors/Editors
Examples
C. Parts of Books
Examples
D. Contributions to Books
Examples
See also:
Chapter 11B Forthcoming Books
Chapter 15 Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats
Chapter 18 Books and Other Individual Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk
Chapter 22 Books and Other Individual Titles on the Internet
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Entire Books

The general format for a reference to a book, including punctuation:
124 Citing Medicine
Examples of Citations to Entire Books

A book is a publication that is complete in one volume or a limited number of volumes;
books are therefore often called monographs. Textbooks, technical reports, conference
proceedings, master's theses and dissertations, bibliographies, and patents are all
examples of monographs. This chapter focuses on the standard book and textbook.
Because technical reports and other specific types of monographs have additional special
features, they are treated in their own chapters.
References to books in print or in microform (microfilm, microfiche) are included in this
chapter. For references to books in audiovisual format, see Chapter 15; in electronic form,
see Chapter 18 and Chapter 22.
The chief source for information about a book is its title page. The back of the title page,
called the verso or copyright page, and the cover of the book are additional sources of
authoritative information not found on the title page.
Note that the rules for creating references to books are not the same as the rules for
cataloging books. Therefore records found in the NLM LocatorPlus and the NLM Catalog
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Books.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Entire Books.
Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Books

it is optional.
Author/Editor (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Content Type (O) | Type of
Medium (R) | Edition (R) | Editor and other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication
(R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Pagination (O) | Physical Description (O) |
Series (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Books 125
Author/Editor for Entire Books (required)

General Rules for Author/Editor
Enter surname (family or last name) first for each author/editor
Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials for a maximum of two
Give all authors/editors, regardless of the number
Separate author/editor names from each other by a comma and a space
If there are no authors, only editors, follow the last named editor with a comma and
the word editor or editors; see Editor and Other Secondary Authors below if there
are authors and editors
End author/editor information with a period
Specific Rules for Author/Editor

Other surname rules
Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III
Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or
character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)
Non-English words for editor
Organizations as author/editor

Keep hyphens in surnames
James O. L'Esperance becomes L'Esperance JO
126 Citing Medicine


[If you cannot determine from the title page whether a surname is compound
or a combination of a middle name and a surname, look at the back of the title
page (the copyright page) or elsewhere in the text for clarification. For
example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott
Parker E.]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
Books 127
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Use only the first letter of given names and middle names if they contain a prefix, a
preposition, or another particle
capitalize only the first letter if the original initial is represented by more than one
letter

Omit degrees, titles, and honors such as M.D. following a personal name
128 Citing Medicine
Kristine Schmidt, Ph.D. becomes Schmidt K

Omit rank and honors such as Colonel or Sir that precede a name
Dr. Jane Eberhard becomes Eberhard J
Captain R.C. Williams becomes Williams RC

Examples:

Capitalize only the first letter of romanized names if the original initial is
Books 129
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Box 7. Non-English words for editor.

Translate the word found for editor into English. However, the wording found on
the publication may always be used.
French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore

130 Citing Medicine

Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor
Box 8. Organizations as author/editor.

An organization such as a university, society, association, corporation, or government
body may serve as an author or editor.
If a division or another part of an organization is included in the publication, give
the parts of the name in descending hierarchical order, separated by commas
a book as authors, use the names of the individuals as the author. Give the
organization at the end of the reference as a note, if desired.
Books 131
Stahl PH, Wermuth CG, editors. Handbook of pharmaceutical salts:

properties, selection, and use. New York: Wiley-VCH; c2002. 374 p. Prepared
for the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
For names of organizations not in English:
appear in the publication. Follow a non-English name with a translation
when possible. Place all translations in square brackets.
romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables. Follow a non-English
name with a translation when possible. Place all translations in square
brackets.
or
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
132 Citing Medicine
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

the same rules as used for author names, but end the list of names with a comma
and the specific role, that is, editor or translator.
translators are given, begin the reference with the title of the book. Do not use
anonymous.
Handbook of geriatric drug therapy. Springhouse (PA): Springhouse; c2000.
1000 p.

The following formats are not NLM practice for citing authors, but are acceptable options.
names by a semicolon and a space.
Books 133

number, such as the first three authors. Follow the last named author by a comma
and "et al." or "and others."
Adler DG, Baron TH, Davila RE, and others.
Examples for Author/Editor

1. Standard book with initials for authors
2. Book authors with optional full first names given
3. Book with many authors (list all)
4. Book with optional limit to the first three authors
5. Book with author/editor name having designations of rank in a family
6. Book authors/editors with particles, prefixes, or prepositions in their names
7. Book authors/editors with compound last names having a hyphen
8. Book authors/editors with compound last names without a hyphen
9. Book with editors or translators when there is no author
10. Book with author(s) and editor(s)/translator(s)/illustrator(s)
11. Book with organization as author/editor
12. Book with organization as author and subsidiary department/division named
13. Book with organization as author which is also the publisher
14. Book with organization as author and an editor(s)
15. Book with organization as author/editor including a translation
16. Book with multiple organizations as authors
17. Book with no authors or editors
Author Affiliation for Entire Books (optional)

134 Citing Medicine
Use commas to separate parts of the address

Place the address in parentheses, such as (Department of Psychology, University of
Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA)
Follow the affiliation with a comma placed outside the closing parenthesis, unless
the affiliation is for the last author, then use a period

Organizational names for affiliations not in English

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
Books 135

a space
Example:
Box 13. Organizational names for affiliations not in English.

and the country name or ISO country code (see Appendix D) if non-US. Place the
affiliation in parentheses.
Provide the name in the original language for non-English organization names
found in the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French,
German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)
Spain).
Marubini E (Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria, Universita degli Studi di
Milano, Milan, Italy), Rebora P, Reina G.
Barbulescu M (Clinica Chirurgicala, Spitalul Clinic Coltea, Bucarest,
Romania), Burcos T, Ungureanu CD, Zodieru-Popa I.
136 Citing Medicine

Kubo A, Ishida T.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Use the English form for names of cities and countries if possible. However, the
Books 137

Wien becomes Vienna

18. Book with author affiliation included
Title for Entire Books (required)

Enter the title of a book as it appears in the original document, in the original
language
and initialisms
Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless another
already present
Follow non-English titles with a translation whenever possible; place the translation
in square brackets
it or a Content Type or Type of Medium follows it (see below), then end with a
space

Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character
Titles not in English
Titles in more than one language
Titles ending in punctuation other than a period
No title can be found
Box 15. Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special
character.
Capitalize the first word of a book title unless the title begins with a Greek letter,
capitalized
138 Citing Medicine
1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin: health-based reassessment of

administrative occupational exposure limits. The Hague: Health Council of
the Netherlands; 2002.
Ruggeri ZM, editor. von Willebrand factor and the mechanisms of platelet
function. New York: Springer; c1998. 257 p.
becomes omega.
Huang YS, Ziboh VA, editors. -linolenic acid: recent advances in
biotechnology and clinical applications. Champaign (IL): AOCS Press; 2001.
259 p.
may become
Huang YS, Ziboh VA, editors. Gamma-linolenic acid: recent advances in
biotechnology and clinical applications. Champaign (IL): AOCS Press; 2001.
259 p.
Juaristi E, Soloshonok VA. Enantioselective synthesis of -amino acids. 2nd
ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; c2005. 634 p.
may become
Juaristi E, Soloshonok VA. Enantioselective synthesis of beta-amino acids. 2nd
ed. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; c2005. 634 p.
If a title contains superscripts or subscripts that cannot be reproduced with the type
fonts available, place the superscript or subscript in parentheses
Schmidt KH, Manheim J. TiO2 nanoparticles. Weinheim (Germany): VCH
Verlag GmbH & Co.; 2005. 278 p.
may become
Schmidt KH, Manheim J. TiO(2) nanoparticles. Weinheim (Germany): VCH
Verlag GmbH & Co.; 2005. 278 p.
Box 16. Titles not in English.

Provide the title in the original language for non-English titles in the roman
alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian,
Swedish, etc.)
Books 139
Ochoa S. Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico. Madrid:

Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas; 2000. 219 p. Spanish.
Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) titles in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or
Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
Tsimmerman IaS. Diagnostika i kompleksnoe lechenie osnovnykh
gastroenterologicheskikh zabolevanii: klinicheskie ocherki. Perm (Russia):
Permskaia Gosudarstvenennaia Meditsinskaia Akademiia; 2003. 286 p.
Russian.
Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). Place
translated titles in square brackets.
Katsunori K. Anrakushi to keiho. Tokyo: Seibundo; 2003. 198 p. Japanese.
or
Katsunori K. [Euthanasia and criminal law]. Tokyo: Seibundo; 2003. 198 p.
Japanese.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
140 Citing Medicine
treated as oe
acronyms, and initialisms unless the conventions of a particular language require
other capitalization
Philbert-Hasucha S. Pflegekompendium: Wirkstoffe, Materialien, Techniken.
Heidelberg: Springer Medizin; c2006. 402 p. German.
Ochoa S. Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico [Molecular
basis of gene expression]. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones
Cientificas; 2000. 219 p. Spanish.
Philbert-Hasucha S. Pflegekompendium: Wirkstoffe, Materialien, Techniken
[Care compendium: principles, materials, techniques]. Heidelberg: Springer
Medizin; c2006. 402 p. German.
gastroenterologicheskikh zabolevanii: klinicheskie ocherki [Diagnosis and
complex treatment of basic gastrointestinal diseases: clinical studies]. Perm
(Russia): Permskaia Gosudarstvenennaia Meditsinskaia Akademiia; 2003. 286
p. Russian.
Katsunori K. Anrakushi to keiho [Euthanasia and criminal law]. Tokyo:
Seibundo; 2003. 198 p. Japanese.
Box 17. Titles in more than one language.

If a book title is written in several languages:
Give the title in the first language found on the title page
List all languages of publication after the pagination (or Physical Description,
if provided)
Example:
Books 141
Puig-Samper MA, Ruiz R, Galera Andres, editors. Evolucionismo y

cultura: darwinismo en Europa e Iberoamerica. Aranjuez (Spain):
Ediciones Doce Calles; 2002. 407 p. Spanish, English, French,
Portuguese.
If a book is published with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in
Canadian publications:
Give all titles in the order they are given on the title page
List all languages, separated by commas, after the pagination (or Physical
Description, if provided)
Example:
Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier. Le genome: avancees
scientifiques et therapeutiques et consequences sociales = The genome:
scientific and therapeutic developments and social consequences. Paris:
Elsevier; c2002. 271 p. French, English.
Box 18. Titles ending in punctuation other than a period.

Most titles end in a period. When a translation of a book title is provided, place it in
square brackets after the original language or romanized title. End with the period
If a translated title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation.
Place it in the square brackets and end title information with a period.
Lasanta PJ. La eutanasia: es buena muerte? [Euthanasia: is it a good death?].
Logrono (Spain): Editorial Horizonte; 2006. 208 p. Spanish.
Box 19. No title can be found.

Occasionally a publication does not appear to have any title; the book or other short
document simply begins with the text. In this circumstance:
142 Citing Medicine
Construct a title from the first few words of the text

Use enough words to make the constructed title meaningful
Place the constructed title in square brackets
Examples for Title

19. Book title in a language other than English
20. Book published with equal text in two languages
21. Book with text in multiple languages
22. Book title with special characters
Content Type for Entire Books (optional)

General Rules for Content Type
A content type alerts the user that the reference is not to a standard book but to a
dissertation, master's thesis, or bibliography
Place [dissertation], [master's thesis], or [bibliography] after the book title
Follow the bracketed content type with a period unless the book is in a non-print
medium (see Type of Medium below)
See Chapter 5 Dissertations and Theses and Chapter 6 Bibliographies for more
detail
Specific Rules for Content Type


Most book titles end in a period. Place [dissertation], [master's thesis], or
[bibliography] inside the period.
Kennaway JG. Musical pathology in the nineteenth century: Richard Wagner
and degeneration [dissertation]. Los Angeles: University of California, Los
Angeles; 2004. 317 p.
If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow
[dissertation], [master's thesis], or [bibliography] with a period
Stewart EP. Who shall decide when doctors disagree? [dissertation].
[Washington]: American University; 2003. 368 p.
Books 143

If a translation of a title is provided, place it in square brackets following the
original language or romanized title
If a book is a dissertation, master's thesis, or bibliography, place [dissertation],
[master's thesis], or [bibliography] after the square brackets for the translation
Cisse A. Connaissances et comportements sexuels des jeunes de 15-29 ans sur
les M.T.S. et le SIDA a Bamako [Sexual knowledge and behavior of young
people 15-29 years of age concerning sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and
AIDS in Bamako] [master's thesis]. [Quebec (QC)]: Laval University; 1993. 69
p. French.
Examples for Content Type

23. Book with content type added
Type of Medium for Entire Books (required)

following the title (and Content Type, if present) when a book is published in a
microform
Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period outside the
closing bracket, such as [microfiche].
Description below
See Chapter 15 for books in audiovisual formats, Chapter 18 for books on CD-
ROM, DVD, or disk, and Chapter 22 for Internet books

Both a content type and a type of medium
144 Citing Medicine
Box 22. Both a content type and a type of medium.

If a dissertation, master's thesis, or bibliography is in a microform, give the specific
type of microform after the content type preceded by "on".
Brill S. Hygieia: health and medicine in Plato's Republic [dissertation on
microfilm]. [College Park (PA)]: The Pennsylvania State University; 2004. 311
p.
Johnston PG. A survey of nursing school libraries in the city of Philadelphia
[master's thesis on microcard]. Philadelphia: Drexel Institute of Technology;
1955. 55 p.

Most titles of books end in a period. Place [microfiche], [microfilm], or [microcard]
inside the period.
Pennell S, editor. Women and medicine: remedy books, 1533-1865, from the
Wellcome Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine, London
[microfilm]. London: Wellcome Library for the History and Understanding of
Medicine; c2004. 35 reels: black & white, negative, 35 mm.
[microfiche], [microfilm], or [microcard] with a period
Barber RM. What shall I eat? [microfilm]. Hokinson HE, illustrator. New
York: Macmillan Co.; 1933. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm.

If a translation of a title is provided, place the translation in square brackets after
the original language or romanized title
If a book title is in a microform (microfiche, microfile, microcard, etc.), place the
specific name of the microform in square brackets following the translation
Jousset TA. Etude et traitment de la meningite tuberculeuse [Study and
treatment of meningeal tuberculosis] [microfilm]. Paris: Masson; 1933. 152 p.
1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm.
Books 145

24. Book in a microform with type of medium given
Edition for Entire Books (required)

Indicate the edition/version being cited after the title (and Content Type or Type of
Medium if present) when a book is published in more than one edition or version
Abbreviate common words (see Abbreviation rules for editions below)
Capitalize only the first word of the edition statement, proper nouns, and proper
adjectives
Express numbers representing editions in arabic ordinals. For example: second
becomes 2nd and III becomes 3rd.
End the edition statement with a period

Abbreviate common words found in edition statements, if desired:
Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
authorized authoriz.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.
translated

146 Citing Medicine
For additional abbreviations, see ISO 832:1994 - Rules for the abbreviation of
bibliographic terms.
Follow abbreviated words with a period and end all edition information with a
period
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.

First editions

Provide the name in the original language
Abbreviate common words used in edition statements if the language is a
familiar one
Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns unless the particular
language requires capitalization of other words
Deutsch E, Lippert HD, editors. Kommentar zum Arzneimittelgesetz
(AMG). 2, Aufl. Berlin: Springer; 2007. 885 p. German.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
Books 147
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Do not convert numbers or words for numbers to arabic ordinals as is the
practice for English language publications. This assists those unfamiliar with
a language and avoids awkward constructions.
Separate the edition from the title proper by a space
Retain the punctuation used in the edition statement
Follow abbreviated words by a period and end edition information with a
period
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
5. ed. interamente riv. e aggiornata.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
4a ed. rev. e ampliada.
2 ed. ampliada y actualizada.
2., Aufl.
148 Citing Medicine

familiar one
marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked. This rule ignores
Examples: or becomes c
Follow abbreviated words by a period and end all edition information with a
period
Examples:
Izd. 3., perer. i dop.
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
For an edition statement written in a character-based language such as Chinese and
Japanese:
Transliterate or translate the words for edition
Books 149
Examples:
becomes o
becomes u
Separate the edition from the title by a space
End all edition information with a period
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Cai se ban, Xianggang di 1 ban.
Che 6-pàn.
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.

150 Citing Medicine

utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.
Box 27. First editions.

If a book does not carry any statement of edition, assume it is the first or only
edition
Use 1st ed. only when you know that subsequent editions have been published and
you are citing the earlier one

25. Book with an edition
26. Book with an edition in a language other than English
Editor and other Secondary Authors for Entire Books (optional)

General Rules for Editor and other Secondary Authors
A secondary author modifies the work of the author. Examples include editors,
translators, and illustrators.
Place the names of secondary authors after the title, following any Content Type,
Type of Medium, or Edition statement
Use the same rules for the format of names presented in Author/Editor above
Follow the last named editor with a comma and the word editor or editors; the last
named illustrator with a comma and the word illustrator or illustrators, etc.
End secondary author information with a period
If there is no author, move secondary authors such as editors and translators to the
author position in the reference
Specific Rules for Editor and other Secondary Authors

More than one type of secondary author
Secondary author performing more than one role
Books 151
Non-English names for secondary authors

Organization as editor
Box 28. More than one type of secondary author.

A book may have several types of secondary author.
List all of them in the order they are given in the publication
Separate each type of secondary author with the accompanying role by a semicolon
Examples:
Smith BC, editor; Carson HT, illustrator.
Graber AF, Longstreet RG, translators; Johnson CT, Marks C, Huston MA,
illustrators.
Box 29. Secondary author performing more than one role.

If the same secondary author performs more than one role:
List all the roles in the order they are given in the publication
Separate the roles by "and"
Example:
Jones AB, editor and translator.
Box 30. Non-English names for secondary authors.

Translate the word found for editor, translator, illustrator, or other secondary
author into English if possible. However, the wording found on the publication may
always be used.
If not translated, ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. This
rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for
treated as A
152 Citing Medicine
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
To assist in identifying secondary authors, below is a brief list of non-English words
for them:
Language Word for Editor Word for Translator Word for Illustrator
French redacteur traducteur illustrateur
editeur
German redakteur ubersetzer illustrator
herausgeber dolmetscher
Italian redattore traduttore disegnatore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor perevodchik konstruktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor traductor ilustrador
editor
Box 31. Organization as editor.

On rare occasions an organization will be listed as the editor.
Follow the instructions for entering Organizations as author/editor
Books 153
Place a comma, space, and the word editor after the organization name
Example:
Swiss Pharmaceutical Society, editor. Index nominum: international drug
directory. 18th ed. Stuttgart (Germany): Medpharm Scientific Publications;
2004. 1823 p.
Examples for Editor and other Secondary Authors

Place of Publication for Entire Books (required)

Place is defined as the city where the book was published
when cities in different locations have the same name, such as Palm Springs (CA)
and Palm Springs (FL)
Use the anglicized form for a non-US city, such as Vienna for Wien

Non-US cities
Joint publication

Use the anglicized form of a city name, such as Rome for Roma and Moscow for
Moskva, when possible. However, the name as found on the publication may always
be used.
154 Citing Medicine
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
province (see Appendix E), placed in parentheses:
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
For cities in other countries, if the city is not well known or could be confused with
another city of the same name, follow the city with the country name, either written
in full or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D). Place the country
name or code in parentheses.
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Books 155
Madrid:
but
As an option, use the country name or country code after all cities not in the US or
Canada

Two or more organizations may co-publish a book.
Use the city of the first organization found on the title page (or on the back of the
title page if no place information appears on the title page), as the place of
publication
Place the name of the other organization(s) as a note at the end of the citation, if
desired
Chandler F, editor. Herbs: everyday reference for health professionals. Ottawa:
Canadian Pharmacists Association; c2000. 240 p. Co-published by the
Canadian Medical Association.
Do not give multiple places as place of publication or include multiple publishers

If more than one place of publication is found, use the first one or the one set in the
largest type or in bold type. Do not give multiple places.

If no place of publication can be found on the title page or its verso (back), but one
can be found elsewhere in the publication or can be reasonably inferred (e.g.,
156 Citing Medicine
Chicago as the place for a publication of the American Medical Association), place
the city in square brackets, such as "[Chicago]".
Marquis DK. Advance care planning: a practical guide for physicians.
[Chicago]: AMA Press; c2001. 105 p.
Kuttner L. A child in pain: how to help, what to do. [place unknown]: Hartley
& Marks; 1996. 271 p.

27. Book with well-known place of publication
28. Book place of publication with geographic qualifier added for clarity
29. Book with place of publication inferred
30. Book with unknown place of publication
36. Book with unknown place of publication and publisher
42. Book with unknown place, publisher, and date of publication
Publisher for Entire Books (required)

A publisher is defined as the individual or organization issuing the book
Record the name of the publisher as it appears in the publication, using whatever
capitalization and punctuation is found there
End publisher information with a semicolon

Non-English names for publishers
Joint publication
Multiple publishers
Books 157

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society
Box 37. Non-English names for publishers.

original language
Rome: Societa Editrice Universo;
Lisbon: Imprensa Medica;
Romanize names in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean
Sofia (Bulgaria): Sofia Medizina i Fizkultura;
158 Citing Medicine
Romanize names or translate names in character-based languages (Chinese,

Japanese). Place all translated publisher names in square brackets unless the
translation is given in the publication.
Tokyo: Medikaru Rebyusha;
Beijing (China): [Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Population Research
Institute];
Taiyuan (China): Shanxi ke xue ji she chu ban she;
[Note that the concept of capitalization does not exist in Chinese. Therefore in
transliterating Chinese publisher names only the first word and proper nouns
are capitalized]
If the name of a division or another part of an organization is included in the
y Documentacion Lopez Pinero;
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
Books 159
treated as oe
If desired, follow a non-English name with a translation. Place all translated
Aarhus (Denmark): Aarhus-Universitetsforlag [Aarhus University Press];
As an option, you may translate all publisher names not in English. Place all
translated publisher names in square brackets unless the translation is given in the
publication.
Aarhus (Denmark): [Aarhus University Press];
publisher.
National Cancer Institute (US)
National Society on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NZ)
Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd. (GB)
Royal College of Physicians (AU), Paediatrics & Child Health Division
For example, the most common distributors of US government agency publications
are the US Government Printing Office (GPO) and the National Technical
Information Service (NTIS). Designate the agency that issued the publication as the
publisher and include distributor information as a note. Begin with the phrase
"Available from" followed by a colon and a space. Add the name of the distributor,
the city and state, and the accession or order number.
What kind of birth control is best for you? Rockville (MD): Food and Drug
Administration (US); 2000. 12 p. Available from: US Government Printing
Office, Washington, DC; HE 20.4050:B 53/2000.

160 Citing Medicine
Use the first organization appearing as publisher on the title page or the verso
(back) of the title page
desired
Example:
Do not give more than one name as publisher

If more than one publisher is found in a document, use the first one given or the
one set in the largest type or bold type
the reference list. For example, use an American publisher for a US audience and a
London publisher for a British one.
Do not list multiple publishers. For those publications with joint or co-publishers,
use the name given first as the publisher and include the name of the other(s) as a
note if desired. For example, use "Jointly published by the Canadian Pharmacists
Association".
Example:

If no publisher can be determined, use the words "publisher unknown" placed in
square brackets
Sciarra C. Harvey Cushing fondatore della neurochirurgia. Rome: [publisher
unknown]; [1971?]. Italian.
Books 161

31. Book publisher with subsidiary department/division named
32. Book with government agency as publisher
33. Book with joint publishers
34. Book with non-English publisher name including translation
35. Book with unknown publisher
Date of Publication for Entire Books (required)

Always give the year of publication
Include the month of publication, if desired, after the year, such as 2004 May
such as Jan
End date information with a period

Multiple years of publication
Date of publication and date of copyright
No date of publication, but a date of copyright
No date of publication or copyright can be found
Options for date of publication
Box 42. Multiple years of publication.

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
162 Citing Medicine
If months are given, place them after the year. Use English names for months and
abbreviate them using the first three letters.
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
Separate multiple months of publication by a hyphen
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan
Separate multiple seasons by a hyphen; for example, Fall-Winter. Do not abbreviate
names of seasons.

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring
Books 163
Box 45. Date of publication and date of copyright.

Some publications have both a date of publication and a date of copyright. A copyright
date is identified by the symbol , the letter "c", or the word copyright preceding the date.
Use only the date of publication unless three or more years separate the two dates
In this situation, use both dates, beginning with the year of publication
Precede the date of copyright by the letter "c"
Separate the dates by a comma and a space. For example, "2002, c1997".
This convention alerts a user that the information in the publication is older than the date
of publication implies.
Example:
Research Task Force on Risk-Based Inservice Testing Guidelines. Risk-based
testing: development of guidelines. New York: American Society of Mechanical
Engineers; 2000, c1996.
Box 46. No date of publication, but a date of copyright.

A copyright date is identified by the symbol , the letter "c", or the word copyright
preceding the date. If no date of publication can be found, but the publication
contains a date of copyright, use the date of copyright preceded by the letter "c"; for
example c2005.
Examples:
Kruger L, editor. Pain and touch. San Diego (CA): Academic Press; c1996. 394
p.
Mark BS, Incorvaia J, editors. The handbook of infant, child, and adolescent
psychotherapy. Northvale (NJ): Jason Aronson Inc.; c1995-1997. 2 vol.
Box 47. No date of publication or copyright can be found.

If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found, but a date can
be estimated because of material in the book itself or on accompanying material,
insert a question mark after the estimated date and place date information in square
brackets
Pathak L, editor. Echocardiography non invasive diagnosis. Bombay:
Cardiological Society of India; [1980?].
If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found nor can the
date be estimated, use [date unknown]
164 Citing Medicine
Marcuzzi A. Alimentazione: risorse e possibilita. Bologna (Italy): Malipiero

S.p.A. Editore; [date unknown]. 72 p. Italian.
Box 48. Options for date of publication.

The date of publication may follow the author names (or title if there are no authors) in
the list of references when the name-year system of in-text references is used.
Use only the year of publication
If there is no year of publication, use the year of copyright
Place the year after the last named author (or after the title if there is no author),
followed by a period
NLM citation:
Barnett T, Whiteside A. AIDS in the twenty-first century: disease and globalization.
2nd ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan; 2006. 449 p.
HIV/AIDs resources: a nationwide directory. 10th ed. Longmont (CO): Guides for
Living; c2004. 792 p.
Barnett T, Whiteside A. 2006. AIDS in the twenty-first century: disease and
globalization. 2nd ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 449 p.
HIV/AIDs resources: a nationwide directory. c2004. 10th ed. Longmont (CO):
Guides for Living. 792 p.

37. Book with multiple dates of publication
38. Book with date of copyright instead of date of publication
39. Book with date of publication and date of copyright
40. Book with estimated date of publication
41. Book with unknown date of publication
Books 165
Pagination for Entire Books (optional)

General Rules for Pagination
Provide the total number of pages on which the text of the book appears
Do not count pages for such items as introductory material, appendixes, and
indexes unless they are included in the pagination of the text
Follow the page total with a space and the letter p
For books published in more than one physical volume, cite the total number of
volumes instead of the number of pages, such as 4 vol.
Specific Rules for Pagination

No numbers appear on the pages of the book

If all of the pages (not just the introductory pages) of a book have roman numerals instead
of the usual arabic numbers:
Convert the roman numeral on the last page of the text to an arabic number
Follow the number by "p."
Place the number and "p." in square brackets, such as [12 p.]
Example: [20 p.].
Box 50. No numbers appear on the pages of the book.

Occasionally, a book will have no numbers on its pages. If the entire publication has no
page numbers:
Count the total number of pages of the text
Express the total as leaves, not pages
End with a period
Examples:
Howell E. Access to children's mental health services under Medicaid and
SCHIP. Washington: Urban Institute; c2004. 7 leaves.
166 Citing Medicine
Zaadstra BM, Staats PG, Davidse W. Aard en omvang van cannabis gebruik bij
mensen met MS. Leiden (Netherlands): TNO Preventie en Gezondheid; 1998.
37 leaves. Dutch.
Examples for Pagination

43. Book with standard pagination
44. Book published in more than one volume
45. Book with no numbers on the pages
Physical Description for Entire Books (optional)

Give information on the physical characteristics if a book is published in a
microform (microfilm, microfiche, etc.), such as 3 microfiche: black & white, 2 x 4
in. Such information helps the reader select the appropriate equipment with which
to view the microform.


If a book is published on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:
Begin with information on the number and type of physical pieces, followed by a
colon and a space
5 microfiche:
3 reels: [of microfilm]
2 microcards:
color
black & white
Books 167
positive
negative
3 microfiche: color, positive, 4 x 6 in.
5 microcards: black & white, 3 x 5 in.

Series for Entire Books (optional)

General Rules for Series
Begin with the name of the series
Capitalize only the first word and proper nouns
Follow the name with any numbers provided. For example, vol. 3 for a volume or
no. 12 for an issue number.
Separate the title and the number by a semicolon and a space
Place series information in parentheses
End series information with a period placed outside the closing parenthesis
Specific Rules for Series

Series editor's name provided
Multiple series
Box 52. Series editor's name provided.

As an option, the name of the overall series editor may be included with the series
information.
Begin with the name of the series editor or editors:
Give surname first
168 Citing Medicine
Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials, for a maximum of
two initials following each surname
Separate multiple names with a comma
End name information with a comma
See the information under Author/Editor for further name rules
Place the word editor or editors after the name information, followed by a period
Enter the name of the series, capitalizing only the first word and proper nouns
Follow the name with any numbers given, such as a volume or number. For
example, vol. 3 for a volume or no. 12 for an issue number.
Separate the name and the numbers by a semicolon and a space
End series information with a period, placed outside the closing parenthesis
Example:
Forsman RB, editor. Administration and management in health sciences
libraries. Lanham (MD): Medical Library Association; c2000. (Bunting A,
editor. Current practice in health sciences librarianship; vol. 8).
Box 53. Multiple series.

If a book is a part of more than one series, include information on all series if desired.
Place each series in parentheses
Separate the series by a semicolon and a space
End series information with a period, placed outside the closing parenthesis of the
last series
Example:
Rugg DL, Peersman G, Carael M, editors. Global advances in HIV/AIDS
monitoring and evaluation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; c2004. 180 p. (New
directions for evaluation; no. 103); (Jossey-Bass education series).
Box 54. Non-English names for volumes.

Use the word for volume of the particular language. Give the abbreviated form if
known, followed by a period.
Books 169
t. 5
bd. 3
Convert words and roman numerals used for volume numbers into arabic numbers,
so that the word for two or II becomes 2
See the following list of words and their abbreviations, if any, used for volume in a
Language Word for Volume Abbreviation
French volume vol.
tome t.
annee
German Band bd.
Jahrgang jahrg.
Italian volume vol.
tomo t.
annata
Russian tom
godovoj komplert god.
Spanish volumen vol.
tomo t.
ano
Examples for Series

46. Book in a series with a number given
47. Book in a series without a number
48. Book in a series with editor(s)
49. Book in multiple series
50. Book published also as a journal issue
Language for Entire Books (required)

170 Citing Medicine

Books appearing in more than one language
Box 55. Books appearing in more than one language.

If a book is written in several languages:
List all languages after the pagination, or physical description if present
Separate the language names by commas
Example:
Puig-Samper MA, Ruiz R, Galera Andres A, editors. Evolucionismo y
cultura: darwinismo en Europa e Iberoamerica. Aranjuez (Spain):
Ediciones Doce Calles; 2002. 407 p. Spanish, English, French,
Portuguese.
If a book is written with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in
Give all titles in the order in which they are presented on the title page
Separate them with an equals sign with a space on either side
List the languages after the pagination
Example:
Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier. Le genome: avancees
scientifiques et therapeutiques et consequences sociales = The genome:
scientific and therapeutic developments and social consequences. Paris:
Elsevier; c2002. 271 p. French, English.
If none of the titles is English, follow with a translation when possible. Place the
translation in square brackets.
Books 171
Example:
Lopez Ferez JA, editor. La lengua cientifica griega: origenes, desarrollo e
influencia en las lenguas modernas europeas [The Greek scientific language:
origins, development and influence on modern European languages]. Madrid:
Ediciones Clasicas; 2000. 2 vol. Spanish, French, German, Greek, Italian.

Notes for Entire Books (optional)

Be brief

Book accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
Book with an ISBN
Box 56. Book accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

If a book has supplemental material accompanying it in the form of a videocassette,
CD-ROM, DVD, or another medium, begin by citing the book. Add the phrase
"Accompanied by: " followed by the number and type of the medium.
Di Lauro A, Brandon E. The MIBIS manual: preparing records in
microcomputer-based bibliographic information systems. 2nd ed. Ottawa
(ON): International Development Research Centre; 1995. Accompanied by: 1
CD-ROM.
172 Citing Medicine
Box 57. Book with an ISBN.

If the book has been assigned an International Standard Book Number, provide the
number if desired. Begin with "ISBN: ".
Stern SD, Cifu AS, Altkorn D. Symptom to diagnosis: an evidence-based
guide. New York: Lange Medical Books; c2006. 434 p. ISBN: 9780071463898.

The notes element may be used to provide any further information. Begin by citing the
book, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:
If the book is available from a distributor rather than the publisher, give the name
of the distributor, its location, and any accession or finding number. Begin with the
phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and a space.
Administration (US); 2000. 12 p. Available from: US Government Printing
Office, Washington, DC; HE 20.4050:B 53/2000.
If the book is translated or otherwise adapted from another book, give the name of
the original
Holz FG. Age-related macular degeneration. 2nd ed. New York: Springer;
c2004. 234 p. Translated from the German title Altersabhangige
Makuladegeneration.
If the book was sponsored by or prepared for a particular organization, give the
name
If the book is not a common one, give the name of a library or other archive where
it may be found. Begin with the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space.
Tereshchenko NM. Biologicheski aktivnye veshchestva i ikh surrogaty.
Cherkasy (Ukraine): Vidlunnia-Plius; 2003. 103 p. Russian. Located at:
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; 2004 H-230.
If the book contains material of particular interest to the audience that may not be
apparent from the title, describe it
Palazzo RE, Davis TN, editors. Centrosomes and spindle pole bodies. San
Diego: Academic Press; c2001. 375 p. 16 pages of plates, some color.
Books 173
If the authors manuscript is available electronically

Hao Zheng, Ng F, Yixiao Liu, Hardin PE. Spatial and circadian regulation of
cry in Drosophila. J Biol Rhythms. Forthcoming. [cited 2008 Aug 11]:[18 p.].
Authors manuscript available at http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articleren
der.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=18663236 PubMed Central; PMCID:
PMC2504742.
Examples for Notes

51. Book accompanied by a CD-ROM or other medium
52. Book assigned an International Standard Book Number (ISBN)
53. Book available from a distributor
54. Book with information on a library where it may be found
55. Book with other note included
Examples of Citations to Entire Books

1. Standard book with initials for authors
Jenkins PF. Making sense of the chest x-ray: a hands-on guide. New York: Oxford
University Press; 2005. 194 p.
Eyre HJ, Lange DP, Morris LB. Informed decisions: the complete book of cancer diagnosis,
treatment, and recovery. 2nd ed. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; c2002. 768 p.
2. Book authors with optional full first names given

Hamric, Ann B.; Spross, Judith A.; Hanson, Charlene M. Advanced practice nursing: an
integrative approach. 3rd ed. St. Louis (MO): Elsevier Saunders; c2005. 979 p.
3. Book with many authors (list all)

Iverson C, Flanagin A, Fontanarosa PB, Glass RM, Glitman P, Lantz JC, Meyer HS, Smith
JM, Winker MA, Young RK. American Medical Association manual of style. 9th ed.
Baltimore (MD): Williams & Wilkins; c1998. 660 p.
Wenger NK, Sivarajan Froelicher E, Smith LK, Ades PA, Berra K, Blumenthal JA, Certo
CME, Dattilo AM, Davis D, DeBusk RF, Drozda JP Jr, Fletcher BJ, Franklin BA, Gaston H,
Greenland P, McBride PE, McGregor CGA, Oldridge NB, Piscatella JC, Rogers FJ. Cardiac
rehabilitation. Rockville (MD): Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (US); 1995.
202 p.
174 Citing Medicine
4. Book with optional limit to the first three authors

Iverson C, Flanagin A, Fontanarosa PB, et al. American Medical Association manual of
style. 9th ed. Baltimore (MD): Williams & Wilkins; c1998. 660 p.
Wenger NK, Sivarajan Froelicher E, Smith LK, and others. Cardiac rehabilitation.
Rockville (MD): Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (US); 1995. 202 p.
5. Book with author/editor name having designations of rank in a family

Bodenheimer HC Jr, Chapman R. Q&A color review of hepatobiliary medicine. New
York: Thieme; 2003. 192 p.
Lewis RJ Sr. Hazardous chemicals desk reference. 5th ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience;
c2002. 1695 p.
Langabeer JR 2nd, Napiewocki J. Competitive business strategy for teaching hospitals.
Westport (CT): Quorum Books; 2000. 296 p.
Panjabi MM, White AA 3rd. Biomechanics in the musculoskeletal system. New York:
Churchill Livingstone; c2001. 196 p.
Weise WJ 4th. Baby catcher: true stories from the life of an obstetrician. Enumclaw (WA):
Pleasant Word; c2003. 105 p.
6. Book authors/editors with particles, prefixes, or prepositions in their

names
O'Brien JA. Common problems in clinical laboratory management. New York: McGraw-
Hill, Health Professions Division; c2000. 557 p.
O'Connor KP. Cognitive-behavioral management of tic disorders. Hoboken (NJ): John
Wiley & Sons; c2005. 308 p.
Friedman EA, L'Esperance FA Jr, editors. Diabetic renal-retinal syndrome: pathogenesis
and management update 2002. Boston: Kluwer Academic; c2002. 246 p.
MacDonald DD, Ben-Gashir MA, Robson AM. Dermatopathology. Malden (MA):
Blackwell Publishing; 2005.
Van de Velde R, Degoulet P. Clinical information systems: a component-based approach.
New York: Springer; c2003. 294 p.
de Groot WP, translator and editor. A colour atlas of venous disease. Engl. ed. London:
Manson; c2003. 112 p.
7. Book authors/editors with compound last names having a hyphen

Lopez-Goni I, Moriyon I, editors. Brucella: molecular and cellular biology. Wymondham
(England): Horizon Bioscience; c2004. 432 p.
Books 175
Puig-Samper MA, Ruiz R, Galera Andres A, editors. Evolucionismo y cultura: darwinismo

en Europa e Iberoamerica. Aranjuez (Spain): Ediciones Doce Calles; 2002. 407 p. Spanish,
English, French, Portuguese.
8. Book authors/editors with compound last names without a hyphen

Garcia y Griego M, Verea Campos M. Mexico y Estados Unidos frente a la migracion de
indocumentados. Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico,
Coordinacion de Humanidades; 1988. 175 p. Spanish.
Lopez Castellano B, Nieto-Sampedro M, editors. Glial cell function. New York: Elsevier;
2001. 757 p.

Izzo JL Jr, Black HR, editors. Hypertension primer: the essentials of high blood pressure.
3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2003. 532 p.
Celli L, editor. The elbow: traumatic lesions. Warr A, translator. Vienna (Austria):
Springer-Verlag; c1991. 203 p.
Flaws B, translator. The classic of difficulties: a translation of the Nan Jing. 3rd ed. Boulder
(CO): Blue Poppy Press; 2004. 140 p.
Krachmer JH, Mannis MJ, Holland EJ, editors. Cornea. Finch M, illustrator. St. Louis
(MO): Mosby; c1997. 3 vol.

Martin EW. Hazards of medication. 2nd ed. Ruskin A, Napke E, Alexander S, Kelsey FO,
Farage DJ, Mills DH, Elkas RW, editors. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1978. 686 p.
Stein E. Anorectal and colon diseases: textbook and color atlas of proctology. 1st Engl. ed.
Burgdorf WH, translator. Berlin: Springer; c2003. 522 p.
Richer PM. Artistic anatomy. Hale RB, translator and editor. New York: Watson-Guptill;
1971. 255 p.
Luzikov VN. Mitochondrial biogenesis and breakdown. Galkin AV, translator; Roodyn
DB, editor. New York: Consultants Bureau; 1985. 362 p.
Bosch F, Klomp R. Running: biomechanics and exercise physiology applied in practice.
Bosch F, illustrator; Boer-Stallman DW, translator. Edinburgh (Scotland): Elsevier
Churchill Livingstone; c2005. 413 p.

Advanced Life Support Group. Acute medical emergencies: the practical approach.
London: BMJ Books; 2001. 454 p.
176 Citing Medicine
Swiss Pharmaceutical Society, editor. Index nominum: international drug directory. 18th
ed. Stuttgart (Germany): Medpharm Scientific Publications; 2004. 1823 p.
Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance, editor.
Naphthalin. Hicks R, translator. Weinheim (Germany): VCH; c1992. 155 p.
with place added for clarity
Beth Israel Hospital (Boston). Obstetrical decision making. Philadelphia: B.C. Decker;
1987. 320 p.
National Safety Council (US). AED, automated external defibrillation. Sudbury (MA):
Jones and Bartlett; c1998. 54 p.
12. Book with organization as author and subsidiary department/

division named
American Occupational Therapy Association, Ad Hoc Committee on Occupational
Therapy Manpower. Occupational therapy manpower: a plan for progress. Rockville
(MD): The Association; 1985 Apr. 84 p.
13. Book with organization as author which is also the publisher

Virginia Law Foundation, Committee on Continuing Legal Education. The medical and
legal implications of AIDS. Charlottesville (VA): The Foundation; 1987. 148 p.
as an option, the full publisher name may be given
Virginia Law Foundation, Committee on Continuing Legal Education. The medical and
legal implications of AIDS. Charlottesville (VA): Virginia Law Foundation; 1987. 148 p.
14. Book with organization as author and an editor(s)

American Association of Neuroscience Nursing. AANN core curriculum for neuroscience
nursing. Bader MK, Littlejohns LR, editors. 4th ed. St. Louis (MO): Saunders; c2004. 1038
p.

Medicinska Forskningsradet [Medical Research Council] (SE). MFR och forskning om
AIDS och HIV: oversyn och rekommendationer av medicinska forskingsradets AIDS-
grupp [MFR and research on AIDS and HIV: overview and recommendations of the
Medical Research Council's AIDS group]. Stockholm: The Council; 1988. 46 p. Swedish.
Rinsho Shokaki Naika Henshu Iinkai [Clinical Gastroenterology Editorial Committee]
(JP), editor. Daicho naishikyo sonyu shugi no kihon [Basic technical procedure of
colonoscopy]. Dai 1-pan. Tokyo: Nihon Medikara Senta; 2003. 135 p. Japanese.
Books 177
16. Book with multiple organizations as authors

National Lawyer's Guild AIDs Network (US); National Gay Rights Advocates (US). AIDS
practice manual: a legal and educational guide. 2nd ed. San Francisco: The Network; 1988.
17. Book with no authors or editors

HIV/AIDs resources: a nationwide directory. 10th ed. Longmont (CO): Guides for Living;
c2004. 792 p.
18. Book with author affiliation included

Fleisher GR (Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA), Ludwig S,
Baskin MN, editors. Atlas of pediatric emergency medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins; c2004. 478 p.
Oermann MH (College of Nursing, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI), Gaberson KB
(Department of Nursing Education, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, WV).
Evaluation and testing in nursing education. 2nd ed. New York: Springer; c2006. 403 p.

Katsunori K. [Euthanasia and criminal law]. Shohan. Tokyo: Seibundo; 2003. 198 p.
Japanese.
Han'guk yagop 100-yon. Seoul (Korea): Yakop Sinmun; 2004. 2 vol. Korean.
Ochoa S. Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico. Madrid: Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Cientificas; 2000. 219 p. Spanish.
gastroenterologicheskikh zabolevanii: klinicheskie ocherki. Perm (Russia): Permskaia
Gosudarstvenennaia Meditsinskaia Akademiia; 2003. 286 p. Russian.
Hartmeier W. Immobilisierte Biokatalysstoren. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1988. 212 p.
German.
with translation
Katsunori K. [Euthanasia and criminal law]. Shohan. Tokyo: Seibundo; 2003. 198 p.
Japanese.
Han'guk yagop 100-yon [100-year pharmaceutical industry history]. Seoul (Korea): Yakop
Sinmun; 2004. 2 vol. Korean.
Ochoa S. Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico [Molecular basis of gene
expression]. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas; 2000. 219 p.
Spanish.
178 Citing Medicine

gastroenterologicheskikh zabolevanii: klinicheskie ocherki [Diagnosis and complex
treatment of basic gastrointestinal diseases: clinical studies]. Perm (Russia): Permskaia
Gosudarstvenennaia Meditsinskaia Akademiia; 2003. 286 p. Russian.
Hartmeier W. Immobilisierte Biokatalysstoren [Immobilized biocatalysts]. Berlin:
Springer-Verlag; 1988. 212 p. German.

Chemically-defined flavouring substances = Substances aromatisantes chimiquement
definies. 4th ed. Strasbourg (France): Council of Europe; c2000. 616 p. English, French.
Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier. Le genome: avancees scientifiques et
therapeutiques et consequences sociales = The genome: scientific and therapeutic
developments and social consequences. Paris: Elsevier; c2002. 271 p. French, English.

en Europa e Iberoamerica. Aranjuez (Spain): Ediciones Doce Calles; 2002. 407 p. Spanish,
English, French, Portuguese.
Lopez Ferez JA, editor. La lengua cientifica griega: origenes, desarrollo e influencia en las
lenguas modernas europeas. Madrid: Ediciones Clasicas; 2000. 2 vol. Spanish, French,
German, Greek, Italian.
with translation included
en Europa e Iberoamerica [Evolution and culture: Darwinism in Europe and Latin
America]. Aranjuez (Spain): Ediciones Doce Calles; 2002. 407 p. Spanish, English, French,
Portuguese.
Lopez Ferez JA, editor. La lengua cientifica griega: origenes, desarrollo e influencia en las
lenguas modernas europeas [The Greek scientific language: origins, development and
influence on modern European languages]. Madrid: Ediciones Clasicas; 2000. 2 vol.
Spanish, French, German, Greek, Italian.
22. Book title with special characters

Huang YS, Ziboh VA, editors. -linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology and
clinical applications. Champaign (IL): AOCS Press; 2001. 259 p.
or
Books 179
Huang YS, Ziboh VA, editors. Gamma-linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology
and clinical applications. Champaign (IL): AOCS Press; 2001. 259 p.
Juaristi E, Soloshonok VA. Enantioselective synthesis of -amino acids. 2nd ed. Hoboken
(NJ): Wiley; c2005. 634 p.
or
Juaristi E, Soloshonok VA. Enantioselective synthesis of beta-amino acids. 2nd ed.
Hoboken (NJ): Wiley; c2005. 634 p.
Superscripts/subscripts may be enclosed within parentheses if fonts are not available
Schmidt KH, Manheim J. TiO2 nanoparticles. Weinheim (Germany): VCH Verlag GmbH
& Co.; 2005. 278 p.
or
Schmidt KH, Manheim J. TiO(2) nanoparticles. Weinheim (Germany): VCH Verlag
GmbH & Co.; 2005. 278 p.
23. Book with content type added

Liu-Ambrose TY. Studies of fall risk and bone morphology in older women with low bone
mass [dissertation]. [Vancouver (BC)]: University of British Columbia; 2004. 290 p.
Grayson L, compiler. Animals in research: for and against [bibliography]. London: British
Library; c2000. 320 p.

Pennell S, editor. Women and medicine: remedy books, 1533-1865, from the Wellcome
Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine, London [microfilm]. London:
Wellcome Library for the History and Understanding of Medicine; c2004. 35 reels: black
& white, negative, 35 mm.
Lombardo NE, Ooi WL, Gornstein ES. Dance/movement therapy with frail older adults: a
controlled experiment to demonstrate effect on mood, social interaction, and physical
functioning of nursing home residents and adult day health clients [microfiche]. Boston:
Hebrew Rehabilitation Center for Aged, Research and Training Institute; 1996. 2
microfiche: blue & white, negative, 4 x 6 in.
Monnier H. Etude medicale de quelques guerisons survenues a Lourdes [microfilm].
Paris: Frison-Roche; c1997. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm. French.
25. Book with an edition

Modlin IM, Sachs G. Acid related diseases: biology and treatment. 2nd ed. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2004. 522 p.
180 Citing Medicine
Brown AF. Accident and emergency: diagnosis and management. 4th ed. New York:
Arnold; 2002. 442 p.
Belitz HD, Grosch W, Schieberle P. Food chemistry. 3rd rev. ed. Burghagen MM,
translator. Berlin: Springer; 2004. 1070 p.
Schulz V, Hansel R, Tyler VE. Rational phytotherapy: a physician's guide to herbal
medicine. 3rd ed., fully rev. and expand. Berlin: Springer; c1998. 306 p.
American Medical Association, Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs. Code of medical
ethics: current opinions with annotations. 2004-2005 ed. Chicago: AMA Press; c2004. 377
p.
Ness BD, editor. Encyclopedia of genetics. Rev. ed. Pasadena (CA): Salem Press; c2004. 2
vol.
Stein E. Anorectal and colon diseases: textbook and color atlas of proctology. 1st Engl. ed.
Burgdorf WH, translator. Berlin: Springer; c2003. 522 p.
26. Book with an edition in a language other than English

Arrighi AA. Biologia del envejecimiento en la mujer. 2 ed. ampliada y actualizada.
Buenos Aires: Editorial Ascune; 2004. 142 p. Spanish.
Maldonado Ballon R. Sexualidad y reproduccion humana: vision medica; enciclopedia. 5a
ed. La Paz (Bolivia): [publisher unknown]; 1988. 4 vol. Spanish.
Deutsch E, Lippert HD, editors. Kommentar zum Arzneimittelgesetz (AMG). 2., Aufl.
Berlin: Springer; 2007. 885 p. German.
Giberti F. Manuale di psichiatria: per studenti, medici, assistenti sociali, operatori
psichiatrici. 5 ed. interamente rielaborata. Padova (Italy): Piccin; c2005. 599 p. Italian.
Radzinskii VE. Biokhimiia platsentarnoi nedostatochnosti: monografiia. Izd. 3-e,
rasshirennoe i dop. Moscow: Izd-vo Rossiiskogo Universiteta Druzhby Narodov; 2001.
275 p. Russian.
Katsunori K. Anrakushi to keihoi. Shohan. Tokyo: Seibundo; 2003. 198 p. Japanese.
Li S. Binhu mai xue bai hua jie. Di 3 ban. Beijing (China): Ren min wei sheng chu ban she;
2001. 117 p. Chinese.
27. Book with well-known place of publication

Kunzel W. Breech delivery. Paris: Elsevier; c2002. 274 p.
Stocksley M. Abdominal ultrasound. San Francisco: Greenwich Medical Media; 2001. 286
p.
Books 181
28. Book place of publication with geographic qualifier added for clarity
Minkler M. Community organizing and community building for health. 2nd ed. New
Brunswick (NJ): Rutgers University Press; c2005. 489 p.
Hall N. The role of the social welfare sector in Africa: strengthening the capacities of
vulnerable children and families in the context of HIV/AIDS. Berne (Switzerland):
International Federation of Social Workers; 2000. 10 p.
29. Book with place of publication inferred

Marquis DK. Advance care planning: a practical guide for physicians. [Chicago]: AMA
Press; c2001. 105 p.
30. Book with unknown place of publication

Kuttner L. A child in pain: how to help, what to do. [place unknown]: Hartley & Marks;
1996. 271 p.
Hoobler S. Adventures in medicine: one doctor's life amid the great discoveries of
1940-1990. [place unknown]: S.W. Hoobler; 1991. 109 p.
31. Book publisher with subsidiary department/division named

Kinzbrunner BM, Weinreb NJ, Policzer JS, editors. 20 common problems in end-of-life
care. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Publishing Division; c2002. 446 p.
Grannerg A, Armelius K, Armelius BA. Self-image pattern and treatment outcome in
severely disturbed psychiatric patients. Umea (Sweden): Umea University, Department of
Psychology; 2001. 13 p.
32. Book with government agency as publisher

Allison M, Hubbard RL, Rachal JV. Treatment process in methadone, residential, and
outpatient drug free programs. Rockville (MD): National Institute on Drug Abuse (US),
Division of Clinical Research; 1985. 89 p.
33. Book with joint publishers

Chandler F, editor. Herbs: everyday reference for health professionals. Ottawa: Canadian
Pharmacists Association; c2000. 240 p. Co-published by the Canadian Medical
Association.
182 Citing Medicine
34. Book with non-English publisher name including translation

Lindholm LH, Agenas I, Beerman B, Berglund G, Dahlgren H, Elmfeldt D, de Faire U,
Jern S, Hjemdahl P, Johannesson M, Jonsson E, Jonsson B, Kahan T, Lundvall O,
Samuelsson O, Svardsudd K, Waaler HT, Werko L, Aberg H. Mattligt forhojt blodtryck
[Moderately elevated blood pressure]. Stockholm: Statens Beredning for Utvardering av
Medicinsk Metodik [Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care]; 1994.
340 p. Swedish.
35. Book with unknown publisher

Maldonado Ballon R. Sexualidad y reproduccion humana: vision medica; enciclopedia. 5a
ed. La Paz (Bolivia): [publisher unknown]; 1988. 4 vol. Spanish.
Sciarra C. Harvey Cushing fondatore della neurochirurgia. Rome: [publisher unknown];
[1971?]. Italian.

Amjad H, translator. On the joints, arthritic pain: an early 13th century treatise on
arthritis. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 1996. 13 p.
Wilson JD. Steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 deficiency. [place unknown: publisher unknown];
1992. 36 p.
de Tartas P. Oeuvres de Ambrose Pare de La Val au Maine. Herni H, illustrator. [place
unknown: publisher unknown; 1977?]. 3 vol. French, Latin.
37. Book with multiple dates of publication

Chang TM. Blood substitutes: principles, methods, products, and clinical trials. New York:
Karger Landes Systems; 1997-1998. 2 vol.
Appenzeller O, editor. The autonomic nervous system. Amsterdam (Netherlands):
Elsevier; 1999-2000. 2 vol.
Chevalier JM. The 3-D mind. Montreal (QC): McGill-Queen's University Press;
2002-2003. 3 vol.
38. Book with date of copyright instead of date of publication

Modlin IM, Sachs G. Acid related diseases: biology and treatment. 2nd ed. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2004. 522 p.
Kruger L, editor. Pain and touch. San Diego (CA): Academic Press; c1996. 394 p.
Mark BS, Incorvaia J, editors. The handbook of infant, child, and adolescent
psychotherapy. Northvale (NJ): Jason Aronson Inc.; c1995-1997. 2 vol.
Books 183
de Varennes F, editor. Asia-Pacific human rights documents and resources. Boston: M.

Nijhoff Publishers; c1998-2000. 2 vol.
39. Book with date of publication and date of copyright

Herrick CJ. The thinking machine. 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1960,
c1932. 372 p. (Chicago reprint series).
Research Task Force on Risk-Based Inservice Testing Guidelines. Risk-based testing:
development of guidelines. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers; 2000,
c1996.
40. Book with estimated date of publication

Pathak L, editor. Echocardiography non invasive diagnosis. Bombay: Cardiological
Society of India; [1980?].
Lederer J. Alimentation et cancer. 3e ed. Brussels: Nauwelaerts; [1986?]. 315 p. French.
de Tartas P. Oeuvres de Ambrose Pare de La Val au Maine. Herni H, illustrator. [place
unknown: publisher unknown; 1977?]. 3 vol. French, Latin.
41. Book with unknown date of publication

Marcuzzi A. Alimentazione: risorse e possibilita. Bologna (Italy): Malipiero S.p.A. Editore;
[date unknown]. 72 p. Italian.

Steriu D, Stefanoiu V. Terapia si combaterea zoonozelor parazitare. [place, publisher, date
unknown]. 205 p. Romanian.
43. Book with standard pagination

Annas GJ. American bioethics: crossing human rights and health law boundaries. New
York: Oxford University Press; 2005. 244 p.
Blanc B, Siproudhis L. Pelvi-perineologie. Paris: Springer; 2005. 619 p. French.
44. Book published in more than one volume

Hamilton S, editor. Animal welfare & antivivisection 1870-1910: nineteenth century
women's mission. London: Routledge; 2004. 3 vol.
45. Book with no numbers on the pages

Howell E. Access to children's mental health services under Medicaid and SCHIP.
Washington: Urban Institute; c2004. 7 leaves.
184 Citing Medicine
Zaadstra BM, Staats PG, Davidse W. Aard en omvang van cannabis gebruik bij mensen
met MS. Leiden (Netherlands): TNO Preventie en Gezondheid; 1998. 37 leaves. Dutch.
46. Book in a series with a number given

Indryan A, Sarmukaddam SB. Medical biostatistics. New York: Marcel Dekker; c2001. 645
p. (Biostatistics; 7).
Best SJ, Krueger BS. Internet data collection. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage Publications;
2004. 91 p. (Quantitative applications in the social sciences; no. 07/041).
Bergstresser PR, Takashima A, editors. Gamma-delta T cells. New York: Karger; 2001. 142
p. (Chemical immunology; vol. 79).
47. Book in a series without a number

Evans LK, Lang NM, editors. Academic nursing practice. New York: Springer; c2004. 278
p. (Springer series on the teaching of nursing).
48. Book in a series with editor(s)

Forsman RB, editor. Administration and management in health sciences libraries.
Lanham (MD): Medical Library Association; c2000. 222 p. (Bunting A, editor. Current
practice in health sciences librarianship; vol. 8).
Redmond CK, Colton T, editors. Biostatistics in clinical trials. Chichester (England): John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; c2001. 501 p. (Armitage P, Colton T, editors. Wiley reference series in
biostatistics).
Ollendick T, editor. Children & adolescents: clinical formulation and treatment.
Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier Science; 1998. 754 p. (Bellack AS, Hersen M, editors.
Comprehensive clinical psychology; vol. 5).
49. Book in multiple series

Rugg DL, Peersman G, Carael M, editors. Global advances in HIV/AIDS monitoring and
evaluation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; c2004. 180 p. (New directions for evaluation; no.
103); (Jossey-Bass education series).
50. Book published also as a journal issue

Cardena E, Croyle K, editors. Acute reactions to trauma and psychotherapy: a
multidisciplinary and international perspective. Binghamton (NY): Haworth Medical
Press; 2005. 130 p. (Journal of trauma & dissociation; vol. 6, no. 2).
51. Book accompanied by a CD-ROM or other medium

Franco KL, Verrier ED, editors. Advanced therapy in cardiac surgery. 2nd ed. Hamilton
(ON): B.C. Decker; 2003. 642 p. Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
Books 185
52. Book assigned an International Standard Book Number (ISBN)

Stern SD, Cifu AS, Altkorn D. Symptom to diagnosis: an evidence-based guide. New York:
Lange Medical Books; c2006. 434 p. ISBN: 9780071463898.
53. Book available from a distributor

Administration (US); 2000. 12 p. Available from: US Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC; HE 20.4050:B 53/2000.
54. Book with information on a library where it may be found

Lederer J. Alimentation et cancer. 3e ed. Brussels: Nauwelaerts; [1986?]. 315 p. French.
Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; FF9414.
55. Book with other note included

McRae J. AIDS, agencies and drug abuse: the Edinburgh experience. Norwich (England):
Social Work Monographs; 1989. 40 p. Revised version of a dissertation originally
submitted as part of an MSc. in applied social studies at Oxford University.
Stahl PH, Wermuth CG, editors. Handbook of pharmaceutical salts: properties, selection,
and use. New York: Wiley-VCH; c2002. 374 p. Prepared for the International Union of
Pure and Applied Chemistry.
Amjad H, translator. On the joints, arthritic pain: an early 13th century treatise on
arthritis. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 1996. 13 p. Translation from the Arabic of
the work by Al-Sammarqandi.
Palazzo RE, Davis TN, editors. Centrosomes and spindle pole bodies. San Diego:
Academic Press; c2001. 375 p. 16 pages of plates, some color.
Duac topical gel. Coral Gables (FL): Stiefel Laboratories, Inc.; 2008 Jan. Package insert.
NDC 0145-2371-05.
Nasarel (flunisolide) nasal spray, 29 mcg. Mississauga (ON): Pantheon, Inc.; 2006 Sep.
Package insert. Distributed by TEVA Specialty Pharmaceuticals.
B(1). Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Individual

Volumes With a Separate Title but Without Separate Authors/
Editors
The general format for a reference to a volume of a book with a separate title but without
separate authors/editors, including pagination:
186 Citing Medicine
Examples of Citations to Individual Volumes With a Separate Title but Without Separate
Authors/Editors
Many medical texts are published in more than one volume because the number of pages
is too large to be contained in one physical volume. If a book is published in multiple
volumes, and if each volume has a separate title, the volumes may be cited individually:
Use the title page and the verso (back) of the title page of the individual volume as
the source for authoritative information.
Place volume information immediately following the overall title for the book and
any edition information or secondary author.
Give the pagination for the individual volume following the date of publication.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Individual Volumes With a Separate Title
but Without Separate Authors/Editors.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Individual Volumes With a Separate Title but
Without Separate Authors/Editors.
Citation Rules with Examples for One Volume of a Book Without

Separate Authors/Editors
it is optional.
Book (R) | Volume and Number (R) | Title (R) | Location (Pagination) (O)
Book (required)
General Rules for Book
Cite the overall book according to Chapter 2A Entire Books, but omit the
Pagination
Books 187
Volume and Number of Volume (required)

General Rules for Volume and Number of Volume
Place volume and number information after the title of the book and any Content
Type, Type of Medium, Edition statement, or Secondary Author
Enter "Vol." and a space
Follow the abbreviation for volume with the number of the volume
End volume information with a comma and a space
Specific Rules for Volume and Number of Volume

Non-English names for volumes
Numbers labeled other than volume
Box 59. Non-English names for volumes.

T. 5
Bd. 3
French Volume Vol.
Tome T.
Annee
German Band Bd.
Jahrgang Jahrg.
Italian Volume Vol.
Tomo T.
Annata
Russian Tom
Godovoj komplert God.

188 Citing Medicine

Spanish Volumen Vol.
Tomo T.
Ano
Box 60. Numbers labeled other than volume.

Most books in multivolume sets are identified by volume numbers, such as vol. 4.
Occasionally, however, other names are used, such as section, part, and number. When
other names are used:
Abbreviate them and end the abbreviated words with a period
Section = Sect.
Part = Pt.
Number = No.
For languages other than English, use the word provided by the particular language.
Give the abbreviated form if known, followed by a period.
See the following list of words used for section, part, and number in a variety of
languages:
Language Section Part Number
French Section Partie Cahier
Part Numero
German Sektion Teil Heft
Abteilung Nummer
Lieferung
Italian Sezione Parte Numero
Parte Fascicolo
Russian Sekcija Cast' Nomer
Otdel
Otdelenie
Spanish Seccion Parte Numero
Parte Fasciculo

Books 189
Convert words used for numbers and roman numerals into arabic numbers, such
that the word for two or II becomes 2
Example:
Merbach W, Muller-Uri C. Lead in the environment [bibliography]. Pt. 3,
Distribution of the environmental lead. Halle (Germany): Universitats- und
Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt; 1993. 211 p. English, German, French,
Spanish, Polish, Italian.
Examples for Volume and Number of Volume

1. Standard volume of a book without separate authors/editors
2. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors following an edition statement
and secondary authors
4. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors following a content type
5. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors with numbers labeled other
than volume
6. Volumes of non-English books without separate authors/editors
Title of Volume (required)

General Rules for Title of Volume
Enter the title of the volume as it appears in the book
and initialisms
End title information with a period
Specific Rules for Title of Volume

Non-English titles for volumes
Box 61. Non-English titles for volumes.

Provide the name in the original language for non-English titles in the roman
Swedish, etc.)
190 Citing Medicine
T. 10, Splenomegalie.
Bd. 3, Massenmigration in Europa.
Tom 5, Demograficheskie vzaimosvyazi obrazovaniya.
2-kwon, 21-segi yakop ui chwapyo wa pijon.
or
[Vol. 2, Pharmaceutical perspective and vision in the 21st century].
Bd. 3, Diagnostik hormonell aktiver Nebennierenraumforderungen.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
Books 191
treated as ae
treated as oe
Provide an English translation placed in square brackets after the original language
or romanized title, when possible.
Vol. 1, Principios de anatomia osea y dental [Vol. 1, Principles of bone and
dental anatomy].
character.
Capitalize the first word of the title of a volume unless the title begins with a Greek
capitalized
Vol. 10, n-alkenes.
Vol. 3, de Crecchio syndrome.
becomes omega.
Vol. 3, Seeds and -radiation.
may become
Vol. 3, Seeds and gamma-radiation.
type fonts available, place the superscript or subscript in parentheses.
Vol. 4, Transport of NH3.
may become
Vol. 4, Transport of NH(3).
Examples for Title of Volume

and secondary authors
192 Citing Medicine
4. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors following a content type

5. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors with numbers labeled other
than volume
Location (Pagination) of Volume (optional)

General Rules for Pagination of Volume
Place pagination after the date of publication
Provide the total number of pages on which the text of the volume appears
Follow the number by a space and "p." Examples: 438 p. and 1025 p.
Specific Rules for Pagination of Volume

Roman numerals for page numbers
Volumes continuously paginated
Box 63. Roman numerals for page numbers.

If all of the pages (not just the introductory pages) of a volume have roman
numerals instead of the usual arabic numbers:
Example: [75 p.].
If the volumes of a book are continuously paginated, e.g., the pagination is
continued from one volume to another:
Provide the beginning and ending pages of the volume
Give numbers in upper or lower case, whichever appears in the volume
Precede the page numbers with "p." and separate them by a hyphen
Examples:
p. CCV-CCCXXIII.
Books 193
p. ccv-cccxxvii
Box 64. Volumes continuously paginated.

Many books published in multiple volumes with separate titles are paginated anew with
each volume. Some books, however, continue the pagination from one volume to another.
When citing a volume in a book with pagination continued from one volume to
another, give the beginning and ending pages of the volume
Do not repeat page numbers. For example: p. 1018-1904 becomes p. 1018-904.
Example:
Goldstein RE, Haywood VA, editors. Esthetics in dentistry. 2nd ed. Vol. 2,
Esthetic problems of individual teeth, missing teeth, malocclusion, special
populations. Hamilton (ON): BC Decker Inc; 2002. p. 471-884.
Examples for Pagination of Volume

7. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors continuously paginated
Examples of Citations to Volumes of Books with a Separate Title

for the Volume but Without Separate Authors/Editors
Tos M. Manual of middle ear surgery. Vol. 3, Surgery of the external auditory canal.
Stuttgart (Germany): Georg Thieme Verlag; 1997. 305 p.
Cicchetti D, Cohen DJ, editors. Developmental psychopathology. Vol. 1, Theory and
methods. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; c1995. 787 p.
2. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors following an

edition statement
Krachmer JH, Mannis MJ, Holland DJ. Cornea. 2nd ed. Vol. 1, Fundamentals, diagnosis
and management. Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby; 2005. 1409 p.
Voet D, Voet JG. Biochemistry. 3rd ed. Vol. 2, The expression and transmission of genetic
information. New York: J. Wiley & Sons; c2004. p. 1107-560.
194 Citing Medicine
3. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors following an

edition statement and secondary authors
Moller TB, Reif E. Pocket atlas of sectional anatomy: computer tomography and magnetic
resonance imaging. 2nd ed., rev. and enl. Telger T, translator. Vol. 2, Thorax, abdomen,
and pelvis. Stuttgart (Germany): Thieme; 2001. 226 p.
4. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors following a content

type
Merbach W, Muller-Uri C. Lead in the environment [bibliography]. Pt. 3, Distribution of
the environmental lead. Halle (Germany): Universitats- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-
Anhalt; 1993. 211 p. English, German, French, Spanish, Polish, Italian.
5. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors with numbers

labeled other than volume
Merbach W, Muller-Uri C. Lead in the environment [bibliography]. Pt. 3, Distribution of
the environmental lead. Halle (Germany): Universitats- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-
Anhalt; 1993. 211 p. English, German, French, Spanish, Polish, Italian.

Lagunas Rodriguez Z. Manual de osteologia antropologica. 1. ed. Vol. 1, Principios de
anatomia osea y dental. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropologa e Historia; 2000.
216 p. Spanish.
Han'guk yagop 100-yon. 2-kwon, 21-segi yakop ui chwapyo wa pijon. Seoul (Korea):
Yakop Sinmun; 2004. Korean.
with translation
Lagunas Rodriguez Z. Manual de osteologia antropologica [Manual of anthropologic
osteology]. 1. ed. Vol. 1, Principios de anatomia osea y dental [Vol. 1, Principles of bone
and dental anatomy]. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Antropologa e Historia; 2000.
216 p. Spanish.
Han'guk yagop 100-yon [100-year pharmaceutical industry history]. 2-kwon, 21-segi
yakop ui chwapyo wa pijon [Vol. 2, Pharmaceutical perspective and vision in the 21st
century]. Seoul (Korea): Yakop Sinmun; 2004. Korean.
7. Volumes of books without separate authors/editors continuously

paginated
Oppenheim JJ, Feldmann M, Durum SK, Hirano T, Vilcek J, Nicola NA, editors. Cytokine
reference: a compendium of cytokines and other mediators of host defense. Vol. 2,
Receptors. London: Academic Press; c2001. p. 1437-2260.
Books 195
Goldstein RE, Haywood VA, editors. Esthetics in dentistry. 2nd ed. Vol. 2, Esthetic
problems of individual teeth, missing teeth, malocclusion, special populations. Hamilton
(ON): BC Decker Inc; 2002. p. 471-884.
B(2). Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Individual

Volumes With a Separate Title and Separate Authors/Editors
The general format for a reference to a volume with a separate title and separate authors/
editors:
Examples of Citations to Individual Volumes With a Separate Title and Separate Authors/
Editors
If each volume of a book in a multivolume set has its own author(s) or its own editor(s)
distinct from the authors/editors of the set of volumes, the individual volume may be
cited. Begin the reference with the authors or editors and title of the individual volume;
cite the overall set of volumes as a series.
For example, each volume in the following publication has its own editors, who are not
the editors of the publication as a whole:
Bellack AS, Hersen M, editors. Comprehensive clinical psychology. Amsterdam
(Netherlands): Elsevier Science; 1998. 11 vols.
To cite one volume only of this multivolume set:
Ollendick T, editor. Children & adolescents: clinical formulation and treatment.
Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier Science; 1998. 723 p. (Bellack AS, Hersen M,
editors. Comprehensive clinical psychology; vol. 5).
Multivolume sets are bound alike with an essentially identical appearance and have one
publisher. The volumes in them are considered primarily as a part of the set and often, but
not always, have the same date of publication or are published over a short span of years.
This is in contrast to large open series such as Methods in Enzymology and Annals of the
New York Academy of Sciences which have published hundreds of volumes over decades.
196 Citing Medicine
Such large series may be cited as journals (see Chapter 1), as NLM does in PubMed, but
individual volumes may also be cited as part of the series.
Each volume in a multivolume set may have two title pages, one for the set and one for the
individual volume. Use these title pages or their verso (back) for authoritative information
to use in a citation. See also Chapter 2A for further details on the components of books.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Individual Volumes With a Separate Title
and Separate Authors/Editors.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Individual Volumes With a Separate Title and
Separate Authors/Editors.
Citation Rules with Examples for Individual Volumes With a

Separate Title and Separate Authors/Editors
it is optional.
Author/Editor (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Edition (R) |
Editor and other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date
of Publication (R) | Pagination (O) | Physical Description (O) | Series (O) | Language (R) |
Notes (O)
Author/Editor for the Volume (required)


Other surname rules
Books 197

Organizations as author/editor


198 Citing Medicine
Parker E.]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Books 199

letter

Examples:
200 Citing Medicine

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
Books 201
treated as ae
treated as oe

French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor
Box 72. Organizations as author/editor.

body may serve as an author or editor.
202 Citing Medicine

Prepared for the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
appear in the publication. Whenever possible follow a non-English name
with a translation. Place all translations in square brackets.
romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables. Whenever possible follow
a non-English name with a translation. Place all translations in square
brackets.
or
Books 203

treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

204 Citing Medicine

anonymous.


1. Standard volume with a separate title and separate authors/editors for each
volume
2. Volume with optional full first names for editors
3. Volume editor/series editor with designation of family rank
4. Volume with author(s), not editor(s)
Author Affiliation for the Volume (optional)

Books 205


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
206 Citing Medicine

a space
Example:

Spain).
Books 207

Kubo A, Ishida T.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Use the English form of names for cities and countries whenever possible. For
example, Vienna for Wien and Spain for Espana. However, the name found on the

208 Citing Medicine

Wien becomes Vienna

5. Volume with author/editor affiliation
Title for the Volume (required)

Enter the title of a volume as it appears in the original document, in the original
language
and initialisms
already present
in square brackets
it

character.
capitalized
Books 209

administrative occupational exposure limits.
von Willebrand factor and the mechanisms of platelet function.
becomes omega.
-linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology and clinical applications.
may become
Gamma-linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology and clinical
applications.
Enantioselective synthesis of -amino acids.
may become
Enantioselective synthesis of beta-amino acids.
TiO2 nanoparticles.
may become
TiO(2) nanoparticles.

Swedish, etc.)
Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico.
Diagnostika i kompleksnoe lechenie osnovnykh gastroenterologicheskikh
zabolevanii: klinicheskie ocherki.
210 Citing Medicine
Anrakushi to keiho.
or
[Euthanasia and criminal law].
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Pflegekompendium: Wirkstoffe, Materialien, Techniken.
Provide an English translation after the original language title when possible; place
translations in square brackets
Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico [Molecular basis of gene
expression].
Pflegekompendium: Wirkstoffe, Materialien, Techniken [Care compendium:
principles, materials, techniques].
Books 211

zabolevanii: klinicheskie ocherki [Diagnosis and complex treatment of basic
gastrointestinal diseases: clinical studies].
Anrakushi to keiho [Euthanasia and criminal law].

List all languages of publication after the pagination (or Physical Description,
if provided)
If a book is published with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in
Give all titles in the order they are given in the text
List all languages, separated by commas, after the pagination (or Physical
Description, if provided)

square brackets after the original language or romanized title. End with the period
expression].
Place it in the square brackets and end title information with a period.
La eutanasia: es buena muerte? [Euthanasia: is it a good death?].

document simply begins with the text. In this circumstance:
212 Citing Medicine

Example:
Alizai S, Zia A. [Chanesar Goth and Landhi]. Islamabad (Pakistan): [publisher
unknown]; [1993?]. 53 p. (Gender differentials in access to health care for
Pakistani children; vol. 3).
Examples for Title

6. Volume title with special characters
7. Volume not in English
8. Volume published in multiple languages
9. Volume published with equal text in two or more languages
Type of Medium for the Volume (required)

following the title (and Content Type, if present) when a book is published in a
microform
Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period outside the
closing bracket, such as [microfiche].
Description below
See Chapter 15 for books in audiovisual formats, Chapter 18 for books on CD-
ROM, DVD, or disk, and Chapter 22 for Internet books


Most titles of volumes end in a period. Place [microfiche], [microfilm], or
[microcard] inside the period.
Oral pathology [microfiche].
Books 213
What shall I eat? [microfilm].

the original language or romanized title
Abdomen: higado, bazo, vias biliares, pancreas y peritoneo [Abdomen: liver,
spleen, bile ducts, pancreas and peritoneum].
If a book title is in a microform (microfiche, microfile, microcard, etc.), place the
Etude et traitment de la meningite tuberculeuse [Study and treatment of
meningeal tuberculosis] [microfilm].
Edition for the Volume (required)

Indicate the edition/version being cited after the title when a volume is published in
adjectives

Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.

214 Citing Medicine
Word Abbreviation
augmented augm.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.
translated
period
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.

First editions

familiar one
Books 215
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
period
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
216 Citing Medicine
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
2., Aufl.
For an edition statement in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean:
familiar one
period
Examples:
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
Books 217
3. ekd.
Japanese:
Examples:
becomes o
becomes u
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-pàn.
218 Citing Medicine

Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

edition

10. Volume with edition
Editor and other Secondary Authors for the Volume (optional)

Books 219
Place the names of secondary authors after the title, following any Type of Medium
or Edition statement


Examples:
illustrators.

List all the roles in the order they are given in the publication
Example:
220 Citing Medicine

always be used.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
for them:
editeur
curatore
editore

Books 221
izdatel
editor

Follow the instructions for entering Organizations as author/editor
Example:
Swiss Pharmaceutical Society, editor.

11. Volume with secondary author(s)
Place of Publication for the Volume (required)

Place is defined as the city where the volume was published

Non-US cities
Joint publication
222 Citing Medicine

be used.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Books 223
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but
Canada

Use the city of the first organization found on the title page (or on the back of the
title page if no place information appears on the title page), as the place of
publication
desired
Co-published by the Canadian Medical Association.


224 Citing Medicine
the city in square brackets, such as "[Chicago]".
[place unknown]: Hoobler; 1991.

12. Volume with well-known place of publication
13. Volume with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for clarity
Publisher for the Volume (required)

A publisher is defined as the individual or organization issuing the volume

Joint publication
Multiple publishers

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Books 225
Co. for Company

Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society

original language
Institute];
226 Citing Medicine
are capitalized]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
publication.
Books 227
publisher.
Jones FD, Sparacino LR, Wilcox VL, Rothberg JM, Stokes JW, editors. War
psychiatry. Falls Church (VA): Department of the Army (US), Office of the
Surgeon General; 1995. 508 p. (Lounsbury DE, editor. Textbooks of military
medicine). Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC;
D 104.35:PT.1/V.4.

Use the first organization appearing as publisher on the title page or the verso
(back) of the title page.
desired
228 Citing Medicine

use the name given first as the publisher and include the name of the other(s) as a
Association".

square brackets.
Alizai S, Zia A. [Chanesar Goth and Landhi]. Islamabad (Pakistan): [publisher
unknown]; [1993?]. 53 p. (Gender differentials in access to health care for
Pakistani children; vol. 3).

14. Volume with government agency as publisher
15. Volume with unknown publisher
Date of Publication for the Volume (required)

such as Jan

Books 229


2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan
names of seasons.

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

230 Citing Medicine
Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring


example c2005.
Examples:
Renninger KA, Sigel IE, editors. Child psychology in practice. 6th ed.
Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; c2006. 1073 p. (Damon W, Lerner
RM, editors. Handbook of child psychology; vol. 4).
Wilcox CS, editor. Hypertension and the kidney. Philadelphia: Current
Medicine, Inc.; c1999. (Schrier RW, editor. Atlas of diseases of the kidney; vol.
3).
Books 231

be estimated because of material in the volume itself or on accompanying material,
brackets
Bombay: Cardiological Society of India; [1980?].
Bologna (Italy): Malipiero S.p.A. Editore; [date unknown].

The date of publication may follow the author names (or editor if there are no authors) in
If there is no year of publication, use the year of copyright
Place the year after the last named author (or after the editor if there is no author),
NLM citation:
Belar CD, editor. Sociocultural and individual differences. New York: Pergamon;
1998. 384 p. (Bellack AS, Hersen M, editors. Comprehensive clinical psychology;
vol. 10).
Frank RG, Baum A, Wallander JL, editors. Models and perspectives in health
psychology. Washington: American Psychological Association; c2004. 641 p. (Boll
TJ, editor. Handbook of clinical health psychology; vol. 3).
Belar CD, editor. 1998. Sociocultural and individual differences. New York:
Pergamon. 384 p. (Bellack AS, Hersen M, editors. Comprehensive clinical
psychology; vol. 10).
Frank RG, Baum A, Wallander JL, editors. c2004. Models and perspectives in health
psychology. Washington: American Psychological Association. 641 p. (Boll TJ,
editor. Handbook of clinical health psychology; vol. 3).
232 Citing Medicine

16. Volume with date of publication
17. Volume with date of copyright instead of date of publication
18. Volume with estimated date of publication
Pagination for the Volume (optional)

Provide the total number of pages on which the text of the volume appears
For volumes published in more than one physical book, cite the total number of

Volume in a set continuously paginated
No numbers appear on the pages of the volume
Box 110. Volume in a set continuously paginated.

Many books published in multiple volumes with separate authors/editors and titles are
paginated anew with each volume. Some books, however, continue the pagination from
one volume to another.
When citing a volume in a multivolume set with pagination continued from one
volume to another, give the beginning and ending pages of the volume
Do not repeat page numbers. For example: p. 1018-1904 becomes p. 1018-904.
Examples:
Gross AM, Drabman RS, editors. Child clinical applications. Thousand Oaks
(CA): Sage Publications; c2005. p. 653-1118. (Hersen M, editor. Encyclopedia
of behavior modification and cognitive behavior therapy; vol. 2).
Guyuron B, editor. Aesthetic surgery. Kanasz J, illustrator. St. Louis (MO):
Mosby; c2000. p. 2427-887. (Achauer BM, Eriksson E, Guyuron B, Coleman JJ
3rd, Russell RC, Vander Kolk CA, editors. Plastic surgery: indications,
operations, and outcomes; vol. 5).
Books 233

If all of the pages (not just the introductory pages) of a volume have roman
numerals instead of the usual arabic numbers:
Example: [75 p.].
If the volumes of a book are continuously paginated, e.g., the pagination is
continued from one volume to another:
Provide the beginning and ending pages of the volume
Give numbers in upper or lower case, whichever appears in the volume
Examples:
p. CCV-CCCXXIII.
p. ccv-cccxxvii
Box 112. No numbers appear on the pages of the volume.

Occasionally, a volume will have no numbers on its pages. If the entire publication has no
page numbers:
End with a period
Example: 37 leaves.

volume
19. Volume in more than one physical volume
20. Volume with standard pagination
234 Citing Medicine
21. Volume in a set continuously paginated
Physical Description for the Volume (optional)

Give information on the physical characteristics if a volume is published in a
in. Such information helps the reader select the appropriate equipment with which
to view the microform.


If a volume is published on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:
colon and a space
5 microfiche:
2 microcards:
color
black & white
positive
negative
Books 235

Series for the Volume (optional)


Numbers labeled other than volume

information.
Give surname first
Follow the name with any numbers given, such as a volume or issue number; for
example, vol. 3 and no. 12. Convert words and roman numerals used for volume
numbers into arabic numbers, so that the word for two or II becomes 2.
236 Citing Medicine

Example:
Frank RG, Baum A, Wallander JL, editors. Models and perspectives in health
psychology. Washington: American Psychological Association; c2004. 641 p.
(Boll TJ, editor. Handbook of clinical health psychology; vol. 3).

t. 5
bd. 3
French volume vol.
tome t.
annee
German Band bd.
Jahrgang jahrg.
Italian volume vol.
tomo t.
annata
Russian tom t.
godovoj komplert god.
Spanish volumen vol.
tomo t.
ano

Books 237
Examples:
Stoopen ME, Kimura K, Ros PR, editors. Abdomen: higado, bazo, vias biliares,
pancreas y peritoneo. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998. 415
p. (Taveras JM, Cardoso JM, editors. Radiologia e imagen diagnostica y
terapeutica; t. 2). Spanish.
Kastenbauer E, editor. Nase, Nasennebenhohlen, Gesicht, Mundhohle und
Pharynx, Kopfspeicheldrusen. Stuttgart (Germany): George Thieme Verlag;
1992. 823 p. (Naumann HH, Helms J, Herberhold C, Kastenbauer, editors.
Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie in Klinik und Praxis; bd. 2). German.
Box 116. Numbers labeled other than volume.

Most books in multivolume sets are identified by volume numbers, such as vol. 4.
Occasionally, however, other names are used, such as section, part, and number. When
other names are used:
Abbreviate them and end the abbreviated words with a period
Section = sect.
Part = pt.
Number = no.
For languages other than English, use the word provided by the particular language.
Give the abbreviated form if known, followed by a period.
See the following list of words used for section, part, and number in a variety of
languages:
French section partie cahier
part numero
German Sektion Teil Heft
Abteilung Nummer
Lieferung
Italian sezione parte numero

238 Citing Medicine

parte fascicolo
Russian sekcija cast' nomer
otdel
otdelenie
Spanish seccion parte numero
parte fasciculo
Convert words used for numbers and roman numerals into arabic numbers, such
Examples:
Hoffman JH, Jamieson JD, editors. Cell physiology. New York: Oxford; 1997.
960 p. (Handbook of physiology; Sect. 14).
Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, editors. The proteobacteria. Part C, The
alpha-, beta-, delta-, and epsilonproteobacteria. 2nd ed. New York: Springer;
c2005. 1388 p. (Garrity GM, editor. Bergey's manual of systematic
bacteriology; vol. 2, pt. C).
Examples for Series

volume
22. Volume in a series with multiple editors
23. Volume with optional full names for series editors
24. Volume without an editor for the series
25. Volume with series title having a subtitle
26. Volume with series title published with equal text in two or more languages
27. Volume with other name for series number than volume
28. Volume without a series number
Language for the Volume (required)

Books 239

Volumes appearing in more than one language
Box 117. Volumes appearing in more than one language.

If a volume is written with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in
Give all titles in the order in which they are presented on the title page
List the languages after the pagination
Example:
Klunker W. Sleep, dreams, sexuality = Sommeil, reves, sexualite =
Schlaf, Traume, Sexualitit. 3rd improved ed. Schmidt P, Baur J,
translators. Heidelberg (Germany): Karl F. Haug Verlag; 1987. 611 p.
(Barthel H, editor. Synthetic repertory: psychic and general symptoms
of the homeopathic materia medica = Repertoire synthetique:
symptomes psychiques et generaux de la matiere medicale
homeopathique = Synthetisches Reportorium: Gemuts- und
Allgemeinsymptome der homoopathischen Materia medica; vol. 3).
English, French, German.
If a volume is written in several languages:
List all languages after the pagination
Toomingas A, Pettersen RB, Lindstrom K, Bach E, editors. Yttre
arbetsmiljofaktorer som halsorisker bland halso- och sjukvardspersonal.
240 Citing Medicine
Copenhagen: Nordisk Ministerrad; 1994. 195 p. (Halsovardens

arbetsmiljo i Norden; d. 2). Swedish, Norwegian, Danish.
If none of the titles is English, follow with a translation whenever possible. Place the
Toomingas A, Pettersen RB, Lindstrom K, Bach E, editors. Yttre
arbetsmiljofaktorer som halsorisker bland halso- och sjukvardspersonal
[Health risks in the work environment of health care personnel].Copenhagen:
Nordisk Ministerrad; 1994. 195 p. (Halsovardens arbetsmiljo i Norden [The
work and health of health care personnel in the Nordic countries]; d. 2).
Swedish, Norwegian, Danish.

26. Volume with series title published with equal text in two or more languages
Notes for the Volume (optional)

Be brief

Volume accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
Volume with an ISBN
Box 118. Volume accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

If the volume has supplemental material accompanying it in the form of a
videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, or another medium, describe it. Begin with the
phrase "Accompanied by" followed by a colon and a space. Add the the number and
type of medium.
Books 241
Goldstein RE, Haywood VB, editors. Esthetic problems of individual teeth,

missing teeth, malocclusion, special populations. 2nd ed. London: BC Dekker,
Inc.; 2002. p. 473-884. (Goldstein RE, editor. Esthetics in dentistry; vol. 2).
Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
Box 119. Volume with an ISBN.

If the volume has been assigned an International Standard Book Number, provide
the number if desired. Begin with "ISBN:".
Bays RA, Quinn PD, editors. Temporomandibular disorders. Winn WM,
illustrator. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; c2000. 426 p. (Fonseca RJ,
editor. Oral and maxillofacial surgery; vol. 4). ISBN: 9780721696355.

volume, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:
If the volume is available from a distributor rather than the publisher, give the name
of the distributor, its location, and any accession or finding number. Begin with the
phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and a space.
Jones FD, Sparacino LR, Wilcox VL, Rothberg JM, Stokes JW, editors. War
psychiatry. Falls Church (VA): Department of the Army (US), Office of the
Surgeon General; 1995. 508 p. (Lounsbury DE, editor. Textbooks of military
medicine). Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC;
D 104.35:PT.1/V.4.
If the volume is not a common one, give the name of a library or other archive
where it may be found, including the location and any finding number. Begin with
the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space.
Sudarshan SR, editor. Diseases and their causes. Taredo (India): Popular
Prakashan; 2005. 319 p. (Encyclopaedia of Indian medicine; vol. 6). Located
at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; WZ 13 E56 1985.
Examples for Notes

29. Volume with accompaniment
30. Volume with an ISBN
31. Other types of notes
242 Citing Medicine
Examples of Citations to Volumes With a Separate Title and

Separate Author/Editors
1. Standard volume with a separate title and separate authors/editors for
each volume
Bays RA, Quinn PD, editors. Temporomandibular disorders. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders
Company; c2000. 426 p. (Fonseca RJ, editor. Oral and maxillofacial surgery; vol. 4).
Frank RG, Baum A, Wallander JL, editors. Models and perspectives in health psychology.
Washington: American Psychological Association; c2004. 641 p. (Boll TJ, editor.
Handbook of clinical health psychology; vol. 3).
Stephens D, editor. Adult audiology. Oxford (UK): Butterworth-Heinemann; c1997. 657 p.
(Kerr AG, editor. Scott-Brown's otolaryngology; vol. 2).
2. Volume with optional full first names for editors

Gottsch, John D.; Stark, Walter J.; Goldberg, Morton F., editors. Ophthalmic surgery. 5th
ed. London: Arnold; c1999. 506 p. (Carter, David C.; Russell, R.C.; Pitt, Henry A., editors.
Operative surgery; vol. 6).
3. Volume editor/series editor with designation of family rank

Mishell DR Jr, editor. Reproductive endocrinology. Philadelphia: Appleton & Lange;
c1999. (Stenshever MA, editor. Atlas of clinical gynecology; vol. 3).
Guyuron B, editor. Aesthetic surgery. Kanasz J, illustrator. St. Louis (MO): Mosby; c2000.
p. 2427-887. (Achauer BM, Eriksson E, Guyuron B, Coleman JJ 3rd, Russell RC, Vander
Kolk CA, editors. Plastic surgery: indications, operations, and outcomes; vol. 5).
4. Volume with author(s), not editor(s)

Reichart PA, Philipson HP. Oral pathology. Hassel T, translator; Hormann J, illustrator.
Stuttgart (Germany): Thieme; 2000. 285 p. (Rateitschak KH, Wolf HF, editors. Color atlas
of dental medicine).
Pott S. Medizin, Medizinethik und schone Literatur. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter; 2002. 284
p. (Sakularisierung in den Wissenschaften seit der Fruhen Neuzeit; bd. 3). German.
5. Volume with author/editor affiliation

Schachat AP (Johns Hopkins University and Hospital, Baltimore, MD), editor. Medical
retina. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby; c2006. p. 873-1889. (Ryan SJ, editor. Retina;
vol. 2).
Books 243
Poppas D (New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY), Retik AB, editors.
Pediatric urology. Philadelphia: Current Medicine, Inc.; c2003. 182 p. (Vaughan ED Jr,
Perlmutter AP, editors. Atlas of clinical urology; vol. 4).
Reichart PA (Zentrum fur Zahnmedizin Charite, Berlin, Germany), Philipson HP (San
Pedro de Alcantara, Spain). Oral pathology. Hassel T, translator; Hormann J, illustrator.
6. Volume title with special characters

Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, editors. The proteobacteria. Part C, The alpha-, beta-,
delta-, and epsilonproteobacteria. 2nd ed. New York: Springer; c2005. 1388 p. (Garrity GM,
editor. Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology; vol. 2, pt. C).

Stoopen ME, Kimura K, Ros PR, editors. Abdomen: higado, bazo, vias biliares, pancreas y
peritoneo. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998. 415 p. (Taveras JM,
Cardoso JM, editors. Radiologia e imagen diagnostica y terapeutica; t. 2). Spanish.
Kastenbauer E, editor. Nase, Nasennebenhohlen, Gesicht, Mundhohle und Pharynx,
Kopfspeicheldrusen. Stuttgart (Germany): George Thieme Verlag; 1992. 823 p. (Naumann
HH, Helms J, Herberhold C, Kastenbauer, editors. Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie in Klinik und
Praxis; bd. 2). German.
with translation
Stoopen ME, Kimura K, Ros PR, editors. Abdomen: higado, bazo, vias biliares, pancreas y
peritoneo [Abdomen: liver, spleen, bile ducts, pancreas and peritoneum]. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998. 415 p. (Taveras JM, Cardoso JM, editors. Radiologia
e imagen diagnostica y terapeutica; t. 2 [Radiology and diagnostic and therapeutic
imaging; vol. 2]). Spanish.

Toomingas A, editor. Yttre arbetsmiljofaktorer som halsorisker bland halso- och
sjukvardspersonal. Copenhagen: Nordisk Ministerrad; 1994. 195 p. (Halsovardens
arbetsmiljo i Norden; d. 2). Swedish, Norwegian, Danish.
with translation
Toomingas A, Pettersen RB, Lindstrom K, Bach E, editors. Yttre arbetsmiljofaktorer som
halsorisker bland halso- och sjukvardspersonal [Health risks in the work environment of
health care personnel].Copenhagen: Nordisk Ministerrad; 1994. 195 p. (Halsovardens
arbetsmiljo i Norden [The work and health of health care personnel in the Nordic
countries]; d. 2). Swedish, Norwegian, Danish.
244 Citing Medicine

Klunker W. Sleep, dreams, sexuality = Sommeil, reves, sexualite = Schlaf, Traume,
Sexualitit. 3rd improved ed. Schmidt P, Baur J, translators. Heidelberg (Germany): Karl F.
Haug Verlag; 1987. 611 p. (Barthel H, editor. Synthetic repertory: psychic and general
symptoms of the homeopathic materia medica = Repertoire synthetique: symptomes
psychiques et generaux de la matiere medicale homeopathique = Synthetisches
Reportorium: Gemuts- und Allgemeinsymptome der homoopathischen Materia hedica;
vol. 3). English. French, German.
10. Volume with edition

Kaufmann SH, Steward MW, editors. Immunology. 10th ed. London: Hodder Arnold;
c2005. 1033 p. (Topley and Wilson's microbiology & microbial infections; vol. 7).
Freedman DX, Dyrud JE, editors. Treatment. 2nd ed. New York: Basic Books; c1975. 1009
p. (Arieti S, editor. American handbook of psychiatry; vol. 5).
Reportorium: Gemuts- und Allgemeinsymptome der homoopathischen Materia medica;
11. Volume with secondary author(s)

Reportorium: Gemuts- und Allgemeinsymptome der homoopathischen Materia medica;
Books 245
12. Volume with well-known place of publication

Reves JG, editor. Cardiothoracic anesthesia. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; c1999.
(Miller RD, editor. Atlas of anesthesia; vol.8).
Moss J, Iglewski B, Vaughan M, Tu AT, editors. Bacterial toxins and virulence factors in
disease. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; c1995. 627 p. (Tu AT, editor. Handbook of natural
toxins; vol. 8).
Goldstein RE, Haywood VB, editors. Esthetic problems of individual teeth, missing teeth,
malocclusion, special populations. 2nd ed. London: BC Dekker, Inc.; 2002. p. 473-884.
(Goldstein RE, editor. Esthetics in dentistry; vol. 2).
13. Volume with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for

clarity
Borman WC, Ilgen DR, Klimoski RJ, editors. Industrial and organizational psychology.
Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; c2003. 649 p. (Weiner IB, editor. Handbook of
Gross AM, Drabman RS, editors. Child clinical applications. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage
Publications; c2005. p. 653-1118. (Hersen M, editor. Encyclopedia of behavior
modification and cognitive behavior therapy; vol. 2).
Sudarshan SR, editor. Diseases and their causes. Taredo (India): Popular Prakashan; 2005.
319 p. (Encyclopaedia of Indian medicine; vol. 6).
Adams DA, Cinnamond MJ, editors. Paediatric otolaryngology. Oxford (UK):
Butterworth Heinemann; c1997. (Kerr AG, editor. Scott-Brown's otolaryngology; vol. 6).
14. Volume with government agency as publisher

Jones FD, Sparacino LR, Wilcox VL, Rothberg JM, Stokes JW, editors. War psychiatry.
Falls Church (VA): Department of the Army (US), Office of the Surgeon General; 1995.
508 p. (Lounsbury DE, editor. Textbooks of military medicine).
15. Volume with unknown publisher

Alizai S, Zia A. [Chanesar Goth and Landhi]. Islamabad (Pakistan): [publisher unknown];
[1993?]. 53 p. (Gender differentials in access to health care for Pakistani children; vol. 3).
Study conducted for Unicef in November 1990.
16. Volume with date of publication

319 p. (Encyclopaedia of Indian medicine; vol. 6).
Belar CD, editor. Sociocultural and individual differences. New York: Pergamon; 1998.
384 p. (Bellack AS, Hersen M, editors. Comprehensive clinical psychology; vol. 10).
246 Citing Medicine
17. Volume with date of copyright instead of date of publication

Renninger KA, Sigel IE, editors. Child psychology in practice. 6th ed. Hoboken (NJ): John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.; c2006. 1073 p. (Damon W, Lerner RM, editors. Handbook of child
Wilcox CS, editor. Hypertension and the kidney. Philadelphia: Current Medicine, Inc.;
c1999. (Schrier RW, editor. Atlas of diseases of the kidney; vol. 3).
18. Volume with estimated date of publication

19. Volume in more than one physical volume

Page E, Fozzard HA, Solaro RJ, editors. The cardiovascular system. Vol. 1, The heart.
Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press; 2002. 822 p. (Handbook of physiology; Sect. 2).
20. Volume with standard pagination

Harrison SI, Eth S, editors. Clinical assessment and intervention planning. New York:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; c1998. 832 p. (Noshpitz JD, editor. Handbook of child and
adolescent psychiatry; vol. 5).
21. Volume in a set continuously paginated

Gross AM, Drabman RS, editors. Child clinical applications. Thousand Oaks (CA): Sage
Publications; c2005. p. 653-1118. (Hersen M, editor. Encyclopedia of behavior
modification and cognitive behavior therapy; vol. 2).
22. Volume in a series with multiple editors

Porter TM, Ross D, editors. The modern social sciences. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge
University Press; c2003. 762 p. (Lindberg DC, Numbers RL, editors. Cambridge history of
science; vol. 7).
Ammerman RT, editor. Child psychopathology. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons, Inc.;
c2006. 493 p. (Hersen M, Thomas JC, editors. Comprehensive handbook of personality
and psychopathology; vol. 3).
Books 247
23. Volume with optional full names for series editors

Gottsch, John D.; Stark, Walter J.; Goldberg, Morton F., editors. Ophthalmic surgery. 5th
ed. London: Arnold; c1999. 506 p. (Carter, David C.; Russell, R.C.; Pitt, Henry A., editors.
Operative surgery; vol. 6).
24. Volume without an editor for the series

Kaufmann SH, Steward MW, editors. Immunology. 10th ed. London: Hodder Arnold;
c2005. 1033 p. (Topley and Wilson's microbiology & microbial infections; vol. 7).
Pott S. Medizin, Medizinethik und schone Literatur. Berlin: Walter De Gruyter; 2002. 284
p. (Sakularisierung in den Wissenschaften seit der Fruhen Neuzeit; bd. 3). German.
25. Volume with series title having a subtitle

26. Volume with series title published with equal text in two or more
languages
Reportorium: Gemuts- und Allgemeinsymptome der Homoopathischen Materia Medica;
27. Volume with other name for series number than volume
Hoffman JH, Jamieson JD, editors. Cell physiology. New York: Oxford; 1997. 960 p.
(Handbook of physiology; Sect. 14).
Brenner DJ, Krieg NR, Staley JT, editors. The proteobacteria. Part C, The alpha-, beta-,
delta-, and epsilonproteobacteria. 2nd ed. New York: Springer; c2005. 1388 p. (Garrity GM,
editor. Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology; vol. 2, pt. C).
28. Volume without a series number

508 p. (Lounsbury DE, editor. Textbooks of military medicine).
248 Citing Medicine
29. Volume with accompaniment

Goldstein RE, Haywood VB, editors. Esthetic problems of individual teeth, missing teeth,
malocclusion, special populations. 2nd ed. London: BC Dekker, Inc.; 2002. p. 473-884.
(Goldstein RE, editor. Esthetics in dentistry; vol. 2). Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
30. Volume with an ISBN

Bays RA, Quinn PD, editors. Temporomandibular disorders. Winn WM, illustrator.
Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; c2000. 426 p. (Fonseca RJ, editor. Oral and
maxillofacial surgery; vol. 4). ISBN: 9780721696355.
31. Other types of notes

508 p. (Lounsbury DE, editor. Textbooks of military medicine). Available from: US
Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; D 104.35:PT.1/V.4.
319 p. (Encyclopaedia of Indian medicine; vol. 6). Located at: National Library of
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; WZ 13 E56 1985.
Study conducted for UNICEF in November 1990.
C. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Parts of Books

The general format for a reference to a part of a book, including pagination:
Books 249
Examples of Citations to Parts of Books

Rather than citing a book as a whole, separately identified portions of a book may be
cited. Chapters, sections, tables, charts, graphs, photographs, appendixes, and the like are
considered parts of books when they are written or compiled by the authors of the book.
They are contributions when the book has an overall editor or editors and the individual
chapters or other components in the book are written by various authors, usually called
contributors.
In general, most modern texts have standardized to three types of parts: figures, tables,
and appendixes. However, other names may be found for parts, including section, chart,
graph, box, and photograph.
Because a reference should start with the individual or organization with responsibility for
the intellectual content of the publication:
Begin a reference to a part of a book with the book itself, then follow it with
information about the part.
Begin a reference to a contribution with information about the contribution,
followed by the word "In:" and information about the book itself. See Chapter 2D
Contributions to Books for details.
For instructions on citing one volume of a book published in multiple volumes, see
Chapter 2B Individual Volumes of Books (Chapter 2B(1) Individual Volumes With
a Separate Title but Without Separate Authors/Editors or Chapter 2B(2) Individual
Volumes With a Separate Title and Separate Authors/Editors).
Medical texts frequently contain charts, figures, and other illustrative material that have
from there.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Books.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Parts of Books.
Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Books

it is optional.
Book (R) | Name and Number/Letter (R) | Title (R) | Location (Pagination) (R) |
Language (R)
Book (required)
Cite the book according to Chapter 2A Entire Books but omit the Pagination
250 Citing Medicine
Name and Number/Letter of the Part of a Book (required)

General Rules for Name and Number/Letter
Enter the name of the part as it appears in the book
Capitalize the name, such as Chapter, Table, Figure, or Appendix
Follow the name with any accompanying number or letter, such as Chapter 12,
Table 2, Figure 3.1, or Appendix A
Specific Rules for Name and Number/Letter

No name appears

Provide the name in the original language for non-English names in the roman
Swedish, etc.)
Tabelle 5.3,
Figura 10a,
Risunok 6,
Parartema 4,
Ichiran-hiyo 3, or [Table 3, ]
publications.
treated as A
Books 251
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Convert words and roman numerals used for part numbers into arabic numbers, so
Provide an English translation in square brackets after the original language or
romanized title when possible
Anexo, Creacion de las especialidades medicas [Appendix, Beginnings of
medical specialties]; p. 275-81. Spanish.
Language Chapter Table Figure Chart Appendix Section
French Chapitre Tableau Figure Graphique Appendice Section
Schema
German Kapitel Tabelle Abbildung Schaubild Anhang Sektion
Figur Diagramm Appendix Abteilung
Zusatz
Italian Capitolo Tabella Figura Diagramma Appendice Parte
Grafico Sezione
Russian Glava Tablitsa Risunok Grafik Prilozenie Sekcija
Skhema Otdel
Otdelenie

252 Citing Medicine
Language Chapter Table Figure Chart Appendix Section

Spanish Capitulo Tabla Figura Grafico Apendice Seccion
Cuadro Parte

Occasionally, an author will label a part as simply "Table", "Figure", "Appendix", or
another name without following the name with any letter or number. In this case,
give whatever name is used for the part and follow it with a comma and the title.
Appendix, Timetable of human prenatal development 1 to 6 weeks; p. 516-7.

If the part being cited is clearly a table, figure, or appendix or similar part but it is
not labeled as such, place the name in square brackets and follow it with any
identifying number or letter
[Photograph] 8, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Professor of Anatomy and
Physiology from 1838 to 1841; p. 31.
Data and calculations required for a life table; p. 146.
Sialography; p. 1029-30.
Examples for Name and Number/Letter

1. Standard chapter in a book
2. Chapter in a book with optional full first names of authors
3. Standard figure in a book with number
4. Figure in a book with a letter
5. Figure in a book without a number or letter
6. Figure in a book without a number with name implied
8. Standard table in a book with a number
Books 253
9. Table in a book with a letter

10. Table in a book without a number or letter
11. Table in a book without a number or letter with name implied
12. Standard appendix in a book with a number
13. Appendix in a book with a letter
14. Appendix in a book without a number or letter
15. Appendix in a book with name implied
17. Other named parts in a book with numbers
18. Other named parts in a book with letters
19. Other parts in a book with numbers with name implied
20. Other parts in a book without numbers or letters with name implied
21.
22. Dictionary entry, unsigned
23. Encyclopedia article, unsigned
27. Parts of non-English books
Title of the Part of a Book (required)

Enter the title of the part as it appears in the book
and initialisms
Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle unless some other
already present
Follow non-English titles with a translation when possible; place the translation in
square brackets

Titles for parts not in English
Titles for parts in more than one language
Titles for parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special
character
No title appears
254 Citing Medicine
Box 124. Titles for parts not in English.

Swedish, etc.)
Tabla 10, Etiologia de la esplenomegalia secundaria a procesos infecciosos; p.
109. Spanish.
Chapitre 4, Le virage de la jouissance; p. 91-102. French.
Risunok 2, Tendentsii smertnosti i prodolzhitel'nosti zhizni naseleniya
Ukrainy v poslevoennyi period; p. 53. Russian.
the translation in square brackets.
10 Shoyo, Anchi eijingu igaku; p. 23-45. Japanese.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Books 255

Tableau 5, Principaux marqueurs biologiques de l'etat nutritionnel [Table 5,
Principal biological markers of nutritional state]; p. 33. French.
10 Shoyo, Anchi eijingu igaku [Chapter 10, Anti-aging medicine]; p. 23-45.
Japanese.
Box 125. Titles for parts in more than one language.

If a chapter, figure, or another part is presented with equal text in two or more languages,
as often occurs in Canadian publications:
Give all titles in the order in which they are found in the text
Place an equals sign with a space on either side between the titles
List all languages, separated by commas, after the location (pagination)
End the list with a period
Example:
Lines R. Action on HIV/AIDS in prisons: too little, too late; a report card = La
lutte au VIH/sida dans nos prisons: trop peu, trop tard; unrapportd' etape.
[Montreal (QC)]: Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network; c2002. [Table],
Percentage of prisoners known to be HIV-positive in women's institutions =
Proportion de detenues connues comme seropositives au VIH dans des
etablissements federaux pour femmes; p. 4. English, French.
Box 126. Titles for parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another
special character.
capitalized
hydrocarbon, Apiezonl L, CW-20M; p. 374.
becomes omega.
256 Citing Medicine

may become
may become
149.

Table, [Waist-hip ratio ranges and the sample sizes for women aged 40 to 59];
p. 72.
Appendix, [Excerpts from "Prescription Pain Medications: Frequently Asked
Examples for Title

7. Figure in a book with a constructed title
16. Appendix in a book with a constructed title
21.
Books 257

24. Part in a book with Greek letters or other special symbols in the title
25. Part in a book with superscripts or subscripts in the title
Location (Pagination) of the Part of a Book (required)

Enter the page number or numbers on which the part appears. Examples: p. 438
and p. 663-4
page number. For example: p. S10-8.
End location information with a period

Part paginated separately
No page numbers appear on the part

Keep roman numerals when they are used as page numbers for parts
Give roman numerals in upper or lower case, whichever appears in the publication
If the pagination for a part begins anew with page I or i, give the total number of
pages of the part in square brackets
Appendix, Questionnaire; [5 p.].
258 Citing Medicine
Box 129. Part paginated separately.

A part such as an appendix or a group of tables may be given its own pagination
and begin anew with page one. When this occurs, give the total number of pages of
the part you wish to cite, placed in square brackets, such as [5 p.].
Appendix 3C, Description of model output tables and graphs; [7 p.].
Box 130. No page numbers appear on the part.

Occasionally, a table, figure, appendix, or another part will appear on a page that is not
numbered.
If only the part to be cited has no page numbers, identify the location in relation to
numbered pages. For example: preceding p. 17 or following p. 503. Place such
phrases in square brackets.
Figure 5, Modeling the risk of in-hospital death following lung resection;
[preceding p. 55].
Appendix, Patient questionnaire; [following p. 174].
If the entire book has no page numbers or the part cannot be easily located in
cite, placed in square brackets, such as [5 p.].

26. Part in a book with unusual pagination or no pagination
Language of the Part of a Book (required)

Books 259


Examples of Citations to Parts of Books

Riffenburgh RH. Statistics in medicine. 2nd ed. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier
Academic Press; c2006. Chapter 24, Regression and correlation methods; p. 447-86.
Reed JG, Baxter PM. Library use: handbook for psychology. 3rd ed. Washington:
American Psychological Association; c2003. Chapter 2, Selecting and defining the topic; p.
11-25.
Goldstein RE. Esthetics in dentistry. 2nd ed. Vol. 1, Principles, communications,
treatment methods. Hamilton (ON): B.C. Decker; c1998. Chapter 13, Composite resin
bonding; p. 277-338.
2. Chapter in a book with optional full first names of authors

Speroff, Leon; Fritz, Marc A. Clinical gynecologic endocrinology and infertility. 7th ed.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2005. Chapter 29, Endometriosis; p.
1103-33.

Lashley FR. Clinical genetics in nursing practice. 3rd ed. New York: Springer Publishing
Company; c2005. Figure 2.5, Meiosis with two autosomal chromosome pairs; p. 27-8.
Thibodeau GA, Patton KT. Anatomy & physiology. 5th ed. St. Louis (MO): Mosby; c2003.
Figure 6-13, Onycholysis; p. 179.
Munro BH. Statistical methods for health care research. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins; c2005. Exercise figure 14-1, Factor analysis of IPA items; p. 347.
Lancaster FW, Joncich MJ. The measure and evaluation of library services. Washington:
Information Resources Press; c1977. Figure 9, Questionnaire used in U.K. catalog use
study; p. 47-50.
4. Figure in a book with a letter

Nielsen-Bohlman L, Panzer AM, Kindig DA, editors. Health literacy: a prescription to end
confusion. Washington: National Academies Press; c2004. Figure B-2, Improving chronic
disease care: a framework based on health literacy and related research; p. 271.
260 Citing Medicine
Wood AF, Smith MJ. Online communication: linking technology, identity, and culture.
Mahwah (NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; c2001. Figure A.1, Linear versus hypertext;
p. 204.
5. Figure in a book without a number or letter

Eroschenko VP. Di Fiore's atlas of histology with functional correlations. 10th ed.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2005. Overview figure, Comparison
(transverse sections) of a muscular artery, large vein, and the three types of capillaries; p.
152.
6. Figure in a book without a number with name implied

American health: demographics and spending of health care consumers. Ithaca (NY):
New Strategist Publications, Inc.; c2005. [Figure], Percent distribution of visits to
emergency rooms by urgency of problem, 2002; p. 383.
7. Figure in a book with a constructed title

Grundy F, Grundy PF. Community health and social services: an introduction for medical
undergraduates, health visitors, social workers and midwives. London: H.K. Lewis & Co.
Ltd.; 1974. Figure 4, [Map of County Councils and District Councils in Wales]; p. 24.

Larone DH. Medically important fungi: a guide to identification. 4th ed. Washington:
ASM Press; c2002. Table 15, Characteristics of some of the "black yeasts"; p. 200.
American health: demographics and spending of health care consumers. Ithaca (NY):
New Strategist Publications, Inc.; c2005. Table 11.19, Percent distribution of hospital
discharges by diagnosis and age, 2002; p. 395-6.
Burant CF. Medical management of type 2 diabetes. 5th ed. Alexandria (VA): American
Diabetes Association; c2004. Table 3.12, Sample regimens for achieving glycemic control;
p. 68.
Moore KL, Persaud TV. The developing human: clinically oriented embryology. 7th ed.
Philadelphia: Saunders; c2003. Table 6-1, Criteria for estimating fertilization age during
the fetal period; p.103.
9. Table in a book with a letter

Nielsen-Bohlman L, Panzer AM, Kindig DA, editors. Health literacy: a prescription to end
confusion. Washington: National Academies Press; c2004. Table B-7, Percentage of adult
population groups with literacy skills at NALS levels 1 or 2; p. 294.
Books 261
10. Table in a book without a number or letter

Pennington JA, Douglas JS. Bowes & Church's food values of portions commonly used.
18th ed. Baltimore (MD): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2005. Supplementary tables:
Fatty acids; p. 331-7.
11. Table in a book without a number or letter with name implied

Lide DR, editor. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics: a ready-reference book of
chemical and physical data. 86th ed. Boca Raton (FL): Taylor & Francis; 2005. [Table],
Vapor pressure of fluids at temperatures below 300 K; p. 684-691.
Mosley AD, Romaine DS. The encyclopedia of Parkinson's disease. New York: Facts on
File; c2004. [Table], Hoehn and Yahr stage scale for Parkinson's disease; p. 158.

Finberg L, Kravath RE, Hellerstein S, Saenger P. Water and electrolytes in pediatrics:
physiology, pathology, and treatment. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company;
c1993. Appendix 2, Time line; p. 267-70.
13. Appendix in a book with a letter

Zuber TJ, Mayeaux EJ. Atlas of primary care procedures. Jackelow WB, Gast P, Duprey LP,
illustrators. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2004. Appendix H, Skin
preparation recommendations; p. 596.
14. Appendix in a book without a number or letter

Moore KL, Persaud TV. The developing human: clinically oriented embryology. 7th ed.
Philadelphia: Saunders; c2003. Appendix, Timetable of human prenatal development 1 to
6 weeks; p. 516-7.
Reed JG, Baxter PM. Library use: handbook for psychology. 3rd ed. Washington:
American Psychological Association; c2003. Appendix, Brief guide to literature searching;
p. 145-7.
15. Appendix in a book with name implied

University of Cape Town, Medical School, Department of Pharmacology. South African
medicines formulary. 4th ed. Pinelands (South Africa): Medical Association of South
Africa; c1997. [Appendix], Adverse drug event and product quality problem report form;
[following p. 510.].
Blumenthal M, Hall T, Goldberg A, Kunz T, Dinda D, editors. The ABC clinical guide to
herbs. Austin (TX): American Botanical Council; 2003. [Appendix], Post test; p. 425-30.
262 Citing Medicine
16. Appendix in a book with a constructed title

Woelfel JB, Scheid RC. Dental anatomy: its relevance to dentistry. 6th ed. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2002. Appendix, [Drawings of permanent and primary
teeth which are labeled (with letters) to highlight features of each tooth]; Appendix page
1-10.
17. Other named parts in a book with numbers

Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC. Textbook of veterinary medicine: diseases of the dog and cat. 6th
ed. St. Louis (MO): Elsevier Saunders; c2005. Section 7, Dietary considerations of
systemic problems; p. 553-98.
Berman A, Snyder S, Kozier B, Erb G. Kozier and Erb's techniques in clinical nursing. 5th
ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice Hall; c2002. Unit 3, Mobility and safety; p. 173-257.
Thibodeau GA, Patton KT. Anatomy & physiology. 5th ed. St. Louis (MO): Mosby; c2003.
Box 10-1, Sports and fitness: assessing muscle strength; p. 283.
Timby BK. Fundamental skills and concepts in patient care. 8th ed. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2005. Skill 16-4, Giving oral care to unconscious
patients; p. 332-4.
18. Other named parts in a book with letters

Katz DL. Nutrition in clinical practice: a comprehensive, evidence-based manual for the
practitioner. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2001. Part B, Dietary
management in clinical practice: diet and exercise; p. 35-194.
19. Other parts in a book with numbers with name implied

Chapman CB. Dartmouth medical school: the first 100 years. Hanover (NH): University
Press of New England; 1973. [Photograph] 8, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Professor of
Anatomy and Physiology from 1838 to 1841; p. 31.
Gillmer M, Gordon D, Sever P, Steer P. 100 cases for students of medicine: medicine,
surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology. Edinburgh (Scotland): Churchill Livingstone; 1979.
[Case] 26, [Two patients were admitted complaining of difficulty in swallowing]; p. 71-2.
20. Other parts in a book without numbers or letters with name implied
American Medical Association. American Medical Association family medical guide. 4th
ed., completely rev. and updated. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons; c2004. [Chart],
Impaired memory: difficulty remembering specific facts, events, or periods of time; p. 236.
21. Unnamed parts in a book without numbers or letters

Riffenburgh RH. Statistics in medicine. 2nd ed. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier
Academic Press; c2006. Data and calculations required for a life table; p. 146.
Books 263
Larone DH. Medically important fungi: a guide to identification. 4th ed. Washington:
ASM Press; c2002. Malassezia furfur; p. 136.
Pagana KD, Pagana TJ. Mosby's manual of diagnostic and laboratory tests. 2nd ed. St.
Louis (MO): Mosby; c2002. Sialography; p. 1029-30.
United States Pharmacopeial Convention. The United States pharmacopeia. The national
formulary. USP 32nd rev., NF 27th ed. Vol 2. Rockville (MD): The Convention; 2009.
Doxycycline capsules; p. 2211-2.
Physicians' desk reference: PDR. 63rd ed. Montvale (NJ): Thomson Reuters; c2008.
Wellbutrin XL; p. 1659-66.

Dorland's illustrated medical dictionary. 30th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; c2003.
Encephalomalacia; p. 609.

Turkington C, Tzeel A. The encyclopedia of children's health and wellness. New York:
Facts on File, Inc.; c2004. Papilloma virus, human (HPV); p. 381-3.
24. Part in a book with Greek letters or other special symbols in the title
The Merck index: an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals. 13th ed.
Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck & Co., Inc.; 2001. -Bisabolol; p. 212.
or
The Merck index: an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals. 13th ed.
Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck & Co., Inc.; 2001. alpha-Bisabolol; p. 212.
25. Part in a book with superscripts or subscripts in the title

Kahl G. The dictionary of gene technology: genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics. 3rd
ed. Weinheim (Germany): Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; c2004. Melting
temperature (Tm, tm, t1/2m; melting point); p. 639-40.
or
Kahl G. The dictionary of gene technology: genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics. 3rd
ed. Weinheim (Germany): Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; c2004. Melting
temperature (T(m), t(m), t(1/2m); melting point); p. 639.
26. Part in a book with unusual pagination or no pagination

Owens RE. Language disorders: a functional approach to assessment and intervention. 4th
ed. Boston: Pearson; c2004. Appendix D, Language tests for children with LEP and
different dialects; p. A15-25.
264 Citing Medicine
Shingleton HM, Orr JW Jr. Cancer of the cervix. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company;
c1995. Color figure 7-7, Excised uterus with wide vaginal cuff and parauterine tissues;
[preceding p. 1].
University of Cape Town, Medical School, Department of Pharmacology. South African
medicines formulary. 4th ed. Pinelands (South Africa): Medical Association of South
Africa; c1997. [Appendix], Adverse drug event and product quality problem report form;
[following p. 510].
Tappan FM, Benjamin PJ. Tappan's handbook of healing massage techniques: classic,
holistic, and emerging methods. 4th ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Pearson/Prentice Hall;
c2005. [Figure], Energy channels of traditional Asian medicine; [inside back cover and
facing page].
Woelfel JB, Scheid RC. Dental anatomy: its relevance to dentistry. 6th ed. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2002. Appendix, [Drawings of permanent and primary
teeth which are labeled (with letters) to highlight features of each tooth]; Appendix page
1-10.

Tischendorf FW. Blickdiagnostik: Compactatlas der klinischen Inspektion und
Differenzialdiagnostik. 3., vollstandig uberarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Stuttgart
(Germany): Schattauer; c2005. Abbildung 15, -Thalassaemia minor; p. 9. German.
Fleta Zaragozano J. Enfremedades importadas en pediatria. Zaragoza (Spain): Prensas
Universitarias de Zaragoza; 2001. Tabla 10, Etiologia de la esplenomegalia secundaria a
procesos infecciosos; p. 109. Spanish.
Bercherie P. Lacan. Paris: L'Harmattan; 2004. Chapitre 4, Le virage de la jouissance; p.
91-102. French.
Corea Fonseca E. Historia de la medicina en Nicaragua. Managua (Nicaragua): [publisher
unknown]; 2000 Dec. Anexo, Creacion de las especialidades medicas; p. 275-81. Spanish.
Basdekis JC. L'alimentation des personnes agees: et la prevention de la denutrition. Paris:
ESTEM; c2004. Tableau 5, Principaux marqueurs biologiques de l'etat nutritionnel; p. 33.
French.
with translation
Basdekis JC. L'alimentation des personnes agees: et la prevention de la denutrition
[Nutrition in older people: and the prevention of malnutrition]. Paris: ESTEM; c2004.
Tableau 5, Principaux marqueurs biologiques de l'etat nutritionnel [Table 5, Principal
biological markers of nutritional state]; p. 33. French.
Books 265
D. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Contributions to

Books
The general format for a reference to a contribution to a book, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Contributions to Books

Contributions are found when a book has an overall editor or editors and the individual
chapters or other components of the book are written by various authors, usually called
contributors. One or all of the editors may also be contributing authors. Because a
reference should start with the individual or organization responsible for the intellectual
content of the publication, begin a reference to a contribution with the author and title of
the contribution, followed by the word "In:" and information about the entire book.
Medical texts frequently contain charts, figures, and other illustrative material that have
been reproduced with permission from other sources. Do not cite these as contributions
using the instructions presented here. Consult the original publication and cite the chart
or other item from there.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Contributions to Books.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Contributions to Books.
Citation Rules with Examples for Contributions to Books

it is optional.
Author/Editor (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Connective Phrase (R) | Book
Information (R) | Location (Pagination) (R) | Part (R)
266 Citing Medicine
Author/Editor of a Contribution to a Book (required)

Capitalize names and enter spaces within surnames as they appear in the document
cited on the assumption that the author approved the form used. For example: Van
Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.
the word editor or editors

Other surname rules

Books 267

or is a combination of a middle name and a surname, look at the table of
contents, the back of the title page (the copyright page), or elsewhere in the
text for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be interpreted
to be Parker ES or Scott Parker E.]
Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. To simplify rules for
English-language publications, this rule ignores some conventions used in non-
English languages
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
268 Citing Medicine
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

For non-English names that are romanized (written in the roman alphabet),
letter
Books 269


Examples:
publications.
270 Citing Medicine
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor
Books 271

a nationality is not part of the name, place the two-letter ISO country code (see
Appendix D) in parentheses after the name
a contribution as authors, use the names of the individuals as the author. Give the
272 Citing Medicine
brackets.
or
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
Books 273
treated as ae
treated as oe


1. Standard reference to a contributed chapter
2. Contributed chapter with optional full first names for authors and editors
3. Contributed chapter authors with a family designation following their names
4. Contributed chapter author names with a particle, prefix, or preposition
5. Contributed chapter authors with compound last names
6. Contributed section with editor(s)
7. Signed encyclopedia article
Author Affiliation for a Contribution to a Book (optional)

274 Citing Medicine



Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
Books 275

a space
Example:

Give the affiliations of all authors or only the first author
Spain).
Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate organizational names if they
are in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for
Romania), Burcos T, Ungureanu CD, Zodieru-Popa I. Grudinina NA
(Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences,
276 Citing Medicine
St. Petersburg, Russia), Golubkov VI, Tikhomirova OS, Brezhneva TV,

Hanson KP, Vasilyev VB, Mandelshtam MY.
Kubo A, Ishida T.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
example, use Vienna for Wien and use Spain for Espana. However, the name as
found on the publication is always correct.

Books 277

Wien becomes Vienna

8. Contributed chapter with author address included
Title of a Contribution to a Book (required)

Enter the title of the chapter or other contribution as it appears in the original
document, in the original language
and initialisms
already present
in square brackets
it


Swedish, etc.)
Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico.
278 Citing Medicine

gastroenterologicheskikh zabolevanii: klinicheskie ocherki.
Katsunori K. Anrakushi to keiho.
or
Katsunori K. [Euthanasia and criminal law].
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Books 279

expression].
zabolevanii: klinicheskie ocherki [Diagnosis and complex treatment of basic
gastrointestinal diseases: clinical studies].
Anrakushi to keiho [Euthanasia and criminal law].

If a chapter or other contribution is presented with equal text in two or more languages, as
Give all titles in the order in which they are found on the title page
List all the languages, separated by commas, after the pagination
Example:
Le genome: avancees scientifiques et therapeutiques et consequences sociales
= The genome: scientific and therapeutic developments and social
consequences.
character.
Capitalize first word of the title of a chapter or other contribution unless the title
begins with a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character that
might lose its meaning if capitalized
von Willebrand disease.
with the available type fonts, substitute the name for the symbol. For example,
becomes omega.
-linolenic acid and its clinical applications.
280 Citing Medicine
may become
Gamma-linolenic acid and its clinical applications.
may become
TiO2 nanoparticles.
may become
Examples for Title

9. Contributed chapter with a title beginning with a lower-case letter or containing a
special symbol or character
10. Contributed chapter with a non-English title
Connective Phrase for a Contribution to a Book (required)

General Rules for Connective Phrase
Place a space and the word "In" after the title of the contribution
Follow "In" with a colon and a space
Examples for Connective Phrase

Book Information (required)

General Rules for Book Information
Cite the book in which the contribution appears according to Chapter 2A Entire
Books but omit the Pagination
Examples for Book Information

12. Contributed chapter in a book with translators or illustrators
13. Contributed chapter in a book with an edition statement
Books 281
14. Contributed chapter in a book with subordinate division to the publisher

15. Contributed chapter in a book that is part of a series
16. Contributed chapter in one volume of a multivolume book
Location (Pagination) for a Contribution to a Book (required)

Enter the page number or numbers on which the contribution appears. Examples:
p. 438 and p. 663-4

No page numbers appear on the pages of the contribution
Optional chapter number

Keep roman numerals when they are used as page numbers
Examples:
p. ix-xxi.
p. XIV-XVIII.
Box 148. No page numbers appear on the pages of the contribution.

Occasionally, a chapter or other contribution will appear on a page that is not numbered.
If only the particular contribution to be cited has no page numbers, identify the
location in relation to numbered pages. For example: preceding p. 17 or following p.
503. Place such phrases in square brackets.
[preceding p. 55].
[following p. 84].
282 Citing Medicine
If the entire book has no page numbers, give the total number of pages of the
contribution, placed in square brackets, such as [5 p.].
Box 149. Optional chapter number.

As an option, give the chapter number in place of the usual page numbers used for
location.
Whiteside TL, Heberman RB. Effectors of immunity and rationale for
immunotherapy. In: Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC Jr,
Gansler TS, Holland JF, Frei E 3rd, editors. Cancer medicine 6. 6th ed.
Hamilton (ON): BC Decker Inc; 2003. Chapter 14.

11. Contributed chapter with an optional chapter number instead of pagination
Part of a Contribution to a Book (required)

General Rules for a Part of a Contribution
Cite a part of a contribution, such as a table or figure, according to Chapter 2A
Entire Books
Examples for a Part of a Contribution

17. Part of a contributed chapter
18. Part of a contributed chapter in one volume of a multivolume book
Examples of Citations to Contributions to Books

Whiteside TL, Heberman RB. Effectors of immunity and rationale for immunotherapy. In:
Kufe DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC Jr, Gansler TS, Holland JF, Frei E 3rd,
editors. Cancer medicine 6. Hamilton (ON): BC Decker Inc; 2003. p. 221-8.
Rojko JL, Hardy WD Jr. Feline leukemia virus and other retroviruses. In: Sherding RG,
editor. The cat: diseases and clinical management. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1989.
p. 229-332.
Kone BC. Metabolic basis of solute transport. In: Brenner BM, Rector FC, editors. Brenner
and Rectors the kidney. 8th ed. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; c2008. p. 130-55.
Books 283
2. Contributed chapter with optional full first names for authors and
editors
Erin, Jane N.; Fazzi, Diane L.; Gordon, Robert L.; Isenberg, Sherwin J.; Paysse, Evelyn A.
Vision focus: understanding the medical and functional implications of vision loss. In:
Pogrund, Rona L.; Fazzi, Diane L., editors. Early focus: working with young children who
are blind or visually impaired and their families. 2nd ed. New York: AFB Press; c2002. p.
52-106.
3. Contributed chapter authors with a family designation following their

names
Buckenmaier CC 3rd. Austere environment anesthesia. In: Steele SM, Nielsen KC, Klein
SM, editors. Ambulatory anesthesia and perioperative analgesia. New York: McGraw-Hill,
Medical Publications Division; c2005. p. 357-70.
Otado JA, Akukwe C, Collins JW Jr. Disparate African American and white infant
mortality rates in the United States. In: Livingston IL, editor. Praeger handbook of Black
American health: policies and issues behind disparities in health. 2nd ed. Westport (CT):
Praeger; 2004. p. 355-68.
4. Contributed chapter author names with a particle, prefix, or

preposition
de Mattiello ML, Maneiro M, Buglione S. Sensitivity to movement of configurations of
achromatic and chromatic points in amblyopic patients. In: Mellon JD, Pokorny J,
Knoblauch K, editors. Normal and defective colour vision. New York: Oxford University
Press; 2003. p. 154-9.
O'Connell MA, Jewell DM. Human resources management in group practice. In: Wolper
LF, editor. Physician practice management: essential operational and financial knowledge.
Sudbury (MA): Jones Bartlett Publishers; c2005. p. 139-70.
von Campenhausen C, Schramme J. Some properties of the physiological colour system.
In: Mellon JD, Pokorny J, Knoblauch K, editors. Normal and defective colour vision. New
York: Oxford University Press; 2003. p. 288-98.
Von Hoff DD, Hanauske AR. Preclinical and early clinical development of new anticancer
agents. In: Kufe DW, Bast RC Jr, Hait WN, Hong WK, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR,
Holland JF, Frei E 3rd, editors. Holland-Frei cancer medicine 7. 7th ed. Hamilton (ON):
BC Decker Inc; 2006. p. 600-16.
Al-Ibrahim MS, Gross JY. Tobacco use. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors.
Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations. Stoneham (MA):
Butterworth Publishers; c1990. p. 214-6.
284 Citing Medicine
Le Rohellec J, Brettel H, Vienot F. Contribution of achromatic and chromatic contrast

signals to Fechner-Benham subjective colours. In: Mellon JD, Pokorny J, Knoblauch K,
editors. Normal and defective colour vision. New York: Oxford University Press; 2003. p.
145-53.
5. Contributed chapter authors with compound last names

Hill-Tout J. Four nations delivering a National Health Service. In: Rawlins M, Littlejohns
P, editors. Delivering quality in the NHS, 2004. Oxford (United Kingdom): Radcliffe
Medical Press; c2004. p. 58-60.
Caldas de Castro M, Yamagata Y, Mtasiwa D, Tanner M, Utzinger J, Keiser J, Singer BH.
Integrated urban malaria control: a case study in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania. In: Breman JG,
Alilio MS, Mills A, editors. The intolerable burden of malaria: II. What's new, what's
needed. Cleveland (OH): The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene; c2004.
p. 103-17.
6. Contributed section with editor(s)

Johnson D, Ellis H, Collins P, editors. Pectoral girdle and upper limb. In: Standring S,
editor. Gray's anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice. 29th ed. Edinburgh
(Scotland): Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2005. p. 799-942.
7. Signed encyclopedia article

Robinson A, Fridovich-Keil JL, Fridovich I. The principles of genetics and heredity. In:
The new encyclopaedia Brittanica. 15th ed. Vol. 19. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Brittanica,
Inc.; c2002. p. 699-740.
Hazeltine WA. AIDS. In: The encyclopedia Americana. International ed. Vol. 1. Danbury
(CT): Grolier Incorporated; 1990. p. 365-6.
8. Contributed chapter with author address included

for all authors
Maisto SA (Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY), McKay JR (University of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, PA), Tiffany ST (Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN). Diagnosis. In: Allen
JP, Wilson VB, editors. Assessing alcohol problems: a guide for clinicians and researchers.
2nd ed. Bethesda (MD): National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (US); 2003.
p. 55-73.
for only the first author
Cohen AH (Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA),
Nast CC. Renal injury caused by human immunodeficiency virus infection. In: Jennette
JC, Olson JL, Schwartz MM, Silva FG, editors. Hepinstall's pathology of the kidney. 5th
ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; c1998. p. 785-810.
Books 285
9. Contributed chapter with a title beginning with a lower-case letter or

containing a special symbol or character
Brooks M. von Willebrand disease. In: Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC, editors. Schalm's
veterinary hematology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2000. p.
509-15.
Bush K. Other -lactam antibiotics. In: Finch RG, Greenwood D, Norrby SR, Whitley RJ,
editors. Antibiotic and chemotherapy: anti-infective agents and their use in therapy. 8th
ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2003. p. 259-78.
or
Bush K. Other beta-lactam antibiotics. In: Finch RG, Greenwood D, Norrby SR, Whitley
RJ, editors. Antibiotic and chemotherapy: anti-infective agents and their use in therapy.
8th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 2003. p. 259-78.
10. Contributed chapter with a non-English title

Menu Y. Imagerie des cancers du pancreas exocrine. In: Lledo G, editor. Le cancer du
pancreas exocrine. Montrouge (France): Editions John Libbey Eurotext; c2004. p. 27-44.
French.
Luis DA, Izaola O. Modificacion de la dieta durante las diferentes etapas de la vida. In:
Aller de la Fuente R, Izaola Jauregui O, Gonzalez Martin J, de Luis Roman DA, de Luis
Roman J, editors. Dietetica aplicada a la practica clinica. Valladolid (Spain): Universidad
de Valladolid, Secretariado de Publicaciones e Intercambio Editorial; c2002. p. 35-51.
Spanish.
with translation
Menu Y. Imagerie des cancers du pancreas exocrine [Images of cancer of the exocrine
pancreas]. In: Lledo G, editor. Le cancer du pancreas exocrine [Cancer of the exocrine
pancreas]. Montrouge (France): Editions John Libbey Eurotext; c2004. p. 27-44. French.
11. Contributed chapter with an optional chapter number instead of

pagination
Simon D, Boring JR 3rd. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value. In: Walker HK, Hall
WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory
examinations. Stoneham (MA): Butterworth Publishers; c1990. Chapter 6.
editors. Cancer medicine 6. 6th ed. Hamilton (ON): BC Decker Inc; 2003. Chapter 14.
286 Citing Medicine
12. Contributed chapter in a book with translators or illustrators

Jackman DS, Willoughby JH. Odontogenic infections: anatomy and surgical management.
In: Dym H, Ogle OE, editors. Atlas of minor oral surgery. Wettan HL, illustrator.
Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; c2001. p. 137-49.
Newton CW, Brown CE Jr. Geriatric endodontics. In: Cohen S, Burns RC, editors.
Pathways of the pulp. 7th ed. Burns RC, illustrator. St. Louis: Mosby; 1998. p. 759-90.
Kiesewetter H, Jung F. Rheological therapy in peripheral arterial occlusion. In: Lawin P,
Zander J, Weidler B, editors. Hydroxyethyl starch: a current overview. Ladak A, translator.
Stuttgart (Germany): Georg Thieme Verlag; 1992. p. 121-8. Translation of:
Hydroxyethylstarke: eine aktuelle Ubersicht.
13. Contributed chapter in a book with an edition statement

Pier GB, Ramphal R. Pseudomas aeruginosa. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors.
Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. 6th ed.
Philadelphia: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; c2005. p. 2587-615.
Sobell LC, Sobell MB. Alcohol consumption measures. In: Allen JP, Wilson VB, editors.
Assessing alcohol problems: a guide for clinicians and researchers. 2nd ed. Bethesda
(MD): National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (US); 2003. p. 75-99.
Rogers ZR, Aquino VM, Buchanan GR. Hematologic supportive care and hematopoietic
cytokines. In: Pizzo PA, Poplack DG, editors. Principles and practice of pediatric
oncology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002. p. 1205-38.
14. Contributed chapter in a book with subordinate division to the

publisher
Scott DL. Ambulatory anesthesia for cosmetic surgery. In: Steele SM, Nielsen KC, Klein
SM, editors. Ambulatory anesthesia and perioperative analgesia. New York: McGraw-Hill,
Medical Publications Division; c2005. p. 311-20.
15. Contributed chapter in a book that is part of a series

Sobell LC, Sobell MB. Alcohol consumption measures. In: Allen JP, Wilson VB, editors.
Assessing alcohol problems: a guide for clinicians and researchers. 2nd ed. Bethesda
(MD): National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (US); 2003. p. 75-99. (NIH
publication; no. 03-3745).

Murphy PM. Chemokine receptors: overview. In: Oppenheim JJ, Feldmann M, Durum
SK, Hirano T, Vilcek J, Nicola NA, editors. Cytokine reference: a compendium of
cytokines and other mediators of host defense. Vol. 2, Receptors. London: Academic
Press; c2001. p. 1971-80.
Books 287
Robinson A, Fridovich-Keil JL, Fridovich I. The principles of genetics and heredity. In:
The new encyclopaedia Brittanica. 15th ed. Vol. 19. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Brittanica,
Inc.; c2002. p. 699-740.
Rygaard J, Povlsen CO. Athymic (nude) mice. In: Foster HL, Small JD, Fox JG, editors.
The mouse in biomedical research. Vol. 4, Experimental biology and oncology. New York:
Academic Press; 1982. p. 51-67.
17. Part of a contributed chapter

editors. Cancer medicine 6. Hamilton (ON): BC Decker Inc; 2003. Figure 14-4,
Accumulation of V 23-restricted CD3+ T lymphocytes in tumor-infiltrating
lymphocytes (TIL) and autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in a patient with
head and neck cancer; p. 223.
18. Part of a contributed chapter in one volume of a multivolume book

Misulis KE. Hemiplegia and monoplegia. In: Bradley WG, Daroff RB, Fenichel GM,
Jankovic J, editors. Neurology in clinical practice. 4th ed. Vol. 1, Principles of diagnosis
and management. Philadelphia: Butterworth-Heinemann; c2004. Table 26.2, Brainstem
lesions; p. 341.
288 Citing Medicine
289
Chapter 3. Conference Publications

A. Conference Proceedings
Examples
B. Conference Papers
Examples
C. Parts of Conference Papers
Examples
See also:
Chapter 12 Papers and Poster Sessions Presented at Meetings
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Conference

Proceedings
The general format for a reference to a conference proceedings, including punctuation:
- with a title for the book of proceedings as well as a conference title:
- with only a conference title:

290 Citing Medicine
Examples of Citations to Conference Proceedings

Conference proceedings are a collection of the papers presented at a conference,
symposium, congress, or other meeting. They share many characteristics with books; the
major difference in citing them lies in their titles and in the provision of information
about the dates and places of the conferences.
Conference proceedings always have a conference title. They often have two titles: the title
of the book of proceedings (often the name of the specific conference) and the title of the
conference. Many organizations hold annual numbered meetings, each of which has a
specific topic or theme. For example, "Addressing patient needs: access, parity and
humane care." is the name (book title) of the160th Annual Meeting of the American
Psychiatric Association (conference title). When both titles are present, give the book title
first.
Confusion arises if people preparing references to conference proceedings believe that the
date and location of the conference take the place of the date and place of publication.
Proceedings are frequently published a year or more after the conference was held, and
there is often no correlation between the location of the publisher and the location of the
conference. Sponsors of the conference are also often not the publisher.
Citations to conference proceedings involve placing information about the conference in a
prescribed format and order, with prescribed punctuation, regardless of the order and
punctuation given in the text. For example, if the title page reads:
Society for Laboratory Animal Welfare
Forty-third Annual Meeting
San Francisco
June 3-5, 2005
The format and order for the citation should be:
43rd Annual Meeting of the Society for Laboratory Animal Welfare; 2005 Jun 3-5;
San Francisco.
Conference Publications 291
In addition, because conference proceedings are a collection of papers, they have editors,
not authors. Editors are usually considered secondary authors and placed after the title,
but since no authors are present in proceedings, place their editors in the author position
at the beginning of the reference.
The chief source for information about a proceedings is its title page. The back of the title
page, called the verso or copyright page, and the cover of the book of proceedings are
additional sources of authoritative information not found on the title page.
Conference papers are cited in the same way as contributions to books. See Chapter 3B
Conference Papers for details. For information on citing papers presented at conferences
but never published, see Chapter 12 Papers and Poster Sessions Presented at Meetings.
For a proceedings appearing on the Internet, see Chapter 18 Books and Other Individual
Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk and Chapter 22 Books and Other Individual Titles on
the Internet.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Conference Proceedings.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Conference Proceedings.
Citation Rules with Examples for Conference Proceedings

it is optional.
Editor (R) | Editor Affiliation (O) | Book Title (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Conference
Number (R) | Conference Title (R) | Date of Conference (O) | Place of Conference (O) |
Type of Medium (if no title) (R) | Edition (R) | Other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of
Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Pagination (O) | Physical
Description (O) | Series (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Editor for Conference Proceedings (required)

Enter surname (family or last name) first for each editor
document cited on the assumption that the editor approved the form used. For
Give all editors, regardless of the number
Separate editor names from each other by a comma and a space
Follow the last named editor with a comma and the word editor or editors
292 Citing Medicine

Other surname rules
Non-English words for editors
No editor can be found
Options for editor names



Parker E.]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

294 Citing Medicine

letter




Romanize names if they are in Cyrillic (Russian, Bulgarian, etc.), Greek, Arabic,
Hebrew, Korean, or character-based languages, such as Chinese and Japanese
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
296 Citing Medicine

To assist in identifying editors, below is a brief list of non-English words for editor
French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor
Box 8. No editor can be found.

If no person or organization can be identified as the editor but translators are
present, begin the reference with the names of the translators. Follow the same rules
as used for editor names, but end the list of names with a comma and the word
translator or translators.
Alvarez H, Tello E, translators.
If no person or organization can be identified as the editor and there are no
translators, begin the reference with the title of the book or title of the conference if
there is no separate book title. Do not use anonymous.
Practical points in dentistry: the alternatives. International Dental Congress of
the Mekong River Region; 2004 Jun 7-10; Century Park Hotel, Bangkok,
Thailand. Bangkok: Mahidol University, Faculty of Dentistry; [2004]. 82 p.
10th International Psoriasis Symposium; 2004 Jun 10-13; Toronto, ON.
Chicago: Skin Disease Education Foundation; 2004. 160 p.
Box 9. Options for editor names.

The following formats are not NLM practice for citing editors, but are acceptable options.
Full first names of editors may be given. Separate the surname from the given name
or initials by a comma; follow initials with a period; separate successive names by a
semicolon.
Takagi, Yasushi; Harada, Jun; Chiarugi, Alberto M.; Moskowitz, Michael A.,
editors.
Mann, Frederick D.; Swartz, Mary N.; Little, R.T., editors.
If space is a consideration, the number of editors may be limited to a specific
number, such as the first three editors. Follow the last named editor by a comma
Rastan S, Hough T, Kierman A, et al., editors.
Adler DG, Baron TH, Davila RE, and others, editors.
Example Entries for Editor

1. Standard proceedings with a book title in addition to the conference title
2. Standard proceedings without a book title in addition to the conference title
3. Proceedings with all editors names given
4. Proceedings with editors limited to the optional first three
5. Proceedings with optional full first names for editors
6. Proceedings with address added for editors
7. Proceedings with no editor named
Editor Affiliation for Conference Proceedings (optional)

General Rules for Editor Affiliation
Enter the affiliation of all editors or only the first editor
Separate the affiliation from its editor by a space
Follow the affiliation with a comma which falls outside the closing parenthesis
298 Citing Medicine
Specific Rules for Editor Affiliation


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society

a space

Example:
[email protected]), editor.

Give the affiliation of all editors or only the first editor
address in parentheses.
Dittmar A (Microcapteurs et Microsystemes Biomedicaux, Lyon, France),
Beebe D, editors. 1st Annual International IEEE-EMBS Special Topic
Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine & Biology; 2000 Oct 12-14;
Palais des Congrs, Lyon, France. Piscataway (NJ): IEEE; c2000. 643 p.
Spain), editors.
Milano, Milan, Italy), Rebora P, Reina G, editors.
Romania), Burcos T, Ungureanu CD, editors.
Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia), Golubkov VI, editors.
300 Citing Medicine

Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan), Bandoh S, Fujita J, Kanaji N, editors.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Use the English form for names of cities and countries whenever possible. However,
the name as found on the publication may always be used.
Wien becomes Vienna
Example Entries for Editor Affiliation

Book Title for Conference Proceedings (required)

General Rules for Book Title
Enter the title of a book as it appears in the original document, in the original
language
and initialisms
already present
in square brackets
it or a Type of Medium follows it (see below)
Specific Rules for Book Title

Book titles not in English
Book titles in more than one language
Book titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character
No book title can be found
Box 14. Book titles not in English.

Provide the name in the original language for non-English titles found in the roman
Swedish, etc.)
Boker W, Brenner HD, editors. Integrative therapie der schizophrenie. 4th
Internationale Schizophrenie-Symposium;1993 Sep 16-18; Bern. Bern
(Switzerland): Huber; 1996. 426 p. German.
Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) titles if they are in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic,
Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC
Romanization Tables.
302 Citing Medicine
Braudo EE, editor. 1st Mezhdunarodnyi Kongress Biotekhnologiia: Sostoianie

i Perspektivy Razvitiia; 2002 Oct 14-18; Moscow. Moscow: Maxima; 2002.
Russian.
Mitsuoka T, editor. 21-seiki chonai furora kenkyu no atarashii doko. Chonai
Furora Shinpojumu. Dai 10-kai; 2001; Tokyo. Tokyo: Gakkai Shuppan Senta;
2002. 141 p. Japanese.
or
Mitsuoka T, editor. [New trends in intestinal flora research for the 21st
century. Proceedings of the 10th Symposium on Intestinal Flora]; 2001; Tokyo.
Tokyo: Gakkai Shuppan Senta; 2002. 141 p. Japanese.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
acronyms, and initialisms, unless the convention of a particular language requires
Boker W, Brenner HD, editors. Integrative Therapie der Schizophrenie. 4th
Provide an English translation after the original language one if possible; place
i Perspektivy Razvitiia [1st International Congress of Biotechnology: State of
the Art & Prospects of Development]; 2002 Oct 14-18; Moscow. Moscow:
Maxima; 2002. Russian.
Mitsuoka T, editor. 21-seiki chonai furora kenkyu no atarashii doko [New
trends in intestinal flora research for the 21st century]. Chonai Furora
Shinpojumu. Dai 10-kai [Proceedings of the 10th Symposium on Intestinal
Flora]; 2001; Tokyo. Tokyo: Gakkai Shuppan Senta; 2002. 141 p.
Box 15. Book titles in more than one language.

If a title is written in several languages, give the title in the first language found on
the title page and indicate all languages of publication after the pagination. Separate
the languages by commas. End the list with a period.
Oud N, editor. ACENDIO 2003: Making nursing visible. 4th European
Conference of ACENDIO; 2003; Paris. Bern (Switzerland): Huber; 2003. 347
p. English, French, German.
34th Congressus Internationalis Historiae Pharmaciae; 1999 Oct 20-23;
Florence, Italy. Piacenza (Italy): Accademia Italiana di Storia della Farmacia;
2001. 351 p. Italian, English, French, German, Spanish; summaries in English
and French.
If a title is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian
publications, give all titles in the order in which they are given in the text, with an
equals sign between them. Indicate the particular languages, separated by commas,
after the pagination. End the list with a period.
Bidart A, editor. 4th Congres International de Pneumologie Pediatrique: Livre
des Communications = 4th International Congress on Pediatric Pulmonology:
304 Citing Medicine
Poceedings; 2000 Feb 21-24; Nice, France. Paris: EDK; c2000. 271 p. French,
English.
Box 16. Book titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special
character.
capitalized
2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane.
von Willebrand disease and genetic testing.
becomes omega.
-linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology and clinical applications.
or
Gamma-linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology and clinical
applications.
Synthesis of -amino acids.
or
Synthesis of beta-amino acids
TiO2 nanoparticles.
or
Box 17. No book title can be found.

If a conference proceedings has no title for the book, follow the editor(s) with the
number and title of the conference
Dittmar A, Beebe D, editors. 1st Annual International IEEE-EMBS Special

Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine & Biology; 2000 Oct
12-14; Palais des Congres, Lyon, France. Piscataway (NJ): IEEE; c2000. 643 p.
Example Entries for Book Title

8. Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character
9. Proceedings in a language other than English
10. Proceedings in two or more equal languages
11. Proceedings in multiple languages
Type of Medium for Conference Proceedings (required)

etc.) following the title when a proceedings is published in a microform
Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period, such as
[microfiche].
Description below
See Chapter 15 for proceedings in audiovisual formats and Chapter 18 and Chapter
22 for proceedings in electronic formats

Book titles ending in punctuation other than a period
Box 18. Book titles ending in punctuation other than a period.

Most titles of proceedings end in a period. Place [microfiche], [microfilm], or
Sheppard NF, Eden M, Kantor G, editors. Engineering advances: new
opportunities for biomedical engineers [microfiche]. Proceedings of the 16th
Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and
Biology Society; 1994 Nov 3-6; Baltimore, MD. Piscataway (NJ): IEEE; 1994. 2
vol. 6 microfiche: black & white, negative, 4 x 6 in.
306 Citing Medicine
Johnstone K, Bachowski R, editors. Victorian women's health program--what

is it? [microfiche]. Proceedings of Women's Health Victoria's Forum; 2000
Nov 16; Melbourne, Australia. Melbourne: Women's Health Victoria; 2001. 37
p. 1 microfiche: black & white, negative, 4 x 6 in.

If a translation of a title is provided, place it in square brackets
Boker W, Brenner HD, editors. Integrative therapie der schizophrenie
[Integrative therapy for schizophrenia]. 4th Internationale Schizophrenie-
Symposium [4th International Schizophrenia Symposium]; 1993 Sep 16-18;
Bern. Bern (Switzerland): Huber; 1996. 426 p. German.
If a proceedings is in a microform (microfiche, microfile, microcard, etc.), place the
Hematologie, hemotherapie, reanimation [Hematology, blood therapy,
resuscitation] [microfilm]. 5th Congress International de Transfusion
Sanguine [5th International Congress on Blood Transfusion]; 1954; Paris,
France. Paris: [publisher unknown]; 1954. 29 p. French. 1 reel: negative, 35
mm.
Example Entries for Type of Medium

13. Proceedings in a microform
Conference Number for Conference Proceedings (required)

General Rules for Conference Number
Express conference numbers in arabic ordinals. For example: Second becomes 2nd
and III becomes 3rd.
Enter a space following the number
Specific Rules for Conference Number

Numbers not in English
Box 20. Numbers not in English.

Translate all meeting numbers used into arabic ordinals
Examples:
4e becomes 4th
2 becomes 2nd
3. becomes 3rd
Example Entries for Conference Number

Conference Title for Conference Proceedings (required)

General Rules for Conference Title
Enter the title of the conference as it appears in the original document, in the
original language
Capitalize all significant words in the title (i.e., do not capitalize of, the, and, etc.)
already present
in square brackets
End the conference title with a semicolon unless no Date and Place of the
Conference (see below) are provided, then end with a period
Specific Rules for Conference Title

Conference titles not in English
Conference titles in more than one language
Conference titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special
character
Box 21. Conference titles not in English.

Provide the title in the original language for non-English titles found in the roman
Swedish, etc.)
Boker W, Brenner HD, editors. Integrative therapie der schizophrenie. 4th
308 Citing Medicine
i Perspektivy Razvitiia; 2002 Oct 14-18; Moscow. Moscow: Maxima; 2002.
Russian.
Mitsuoka T, editor. 21-seiki chonai furora kenkyu no atarashii doko. Chonai
Furora Shinpojumu. Dai 10-kai; 2001; Tokyo. Tokyo: Gakkai Shuppan Senta;
2002. 141 p. Japanese.
or
Mitsuoka T, editor. [New trends in intestinal flora research for the 21st
century. Proceedings of the 10th Symposium on Intestinal Flora]; 2001; Tokyo.
Tokyo: Gakkai Shuppan Senta; 2002. 141 p. Japanese.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Provide an English translation after the original language title if possible; place
i Perspektivy Razvitiia [1st International Congress of Biotechnology: State of
the Art & Prospects of Development]; 2002 Oct 14-18; Moscow. Moscow:
Maxima; 2002. Russian.
Mitsuoka T, editor. 21-seiki chonai furora kenkyu no atarashii doko [New
trends in intestinal flora research for the 21st century]. Chonai Furora
Shinpojumu. Dai 10-kai [Proceedings of the 10th Symposium on Intestinal
Flora]; 2001; Tokyo. Tokyo: Gakkai Shuppan Senta; 2002. 141 p.
Box 22. Conference titles in more than one language.

If a conference publication is written in several languages, give the title in the first
language found on the title page and indicate all languages of publication after the
pagination. Separate the languages by commas and end the list with a period.
Oud N, editor. ACENDIO 2003: Making nursing visible. 4th European
Conference of ACENDIO; 2003; Paris. Bern (Switzerland): Huber; 2003. 347
p. English, French, German.
34th Congressus Internationalis Historiae Pharmaciae; 1999 Oct 20-23;
Florence, Italy. Piacenza (Italy): Accademia Italiana di Storia della Farmacia;
2001. 351 p. Italian, English, French, German, Spanish.
If a conference title is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in
Canadian publications, give all titles in the order in which they are given in the text,
with an equals sign between them. Indicate the particular languages, separated by
commas, after the pagination. End the list with a period.
Bidart A, editor. 4e Congres International de Pneumologie Pediatrique: livre
des communications = 4th International Congress on Pediatric Pulmonology:
proceedings; 2000 Feb 21-24; Nice, France. Paris: EDK; c2000. 271 p. French,
English.
310 Citing Medicine
Box 23. Conference titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another
special character.
Capitalize the first word of a title unless the title begins with a Greek letter, chemical
formula, or another special character that might lose its meaning if capitalized
2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane.
von Willebrand disease and genetic testing.
becomes omega.
Synthesis of -amino acids.
or
TiO2 nanoparticles.
or
Example Entries for Conference Title

1. Standard proceedings with a book title in addition to the conference title
2. Standard proceedings without a book title in addition to the conference title
Date of Conference for Conference Proceedings (optional)

General Rules for Date of Conference
Use inclusive dates on which the conference was held
The format for conference date information is year, month, beginning day, hyphen,
ending day. For example: 2005 Mar 20-24.
such as Jan
End date information with a semicolon unless no Place of the Conference (see
below) is provided, then end with a period
Specific Rules for Date of Conference

Dates cross months
Dates cross years
No date for the conference can be found
Box 24. Dates cross months.

Standard format for conference date information is year, month, beginning day,
hyphen, ending day
2005 Jan 12-14
2004 Feb 8-11
When a conference crosses months, use the hyphen to separate the first day from
the closing month
2003 Apr 30-May 2
2006 Jan 31-Feb 3
Box 25. Dates cross years.

Standard format for conference date information is year, month, beginning day,
hyphen, ending day
2005 Jan 12-14
2004 Feb 8-11
When a conference crosses years, enter the year, month, and day of the beginning
date, a hyphen, then the year, month, and day of the ending date
2004 Dec 30-2005 Jan 2
If no months are included with the years, separate the two years by a hyphen. Do
not shorten the second of the two years to the last two digits.
2005-2006
1999-2000
312 Citing Medicine

Capitalize them
For example:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring
Box 28. No date for the conference can be found.

If no date can be found on which the conference was held, but a location for the
conference is given, omit date information and follow the conference title with a
semicolon and the place of the conference
If neither a date nor a location can be found for the conference, end the conference
title with a period
Forestieri P, Mazzeo F, Varoux G, editors. Il carcinoma gastrico. SICO 1st
Consensus Conference. Naples (Italy): Giuseppe de Nicola Editore; 2000. 190
p. Italian.
Example Entries for Date of Conference

14. Proceedings with a conference date crossing months or years
15. Proceedings with an unknown conference date and location
Place of Conference for Conference Proceedings (optional)

General Rules for Place of Conference
Include the city in which the conference was held
when cities in different locations have the same name, such as Palm Springs, CA
and Palm Springs, FL
cities or when cities in different locations have the same name, such as London, ON
and London, England
Use the anglicized form for a non-US city, such as Munich for Munchen
End place information with a period
Specific Rules for Place of Conference

Optional inclusion of institution where conference was held
Non-US cities
No place for the conference can be found
Box 29. Optional inclusion of institution where conference was held.

If useful to the reader, the name of the institution or other location where the
conference was held may be included before the city
M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

Moskva. However, the name as found on the publication may always be used.
publications.
treated as A
314 Citing Medicine
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Follow Canadian cities with a comma and the two-letter abbreviation for the name
of the province (see Appendix E)
Montreal, QC
Ottawa, ON
Vancouver, BC
name, follow the city with the country name, either written in full or as the two-
letter ISO country code (see Appendix D). Separate the country name or code from
the city by a comma.
London
Rome
Paris
Madrid
but
Malaga, Spain or Malaga, ES
Basel, Switzerland or Basel, CH
Oxford, England or Oxford, GB
Canada
Box 31. No place for the conference can be found.

If no place where the conference was held can be found, end the date information
with a period instead of a semicolon
Fitzpatrick DP, Carr AJ, editors. Bioengineering - in Ireland. Proceedings of
the 7th Annual Conference of the Section of Bioengineering of the Royal
Academy of Medicine in Ireland; 2001 Jan 27-28. Dublin: University College
Dublin, Department of Mechanical Engineering; c2001. 43 p.
If neither the place where the conference was held nor a date for the conference can
be found, end the conference title with a period
p. Italian.
Example Entries for Place of Conference

12. Name of institution where conference held included
16. Proceedings with an unknown conference location
Type of Medium (if no title) for Conference Proceedings (required)

General Rules for Type of Medium (if no title)
If the proceedings has no book title, place the type of medium (microfiche,
ultrafiche, microfilm, microcard, etc.) following the place of the conference when a
proceedings is published in a microform
Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end it with a period, such as
[microfiche]
Description below
See Chapter 15 for proceedings in audiovisual formats and Chapter 18 and Chapter
22 for proceedings in electronic formats
Example Entries for Type of Medium (if no title)

316 Citing Medicine
Edition for Conference Proceedings (required)

Indicate the edition/version being cited when a proceedings is published in more
than one edition or version
adjectives

Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.
translated
period
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.

First editions

familiar one
Treat letters marked with a diacritic or accent as if they are not marked:
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
318 Citing Medicine
treated as u
two letters:
treated as ae
treated as oe
period
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
For an edition statement written in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean:
familiar one

period
Examples:
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
Japanese:
Examples:
becomes o
becomes u
320 Citing Medicine

Retain the punctuation used in the edition statement.
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-pàn.
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.


publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

If a proceedings does not carry any statement of edition, assume it is the first or
only edition
you wish to cite the earlier one
Example Entries for Edition

17. Proceedings with an edition
Other Secondary Authors for Conference Proceedings (optional)

General Rules for Other Secondary Authors
A secondary author for a proceedings modifies the work of the editor. Examples
include translators and illustrators.
Use the same rules for the format of names presented in Editor above
Follow the last named secondary author with a comma and the role played. For
example: the word illustrator or illustrators, translator or translators.
If there is no editor, move any translators to the editor position in the reference
Specific Rules for Other Secondary Authors


A conference proceedings may have several types of secondary authors.
322 Citing Medicine
Examples:
Smith BC, translator; Carson HT, illustrator.
illustrators.
Place secondary author information following the place of the conference
Doring R, editor. The German health reporting system and current
approaches in Europe: a comparative view on differences, parallels, and
trends. Proceedings of the International Conference; 2001 Nov; Berlin. Carney
A, Frank M, translators. Berlin: Robert Koch-Institut; 2002. 150 p.

A secondary author may perform more than one role.
List all of the roles in the order they are given in the publication
Example:
Jones AB, translator and illustrator.

Translate the word for translator, illustrator, or other secondary author into English
if possible. However, the wording found on the publication may always be used.
Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in words. This rule ignores some
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
To assist in identifying secondary author roles, below is a brief list of non-English
words for them
Language Word for Translator Word for Illustrator
French traducteur illustrateur
German ubersetzer erlauterer
dolmetscher
Italian traduttore disegnatore
Russian perevodchik konstruktor
Spanish traductor ilustrador
Example Entries for Other Secondary Authors

18. Proceedings with translators
Place of Publication for Conference Proceedings (required)

Place is defined as the city where the book of proceedings was published
324 Citing Medicine
cities or when cities in different locations have the same name, such as London
(ON) and London (England)
Use the anglicized form for a non-US city, such as Vienna for Wein

Non-US cities
Joint publication

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
province (see Appendix E), placed in parentheses
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
letter ISO country code (see Appendix D). Place the country name or code in
parentheses.
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but
Basel (Switzerland): or Basel (CH)
Canada

Two organizations may co-publish a book of proceedings. Use the city of the first
organization found on the title page (or on the back of the title page if no publisher
information appears on the title page), as the place of publication.
Place the name of the second organization as a note at the end of the citation
Accelerating quality improvement in health care: strategies to speed the
diffusion of evidence-based innovations: proceedings from a conference; 2003
Jan 27-28; Washington, DC. Washington: NIHCM Foundation; c2003. 27 p.
Jointly published by the National Committee for Quality Health Care.
Do not give multiple places as the place of publication or include multiple
publishers
326 Citing Medicine

As an option, if one place is a US city and the other(s) are not, use the US city

If no place of publication can be found on the title page or the verso (back) of the
title page, but one can be found elsewhere in the publication or can be reasonably
inferred (e.g., Chicago as the place for a publication of the American Medical
Association), place the city in square brackets, such as "[Chicago]"
Palulonis RM, editor. 19th Conference on the Medical Aspects of Sports; 1977;
San Francisco, CA. [Chicago]: American Medical Association; c1978. 75 p.
If no place of publication can be found, use [place unknown]
2nd Annual Meeting of the Indian Leptospirosis Society (ILS); 2001 May
12-13; Cochin, India. [place unknown]: Indian Leptospirosis Society; 2001. 70
p.
Example Entries for Place of Publication

19. Proceedings with well-known place of publication
20. Proceedings with qualifier added to place
21. Proceedings with place of publication inferred
22. Proceedings with unknown place of publication
27. Proceedings with unknown place of publication and publisher
31. Proceedings with place, publisher, and date unknown
Publisher for Conference Proceedings (required)

Abbreviate well-known publisher names with caution to avoid confusion. For
example, "John Wiley & Sons, Ltd." may become simply "Wiley".
When a division or other subsidiary part of a publisher appears in the publication,
enter the publisher name first. For example: McGraw-Hill, Health Professions
Division.

Joint publication
Multiple publishers

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society

Give publisher names appearing in the roman alphabet (French, Spanish, Italian,
etc.) in their original language
328 Citing Medicine

Romanize names given in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean
Romanize names or translate names presented in character-based languages
(Chinese, Japanese). Place all translated publisher names in square brackets unless
the translation is given in the publication.
Institute];
are capitalized.].
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

If the name of a division of other part of an organization is included in the
translated publisher names in square brackets unless the translation has been given
in the publication.
publisher.
Do not confuse the publisher with the distributor, which disseminates documents
for the publisher. For example, the most common distributors of US government
agency publications are the US Government Printing Office (GPO) and the
National Technical Information Service (NTIS). Designate the agency that issued
the publication as the publisher and include distributor information as a note.
Acevedo SE, DeVincenzi DL, Chang S, editors. 6th Symposium on Chemical
Evolution and the Origin and Evolution of Life; 1997 Nov 17-20; NASA Ames
Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. Moffett Field (CA): National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (US), Ames Research Center; [1998]. 105 p. (NASA
conference publication; 10156). Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA;
N19980236014.
330 Citing Medicine

Two organizations may co-publish a proceedings. Use the first organization
appearing on the title page or the verso (back) of the title page as the publisher.
Place the name of the second organization as a note at the end of the citation, if
desired

use the name given first as the publisher and include the name of the second as a
Association".

If no publisher can be found, use [publisher unknown]
28th Annual Lorne Conference on Protein Structure & Function; 2003 Feb
9-13; Lorne, Victoria, Australia. Lorne (Australia): [publisher unknown];
2003.
Example Entries for Publisher

23. Publisher with subordinate division included
24. Governmental or national agency as publisher

25. Joint publication
26. Proceedings with unknown publisher
Date of Publication for Conference Proceedings (required)

such as Jan


2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
332 Citing Medicine

2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan
names of seasons.

Capitalize them
For example:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Use only the date of publication unless three or more years separates the two dates

example c2005.
Peek WJ, Lankhorst GJ, editors. 1st World Congress of the International
Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (ISPRM I); 2001 Jul 7-13;
Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Bologna (Italy): Monduzzi Editore,
International Proceedings Division; c2001. 875 p.

be estimated because of material contained in the book itself or on accompanying
material, place a question mark after the estimated date and place date information
in square brackets
6th Congress on Equine Medicine and Surgery; 1999 Dec 12-14; Geneva,
Switzerland. Chene-Bourg (Switzerland): Editions Medecine et Hygiene;
[1999?]. 181 p. English, French, German.
Proceedings of the 1993 Medical Defense Bioscience Review; 1993 May 10-13;
Baltimore, MD. Frederick (MD): US Army Medical Research and
Development Command; [date unknown]. 3 vols.
Box 53a. Options for date of publication.

Box 53a continues on next page...
334 Citing Medicine
Box 53a continued from previous page.
The date of publication may follow the editor names (or title if there is no editor) in the
list of references when the name-year system of in-text references is used.
Place the year after the last named editor (or after the title if there is no editor),
NLM citation:
Furton EJ, Dort V, editors. Addiction and compulsive behaviors. Proceedings
of the 17th Workshop for Bishops; 1999; Dallas, TX. Boston: National
Catholic Bioethics Center (US); 2000. 258 p.
IRBs and new approaches: assessing, evaluating, discarding, and moving
forward. 2001 Annual IRB Conference; 2001 Dec 3-4; Boston. Boston: Public
Responsibility in Medicine and Research; c2003. 201 p.
Furton EJ, Dort V, editors. 2000. Addiction and compulsive behaviors.
Proceedings of the 17th Workshop for Bishops; 1999; Dallas, TX. Boston:
National Catholic Bioethics Center (US). 258 p.
IRBs and new approaches: assessing, evaluating, discarding, and moving
forward. c2003. 2001 Annual IRB Conference; 2001 Dec 3-4; Boston. Boston:
Public Responsibility in Medicine and Research. 201 p.
Example Entries for Date of Publication

28. Proceedings with no date of publication but a date of copyright
29. Proceedings with date of publication estimated
30. Proceedings with date of publication unknown
Pagination for Conference Proceedings (optional)

Give the total number of pages on which the text of the book appears
Do not count pages for items such as introductory material, appendixes, and
For books published in more than one physical volume, cite the total number of

No numbers appear on the pages of the proceedings

If all of the pages (not just the introductory pages) of a proceedings have roman numerals
instead of the usual arabic numbers:
Example: [20 p.].
Box 55. No numbers appear on the pages of the proceedings.

Occasionally, a book will have no numbers on its pages. If the entire publication has no
page numbers:
End with a period
Example:
Massberg W, Reinhars G, editors. 1st Symposium, Neue Technologien fur die
Medizin: Forschung, Praxis, Innovation; 1999; Munich. Munich: Herbert Utz
Verlag; 1999. 160 leaves. German.
Example Entries for Pagination

32. Proceedings published in multiple volumes
33. Proceedings with no printed page numbers
336 Citing Medicine
Physical Description for Conference Proceedings (optional)

Give information on the physical characteristics if a book of proceedings is
published in a microform (microfilm, microfiche, etc.), such as 3 microfiche: black
& white, 2 x 4 in.


If a proceedings is published on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:
colon and a space
5 microfiche:
2 microcards:
common words for measurement, such as in. for inches. Separate types of
information by commas.
color
black & white
positive
negative

1 reel: black& white, negative, 35 mm.
Example Entries for Physical Description

Series for Conference Proceedings (optional)


Proceedings published as part of more than one series

information.
Give surname first
two initials after each surname
See the information under Editor for more name rules
Follow the name with any numbers given, such as vol. 3 for a volume or no. 12 for
an issue number
338 Citing Medicine
Separate the name and the numeration by a semicolon and a space

Example:
(Shaner JC, editor. Medicinal plant symposium series; no. 315).
Box 58. Proceedings published as part of more than one series.

If a proceedings is a part of more than one series, include information on all series if
desired.
End series information with a period, which falls outside the closing parenthesis of
the last series
Example:
Zhu J, editor. 2004 Shanghai International Conference on Laser Medicine and
Surgery; 2004 Nov 5-7; Shanghai, China. Bellingham (WA): SPIE; c2005.
(Progress in biomedical optics and imaging; vol. 6, no. 35); (Proceedings of
SPIE; vol. 5967).
Example Entries for Series

34. Proceedings also published as part of a journal
35. Proceedings published as part of a series
36. Proceedings published as part of more than one series
Language for Conference Proceedings (required)


Proceedings appearing in more than one language
Box 59. Proceedings appearing in more than one language.

If a proceedings is written in several languages, give the title in the first language
found on the title page and indicate all languages of publication after the
pagination. Separate the languages by commas.
Fast Food und Gesundheit. Vortrage und Zusammenfassungen der nationalen
Fachtagung der SGE; 2004 Jun 18; Bern, Switzerland. Bern (Switzerland):
SGE/SSN; 2005. 153 p. German, French, Italian.
If a proceedings is in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian
publications, give all titles in the order in which they are presented in the text, with
an equals sign between them. Indicate the particular languages, separated by a
comma, after the pagination.
Bidart A, editor. 4e Congres International de Pneumologie Pediatrique: livre
des communications = 4th International Congress on Pediatric Pulmonology:
proceedings; 2000 Feb 21-24; Nice, France. Paris: EDK; c2000. 271 p. French,
English.
If none of the languages is English, follow the titles with a translation whenever
possible. Place the translation in square brackets.
Fast Food und Gesundheit [Fast food and health]. Vortrage und
Zusammenfassungen der nationalen Fachtagung der SGE [Lectures and
summaries of the national congress of the SSN]; 2004 Jun 18; Bern,
Switzerland. Bern (Switzerland): SGE/SSN; 2005. 153 p. German, French,
Italian.
Example Entries for Language

Notes for Conference Proceedings (optional)

Notes is a collective term for any type of useful information given after the citation
itself
Be brief

Proceedings accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
340 Citing Medicine
Box 60. Proceedings accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

If a proceedings has supplemental material accompanying it in the form of a
videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, or another medium, begin by citing the
proceedings. Add the phrase "Accompanied by: " followed by the number and type
of the medium.
Salyer KE. Craniofacial surgery. Proceedings of the 10th International
Congress of the International Society of Craniofacial Surgery; 2003; Monterey,
California. Bologna (Italy): Medimond International Proceedings; c2003. 506
p. Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
Box 60a. Other types of material to include in notes.

The notes element may be used to provide any information that the compiler of the
reference feels is useful to the reader. Begin by citing the proceedings, then add the note.
Some examples of notes are:
If the proceedings was sponsored by a particular organization, give the name
Vyas GN, Williams AE, editors. Advances in transfusion safety. Proceedings of
the Advances in Transfusion Safety Symposium; 2003 Jun 4-6; National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD. Basel (Switzerland): Karger; 2005. 224 p.
(Developments in biologicals; vol. 120). Symposium co-sponsored by US Food
and Drug Administration, American Association of Blood Banks, National
Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US Department of Defense, and the
International Association of Biologicals.
If the proceedings is a government publication available from an archive such as
NTIS or GPO, give information about the archive, including publication or
accession numbers. Begin with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and
a space
Acevedo SE, DeVincenzi DL, Chang S, editors. 6th Symposium on Chemical
Evolution and the Origin and Evolution of Life; 1997 Nov 17-20; NASA Ames
Research Center, Moffett Field, CA. Moffett Field (CA): National Aeronautics
and Space Administration (US), Ames Research Center; [1998]. 105 p. (NASA
conference publication; 10156). Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA;
N19980236014.
If the proceedings is an unusual one, give the name of a library or other archive
where it may be found along with an accession or call number. Begin with the
phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space
Takeuchi M, Lagakos SW, editors. Simultaneous, worldwide development

strategies: implementation of global clinical trials and introduction of new
sciences and technologies. The 3rd Kitasato University-Harvard School of
Public Health Symposium; 2002 Oct 2-3; Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo: Dejitarupuresu;
c2003. 308 p. English, Japanese. Located at: National Library of Medicine,
Bethesda, MD; 2003 N-441.
If the proceedings is translated, give information about the original
Bayes de Luna A, Cosin J, editors. Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac
arrhythmias. Proceedings of an International Symposium on Diagnosis and
Treatment of Cardiac Arrhythmias; 1977 Oct 5-8; Barcelona, Spain. New York:
Pergamon Press; 1980. 1003 p. Translation of: Diagnostico y Tratamiento de
las Arritmias Cardiacas.
If any acronyms or initialisms appear in the proceedings, explain them
p. Italian. SICO stands for Societa Italiana di Chirurgia Oncologica.
Example Entries for Notes

37. Proceedings with availability or location statement
38. Proceedings accompanied by a CD-ROM
39. Proceedings with supplementary notes
Examples of Citations to Conference Proceedings

1. Standard proceedings with a book title in addition to the conference
title
van Pelt J, Kamermans M, Levelt CN, van Ooyen A, Ramakers GJA, Roelfsema PR,
editors. Development, dynamics, and pathology of neuronal networks: from molecules to
functional circuits. Proceedings of the 23rd International Summer School of Brain
Research; 2003 Aug 25-29; Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2005. 385 p. (Progress in brain research; vol. 147).
Ferreira de Oliveira MJ, editor. Accessibility and quality of health services. Proceedings of
the 28th Meeting of the European Working Group on Operational Research Applied to
Health Services (ORAHS); 2002 Jul 28-Aug 2; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Frankfurt
(Germany): Peter Lang; c2004. 287 p.
342 Citing Medicine
Furton EJ, Dort V, editors. Addiction and compulsive behaviors. Proceedings of the 17th
Workshop for Bishops; 1999; Dallas, TX. Boston: National Catholic Bioethics Center
(US); 2000. 258 p.
2. Standard proceedings without a book title in addition to the

conference title
Dittmar A, Beebe D, editors. 1st Annual International IEEE-EMBS Special Topic
Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine & Biology; 2000 Oct 12-14; Palais des
Congres, Lyon, France. Piscataway (NJ): IEEE; c2000. 643 p.
Rammstedt B, Riemann R, editors. 11th European Conference on Personality; 2002 Jul
21-27; Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat Jena, Jena, Germany. Lengerich (Germany): Pabst
Science Publishers; c2002. 259 p.
3. Proceedings with all editors names given

Bruhat M, Silva Carvalho JL, Campo R, Fradique A, Dequesne J, Setubal A, editors.
Proceedings of the 10th Congress of the European Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy;
2001 Nov 22-24; Lisbon, Portugal. Bologna (Italy): Monduzzi Editore, International
Proceedings Division; c2001. 474 p.
4. Proceedings with editors limited to the optional first three

Bruhat M, Silva Carvalho JL, Campo R, et al., editors. Proceedings of the 10th Congress of
the European Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy; 2001 Nov 22-24; Lisbon, Portugal.
Bologna (Italy): Monduzzi Editore, International Proceedings Division; c2001. 474 p.
or
Bruhat M, Silva Carvalho JL, Campo R, and others, editors. Proceedings of the 10th
Congress of the European Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy; 2001 Nov 22-24;
Lisbon, Portugal. Bologna (Italy): Monduzzi Editore, International Proceedings Division;
c2001. 474 p.
5. Proceedings with optional full first names for editors

Pacak, Karel; Aguilera, Greti; Sabban, Esther; Kvetnansky, Richard, editors. Stress: current
neuroendocrine and genetic approaches. 8th Symposium on Catecholamines and Other
Neurotransmitters in Stress; 2003 Jun 28-Jul 3; Smolenice Castle, Slovakia. New York: New
York Academy of Sciences; 2004 Jun. 590 p. (Annals of the New York Academy of
Sciences, vol. 1018).
Dostrovsky, Jonathan O.; Carr, Daniel B.; Koltzenburg, Martin, editors. Proceedings of the
10th World Congress on Pain; 2002 Aug 17-22; San Diego, CA. Seattle: IASP Press; c2003.
937 p. (Progress in pain research and management; vol. 24).

Kimchi A, editor (School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA).
Advances in heart failure. Proceedings of the 8th World Congress on Heart Failure:
Mechanisms and Management; 2002 Jul 13-16; Washington, DC. Bologna (Italy):
MEDIMOND Medical Publications; c2002. 540 p.
Dittmar A (Microcapteurs et Microsystemes Biomedicaux, Lyon, France), Beebe D
(Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison,
WI ), editors. 1st Annual International IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on
Microtechnologies in Medicine & Biology; 2000 Oct 12-14; Palais des Congres, Lyon,
France. Piscataway (NJ): IEEE; c2000. 643 p.
7. Proceedings with no editor named

Practical points in dentistry: the alternatives. International Dental Congress of the
Mekong River Region; 2004 Jun 7-10; Century Park Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand. Bangkok:
Mahidol University, Faculty of Dentistry; [2004].
10th International Psoriasis Symposium; 2004 Jun 10-13; Toronto, ON. Chicago: Skin
Disease Education Foundation; 2004. 160 p.
8. Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special

character
Huang YS, Ziboh VA, editors. -linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology and
clinical applications. 2nd International Symposium on GLA; 2000 Apr; San Diego, CA.
Champaign (IL): AOCS Press; 2001. 259 p.
if font not available
Huang YS, Ziboh VA, editors. Gamma-linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology
and clinical applications. 2nd International Symposium on GLA; 2000 Apr; San Diego,
CA. Champaign (IL): AOCS Press; 2001. 259 p.

Boker W, Brenner HD, editors. Integrative Therapie der Schizophrenie. 4th Internationale
Schizophrenie-Symposium; 1993 Sep 16-18; Bern. Bern (Switzerland): Huber; 1996. 426
p. German.
with translation
Boker W, Brenner HD, editors. Integrative Therapie der Schizophrenie [Integrative
therapy for schizophrenia]. 4th Internationale Schizophrenie-Symposium [4th
International Schizophrenia Symposium]; 1993 Sep 16-18; Bern. Bern (Switzerland):
Huber; 1996. 426 p. German.
344 Citing Medicine

Bidart A, editor. 4th Congres International de Pneumologie Pediatrique: Livre des
Communications = 4th International Congress on Pediatric Pulmonology: Proceedings;
2000 Feb 21-24; Nice, France. Paris: EDK; c2000. 271 p. French, English.
Sherman M, Bain V, Villeneuve JP, Myers RP, Cooper C, Martin S, Lowe C, editors.
Management of Viral Hepatitis: a Canadian Consensus Conference = Prise en Charge des
Hepatites Virales: Conference Canadienne de Consensus; 2003-2004. Toronto (ON):
Morris Sherman; 2004. 70 p. English, French.

Oud N, editor. ACENDIO 2003: making nursing visible. 4th European Conference of
ACENDIO; 2003; Paris. Bern (Switzerland): Huber; 2003. 347 p. English, French,
German.
Acta. 34th Congressus Internationalis Historiae Pharmaciae; 1999 Oct 20-23; Florence,
Italy. Piacenza (Italy): Accademia Italiana di Storia della Farmacia; 2001. 351 p. Italian,
English, French, German, Spanish.
Fast Food und Gesundheit. Vortrage und Zusammenfassungen der nationalen
Fachtagung der SGE; 2004 Jun 18; Bern. Bern (Switzerland): SGE/SSN; 2005. 153 p.
German, French, Italian.

Bushy A, editor. Community voices calling us to action. 5th Annual Rural Minority
Health Conference Proceedings; 1999 Dec 9-11; Hyatt Regency Tech Center, Denver, CO.
Kansas City (MO): National Rural Health Association; c2000. 167 p.
Dittmar A, Beebe D, editors. 1st Annual International IEEE-EMBS Special Topic
Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine & Biology; 2000 Oct 12-14; Palais des
Congres, Lyon, France. Piscataway (NJ): IEEE; c2000. 643 p.
Rammstedt B, Riemann R, editors. Conference program and abstracts. 11th European
Conference on Personality; 2002 Jul 21-27; Friedrich-Schiller-Universitat, Jena, Germany.
Lengerich (Germany): Pabst Science Publishers; c2002. 259 p.

when a book title is present
Sheppard NF, Eden M, Kantor G, editors. Engineering advances: new opportunities for
biomedical engineers [microfiche]. Proceedings of the 16th Annual International
Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society; 1994 Nov 3-6;
Baltimore, MD. Piscataway (NJ): IEEE; 1994. 4 microfiche: black & white, negative, 4 x 6
in.
Chase TN, editor. Mortality among Negroes in cities [microfilm]. Proceedings of the
Conference for Investigations of City Problems; 1896 May 26-27; Atlanta University,
Atlanta, GA. 2nd ed. abridged. Atlanta: Atlanta University Press; 1903. 1 reel: negative, 35
mm.
Hematologie, hemotherapie, reanimation [Hematology, blood therapy, resuscitation]
[microfilm]. 5th Congress International de Transfusion Sanguine [5th International
Congress on Blood Transfusion]; 1954; Paris. Paris: [publisher unknown]; 1954. 29 p.
French. 1 reel: negative, 35 mm.
when there is no book title
1993 Radiation Protection Workshop proceedings; 1993 Apr 13-15; Las Vegas, NV
[microfiche]. Washington: Department of Energy (US); 1993. 5 microfiche: black & white,
negative, 4 x 6 in.
National Conference on Drug Abuse Prevention Research; 1996 Sep 19-20; Washington,
DC [microfiche]. Rockville (MD): National Institute on Drug Abuse (US); 1998. 182 p. 2
microfiche: black & white, negative, 4 x 6 in. (NIH publication; no. 98-4293).
14. Proceedings with a conference date crossing months or years

Ferreira de Oliveira MJ, editor. Accessibility and quality of health services. Proceedings of
the 28th Meeting of the European Working Group on Operational Research Applied to
Health Services (ORAHS); 2002 Jul 28-Aug 2; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Frankfurt
(Germany): Peter Lang; c2004. 287 p.

Forestieri P, Mazzeo F, Varoux G, editors. Il carcinoma gastrico. SICO 1st Consensus
Conference. Naples (Italy): Giuseppe de Nicola Editore; 2000. 190 p. Italian. SICO stands
for Societa Italiana di Chirurgia Oncologica.
16. Proceedings with an unknown conference location

Fitzpatrick DP, Carr AJ, editors. Bioengineering - in Ireland. Proceedings of the 7th
Annual Conference of the Section of Bioengineering of the Royal Academy of Medicine in
Ireland; 2001 Jan 27-28. Dublin: University College Dublin, Department of Mechanical
Engineering; c2001. 43 p.
346 Citing Medicine

17. Proceedings with an edition

Chase TN, editor. Mortality among Negroes in cities [microfilm]. Proceedings of the
Conference for Investigations of City Problems; 1896 May 26-27; Atlanta University,
Atlanta, GA. 2nd ed. abridged. Atlanta: Atlanta University Press; 1903. 1 reel: negative, 35
mm.
Development of international collaboration in infectious disease research. International
Conference; 2004 Sep 8-10; Sosnovka, Russia. Sci. ed. Novosibirsk (Russia): CERIS; 2004.
346 p.
18. Proceedings with translators

Doring R, editor. The German health reporting system and current approaches in Europe:
a comparative view on differences, parallels, and trends. Proceedings of the International
Conference; 2001 Nov; Berlin. Carney A, Frank M, translators. Berlin: Robert Koch-
Institut; 2002. 150 p. Translated from the German.
19. Proceedings with well-known place of publication

10th International Psoriasis Symposium; 2004 Jun 10-13; Toronto, ON. Chicago: Skin
Disease Education Foundation; 2004. 160 p.
IRBs and new approaches: assessing, evaluating, discarding, and moving forward. 2001
Annual IRB Conference; 2001 Dec 3-4; Boston. Boston: Public Responsibility in Medicine
and Research; c2003. 201 p.
20. Proceedings with qualifier added to place

Milburn P, Wilson B, Yanai T, editors. The human body in motion: congress handbook
and book of abstracts. 19th Congress of the International Society of Biomechanics; 2003
Jul 6-11; Dunedin, New Zealand. Dunedin (New Zealand): University of Otago; 2003. 442
p.
Peek WJ, Lankhorst GJ, editors. 1st World Congress of the International Society of
Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine (ISPRM I); 2001 Jul 7-13; Amsterdam, the
Netherlands. Bologna (Italy): Monduzzi Editore, International Proceedings Division;
c2001. 875 p.
21. Proceedings with place of publication inferred

Palulonis RM, editor. 19th Conference on the Medical Aspects of Sports; 1977; San
Francisco, CA. [Chicago]: American Medical Association; c1978. 75 p.
22. Proceedings with unknown place of publication

2nd Annual Meeting of the Indian Leptospirosis Society (ILS); 2001 May 12-13; Cochin,
India. [place unknown]: Indian Leptospirosis Society; 2001. 70 p.
23. Publisher with subordinate division included

Andrew MA, Crum LA, Vaezy S, editors. 2nd International Symposium on Therapeutic
Ultrasound; 2002 Jul 29-Aug 1; Seattle, WA. Seattle: University of Washington, Applied
Physics Laboratory, Center for Industrial & Medical Ultrasound; c2003. 564 p.
24. Governmental or national agency as publisher

Macdonald KB, Weinmann F, editors. Wetland and riparian restoration: taking a broader
view; contributed papers and selected abstracts. Society for Ecological Restoration
International Conference; 1995 Sep 14-16; Seattle, WA. Seattle: Environmental Protection
Agency (US), Region 10; 1997. 284 p. (EPA publication; 910-R-97-007).
McGorry PD, Nordentoft M, Simonsen E, editors. Early psychosis: a bridge to the future.
3rd International Conference on Early Psychosis; 2002 Sep; Copenhagen, Denmark.
London: Royal College of Psychiatrists (GB); c2005. 124 p.
25. Joint publication

Accelerating quality improvement in health care: strategies to speed the diffusion of
evidence-based innovations: proceedings from a conference; 2003 Jan 27-28; Washington,
DC. Washington: NIHCM Foundation; c2003. 27 p. Jointly published by the National
Committee for Quality Health Care.
26. Proceedings with unknown publisher

Final program and abstracts. 25th Annual International Gravitational Physiology
Meeting; 2004 Jun 6-11; Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia. [Moscow]:
[publisher unknown]; 2004. 233 p. International Society for Gravitational Physiology,
sponsor.
28th Annual Lorne Conference on Protein Structure & Function; 2003 Feb 9-13; Lorne,
Victoria, Australia. Lorne (Australia): [publisher unknown]; 2003.

2001 National HIV Prevention Conference; 2001 Aug 12-15; Atlanta, GA. [place
unknown: publisher unknown]; 2001.
28. Proceedings with no date of publication but a date of copyright

2005 2nd International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering; 2005 Mar 16-19;
Arlington, VA. Piscataway (NJ): IEEE; c2005. 693 p.
348 Citing Medicine
Progress in AIDS research in the Federal Republic of Germany. Proceedings of the 2nd
Statusseminar of the BMFT Research Program on AIDS; 1989 Oct 12-14; Bonn, Germany.
Munich (Germany): MMV Medizin Verlag; c1990. 399 p.
29. Proceedings with date of publication estimated

6th Congress on Equine Medicine and Surgery; 1999 Dec 12-14; Geneva, Switzerland.
Chene-Bourg (Switzerland): Editions Medecine et Hygiene; [1999?]. 181 p. English,
French, German.
Proceedings of the Symposium on Perspectives in Epilepsy; 1990. New Delhi: G.B. Pant
Hospital, Department of Neurology; [1990?]. 124 p.
30. Proceedings with date of publication unknown

Proceedings of the 1993 Medical Defense Bioscience Review; 1993 May 10-13; Baltimore,
MD. Frederick (MD): US Army Medical Research and Development Command; [date
unknown]. 3 vols.

Australian Society for the Advancement of Anaesthesia and Sedation in Dentistry.
Seminar on Pain Control; 1973 Jul 12-13; University of New South Wales, Australia.
[place, publisher, date unknown]. 78 p.
32. Proceedings published in multiple volumes

Mayhew DR, Dussault C, editors. Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on
Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety; 2002 Aug 4-9; Monteal, QC. Quebec (QC): Societe de
l'Assurance Automobile du Quebec; [2002]. 3 vols.
Blanchard SM, Eckstein EC, Fouke JM, Nerem RM, Yoganathan AP, editors. Serving
humanity, advancing technology. Proceedings of the 1st Joint BMES/EMBS Conference;
1999 Oct 13-16; Atlanta, GA. Piscataway (NJ): IEEE; 1999. 2 vols.
33. Proceedings with no printed page numbers

Massberg W, Reinhars G, editors. 1st Symposium, Neue Technologien fur die Medizin:
Forschung, Praxis, Innovation; 1999; Munich, Germany. Munich (Germany): Herbert Utz
Verlag; 1999. 160 leaves. German.
34. Proceedings also published as part of a journal

Dostrovsky JO, Carr DB, Koltzenburg M, editors. Proceedings of the 10th World Congress
on Pain; 2002 Aug 17-22; San Diego, CA. Seattle: IASP Press; c2003. 937 p. (Progress in
pain research and management; vol. 24).
35. Proceedings published as part of a series

Satoh K, Suzuki S, Matsunaga M, editors. Advances in brain research: cerebrovascular
disorders and neurodegeneration. Proceedings of the 6th Hirosaki International Forum of
Medical Science; 2002 Oct 15-16; Hirosaki, Japan. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier;
2003. 234 p. (Excerpta Medica international congress series; no. 1251).
36. Proceedings published as part of more than one series

Zhu J, editor. 2004 Shanghai International Conference on Laser Medicine and Surgery;
2004 Nov 5-7; Shanghai, China. Bellingham (WA): SPIE; c2005. (Progress in biomedical
optics and imaging; vol. 6, no. 35); (Proceedings of SPIE; vol. 5967).
37. Proceedings with availability or location statement

Acevedo SE, DeVincenzi DL, Chang S, editors. 6th Symposium on Chemical Evolution
and the Origin and Evolution of Life; 1997 Nov 17-20; NASA Ames Research Center,
Moffett Field, CA. Moffett Field (CA): National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(US), Ames Research Center; [1998]. 105 p. (NASA conference publication; 10156).
Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; N19980236014.
Takeuchi M, Lagakos SW, editors. Simultaneous, worldwide development strategies:
implementation of global clinical trials and introduction of new sciences and
technologies. The 3rd Kitasato University-Harvard School of Public Health Symposium;
2002 Oct 2-3; Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo: Dejitarupuresu; c2003. 308 p. English, Japanese.
Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; 2003 N-441.
38. Proceedings accompanied by a CD-ROM

Laurell H, Schlyter F, editors. Alcohol, drugs and traffic safety: T 2000. Proceedings of the
15th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, and Traffic Safety; 2000 May 22-26;
Stockholm, Sweden. Stockholm: ICADTS; [2000]. 4 vols. Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
Salyer KE, editor. Craniofacial surgery. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of
the International Society of Craniofacial Surgery; 2003; Monterey, CA. Bologna (Italy):
Medimond International Proceedings; c2003. 506 p. Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
39. Proceedings with supplementary notes

Marcus S, editor. Neuroethics: mapping the field. Conference Proceedings; 2002 May
13-14; San Francisco, CA. New York: Dana Press; c2002. 367 p. Sponsored by the Dana
Foundation. Hosted by Stanford University and University of California, San Francisco.
Introduced by William Safire.
Vyas GN, Williams AE, editors. Advances in transfusion safety. Proceedings of the
Advances in Transfusion Safety Symposium; 2003 Jun 4-6; National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD. Basel (Switzerland): Karger; 2005. 224 p. (Developments in biologicals; vol.
350 Citing Medicine
120). Symposium co-sponsored by US Food and Drug Administration, AABB, National

Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, US Department of Defense, and the International
Association of Biologicals.
Building new bridges at the frontiers of engineering and medicine. 23rd Annual
International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society; 2001
Oct 25-28; Istanbul, Turkey. Piscataway (NJ): IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology
Society; c2001. 4 vols. Yorgo Istefanopulos, conference chair.
Bayes de Luna A, Cosin J, editors. Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.
Proceedings of an International Symposium on Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiac
Arrhythmias; 1977 Oct 5-8; Barcelona, Spain. New York: Pergamon Press; 1980. 1003 p.
Translation of: Diagnostico y Tratamiento de las Arritmias Cardiacas.
Fichtel C, Hunter S, Sreekumar P, Stecker F, editors. The Energetic Gamma-Ray
Experiment Telescope (EGRET) Science Symposium; 1989 Nov 15-16; NASA Goddard
Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD. Washington: NASA Headquarters; 1990. 344 p.
(NASA conference publication; 3071). Report No.: NASA 00023865.
Forestieri P, Mazzeo F, Varoux G, edigttors. Il carcinoma gastrico. SICO 1st Consensus
Conference. Naples (Italy): Giuseppe de Nicola Editore; 2000. 190 p. Italian. SICO stands
for Societa Italiana di Chirurgia Oncologica.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Conference Papers

The general format for a reference to a conference paper, including punctuation:

Examples of Citations to Conference Papers

Conference papers appear in the proceedings of a conference, congress, symposium, or
other meeting. See Chapter 3A for information on citing proceedings. In medicine and
science, papers are usually presented to report the results of research or other studies or to
review the work on a particular subject or in a particular field. In the published
proceedings, a paper may be given in its entirety or as an abstract or summary of what
was presented.
Cite conference papers the same way as contributions to books. The authors and title of
the paper begin a reference, followed by the connecting phrase "In:" and information
about the conference. For information on citing papers:
Presented at conferences but never published, see Chapter 12 Papers and Poster
Sessions Presented at Meetings.
Found on the Internet, see Chapter 22 Books and Other Individual Titles on the
Internet.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Conference Papers.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Conference Papers.
Citation Rules with Examples for Conference Papers

it is optional.
Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Article Type (O) | Connective Phrase (R) |
Conference Proceedings (R) | Location (Pagination) (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author for Conference Papers (required)

352 Citing Medicine
example: Van Der Horn KH or van der Horn KH; De Wolf F or de Wolf F or
DeWolf F.

Other surname rules
Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, and Hebrew, Korean) or



Parker E.]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
354 Citing Medicine

letter

Examples:
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
356 Citing Medicine
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Example Entries for Author

1. Paper from a proceedings with a book title
2. Paper from a proceedings without a book title
3. Paper with optional full first names of authors and editors
4. Paper with surnames containing a prefix or particle
5. Paper with compound surnames for authors
6. Paper with organization included as an author
Author Affiliation for Conference Papers (optional)



Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
358 Citing Medicine

a space
Example:

address in parentheses.
Schraft RD (Produktionstechnik und Automatisierung, Fraunhofer-Institut,
Stuttgart, Germany. [email protected]), Hiller A. Entwicklung eines
manipulatorgestutzten Operationssystems fur die Neurochirurgie. In:
Massberg W, Reinhart G, editors. 1st Symposium: Neue Technologien fur die
Medizin; 1999 Mar 5-6; Garching, Germany. Munich (Germany): Herbert Utz
Verlag; 1999. p. 48-54. German.
Spain), editors.
Milano, Milan, Italy), Rebora P, Reina G, editors.
Romania), Burcos T, Ungureanu CD, editors.
Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia), Golubkov VI, editors.
Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan), Bandoh S, Fujita J, Kanaji N, editors.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
360 Citing Medicine
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna
Example Entries for Author Affiliation

7. Paper with author affiliation given
Title for Conference Papers (required)

Enter the title of a paper as it appears in the original document
and initialisms
already present
in square brackets
it or an Article Type follows it (see below)

Titles of papers not in English
Titles of papers in more than one language
Titles of papers containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special

character
Titles with headers
Box 72. Titles of papers not in English.

Swedish, etc.)
Boetsch G. Le temps du malheur: les representations artistiques de l'epidemie.
In: Guerci A, editor. La cura delle malattie: itinerari storici. 3rd Colloquio
Europeo di Etnofarmacologia; 1st Conferenza Internazionale di Antropologia
e Storia della Salute e delle Malattie; 1996 May 29-Jun 2; Genoa, Italy. Genoa
(Italy): Erga Edizione; 1998. p. 22-32. French.
Romanization Tables,
Pavsic-Trskan B. Razvoj strokovnega jezika in dileme danasnjega dne
[Developing professional language and current dilemmas]. In: Oud N,
Sermeus W, Ehnfors M, editors. ACENDIO 2005: Documenting nursing care.
5th European Conference of ACENDIO; 2005 Apr; Bled, Slovenia. Bern
(Switzerland): Hans Huber; 2005. p. 19-23. Czech.
Azuma J. [Genetics as a means of understanding intrinsic ethnic differences:
genetic variation on metabolism/transporter/receptor]. In: Takeuchi M,
Lagakos SW, editors. Simultaneous, worldwide development strategies:
implementation of global clinical trials and introduction of new sciences and
technologies. The 3rd Kitasato University-Harvard School of Public Health
Symposium; 2002 Oct 2-3; Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo: Dejitarupuresu; c2003. p.
165-82. Japanese.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
362 Citing Medicine
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Give an English translation after the original language title if possible; place
Boetsch G. Le temps du malheur: les representations artistiques de l'epidemie
[Tragic times: artistic representations of the epidemic]. In: Guerci A, editor. La
cura delle malattie: itinerari storici [Treating illnesses: historical routes]. 3rd
Colloquio Europeo di Etnofarmacologia; 1st Conferenza Internazionale di
Antropologia e Storia della Salute e delle Malattie [3rd European Colloquium
on Ethnopharmacology; 1st International Conference on Anthropology and
History of Health and Disease]; 1996 May 29-Jun 2; Genoa, Italy. Genoa
(Italy): Erga Edizione; 1998. p. 22-32. French.
Pavsic-Trskan B. Razvoj strokovnega jezika in dileme danasnjega dne
[Developing professional language and current dilemmas]. In: Oud N,
Sermeus W, Ehnfors M, editors. ACENDIO 2005: Documenting nursing care.
5th European Conference of ACENDIO; 2005 Apr; Bled, Slovenia. Bern
(Switzerland): Hans Huber; 2005. p. 19-23. Czech.
Box 73. Titles of papers in more than one language.

If a paper is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian
publications, give all titles in the order in which they are given in the text, with an
equals sign between them. Indicate the particular languages, separated by commas,
after the pagination.
Tannock GW. Probiotique et prebiotique: lecons de la fin du XXe siecle =

Probiotics and prebiotics: lessons from the late 20th century. In: Roy D, editor.
La sante par les probiotiques: perspectives biofonctionnelles = Probiotics and
health: biofunctional perspectives. Actes du Symposium International de
Montreal = Proceedings of the Montreal International Symposium; 2002 Oct
24-25; Montreal, QC. Saint-Hyacinthe (QC): Fondation des Gouverneurs;
2003. p. 1-5, 75-90. French, English.
Box 74. Titles of papers containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another
special character.
Capitalize the first word of the title of a paper unless the title begins with a Greek
capitalized
Sheldon RS. -blockers for prevention of vasovagal syncope: who benefits
from treatment? In: Raviele A, editor. Cardiac arrhythmias 2005. Proceedings
of the 9th International Workshop on Cardiac Arrhythmias; 2005 Oct 2-5;
Venice. Milan (Italy): Springer; c2006. Patient selection for -blocker therapy;
p. 692.
becomes omega.
Tanguay JF. Coronary artery endothelial protection after local delivery of 17-
estradiol. In: Kimchi A, editor. Advances in heart failure. Proceedings of the
8th World Congress on Heart Failure: Mechanisms and Management; 2002 Jul
13-16; Washington, DC. Bologna (Italy): MEDIMOND Medical Publications;
c2002. p. 87-9.
or
Tanguay JF. Coronary artery endothelial protection after local delivery of
17beta-estradiol. In: Kimchi A, editor. Advances in heart failure. Proceedings
of the 8th World Congress on Heart Failure: Mechanisms and Management;
2002 Jul 13-16; Washington, DC. Bologna (Italy): MEDIMOND Medical
Publications; c2002. p. 87-9.
364 Citing Medicine
Mikkelsen JD, Hay-Schmidt A, Kiss A. Serotonergic stimulation of the rat

hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis: interaction between 5-HT1A and 5-
HT2A receptors. In: Pacak K, Aguilera G, Sabban E, Kvetnansky R, editors.
Stress: current neuroendocrine and genetic approaches. 8th Symposium on
Catecholamines and Other Neurotransmitters in Stress; 2003 Jun 28-Jul 3;
Smolenice Castle, Slovakia. New York: New York Academy of Sciences; 2004.
p. 65-70.
or
Mikkelsen JD, Hay-Schmidt A, Kiss A. Serotonergic stimulation of the rat
hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis: interaction between 5-HT(1A) and 5-
HT(2A) receptors. In: Pacak K, Aguilera G, Sabban E, Kvetnansky R, editors.
Stress: current neuroendocrine and genetic approaches. 8th Symposium on
Catecholamines and Other Neurotransmitters in Stress; 2003 Jun 28-Jul 3;
Smolenice Castle, Slovakia. New York: New York Academy of Sciences; 2004.
p. 65-70.
Box 75. Titles with headers.

Conference papers sometimes contain a header at the top of the page that indicates
the section name, subject division, or other portion of the conference under which
the paper was presented. Do not include a header as part of the title of the paper.
Example Entries for Title

8. Paper with title containing a chemical formula or special character
9. Paper from a proceedings in a language other than English
10. Paper from a proceedings in a language other than English, with translation
11. Paper from a proceedings in two equal languages
Article Type for Conference Papers (optional)

An article type alerts the user that the reference is to an abstract of a paper, not to
the full paper
Place [abstract] after the title of the paper
Follow the bracketed article type with a period

Titles of papers ending in punctuation other than a period
Titles of papers not in English
Box 76. Titles of papers ending in punctuation other than a period.

Most titles of papers end in a period. Place [abstract] inside the period.
Berger H, Klemm M. Clinical signs of gastric ulcers and its relation to
incidence [abstract]. In:
If a title ends in another form of punctuation, such as a question mark or an
exclamation point, keep that punctuation and follow [abstract] with a period
exclude the first 6 hours? [abstract]. In:
Box 77. Titles of papers not in English.

Most titles end in a period. When a translation of a title is used, place the
translation in square brackets. Place (abstract) within the square brackets.
Rivera M, Lizarraga JP, Pantoja F, Pantoja R. [Study of nasal permeability in
patients with operated unilateral clefts (abstract)]. In:
If a translated title ends in another form of punctuation, such as a question mark or
an exclamation point, keep that punctuation. Place (abstract) within the square
brackets and end title information with a period.
Rotenberg DK. [Eat less, exercise more! (abstract)]. In:
Reimer M. [LP for peripheral facial paralysis? (abstract)]. In:
When the original language and a translation are provided, place [abstract] after the
translation and end title information with a period
Rivera M, Lizarraga JP, Pantoja F, Pantoja R. Etude de la permeabilite nasale
dans les fentes unilaterales operees [Study of nasal permeability in patients
with operated unilateral clefts] [abstract]. In:
Example Entries for Article Type

12. Abstract of a paper
366 Citing Medicine
Connective Phrase for Conference Papers (required)

General Rule for Connective Phrase
Use the word "In" followed by a colon and a space to connect information about the
paper with information on the conference proceedings
Conference Proceedings for Conference Papers (required)

Follow the instructions in Chapter 3A to enter proceedings citation information
Location (Pagination) for Conference Papers (required)

Give the inclusive page numbers on which the paper appears

Text, such as a discussion, follows the paper
No numbers appear on the pages of the paper

Contrary to the practice with volume and issue numbers, keep roman numerals
when they are used as page numbers
p. XXI-XXII.
p. ix-xv.

If the pagination is discontinuous, as occurs when a paper is interrupted by
advertisements or other conference material, separate the groupings of page
numbers by a comma and a space
p. 345-6, 348-9.
p. 15, 17, 19-21.

p. 345-346, 348-349, 352, 355-357, 360. becomes p. 345-6, 348-9, 352 passim.
Box 80. Text, such as a discussion, follows the paper.

Begin with the pagination of the paper. Follow it by a semicolon and a space, then
the name of the additional material and its pagination.
p. 145-54; discussion p. 155-6.
Box 81. No numbers appear on the pages of the paper.

If a paper has no page numbers, give the total number of pages of the paper, placed
in square brackets, such as [5 p.]
Example Entries for Location (Pagination)

13. Paper with letters included in page numbers
Language for Conference Papers (required)

Give the language of publication of the paper if not English
Example Entries for Language

10. Paper from a proceedings in a language other than English, with translation
Notes for Conference Papers (optional)

Notes is a collective term for any useful information given after the citation itself
368 Citing Medicine

Be brief

Paper accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
Box 82. Paper accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

A videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, or other medium may be published with a paper
to display the visual material that accompanied the presentation. If a paper has such
supplemental material accompanying it, begin by citing the paper and the
proceedings in which it is found. Add the phrase "Accompanied by: " followed by
the number and type of medium.
Carter MA, Alcott BA. Suture techniques for jejunojejunal anastomosis. In:
Libovitz CC, editor. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on
Gastroenterology Surgery; 2004 May 3-5; Bonn, Germany. Berlin: Wiener
Verlag; 2005. p. 245-8. Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.

When citing an abstract of a paper, give the number of the abstract if available at
the end of the citation
Okmoto T, Atsumi T, Shimizu C, Yoshioka N, Koike T. The potential role of
macrophage migration inhibitory factor in migration of vascular smooth
muscle cells [abstract]. In: Abstract book. American Diabetes Association's
65th Scientific Sessions; 2005 Jun 10-14; San Diego, CA. Alexandria (VA):
American Diabetes Association; 2005. p. A161. Abstract no. 653-P.
When citing a paper that was also printed as a part of a journal, treat the journal
information as a series
Keen CL, Holt RR, Oteiza PI, Fraga CG, Schmitz HH. Cocoa antioxidants and
cardiovascular health. In: Scalbert A, Johnson I, Saltmarsh M, editors. Dietary
polyphenols and health. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on
Polyphenols and Health; 2004 Nov 18-21; Vichy, France. Bethesda (MD):
American Society for Clinical Nutrition; 2005. p. 298s-303s. (American
journal of clinical nutrition; vol. 81, no.1, suppl.).
Example Entries for Notes

14. Paper accompanied by a CD-ROM, DVD, videocassette, or other medium
15. Paper also printed as a part of a journal
Examples of Citations to Conference Papers

Arendt, T. Alzheimer's disease as a disorder of dynamic brain self-organization. In: van
Pelt J, Kamermans M, Levelt CN, van Ooyen A, Ramakers GJ, Roelfsema PR, editors.
Development, dynamics, and pathology of neuronal networks: from molecules to
the Netherlands. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier; 2005. p.355-78.
Leonard KJ, Winkelman W. Developing electronic patient records: employing interactive
methods to ensure patient involvement. In: Ferreira de Oliveira MJ, editor. Accessibility
and quality of health services. Proceedings of the 28th Meeting of the European Working
Group on Operational Research Applied to Health Services (ORAHS); 2002 Jul 28-Aug 2;
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Frankfurt (Germany): Peter Lang; c2004. p. 241-55.
Horrobin DF, Lampinskas P. The commercial development of food plants used as
medicines. In: Prendergast HD, Etkin NL, Harris DR, Houghton PJ, editors. Plants for
food and medicine. Proceedings of the Joint Conference of the Society for Economic
Botany and the International Society for Ethnopharmacology; 1996 Jul 1-6; London. Kew
(UK): Royal Botanic Gardens; 1998. p. 75-81.

Rice AS, Farquhar-Smith WP, Bridges D, Brooks JW. Canabinoids and pain. In:
Dostorovsky JO, Carr DB, Koltzenburg M, editors. Proceedings of the 10th World
Congress on Pain; 2002 Aug 17-22; San Diego, CA. Seattle (WA): IASP Press; c2003. p.
437-68.
Kim H, Wechsler B. Amantadine for arousal in pediatric TBI. In: Peek WJ, Lankhorst GJ,
editors. 1st World Congress of the International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation
Medicine (ISPRM I); 2001 Jul 7-13; Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Bologna (Italy):
Monduzzi Editore, International Proceedings Division; c2001. p. 629-34.
3. Paper with optional full first names of authors and editors

Rice, Andrew S.; Farquhar-Smith, W. Paul; Bridges, Daniel; Brooks, Jason W. Canabinoids
and pain. In: Dostorovsky, Jonathan O.; Carr, Daniel B.; Koltzenburg, Martin, editors.
Proceedings of the 10th World Congress on Pain; 2002 Aug 17-22; San Diego, CA. Seattle
(WA): IASP Press; c2003. p. 437-68.
370 Citing Medicine
4. Paper with surnames containing a prefix or particle

McNeely JA. Biological and cultural diversity: the double helix of sustainable
development. In: Arnason JT, Catling PM, Small E, Dang PT, Lambert JD, editors.
Biodiversity & health: focusing research to policy = Biodiversite & sante: de la recherche
aux politiques. Proceedings of the International Symposium = Actes du Symposium
International; 2003 Oct 25-28; Ottawa, ON. Ottawa (ON): NRC-CNRC; 2005. p. 3-9.
de The G. Les priorites de sante dans les pays en development. In: Colloque Energie
Solaire et Sante dans les Pays en Developpement = Conference on Solar Energy and
Health Care in Developing Countries; 1991 Nov 4-7; Paris. London: Tec & Doc; c1998. p.
19-29. French.
Wieling W, van Dijk N, Ganzeboom KS, Saul JP. Syncope in children and adolescents:
what are the peculiar features? In: Raviele A, editor. Cardiac arrhythmias 2005.
Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop on Cardiac Arrhythmias; 2005 Oct 2-5;
Venice. Milan: Springer; c2006. p. 633-41.
El-Maarri O, Singer H, Brackmann HH, Schroder J, Graw J, Muller CR, Schramm W,
Schwabb R, Hanfland P, Oldenburg J. Lack of factor VIII expression represents a novel
mechanism leading to hemophilia A. In: Zhang D, Jain AK, editors. Advances in
biometrics. Proceedings of the ICB 2006 International Conference; 2006 Jan 5-7; Hong
Kong. Berlin: Springer; 2006. p. 81-4.
LeMaire DM. Spirituality. In: Hunter MM, editor. Enriching the circle of care. Report of
the 1st National Pediatric Hospice Conference; 1985 May 9-11; Washington, DC.
Alexandria (VA): Children's Hospice International; c1985. p. 39-46.
5. Paper with compound surnames for authors

Da Silva Freitas R, Contin Mansur AE, Alonso N, Busato L, Azor de Oliveira e Cruz G.
Hemifacial microssomia: 105 cases in 7 years. In: Salyer KE, editor. Craniofacial surgery.
Proceedings of the 10th International Congress of the International Society of
Craniofacial Surgery; 2003; Monterey, CA. Bologna (Italy): Medimond International
Proceedings; c2003. p. 327-9.
Lagos-Witte S. Conservation of medicinal plants in Central America and the Caribbean.
In: Arnason JT, Catling PM, Small E, Dang PT, Lambert JD, editors. Biodiversity & health:
focusing research to policy = Biodiversite & sante: de la recherche aux politiques.
Proceedings of the International Symposium = Actes du Symposium International; 2003
Oct 25-28; Ottawa, ON. Ottawa (ON): NRC-CNRC; 2005. p. 3-9.
6. Paper with organization included as an author

von Auer C, Oldenburg J, Krause M, Miesbach W, Scharrer I; PTP-Study Group. In:
Scharrer I, Schramm W, editors. 35th Hemophilia Symposium; 2004; Hamburg, Germany.
Berlin: Springer; 2006. p. 201-4.
7. Paper with author affiliation given

SaraivaV (Foot-and-Mouth Disease Centre, PAHO/WHO, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Foot-
and-mouth disease in the Americas: epidemiology and ecologic changes affecting
distribution. In: Bokma BH, Blouin EF, Bechara GH, editors. Impact of ecological changes
on tropical animal health and disease control. 7th Biennial Conference of the Society for
Tropical Veterinary Medicine; 2003 Jun 22-27; Iguacu Falls, Brazil. New York: New York
Academy of Sciences; 2004. p.73-8.
Dijkhuizen PA (Amsterdam Molecular Therapeutics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands),
Ghosh A (Division of Biology, University of California San Diego, LaJolla, CA).
Regulation of dendritic growth by calcium and neurotrophin signaling. In: van Pelt J,
Kamermans M, Levelt CN, van Ooyen A, Ramakers GJ, Roelfsema PR, editors.
Development, dynamics, and pathology of neuronal networks: from molecules to
the Netherlands. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier; 2005. p.17-27.
Schraft RD (Produktionstechnik und Automatisierung, Fraunhofer-Institut, Stuttgart,
Germany. [email protected]), Hiller A. Entwicklung eines manipulatorgestutzten
Operationssystems fur die Neurochirurgie. In: Massberg W, Reinhart G, editors. 1st
Symposium: Neue Technologien fur die Medizin; 1999 Mar 5-6; Garching, Germany.
Munich (Germany): Herbert Utz Verlag; 1999. p. 48-54. German.
8. Paper with title containing a chemical formula or special character

Sperling P, Lee M, Girke T, Zahringer U, Stymne S, Heinz E. A bifunctional 6-
acetylenase/desaturase from the moss Ceratodon purpureus. In: Huang YS, Ziboh VA,
editors. -linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology and clinical applications. 2nd
International Symposium on GLA; 2000 Apr; San Diego, CA. Champaign (IL): AOCS
Press; 2001. p. 29-31.
or
Sperling P, Lee M, Girke T, Zahringer U, Stymne S, Heinz E. A bifunctional Delta(6)-
acetylenase/desaturase from the moss Ceratodon purpureus. In: Huang YS, Ziboh VA,
editors. Gamma-linolenic acid: recent advances in biotechnology and clinical
applications. 2nd International Symposium on GLA; 2000 Apr; San Diego, CA.
Champaign (IL): AOCS Press; 2001. p. 29-31.
Mikkelsen JD, Hay-Schmidt A, Kiss A. Serotonergic stimulation of the rat hypothalamo-
pituitary-adrenal axis: interaction between 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors. In: Pacak K,
Aguilera G, Sabban E, Kvetnansky R, editors. Stress: current neuroendocrine and genetic
approaches. 8th Symposium on Catecholamines and Other Neurotransmitters in Stress;
2003 Jun 28 - Jul 3; Smolenice Castle, Slovakia. New York: New York Academy of Sciences;
2004. p. 65-70.
372 Citing Medicine
or
Mikkelsen JD, Hay-Schmidt A, Kiss A. Serotonergic stimulation of the rat hypothalamo-
pituitary-adrenal axis: interaction between 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) receptors. In: Pacak
K, Aguilera G, Sabban E, Kvetnansky R, editors. Stress: current neuroendocrine and
genetic approaches. 8th Symposium on Catecholamines and Other Neurotransmitters in
Stress; 2003 Jun 28 - Jul 3; Smolenice Castle, Slovakia. New York: New York Academy of
Sciences; 2004. p. 65-70.
Tanguay JF. Coronary artery endothelial protection after local delivery of 17-estradiol.
In: Kimchi A, editor. Advances in heart failure. Proceedings of the 8th World Congress on
Heart Failure: Mechanisms and Management; 2002 Jul 13-16; Washington, DC. Bologna
(Italy): MEDIMOND Medical Publications; c2002. p. 87-9.
or
Tanguay JF. Coronary artery endothelial protection after local delivery of 17beta-estradiol.
In: Kimchi A, editor. Advances in heart failure. Proceedings of the 8th World Congress on
Heart Failure: Mechanisms and Management; 2002 Jul 13-16; Washington, DC. Bologna
(Italy): MEDIMOND Medical Publications; c2002. p. 87-9.

Boetsch G. Le temps du malheur: les representations artistiques de l'epidemie. In: Guerci
A, editor. La cura delle malattie: itinerari storici. 3rd Colloquio Europeo di
Etnofarmacologia; 1st Conferenza Internazionale di Antropologia e Storia della Salute e
delle Malattie; 1996 May 29-Jun 2; Genoa, Italy. Genoa (Italy): Erga Edizione; 1998. p.
22-32. French.
Azuma J. [Genetics as a means of understanding intrinsic ethnic differences: genetic
variation on metabolism/transporter/receptor]. In: Takeuchi M, Lagakos SW, editors.
Simultaneous, worldwide development strategies: implementation of global clinical trials
and introduction of new sciences and technologies. The 3rd Kitasato University-Harvard
School of Public Health Symposium; 2002 Oct 2-3; Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo: Dejitarupuresu;
c2003. p. 165-82. Japanese.
Pavsic-Trskan B. Razvoj strokovnega jezika in dileme danasnjega dne. In: Oud N,
Sermeus W, Ehnfors M, editors. ACENDIO 2005: documenting nursing care. 5th
European Conference of ACENDIO; 2005 Apr; Bled, Slovenia. Bern (Switzerland): Hans
Huber; 2005. p. 19-23. Czech.
Zeller H. Les lecons de l'epidemie a virus Marburg a Durba, Republique Democratique du
Congo (1998-2000). In: Les fievres hemorragiques virales. 7th Actualites du Pharo; 2000
Sep 8-9; Marseilles, France. Marseilles (France): Institut de Medecine Tropicale; 2000. p.
23-6. French.
10. Paper from a proceedings in a language other than English, with

translation
Boetsch G. Le temps du malheur: les representations artistiques de l'epidemie. [Tragic
times: artistic representations of the epidemic]. In: Guerci A, editor. La cura delle malattie:
itinerari storici [Treating illnesses: historical routes]. 3rd Colloquio Europeo di
Etnofarmacologia; 1st Conferenza Internazionale di Antropologia e Storia della Salute e
delle Malattie [3rd European Colloquium on Ethnopharmacology; 1st International
Conference on Anthropology and History of Health and Disease]; 1996 May 29-Jun 2;
Genoa, Italy. Genoa (Italy): Erga Edizione; 1998. p. 22-32. French.
Azuma J. [Genetics as a means of understanding intrinsic ethnic differences: genetic
variation on metabolism/transporter/receptor]. In: Takeuchi M, Lagakos SW, editors.
Simultaneous, worldwide development strategies: implementation of global clinical trials
and introduction of new sciences and technologies. The 3rd Kitasato University-Harvard
School of Public Health Symposium; 2002 Oct 2-3; Tokyo, Japan. Tokyo: Dejitarupuresu;
c2003. p. 165-82. Japanese.
Pavsic-Trskan B. Razvoj strokovnega jezika in dileme danasnjega dne [Developing
professional language and current dilemmas]. In: Oud N, Sermeus W, Ehnfors M, editors.
ACENDIO 2005: documenting nursing care. 5th European Conference of ACENDIO;
2005 Apr; Bled, Slovenia. Bern (Switzerland): Hans Huber; 2005. p. 19-23. Czech.
Zeller H. Les lecons de l'epidemie a virus Marburg a Durba, Republique Democratique du
Congo (1998-2000) [Lessons from the Marburg virus epidemic in Durba, Democratic
Republic of the Congo (1998-2000)]. In: Les fievres hemorragiques virales [Viral
hemorrhagic fevers]. 7th Actualites du Pharo [7th Pharo Conference]; 2000 Sep 8-9;
Marseilles, France. Marseilles (France): Institut de Medecine Tropicale; 2000. p. 23-6.
French.

Tannock GW. Probiotique et prebiotique: lecons de la fin du XXe siecle = Probiotics and
prebiotics: lessons from the late 20th century. In: Roy D, editor. La sante par les
probiotiques: perspectives biofonctionnelles = Probiotics and health: biofunctional
perspectives. Actes du Symposium International de Montreal = Proceedings of the
Montreal International Symposium; 2002 Oct 24-25; Montreal, QC. Saint-Hyacinthe
(QC): Fondation des Gouverneurs; 2003. p. 1-5, 75-90. French, English.
12. Abstract of a paper

Chiarenza GA, De Marchi I, Colombo L, Olgiati P, Trevisan C, Casarotto S.
Neuropsychophysiological profile of children with developmental dyslexia [abstract]. In:
Beuzeron-Mangina JH, Fotiou F, editors. The olympics of the brain. Abstracts of the 12th
World Congress of Psychophysiology; 2004 Sep 18-23; Thessaloniki, Greece. Amsterdam
(Netherlands): Elsevier; 2004. p. 16.
374 Citing Medicine
Berger H, Klemm M. Clinical signs of gastric ulcers and its relation to incidence
[abstract]. In: Chuit P, Kuffer A, Montavon S, editors. 8th Congress on Equine Medicine
and Surgery; 2003 Dec 16-18; Geneva, Switzerland. Ithaca (NY): International Veterinary
Information Service (IVIS); 2003. p. 45.
Sigurdsson A. Current guidelines and management of dental trauma [abstract]. In:
Practical points in dentistry: the alternatives. International Dental Congress of the
Mekong River Region; 2004 Jun 7-10; Century Park Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand. Bangkok:
Mahidol University, Faculty of Dentistry; [2004]. p. 29-30.
13. Paper with letters included in page numbers

Danzi GB, Mauri L, Sozzi F. Percutaneous coronary intervention and beyond for ST-
elevation acute myocardial infarction. In: Bolognese L, Ferrari R, editors. Acute coronary
syndromes management: proceedings; 2005 Apr; Cortona, Italy. Oxford (UK): Oxford
University Press; 2005. p. K26-30.
Osman L, Silverman M. Measuring quality of life for young children with asthma and
their families. In: Silverman M, Pedersen S, editors. Proceedings of a Workshop on
Outcome Measures in Early Childhood Asthma and Other Wheezing Disorders; 1995 Sep
21-23; Gerona, Spain. Copenhagen (Denmark): Munksgaard; 1996. p. 35s-41s.
Gronefeld G, Hohnloser SH. Quality of life in atrial fibrillation: an increasingly important
issue. In: Capucci A, editor. Proceedings of the European Atrial Fibrillation Consensus
Conference; 2001 Sep 16; Bologna, Italy. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier Science Ltd.;
2003. p. H25-33.
14. Paper accompanied by a CD-ROM, DVD, videocassette, or other

medium
Carter MA, Alcott BA. Suture techniques for jejunojejunal anastomosis. In: Libovitz CC,
editor. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Gastroenterology Surgery;
2004 May 3-5; Bonn, Germany. Geneva (Switzerland): Wiener Verlag; 2005. p. 245-8.
15. Paper also printed as a part of a journal

Keen CL, Holt RR, Oteiza PI, Fraga CG, Schmitz HH. Cocoa antioxidants and
cardiovascular health. In: Scalbert A, Johnson I, Saltmarsh M, editors. Dietary
polyphenols and health. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Polyphenols
and Health; 2004 Nov 18-21; Vichy, France. Bethesda (MD): American Society for
Clinical Nutrition; 2005. p. 298s-303s. (American journal of clinical nutrition; vol. 81, no.
1, suppl.).
Dayhoff JE, DeLeo JM. Artificial neural networks: opening the black box. In: Conference
on Prognostic Factors and Staging in Cancer Management: Contributions of Artificial
Neural Networks and Other Statistical Methods; 1999 Sep 27-28; Arlington, VA. Atlanta
(GA): American Cancer Society; 2001. p.1615-35. (Cancer; vol. 91, no.8, suppl.).
C. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Parts of

Conference Papers
The general format for a reference to a part of a conference paper, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Parts of Conference Papers

Rather than citing a conference paper as a whole, separately identified portions of a paper
may be cited. Tables, figures, charts, graphs, photographs, appendixes, and the like are
considered parts of a paper when they are written or compiled by the authors of the paper.
the intellectual content of the publication, begin a reference to a part of a paper with the
paper itself, then follow it with the information about the part. See Chapter 2C Parts of
Books for further details.
376 Citing Medicine
Medical texts frequently contain charts, figures, and other illustrative material that has
from there.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Conference Papers.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Parts of Conference Papers.
Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Conference Papers

it is optional.
Conference Paper (R) | Name and Number/Letter (R) | Title (R) | Location (Pagination)
(R)
Conference Paper (required)

Cite the conference paper according to Chapter 3B
Name and Number/Letter of the Part of the Conference Paper (required)

General Rules for Name and Number/Letter of the Part
Enter the name of the part, such as Table, Figure, or Appendix
Follow the name with any accompanying number or letter, such as Table 2, Figure
3.1, or Appendix A
Specific Rules for Name and Number/Letter of the Part

No name appears

Swedish, etc.)
Tabelle 5.3
Figura 10a
Risunok 6
Parartema 4
Ichiran-hiyo 3 or [Table 3, ]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Provide an English translation, if possible, after the original language title, placed in
square brackets
378 Citing Medicine
Language Table Figure Appendix Section

French Tableau Figure Appendice Section
German Tabelle Abbildung Anhang Sektion
Zusatz
Italian Tabella Figura Appendice Parte
Sezione
Russian Tablitsa Risunok Prilozenie Sekcija
Otdel
Otdelenie
Spanish Tabla Figura Apendice Seccion
Parte


If the part being cited is clearly a table, figure, appendix or similar part but it is not
labeled as such, place the name within square brackets and follow it with any
Example Entries for Name and Number/Letter of the Part

1. A table as part of a paper
2. A figure as part of a paper
3. An appendix as part of a paper
4. Other parts of a paper
5. Part of a paper in a language other than English
Title of the Part of the Conference Paper (required)

General Rules for Title of the Part
and initialisms
Specific Rules for Title of the Part

Titles of parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special
character
No title appears

Swedish, etc.)
109. Spanish.
380 Citing Medicine
[Figure 9, Annual progression of swine influenza in Seoul]; p. 44. Korean.

publications.
Treat a letter marked with diacritics or accents as if it were not marked
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Provide an English translation, if possible, after the original language title. Place the
Japanese.
Box 88. Titles of parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special
character.
capitalized

becomes omega.
may become
may become
149.

Place the created title within square brackets
p. 72.
Example Entries for Title of the Part

6. Part of a paper with title containing a Greek letter or other special character
382 Citing Medicine
7. Part of a paper with a constructed title
Location (Pagination) of the Part of the Conference Paper (required)

and p. 663-4.




numbered.
[preceding p. 55].
cite, placed in square brackets, such as [5 p.]
Example Entries for Location (Pagination)

8. Part of a paper with a letter included in the location (pagination)
9. Part of a paper with no page number provided
Examples of Citations to Parts of Conference Papers

1. A table as part of a paper
Mueller K, Boye-Beaman J, Blankenau J. Assessing health needs of minorities in rural
meat-processing communities. In: Bushy A, editor. Community voices calling us to action.
5th Annual Rural Minority Health Conference Proceedings; 1999 Dec 9-11; Denver, CO.
Kansas City (MO): National Rural Health Association; c2000. Table 11, Chi square tests of
pap smear by selected independent variables; p. 72.
Otto SR, Ebinger K, Staller SJ. Clinical trials with the auditory brain stem implant. In:
Waltzman SB, Cohen NL, editors. Cochlear implants. 5th International Cochlear Implant
Conference; 1997 May 1-3; New York. New York: Thieme; 2000. Table 17-2, Electrical
stimulation results for an ABI patient with multiple nonauditory sensations; p. 362.
Krebs H, Schneider MM, Schramm W. HCV-infection in HIV-infected and non-infected
people with hemophilia a retrospective study: medical aspects. In: Scharrer I, Schramm
W, editors. 35th Hemophilia Symposium; 2004; Hamburg, Germany. Berlin: Springer;
2006. Table 1, Distribution of causes of death; p. 169.
2. A figure as part of a paper

Spigulis J, Erts R, Ozols M. Optical multi-channel monitoring of skin blood pulsations for
cardiovascular assessment. In: Cohn GE, Grundfest WS, Benaron DA, Vo-Dinh T, editors.
Advanced Biomedical and Clinical Diagnostic Systems 2; 2004 Jan 25-26; San Jose, CA.
384 Citing Medicine
Bellingham (WA): SPIE; 2004. Figure 6, The four-channel PPG monitoring scheme; p.
137.
Foley RA. The emergence of culture in the context of hominin evolutionary patterns. In:
Levinson SC, Jaisson P, editors. Evolution and culture: a Fyssen Foundation Symposium;
1999 Nov 12-16; St. Germain en Laye, France. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press; c2006. Figure
3.9, A model of cultural revolution; p. 72.
Pollitt CC. Equine laminitis: a revised pathophysiology. In: 6th Congress on Equine
Medicine and Surgery; 1999 Dec 12-14; Geneva, Switzerland. Chene-Bourg (Switzerland):
Medecine et Hygiene; [1999]. Figure 1, Sagital section of a horse's foot with severe chronic
laminitis; p. 156-7.
3. An appendix as part of a paper

Acar J, Rostel B. Antimicrobial resistance: an overview. In: OIE international standards on
antimicrobial resistance, 2003. 2nd International Conference on Antimicrobial Resistance;
2001 Oct 2-4; Paris. Paris: OIC; c2003. Appendix B, World Organisation for Animal
Health Guidelines on antimicrobial resistance; p. 67.
Gelepithis PA. Knowledge, truth, time, and topological spaces. In: 12th International
Congress on Cybernetics; 1989 Aug 21-29; Namur, Belgium. Namur (Belgium):
Association Internationale de Cybernetique; 1989. Appendix, [The basis on which to
define a topology on B*]; p. 254.
Fuerxer J, Fuerxer P. Les fluctuations cycliques fondamentales des economies capitalists -
le model [Fundamental cyclic fluctuations of capitalist economies - the model]. In:
12th International Congress on Cybernetics; 1989 Aug 21-29; Namur, Belgium. Namur
(Belgium): Association Internationale de Cybernetique; 1989. Annexe, Definition de la
transformation de Laplace (1749-1827) [Appendix, Definition of Laplace transformation
(1749-1827)]; p. 312-3. French.
4. Other parts of a paper

Clary J. [Formaldehyde] exposure. In: 1986 European Meeting of the Toxicology Forum;
1986 Sep 22-26; Geneva, Switzerland. Washington: Toxicology Forum, Inc.; c1986. Slide
14, Quantities of some aldehydes in cigarette smoke; [preceding p. 114].
Lina PH, Hutson AM. Bat rabies in Europe: a review. In: Dodet B, Schudel A, Pastoret PP,
Lombard M, editors. 1st International Conference on Rabies in Europe; 2005 Jun 15-18;
Kiev, Ukraine. Basel (Switzerland): Karger; c2006. Bat colonies and rabies; p. 248.
Irie S, Shogenji R, Ogura Y, Tanida J. Photonic information techniques based on
compound-eye imaging. In: Ijspeert AJ, Masuzawa T, Kusumoto S, editors. Biologically
inspired approaches to advanced information technology. BioADIT 2006. Proceedings of
the 2nd International Workshop; 2006 Jan 26-27; Osaka, Japan. Berlin: Springer; c2006.
[Section] 4.2, Fingerspring capturing; p. 258-9.

Morel E, Vialle R, Rillardon L, Guigui. Analyse de l'equilibre sagittal du rachis dans les
spondylolisthesis degeneratifs. In: Deburge A, Saillant G, Benoist M, Guigui P, Laville C,
Lazennec JY, Morvan G, editors. 2emes Journees du Rachis de Paris = 2nd Spine Meeting
of Paris; 2003; Paris. Montpellier (France): Sauramps Medical; c2004. Tableau 4,
Comparison du groupe spondylolisthesis (n=53) au group temoin (n=300); p. 112.
French.
with translation
Morel E, Vialle R, Rillardon L, Guigui. Analyse de l'equilibre sagittal du rachis dans les
spondylolisthesis degeneratifs [Analysis of the sagittal equilibrium of the spine in
degenerative spondylolisthesis]. In: Deburge A, Saillant G, Benoist M, Guigui P, Laville C,
Lazennec JY, Morvan G, editors. 2emes Journees du Rachis de Paris = 2nd Spine Meeting
of Paris; 2003; Paris. Montpellier (France): Sauramps Medical; c2004. Tableau 4,
Comparison du groupe spondylolisthesis (n=53) au group temoin (n=300) [Table 4,
Comparison of the spondylolisthesis group (n=53) with the control group (n=300)]; p.
112. French.
6. Part of a paper with title containing a Greek letter or other special

character
Sheldon RS. -blockers for prevention of vasovagal syncope: who benefits from treatment?
In: Raviele A, editor. Cardiac arrhythmias 2005. Proceedings of the 9th International
Workshop on Cardiac Arrhythmias; 2005 Oct 2-5; Venice. Milan (Italy): Springer; c2006.
Patient selection for -blocker therapy; p. 692.
or
Sheldon RS. Beta-blockers for prevention of vasovagal syncope: who benefits from
treatment? In: Raviele A, editor. Cardiac arrhythmias 2005. Proceedings of the 9th
International Workshop on Cardiac Arrhythmias; 2005 Oct 2-5; Venice. Milan (Italy):
Springer; c2006. Patient selection for beta-blocker therapy; p. 692.
Tassinari CA, Ambrosetto G, Peraita-Adrado MR, Gastaut H. The neuropsychiatric
syndrome of 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabis intoxication in naive subjects. In:
Nahas GG, Sutin KM, Harvey D, Agurell S, Pace N, Cancro R, editors. Conference on
Marihuana and Medicine; 1998 Mar 20-21; New York University School of Medicine, New
York. Totowa (NJ): Humana Press; c1999. Figure 2, Drawing of a man: before, during, and
after 9-THC intoxication; p. 654.
or
Tassinari CA, Ambrosetto G, Peraita-Adrado MR, Gastaut H. The neuropsychiatric
syndrome of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabis intoxication in naive subjects.
In: Nahas GG, Sutin KM, Harvey D, Agurell S, Pace N, Cancro R, editors. Conference on
386 Citing Medicine
Marihuana and Medicine; 1998 Mar 20-21; New York University School of Medicine, New
York. Totowa (NJ): Humana Press; c1999. Figure 2, Drawing of a man: before, during, and
after Delta(9)-THC intoxication; p. 654.
7. Part of a paper with a constructed title

Gelepithis PA. Knowledge, truth, time, and topological spaces. In: 12th International
Congress on Cybernetics; 1989 Aug 21-29; Namur, Belgium. Namur (Belgium):
Association Internationale de Cybernetique; 1989. Appendix, [The basis on which to
define a topology on B*]; p. 254.
Carter R. Planning for the practical aspects of implementation. In: Pharming the genome:
implications of pharmacogenomics for human health and public policy [Internet].
Conference Report; 2004 Nov 4; National Arts Centre, Ottawa, ON. Ottawa (ON):
Government of Canada; 2005. [Table, Infrastructure requirements for three types of
applications of pharmacogenomics]; p. 20-22. Available from: http://
www.biostrategy.gc.ca/CMFiles/50139_Summary_report_e_final49PKA-412005-6986.pdf
LeMaire DM. Spirituality. In: Hunter MM, editor. Enriching the circle of care. Report of
the 1st National Pediatric Hospice Conference; 1985 May 9-11; Washington, DC.
Alexandria (VA): Children's Hospice International; c1985. [Figure, Scheme to describe the
spiritual and religious aspects of the human person]; p. 41.
8. Part of a paper with a letter included in the location (pagination)

Wolpert C, Haase KK, Suselbeck T, Borggrefe M. Hybrid therapy for atrial fibrillation. In:
Capucci A, editor. Proceedings of the European Atrial Fibrillation Consensus Conference;
2001 Sep 16; Bologna, Italy. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Elsevier Science Ltd.; 2003. Figure
1, Concept of hybrid therapy for atrial fibrillation; p. H52.
9. Part of a paper with no page number provided

Clary J. [Formaldehyde] exposure. In: 1986 European Meeting of the Toxicology Forum;
1986 Sep 22-26; Geneva, Switzerland. Washington: Toxicology Forum, Inc.; c1986. Slide
14, Quantities of some aldehydes in cigarette smoke; [preceding p. 114].
Ross K. The Oregon experience with managed care. In: Groome D, editor. Meeting the
challenge of change. Proceedings of the 10th Annual Conference of the National
Association of Surveillance and Utilization Review Officials; 1994 Jun 19-22; SeaTac, WA.
Olympia (Washington): The Association; 1994. Satisfaction questionnaire; [8 p.].
387
Chapter 4. Scientific and Technical Reports

A. Entire Reports
Examples
B. Parts of Reports
Examples
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Entire Reports

The general format for a reference to a report, including punctuation:
- written and published by the sponsoring organization:
- written by the performing organization and published by the sponsoring

organization:
388 Citing Medicine
- written and published by the performing organization:
Examples of Citations to Entire Reports

A technical report, also called a scientific report, is defined by NISO Z39.29 as "A
separately issued record of research results, research in progress, or other technical
studies". Governmental agencies, usually at the federal or state level, issue most technical
reports, but reports also originate from universities and other types of research
institutions. Technical reports share many characteristics with the books described in
Chapter 2 and its subsections. The major differences in citing them are in their
authorship, the provision of sponsorship information, and the inclusion of any report,
contract, and grant numbers.
In citing a technical report, it is important to identify both the sponsoring organization
(i.e., the organization that funded the research), and the performing organization (i.e., the
organization that conducted the research), and to determine which of them actually
published the report. In some cases, the same organization both sponsors and performs
the research. For example, the National Cancer Institute has intramural scientists and may
publish their work in report format. Often, however, the sponsoring organization provides
funds to another organization that actually performs the research. These funds are
disbursed through grants and contracts. When this occurs, either the sponsoring
organization or the performing organization may publish the report. Thus, there are three
possible scenarios for publication of a technical report. It may be:
Written and published by the sponsoring organization.
Written by the performing organization and published by the sponsoring
organization.
Written and published by the performing organization.
Some technical reports will have the same type of edition statement found in books, such
as "2nd ed." However, most technical reports use such wording as "Annual Report," "Final
Report" and "Interim Report" to express edition. The time period covered by the report is
also often included in the edition statement. For example, Final report 15 Mar 2004-31 Jan
2005.
Scientific and Technical Reports 389
A citation to a technical report must always include any report numbers provided in the
publication, and contract and grant numbers should also be included. Begin with the
report number, if present, then follow with any contract or grant number. Precede all of
these numbers with the appropriate phrase identifying them, such as "Report No.: ".
US government technical reports are usually distributed by the National Technical
Information Service (NTIS) or the US Government Printing Office (GPO) rather than the
agency issuing the report. Adding distributor information to a citation, including any
accession number provided, can aid the user in obtaining a copy of the report. Note that
NTIS and GPO are distributors, not publishers. See the information under Notes below
for further information on including distributor information.
The chief source for information about a report is its title page. The back of the title page,
called the verso or copyright page, and the cover of the report are additional sources of
authoritative information not found on the title page. Many reports also carry a "Report
Documentation Page" (Standard Form 298), inserted either after the verso or at the back
of the document. See NISO Z39.18 Scientific and Technical Reports and NISO Z39.23
Standard Technical Report Number Format and Creation for further details (both available
from NISO).
See also Chapter 18 and Chapter 22 for information on citing technical reports published
in CD-ROM or on the Internet.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Reports.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Entire Reports.
Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Reports

it is optional.
Editor and Other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date
of Publication (R) | Pagination (O) | Physical Description (O) | Series (O) | Report
Number (R) | Contract Number or Grant Number (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author/Editor for Reports (required)

example: Van Der Horn KH or van der Horn KH; De Wolf F or de Wolf F or
DeWolf F.
390 Citing Medicine

Other surname rules



Parker E.]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
392 Citing Medicine

letter


Examples:

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
394 Citing Medicine
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor

body may serve as an author.
Omit "The" preceding an organization name

a report as authors, use the names of the individuals as the author. Give the
organization name as a note, if desired.
396 Citing Medicine

brackets.
or
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

translators are given, begin the reference with the title of the report. Do not use
anonymous.
2004 national healthcare disparities report. Rockville (MD): Department of
Health and Human Services (US), Agency for Healthcare Research and
Quality; 2004 Dec. 227 p. (AHRQ publication; no. 05-0014).

Full first names of authors may be used. Separate the surname from the given name
or initials by a comma; follow initials with a period; separate successive names by a
semicolon and a space.

1. Standard report written and published by the sponsoring organization
2. Standard report written by the performing organization and published by the
sponsoring organization
3. Standard report written and published by the performing organization
4. Report with optional full given names
5. Report with optional limit to the first three authors (use "et al" or "and others")
398 Citing Medicine
6. Report with a designation of family rank in the author name

7. Report with author and translator
8. Report with authors and an editor
9. Report with editors instead of authors
10. Report with editors and translators
11. Report with an organization as the author or editor
12. Report with government agency as the author
13. Report with authors from both the performing and sponsoring organizations
14. Report with no author provided
Author Affiliation for Reports (optional)

Provide the affiliation for reports authored by the performing organization unless
the performing organization is also the publisher
Enter address information after the last named author unless authors represent
more than one organization; see Authors from more than one organization below
Box 15. Authors from more than one organization.

Reports may be collaborative efforts among more than one organization.
Use a semicolon followed by a space to separate groups of authors from different
organizations
Include the address of each author or group of authors
Example:
Thompson LA, Chhikara RS (School of Natural and Applied Sciences,
University of Houston, Clear Lake, TX); Conklin J (Lyndon B. Johnson Space
Center, Houston, TX).

E-mail address given
Authors from more than one organization
Box 11. E-mail address given.

a space
Example:
de la Cruz FF (Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Branch,
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD.
[email protected]).

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
400 Citing Medicine


Provide the affiliation for reports authored by the performing organization unless
the performing organization is also the publisher
Place the affiliation after the last author unless the authors represent more than one
organization (see Authors from more than one organization below)
and the country name or ISO country code (see Appendix D) if non-US. Use
commas to separate the parts of the address. Place the address in parentheses.
France).
Marubini E, Rebora P, Reina G (Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria,
Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy).
Barbulescu M, Burcos T, Ungureanu CD, Zodieru-Popa I (Clinica
Chirurgicala, Spitalul Clinic Coltea, Bucarest, Romania).
Grudinina NA, Golubkov VI, Tikhomirova OS, Brezhneva TV, Hanson KP,
Vasilyev VB, Mandelshtam MY (Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian
Academy of Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia).

Susaki K, Bandoh S (First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of
Medicine, Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan).
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

the name found on the publication may always be used.
Wien becomes Vienna
402 Citing Medicine

2. Standard report written by the performing organization and published by the
sponsoring organization
13. Report with authors from both the performing and sponsoring organizations
Title for Reports (required)

General Rules for Report Title
Enter the title of a report as it appears in the original document, in the original
language
and initialisms
form of punctuation such as a question mark, period, or an exclamation point is
already present
Translate titles not in English into English, whenever possible; place the translation
in square brackets
it or a Type of Medium follows it
Specific Rules for Report Title


Swedish, etc.)
Contreras A, Drabo Y, Shimp L, de Quinteros P, Linares MA.
L'operationnalisation a l'echelle des pratiques familiales cles en matiere de
sante et de nutrition de l'enfant: le role du changement des comportements.
Washington: Agency for International Development (US); 2004 Apr. 40 p.
Report No.: PB2005-104459. French.
Rimashevskaya NM, Markov VI. Rossiya--1994. Sotsial'no-demograficheskaya
situatsiya. Analiticheskii doklad. Moskow: Rossiiskaya Akademiya Nauk,
Institut Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskikh Problem Narodonaseleniya; 1995. 207 p.
Russian.
Xianggang chuan ran bing tong ji shu zi 1946-2001. Hong Kong: People's
Republic of China, Disease Prevention and Control Division, Government of
the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Department of Health; 2002.
83 p. Chinese.
or
[Statistics on infectious diseases in Hong Kong, 1946-2001]. Hong Kong:
People's Republic of China, Disease Prevention and Control Division,
Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Department of
Health; 2002. 83 p. Chinese.
Provide an English translation after the original language one whenever possible;
place translations in square brackets
Contreras A, Drabo Y, Shimp L, de Quinteros P, Linares MA.
L'operationnalisation a l'echelle des pratiques familiales cles en matiere de
sante et de nutrition de l'enfant: le role du changement des comportements
[Operationalizing key family practices for child health and nutrition at scale:
the role of behavior change]. Washington: Agency for International
Development (US); 2004 Apr. 40 p. Report No.: PB2005-104459. French.
Rimashevskaya NM, Markov VI. Rossiya--1994. Sotsial'no-demograficheskaya
situatsiya. Analiticheskii doklad [Russia--1994. The socio-demographic
situation. An analytical report]. Moskow: Rossiiskaya Akademiya Nauk,
Institut Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskikh Problem Narodonaseleniya; 1995. 207 p.
Russian.
Xianggang chuan ran bing tong ji shu zi 1946-2001 [Statistics on infectious
diseases in Hong Kong, 1946-2001]. Hong Kong: People's Republic of China,
Disease Prevention and Control Division, Government of the Hong Kong
Special Administrative Region, Department of Health; 2002. 83 p. Chinese.
404 Citing Medicine
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

If a report is written in several languages:
List all languages of publication after the pagination and any report, contract,
or grant numbers
Separate the languages by a comma and a space
Example:
Eidgenossische Volkszahlung 1990: die Wohnbevolkerung der
Gemeinden. Bern (Switzerland): Bundesamt fur Statistik; 1993. 154 p.
If a report is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian

publications:
Give all titles in the order they are given in the text, with an equals sign
between them
List all languages after the pagination and any report, contract, or grant
numbers
Examples:
Biotechnology and the health of Canadians: a report from the Canadian
Biotechnology Advisory Committee on biotechnology and health
innovations; opportunities, challenges, and public policy =
Biotechnologie et la sante des Canadiens: rapport du Comite consultatif
canadien de la biotechnologie sur la biotechnologie et l'innovation dans
le domaine de la sante; aspects prometteurs, defis et politique publique.
Ottawa (ON): Canadian Biotechnology Advisory Committee; 2004 Dec.
181 p. English, French.
Euler M. Genitale Verstummelung von Madchen und Frauen:
Situationsbericht aus dem Sudan = Female genital mutilation: a report
on the present situation in Sudan = Mutilations sexuelles chez les
fillettes et les femmes: rapport sur l'etat de la situation au Soudan.
Aachen (Germany): Missio Aachen; 2002. 60 p. German, English,
French.
Eidgenossische Volkszahlung 1990: die Wohnbevolkerung der Gemeinden
[Federal population census 1990: the population of communities]. Bern
(Switzerland): Bundesamt fur Statistik; 1993. 154 p. German, French, Italian.
Mesle F, Shkol'nikov V, Hertrich V, Vallin J. Tendances recentes de la mortalite
par cause en Russie 1965-1994 = Sovremennye tendentsii smertnosti po
prichinam smerti v Rossii 1965-1994 [Recent trends in mortality by cause in
Russia, 1965-1994]. Paris: Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques; 1996.
140 p. French, Russian.
406 Citing Medicine
character.
Capitalize the first word of a report title unless the title begins with a Greek letter,
capitalized
alpha-Methyldopa sesquihydrate (feed studies).
If a report title contains a Greek letter or some other symbol that cannot be
reproduced with the type fonts available, substitute the name for the symbol. For
example, becomes omega.
Lindane (-hexachlorocyclohexane): health-based recommended
occupational exposure limit.
or
Lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane): health-based recommended
occupational exposure limit.
If a report title contains superscripts or subscripts that cannot be reproduced with
the type fonts available, place the superscript or subscript in parentheses
Autoradiographic localization of [125 I]-ricin in lungs and trachea of mice
following an aerosol inhalation exposure.
or
Autoradiographic localization of [(125)I]-ricin in lungs and trachea of mice
following an aerosol inhalation exposure.
Examples for Report Title

15. Report in a language other than English
16. Report in two or more equal languages
17. Report with a title containing a chemical formula, Greek letter, or other special
character
18. Report in a microform
Type of Medium for Reports (required)

etc.) following the title when a report is published in a microform
[microfiche].
Description below
See Chapter 15 for reports in audiovisual formats and Chapter 18 and Chapter 22
for reports in electronic formats

Report titles ending in punctuation other than a period
Report titles not in English

Most report titles end in a period. Place [microfiche], [microfilm], or [microcard]
inside the period.
Blood carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide concentration in the fatalities
of fire and non-fire associated civil aviation accidents, 1991-1998 [microfiche].
Is peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) gene expression involved in
breast cancer suppression by dietary soybean protein? [microfiche].

If a translation of a title is provided, give the translation after the original title and
place it in square brackets
Travaux scientifiques des chercheurs du service de sante des armees [Scientific
works of research workers of the army health service].
If a report is in a microform (microfiche, microfile, microcard, etc.), place the
specific name of the microform after the square brackets for the translation
Untersuchungen zur Abtrennung von Schwermetallen aus Grubenwaessern
mittels Mikroorganismen [Investigation of separation of heavy metals from
mine water by microbes] [microfiche].
408 Citing Medicine

Edition for Reports (required)

Indicate the edition/version being cited after the title (and type of medium if
present) when a report is published in more than one edition or version
adjectives

Abbreviate common words found in edition statements:
Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.
translated transl.

period
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.

Editions with dates
Box 22. Editions with dates.

Report titles are frequently followed by phrases such as "Annual report", "Interim report",
and "Final report". These are considered editions.
If such phrases are followed by a date or date range, include these dates as part of
the edition statement
Enter the dates in whatever format is found
Place a period at the end of date information
Examples:
Final report for July 21, 1989 - June 21, 1990.
Final report. Jan-Nov 1999.
Annual summary 1 Jul 2000-31 Dec 2004.
Final report. May 2002-Mar 2005.
Report for 8 Jan 03-30 Mar 03.

410 Citing Medicine

familiar one
End the edition information with a period
Examples:
Edicion 1a.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
familiar one

Follow abbreviated words with a period and end all edition information with
a period
Examples:
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
Japanese:
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-pàn.
412 Citing Medicine

Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

19. Report with an edition
Editor and other Secondary Authors for Reports (optional)

and Edition statement
Use the same rules for the format of names presented in Author above


A report may have several types of secondary author.
Separate each type of author and the accompanying role by a semicolon
Examples:
illustrators.

A secondary author may perform more than one role.
Example:

On rare occasions an organization is listed as the editor.
Follow the instructions for entering the organization name found under
Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance,
editor. Naphthalin. Hicks R, translator. Weinheim (Germany): VCH; c1992.
155 p.
414 Citing Medicine

author into English if possible to assist the reader. However, the wording found on
for them:
editeur
German redakteur ubersetzer erlauterer
curatore
editore
izdatel
editor

Place of Publication for Reports (required)

Place is defined as the city where the report was published

Non-US cities
Joint publication

province, placed in parentheses:
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
parentheses.
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but
Canada
416 Citing Medicine

Two organizations may co-publish a report.
Use the city of the first organization found in the publisher position on the title
page (or on the back of the title page if no publisher information appears on the
title page) as the place of publication
desired
Example:
Monahan C, Szpur MV, Evans M, Craik D, Kubale MG, Maloney MM. Focus
on Children community planning manual: needs assessment and health
planning for children, including children with special health care needs. Rev.
ed. Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago, Division of Specialized Care for
Children; 1996 Oct. 136 p. Grant No.: DHHS/PHS/HRSA MCJ-175005. Joint
publication of the Division of Family Health, Illinois Department of Public
Health, Springfield.


Washington as the place for a publication of the Department of Health and Human
Services), place the city in square brackets, such as "[Washington]"
[Deakin West (Australia)]: National Rural Health Alliance (AU); 1998 Feb. 74
p.
[place unknown]: Western Health Foundation; 1985.

20. Report place of publication with geographic qualifier added for clarity
21. Report with place of publication inferred
Publisher for Reports (required)

enter the publisher name first. For example: Harvard Medical School, Department
of Genetics.

Joint publication
Multiple publishers

Commonly used words in names may be abbreviated, if desired
Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society
418 Citing Medicine


Montreal (QC): Agence d'Evaluation des Technologies et des Modes
d'Intervention en Sante;
Rome: Istituto Superiore de Sanita;
Moscow: Rossiiskaya Akademiya Nauk, Institut Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskikh
Problem Narodonaseleniya;
Tokyo: Tokyo-to Kenko Anzen Kenkyu Senta;
Institute];
Peking (China): Mei tan gong ye bu zhi ye yi xue yan jiu suo;
are capitalized.].
Tokyo: Tokyo-to Kenko Anzen Kenkyu Senta [Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of
Public Health];
publication.
Tokyo: [Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health];
publisher.
Royal Society of Medicine (GB)
but
St. John's (NL): Government of Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of
Health & Community Services; 2002.
Do not confuse the publisher with the distributor, who disseminates documents for
the publisher. For example, the most common distributors of US government
the publication as the publisher and include distributor information as a note,
preceded by the phrase "Available from: ".
Ewing RE, Flournoy L, Wall J, Wild J, Crooks R (Texas Engineering
Experiment Station, College Station, TX). Disaster Relief and Emergency
Medical Services (DREAMS): Texas A&M digital EMS and the detection and
remediation of chemical threat agents. Annual report 1 Oct 2003-30 Sep 2004.
Washington: Department of the Army (US), Medical Division; 2004 Oct. 36 p.
Contract No.: DAMD170020010. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA;
ADA435629.

Two organizations may co-publish a report.
420 Citing Medicine
Use the first organization appearing in the publisher position on the title page or
the verso (back) of the title page as the publisher
desired

If more than one publisher is found in a report, use the first one given or the one set
in the largest type or bold type
note if desired. For example, use "Jointly published by " or "Joint publication of
".

Rome: [publisher unknown]; 1971.

22. Report with publisher with subsidiary division
23. Report with governmental or national agency as publisher
24. Report with joint publication
Date of Publication for Reports (required)

Jan

No date of publication can be found

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
422 Citing Medicine
1999 Dec-2000 Jan

names of seasons.

Capitalize them
For example:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Reports by US government agencies are not copyrighted, but reports issued by the
agencies of other countries and those published by performing organizations may be
copyrighted. A copyright date is identified by the symbol , the letter "c", or the word
copyright preceding the date.
If no date of publication can be found, but the publication contains a date of

copyright, use the date of copyright preceded by the letter "c"; for example c2005
Examples:
Framarin A. First-trimester prenatal screening for Down syndrome and other
aneuploidies. Wickens M, translator. Montreal (QC): Agence d'Evaluation des
Technologies et des Modes d'Intervention en Sante (CA); c2003. 81 p. Report
No.: AETMIS 03-01.
Rosenbaum, S, Smith BM, Shin P, Zakheim MH, Shaw K, Sonosky CA,
Repasch L. Negotiating the new health system: a nationwide study of Medicaid
managed care contracts. 2nd ed. Johnson K, editor. Washington: George
Washington University Medical Center, Center for Health Policy Research;
c1998. 2 vols.
Box 42. No date of publication can be found.

Reports by US government agencies are not copyrighted, but reports issued by the
agencies of other countries and those published by performing organizations may
be copyrighted.
If no date of publication can be found, but the publication contains a date of
Plymouth Meeting (PA): ECRI; c2005.
Washington: Urban Institute; c2004.
be estimated because of material contained in the report or in accompanying
material, insert a question mark after the estimated date and place date information
in square brackets
Los Angeles (CA): California Student Health Project; [1967?].

The date of publication may follow the author names in the list of references when the
name-year system of in-text references is used.
424 Citing Medicine
Place the year after the last named author, followed by a period
NLM citation:
Barker B, Degenhardt L. Accidental drug-induced deaths in Australia
1997-2001. Sydney (Australia): University of New South Wales, National Drug
and Alcohol Research Centre; 2003. 46 p.
Barker B, Degenhardt L. 2003. Accidental drug-induced deaths in Australia
1997-2001. Sydney (Australia): University of New South Wales, National Drug
and Alcohol Research Centre. 46 p.

25. Report with year and month of publication
26. Report with no date of publication, but a date of copyright
Pagination for Reports (optional)

Provide the total number of pages on which the text of the report appears
For reports published in more than one physical volume, cite the total number of

Roman numerals for pages
No numbers appear on the pages of the report
Box 44. Roman numerals for pages.

If all of the pages (not just the introductory pages) of a report have roman numerals

Example: [20 p.].
Box 45. No numbers appear on the pages of the report.

Occasionally, a report will have no numbers on its pages. If the entire publication has no
page numbers:
End with a period
Example: 37 leaves.

27. Report with volumes instead of page numbers
28. No page numbers appear on the report
Physical Description for Reports (optional)

Give information on the physical characteristics if a report is published in a
in. Such information will help the reader select the appropriate equipment with
which to view the microform.


If a report is published on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:
colon and a space
426 Citing Medicine
5 microfiche:
1 microcard:
color
black & white
positive
negative

Series for Reports (optional)


Multiple series

If a report has more than one series, list them in the order found on the report
Separate the two series statements with a semicolon and a space
last series
Example:
Burt CW, Arispe IE. Characteristics of emergency departments serving high
volumes of safety-net patients: United States, 2000. Hyattsville (MD): National
Center for Health Statistics; 2004. 16 p. (DHHS publication; no. (PHS)
2004-1726); (Vital and health statistics. Series 13, Data from the National
Health Care Survey; no. 155).
Examples for Series

29. Report in a series
31. Report and other numbers and a series
Report Number for Reports (required)

General Rules for Report Number
Give the report number as it appears on the publication, using whatever
Precede the number with the wording Report No.: and a space
End the number with a period
Specific Rules for Report Number

Grant or contract number as well as report number
Box 48. Grant or contract number as well as report number.

If both a report number and a grant or contract number are found, give the report
number first
Report No.: TR-203-AHRQ. Contract No.: 290-02-0010.
428 Citing Medicine
Report No.: NASA/TP-2003-210791. Grant No.: NASA 9-1083.

If both a contract number and a grant number are provided, give them in the order
found on the report
Report No: PIP-026054. Contract No.: AID/dpe-C-1028. Grant No.: AID/pha-
G-1198.
Report No.: CPFH 13515cr982. Grant No.: OTR-G-1702. Contract No.:
DPE-0632 00-1029-00.
Examples for Report Number

30. Report with report, contract, and grant numbers
31. Report with numbers and a series
Contract Number or Grant Number for Reports (optional)

General Rules for Contract Number or Grant Number
Give the contract or grant number as it appears on the publication, using whatever
Precede the number with the wording Contract No.: or Grant No.: and a space
End the number with a period
Specific Rules for Contract Number or Grant Number

Report number as well as grant or contract number
Both a contract number and a grant number
Multiple contract or grant numbers
Box 49. Report number as well as grant or contract number.

If both a report number and a grant or contract number are found, give the report
number first
Report No.: TR-203-AHRQ. Contract No.: 290-02-0010.
Report No.: NASA/TP-2003-210791. Grant No.: NASA 9-1083.
Box 50. Both a contract number and a grant number.

If both a contract and a grant number are provided, give them in the order found
on the report
Grant No.: 044640. Contract No.: N01-oD-42139.

Contract No.: AID/dpe-C-1028. Grant No.: AID/pha-G-1198.
Box 51. Multiple contract or grant numbers.

If more than one contract or grant number are found, give them both in the order
they appear in the report, separated by a semicolon
Grant No.: NASA NCC10-52; Grant No: NASA NAG10-291.
Contract No.: DPE-3004-00-A-2018-00; Contract No.: DPE-3004-00-
A-6057-00.
Examples for Contract Number or Grant Number

Language for Reports (required)


Reports appearing in more than one language
Box 52. Reports appearing in more than one language.

If a report is written in several languages:
List all languages of publication after the pagination and any report, contract,
or grant numbers
Example:
430 Citing Medicine
Eidgenossische Volkszahlung 1990: die Wohnbevolkerung der

Gemeinden. Bern (Switzerland): Bundesamt fur Statistik; 1993. 154 p.
If a report is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian
publications:
Give all titles in the order they are given in the text, with an equals sign
between them
List all languages after the pagination and any report, contract, or grant
numbers
Examples:
Biotechnology and the health of Canadians: a report from the Canadian
Biotechnology Advisory Committee on biotechnology and health
innovations; opportunities, challenges, and public policy =
Biotechnologie et la sante des Canadiens: rapport du Comite consultatif
canadien de la biotechnologie sur la biotechnologie et l'innovation dans
le domaine de la sante; aspects prometteurs, defis et politique publique.
Ottawa (ON): Canadian Biotechnology Advisory Committee; 2004 Dec.
Euler M. Genitale Verstummelung von Madchen und Frauen:
Situationsbericht aus dem Sudan = Female genital mutilation: a report
on the present situation in Sudan = Mutilations sexuelles chez les
fillettes et les femmes: rapport sur l'etat de la situation au Soudan.
Aachen (Germany): Missio Aachen; 2002. 60 p. German, English,
French.
Eidgenossische Volkszahlung 1990: die Wohnbevolkerung der Gemeinden
[Federal population census 1990: the population of communities]. Bern

140 p. French, Russian.

Notes for Reports (optional)

itself
Be brief

Reports available from NTIS or GPO
Reports accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
Box 53. Reports available from NTIS or GPO.

Most US government agency publications are distributed not by the agency but by either
the US Government Printing Office (GPO) or the National Technical Information Service
(NTIS).
Begin by citing the report, including any report, contract, or grant numbers
Enter the phrase "Available from:" and follow it with a space
Give the name of the distributor, followed by the city and state, then a semicolon
and a space
Add the accession number of the report
End with a period
Examples:
Ewing RE, Flournoy L, Wall J, Wild J, Crooks R (Texas Engineering
Experiment Station, College Station, TX). Disaster Relief and Emergency
432 Citing Medicine
Medical Services (DREAMS): Texas A&M digital EMS and the detection and
remediation of chemical threat agents. Annual report 1 Oct 2003-30 Sep 2004.
Washington: Department of the Army (US), Medical Division; 2004 Oct. 36 p.
Contract No.: DAMD170020010. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA;
ADA435629.
Boren JJ, Onken LS, Carroll KM, editors. Approaches to drug abuse
counseling. Bethesda (MD): National Institute on Drug Abuse (US),
Behavioral Treatment Development Branch; 2000 Jul. 129 p. (NIH
publication; no. 00-4151). Available from: US Government Printing Office,
Washington, DC; HE 20.3952:D 84/5.
Box 54. Reports accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

If a report has supplemental material accompanying it in the form of a
videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, or another medium, begin by citing the report. Add
the phrase "Accompanied by:" followed by a space and the number and type of the
medium.
Human energy requirements: report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert
Consultation on Human Energy Requirements. Rome: Food and Agricultural
Organization of the United Nations; 2004. 96 p. (FAO food and nutrition
series; 18133932). Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
140 p. French, Russian. Accompanied by: 2 floppy disks.

reference feels is useful to the reader. Begin by citing the report, then add the note. Some
examples of notes are:
If the report was sponsored by or prepared for an organization or organizations
other than the publisher, give the name(s)
Gostin LO, Hodge JG Jr (Georgetown University Law Center, Center for Law
and the Public's Health, Washington, DC). State public health law assessment
report. [Seattle (WA)]: Washington University, Turning Point National

Program Office; 2002 Apr. 51 p. Sponsored by the Turning Point Public Health
Statute Modernization National Excellence Collaborative; publication
supported by a grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
If the report is translated or otherwise adapted from another publication, give the
name of the original
Technologies et des Modes d'Intervention en Sante (CA); c2003. 81 p. Report
No.: AETMIS 03-01. Translation of "Le Depistage Prenatal du Syndrome de
Down et d'Autres Aneuploidies au Premier Trimestre de la Grossesse."
If the report is not a common one, give the name of a library or other archive where
it may be found. Begin with the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space.
Pinkau K, Ronn O, editors. Environmental standards: scientific foundations
and rational procedures of regulation with emphasis on radiological risk
management. Jager G, Kais-Heinrich S, translators. Berlin (Germany): Berlin
Academy of Sciences and Technology; 1998. 393 p. Located at: National
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; 1998 G-004.
If the report contains material of particular interest to the audience that may not be
Rosenbaum S, Kamoie B, Collins C, Zuvekas A. Analysis of CareFirst's
performance as a charitable not-for-profit health insurance company in the
National Capital Area: report to the DC Appleseed Center for Law and Justice.
Washington: George Washington University Medical Center, School of Public
Health and Health Services, Center for Health Services and Policy; 2003 Oct.
62 p. This analysis focuses particularly on the District of Columbia and
Northern Virginia.
Examples for Notes

32. Reports available from NTIS or GPO
33. Report with sponsorship note
34. Report accompanied by another medium
35. Report with other types of notes
434 Citing Medicine
Examples of Citations to Entire Reports

1. Standard report written and published by the sponsoring organization
Page E, Harney JM. Health hazard evaluation report. Cincinnati (OH): National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health (US); 2001 Feb. 24 p. Report No.:
HETA2000-0139-2824.
Barker B, Degenhardt L. Accidental drug-induced deaths in Australia 1997-2001. Sydney
(Australia): University of New South Wales, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre;
2003. 46 p.
2. Standard report written by the performing organization and published

by the sponsoring organization
Sontag ED (Department of Mathematics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ).
Control of nonlinear systems. Final report 15 Mar 2004-31 Jan 2005. Washington: Army
Medical Department (US): 2004. 5 p. Report No.: AFRLSRARTR050271. Contract No.:
FA95500410172.
Newberry SJ, editor (Southern California/RAND Evidence-based Practice Center, Los
Angeles, CA). Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on lipids and glycemic control in type II
diabetes and the metabolic syndrome and on inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid
arthritis, renal disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and osteoporosis. Rockville (MD):
Department of Health and Human Services (US), Agency for Healthcare Research and
Quality; 2004 Mar. 145 p. Contract No.: 290-02-0003.
3. Standard report written and published by the performing organization

Popper SW, Wagner CS, Larson EV. New forces at work: industry views critical
technologies. Santa Monica (CA): Rand; 1998. 155 p. Report No.: MR-1008-OSTP.
Contract No.: OPA-9215205. Supported by the Office of Science and Technology Policy.
Moscovice IS. Rural health networks: evolving organizational forms & functions.
Minneapolis (MN): University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Rural Health
Research Center; 2003. 47 p. Grant No.: 032659. Supported by the Robert Wood Johnson
Foundation.
4. Report with optional full given names

Persing, David H. Biomarker development for TLR4 agonists. Annual report. Seattle
(WA): CORIXA Corporation; 2004 Oct. 76 p. Contract No.: DAMD17-03-C-0089.
Funded by the US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Ft. Detrick, MD.
Price, Kay; Brown, Lyn Hepburn; Reddin, Edith. Agency nurses and careworkers putting
quality use of medicines into action: Quality Use of Medicines Evaluation Program. Final
report. Adelaide (Australia): University of South Australia, Centre for Research into
Nursing and Health Care; 2002. 275 p.
5. Report with optional limit to the first three authors (use "et al" or "and
others")
Cohen JT, Duggar K, Gray GM, et al. Evaluation of the potential for bovine spongiform
encephalopathy in the United States. Boston: Harvard School of Public Health, Center for
Risk Analysis; 2001 Nov. 116 p. Report No.: PB2002-108684. Supported by the US
Department of Agriculture.
6. Report with a designation of family rank in the author name

Gostin LO, Hodge JG Jr (Georgetown University Law Center, Center for Law and the
Public's Health, Washington, DC). State public health law assessment report. Seattle
(WA): Washington University, Turning Point National Program Office; 2002 Apr. 51 p.
Sponsored by the Turning Point Public Health Statute Modernization National Excellence
Collaborative; publication supported by a grant from the Robert Wood Johnson
Foundation.
Donohue JJ 3rd, Levitt SD. Legalized abortion and crime. Stanford (CA): Stanford Law
School; 1999. 57 p. (Stanford public law and legal theory working paper; no.1).
7. Report with author and translator

Technologies et des Modes d'Intervention en Sante (CA); c2003. 81 p. Report No.:
AETMIS 03-01.

Rosenbaum, S, Smith BM, Shin P, Zakheim MH, Shaw K, Sonosky CA, Repasch L.
Negotiating the new health system: a nationwide study of Medicaid managed care
contracts. 2nd ed. Johnson K, editor. Washington: George Washington University Medical
Center, Center for Health Policy Research; c1998. 2 vols.

Reid PP, Compton WD, Grossman JH, Fanjiang G, editors. Building a better delivery
system: a new engineering/health care partnership. Washington: National Academies
Press; 2005. 262 p. Grant No.: 044640. Contract No.: N01-OD-42139. Supported by the
National Science Foundation, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, and the National
Institutes of Health.
Newberry SJ, editor (Southern California/RAND Evidence-based Practice Center, Los
Angeles, CA). Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on lipids and glycemic control in type II
436 Citing Medicine
diabetes and the metabolic syndrome and on inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid
arthritis, renal disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and osteoporosis. Rockville (MD):
Quality; 2004 Mar. 145 p. Contract No.: 290-02-0003.

Pinkau K, Ronn O, editors. Environmental standards: scientific foundations and rational
procedures of regulation with emphasis on radiological risk management. Jager G, Kais-
Heinrich S, translators. Berlin (Germany): Berlin Academy of Sciences and Technology;
1998. 393 p.
Chun MN, editor and translator. Must we wait in despair: the 1867 report of the Ahahui
Laau Lapaau of Wailuku, Maui on native Hawaiian health. Honolulu: First People's
Productions; 1994. 318 p.

Task Force on Accreditation of Health Professions Education. Strategies for change and
improvement: the report of the Task Force on Accreditation of Health Professions
Education. San Francisco: University of California, San Francisco, Center for the Health
Professions; 1999 Jun. 86 p.
Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Environmental Health
Tracking Project Team (Baltimore, MD). America's environmental health gap: why the
country needs a nationwide health tracking network; technical report. Baltimore (MD):
Pew Environmental Health Commission; 2000 Sep. 92 p.
Lewin Group, Inc. (Falls Church, VA). Assessment of approaches to evaluating
telemedicine. Final report. Washington: Department of Health and Human Services (US),
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation; 2000 Dec. 63 p. Report No.:
PB2002101110. Contract No.: HHS-10-97-0012.
Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance, editor.
Naphthalin. Hicks R, translator. Weinheim (Germany): VCH; c1992. 155 p.
12. Report with government agency as the author

National High Blood Pressure Education Program (US). The fourth report on the
diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents.
Rev. ed. Bethesda (MD): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (US); 2005. 48 p. (NIH
13. Report with authors from both the performing and sponsoring
organizations
Thompson LA, Chhikara RS (School of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of
Houston, Clear Lake, TX); Conklin J (Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX).
Cox proportional hazards models for modeling the time to onset of decompression
sickness in hypobaric environments. Houston (TX): National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (US), Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center; 2003 Mar. 39 p. Report No.:
NASA/TP-2003-210791. Grant No.: NASA 9-1083. Basic funding support provided by the
Institute for Space Systems Operations of the University of Houston.
14. Report with no author provided

2004 national healthcare disparities report. Rockville (MD): Department of Health and
Human Services (US), Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2004 Dec. 227 p.
(AHRQ publication; no. 05-0014).
The world health report 2003: shaping the future. Geneva: World Health Organization;
2003. 193 p.

Contreras A, Drabo Y, Shimp L, de Quinteros P, Linares MA. L'operationnalisation a
l'echelle des pratiques familiales cles en matiere de sante et de nutrition de l'enfant: le role
du changement des comportements. Washington: Agency for International Development
(US); 2004 Apr. 40 p. Report No.: PB2005-104459. French.
Eidgenossische Volkszahlung 1990: die Wohnbevolkerung der Gemeinden. Bern
with translation
Contreras A, Drabo Y, Shimp L, de Quinteros P, Linares MA. L'operationnalisation a
l'echelle des pratiques familiales cles en matiere de sante et de nutrition de l'enfant: le role
du changement des comportements [Operationalizing key family practices for child
health and nutrition at scale: the role of behavior change]. Washington: Agency for
International Development (US); 2004 Apr. 40 p. Report No.: PB2005-104459. French.
Eidgenossische Volkszahlung 1990: die Wohnbevolkerung der Gemeinden [Federal
population census 1990: the population of communities]. Bern (Switzerland): Bundesamt
fur Statistik; 1993. 154 p. German, French, Italian.

Biotechnology and the health of Canadians: a report from the Canadian Biotechnology
Advisory Committee on biotechnology and health innovations; opportunities, challenges,
and public policy = Biotechnologie et la sante des Canadiens: rapport du Comite
Consultatif Canadien de la Biotechnologie sur la biotechnologie et l'innovation dans le
domaine de la sante; aspects prometteurs, de fis et politique publique. Ottawa (ON):
Canadian Biotechnology Advisory Committee; 2004 Dec. 181 p. English, French.
Euler M. Genitale Verstummelung von Madchen und Frauen: Situationsbericht aus dem
Sudan = Female genital mutilation: a report on the present situation in Sudan =
438 Citing Medicine
Mutilations sexuelles chez les fillettes et les femmes: rapport sur l'etat de la situation au
Soudan. Aachen (Germany): Missio Aachen; 2002. 60 p. German, English, French.
Mesle F, Shkol'nikov V, Hertrich V, Vallin J. Tendances recentes de la mortalite par cause
en Russie 1965-1994 = Sovremennye tendentsii smertnosti po prichinam smerti v Rossii
1965-1994 [Recent trends in mortality by cause in Russia, 1965-1994]. Paris: Institut
National d'Etudes Demographiques;1996. 140 p. French, Russian.
17. Report with a title containing a chemical formula, Greek letter, or

other special character
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Standards. Lindane (-
hexachlorocyclohexane): health-based recommended occupational exposure limit. The
Hague (Netherlands): Health Council of the Netherlands; 2001 Dec 6. 124 p.
or
Dutch Expert Committee on Occupational Standards. Lindane (gamma-
hexachlorocyclohexane): health-based recommended occupational exposure limit. The
Hague (Netherlands): Health Council of the Netherlands; 2001 Dec 6. 124 p.
Doebler JA. Autoradiographic localization of [125I]-ricin in lungs and trachea of mice
following an aerosol inhalation exposure. Aberdeen Proving Ground (MD): Army
Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (US); 1996. 8 p. Report No.:
USAMRICD-TR; 96-03.
or
Doebler JA. Autoradiographic localization of [(125)I]-ricin in lungs and trachea of mice
following an aerosol inhalation exposure. Aberdeen Proving Ground (MD): Army
Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense (US); 1996. 8 p. Report No.:
USAMRICD-TR; 96-03.

Chaturvedi AK, Smith DR, Canfield DV. Blood carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide
concentration in the fatalities of fire and non-fire associated civil aviation accidents,
1991-1998 [microfiche]. Final report. Washington: Federal Aviation Administration (US),
Office of Aviation Medicine; 2000. 1 microfiche: black & white, negative, 4 x 6 in.
19. Report with an edition

Persing DH. Biomarker development for TLR4 agonists. Annual report. Seattle (WA):
CORIXA Corporation; 2004 Oct. 76 p. Contract No.: DAMD17-03-C-0089. Funded by
the US Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Ft. Detrick, MD.
Thomas C, Butler J, Davies M, Johnson R, editors. State injury indicators report: 1999
data. 2nd ed. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National
Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2004 Feb. 108 p.
National High Blood Pressure Education Program (US). The fourth report on the
diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents.
Rev. ed. Bethesda (MD): National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (US); 2005. 48 p. (NIH
20. Report place of publication with geographic qualifier added for

clarity
Barker B, Degenhardt L. Accidental drug-induced deaths in Australia 1997-2001. Sydney
(Australia): University of New South Wales, National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre;
2003. 46 p.
Grady SJ. A national survey of methyl tert-butyl ether and other volatile organic
compounds in drinking-water sources: results of the random survey. East Hartford (CT):
US Geological Survey; 2003. 85 p. (Survey water-resources investigations; no. 02-4079U).
21. Report with place of publication inferred

Griffith University, Faculty of Nursing and Health (Queensland, Australia). Advanced
nursing practice for rural and remote Australia: final report to the National Rural Health
Alliance Inc. [Deakin West (Australia)]: National Rural Health Alliance (AU); 1998 Feb.
74 p.
22. Report with publisher with subsidiary division

Wainer J. New voices in rural medical practice: analysis of qualitative data from the
National Rural General Practice Study. Traralgon (Australia): Monash University, School
of Rural Health; 2002. 57 p. Grant No.: 751. Sponsored by the General Practice Evaluation
Program, Department of Health and Ageing, Australia.
23. Report with governmental or national agency as publisher

Waksberg J, Levine DB, Marker D (Westat, Inc., Rockville, MD). Assessment of major
federal data sets for analyses of Hispanic and Asian or Pacific Islander subgroups and
Native Americans: extending the utility of federal data bases. Washington: Department of
Health and Human Services (US), Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and
Evaluation; 2002.
440 Citing Medicine
van deWater HP, Boshuizen HC, Perenboom RJ. Health expectancy of the Dutch
population. Bilthoven (Netherlands): National Institute of Public Health and
Environmental Protection (NL); 1995. 21 p. Report No.: 431501009.
24. Report with joint publication

Monahan C, Szpur MV, Evans M, Craik D, Kubale MG, Maloney MM. Focus on Children
community planning manual: needs assessment and health planning for children,
including children with special health care needs. Rev. ed. Chicago: University of Illinois
at Chicago, Division of Specialized Care for Children; 1996 Oct. 136 p. Grant No.:
DHHS/PHS/HRSA MCJ-175005. Joint publication of the Division of Family Health,
Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield.
25. Report with year and month of publication

Gardner GG, Allan JH, Dempsey MF (Department of Clinical Physics, West Glasgow
Hospitals, Glasgow, Scotland). ADAC Forte with 3/8" and 5/8" crystal comparison:
gamma camera performance assessment. London: Great Britain, Medical Devices Agency;
2001 Dec. 33 p. Report No.: MDA 01150.
26. Report with no date of publication, but a date of copyright

Technologies et des Modes d'Intervention en Sante (CA); c2003. 81 p. Report No.:
AETMIS 03-01.
Rosenbaum S, Smith BM, Shin P, Zakheim MH, Shaw K, Sonosky CA, Repasch L.
Negotiating the new health system: a nationwide study of Medicaid managed care
contracts. 2nd ed. Johnson K, editor. Washington: George Washington University Medical
Center, Center for Health Policy Research; c1998. 2 vols.
27. Report with volumes instead of page numbers

World drug report 2004. Vienna (Austria): United Nations, Office on Drugs and Crime;
2004. 2 vol.
28. No page numbers appear on the report

Keiding N, Fine JP, Carstensen L, Slama R. Accelerated failure time regression for
backward recurrence times and current durations. Copenhagen (Denmark): University of
Copenhagen, Department of Biostatistics; 2005. 13 leaves. Report No.: 05/4.
29. Report in a series

Mann C, Cox L, Ross DC. Making the link: strategies for coordinating publicly funded
health care coverage for children. Isaacson SK, Rutherford M, editors. Rockville (MD):
Quality, User Liaison Program; 2000. 35 p. (AHRQ publication; no. 00-0014).
Burt CW, Arispe IE. Characteristics of emergency departments serving high volumes of
safety-net patients: United States, 2000. Hyattsville (MD): National Center for Health
Statistics (US); 2004. 16 p. (DHHS publication; no. (PHS) 2004-1726); (Vital and health
statistics. Series 13, Data from the National Health Care Survey; no. 155).

Moscovice IS. Rural health networks: evolving organizational forms & functions.
Minneapolis (MN): University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Rural Health
Research Center; 2003. 47 p. Grant No.: 032659. Supported by the Robert Wood Johnson
Foundation.
Farley D, Morton SC, Damberg CL, Fremont A, Berry SH, Greenberg M, Sorbero M,
Teleki SS, Ricci K, Pollock N. Assessment of the national patient safety initiative: context
and baseline evaluation report 1. Santa Monica (CA): RAND Corporation; 2005. 112 p.
Report No.: TR-203-AHRQ. Contract No.: 290-02-0010. Sponsored by the US Agency for
Healthcare Research and Quality.
Administration (US), Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center; 2003 Mar. 39 p. Report No.:
NASA/TP-2003-210791. Grant No.: NASA 9-1083.

MacLean CH, Issa AM, Mojica WA, Newberry SJ, Morton SC (Southern California
Evidence-Based Practice Center/RAND, Santa Monica, CA). Effects of omega-3 fatty
acids on cognitive function with aging, dementia, and neurological diseases. Rockville
(MD): Department of Health and Human Services (US), Agency for Healthcare Research
and Quality; 2005 Feb. 148 p. (Evidence report/technology assessment; no. 114). Report
No.: AHRQPUB05E0112. Contract No.: DHHS290020003. Available from: NTIS,
Springfield, VA; PB2005104600.
32. Reports available from NTIS or GPO

Ewing RE, Flournoy L, Wall J, Wild J, Crooks R (Texas Engineering Experiment Station,
College Station, TX). Disaster Relief and Emergency Medical Services (DREAMS): Texas
A&M digital EMS and the detection and remediation of chemical threat agents. Annual
report 1 Oct 2003-30 Sep 2004. Washington: Department of the Army (US), Medical
Division; 2004 Oct. 36 p. Contract No.: DAMD170020010. Available from: NTIS,
Springfield, VA; ADA435629.
442 Citing Medicine
Boren JJ, Onken LS, Carroll KM, editors. Approaches to drug abuse counseling. Bethesda
(MD): National Institute on Drug Abuse (US), Behavioral Treatment Development
Branch; 2000 Jul. 129 p. (NIH publication; no. 00-4151). Available from: US Government
Printing Office, Washington, DC; HE 20.3952:D 84/5.
33. Report with sponsorship note

Gostin LO, Hodge JG Jr (Georgetown University Law Center, Center for Law and the
Public's Health, Washington, DC). State public health law assessment report. [Seattle
(WA)]: Washington University, Turning Point National Program Office; 2002 Apr. 51 p.
Sponsored by the Turning Point Public Health Statute Modernization National Excellence
Collaborative; publication supported by a grant from the Robert Wood Johnson
Foundation.
34. Report accompanied by another medium

Human energy requirements: report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation on
Human Energy Requirements. Rome (Italy): Food and Agricultural Organization of the
United Nations; 2004. 96 p. (FAO food and nutrition series; 18133932). Accompanied by:
1 CD-ROM.
Mesle F, Shkol'nikov V, Hertrich V, Vallin J. Tendances recentes de la mortalite par cause
en Russie 1965-1994 = Sovremennye tendentsii smertnosti po prichinam smerti v Rossii
1965-1994 [Recent trends in mortality by cause in Russia, 1965-1994]. Paris: Institut
National d'Etudes Demographiques;1996. 140 p. French, Russian. Accompanied by: 2
floppy disks.
35. Report with other types of notes

Rosenbaum S, Kamoie B, Collins C, Zuvekas A. Analysis of CareFirst's performance as a
charitable not-for-profit health insurance company in the National Capital Area: report to
the DC Appleseed Center for Law and Justice. Washington: George Washington
University Medical Center, School of Public Health and Health Services, Center for Health
Services and Policy; 2003 Oct. 62 p. This analysis focuses particularly on the District of
Columbia and Northern Virginia.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Parts of Reports

The general format for a reference to a part of a report, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Parts of Reports

Rather than citing a report as a whole, separately identified portions of a report may be
cited. Chapters, sections, tables, charts, graphs, photographs, appendixes, and the like are
considered parts of reports when they are written or compiled by the authors of the
report.
and appendixes. However, other names may be found for parts, including chapter, section,
chart, graph, box, and photograph. Because a reference should start with the individual or
organization with responsibility for the intellectual content of the publication, begin a
reference to a part of a report with the report itself, then follow it with the information
about the part. See Chapter 2C Parts of Books for further details on citing parts.
For instructions on citing one volume of a report published in multiple volumes, see
Chapter 2B Individual Volumes of Books (Chapter 2B(1) Individual Volumes With a
Separate Title but Without Separate Authors/Editors or Chapter 2B(2) Individual
Volumes With a Separate Title and Separate Authors/Editors) and examples 7-8 below.
Reports may contain charts, figures, and other illustrative material that have been
reproduced with permission from other sources. Do not cite these as parts using the
from there.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Reports.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Parts of Reports.
Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Reports

it is optional.
Report (R) | Name and Number/Letter (R) | Title (R) | Location (Pagination) (R)
444 Citing Medicine
Report (required)
Cite the report according to Chapter 4A Entire Reports
Name and Number/Letter of the Part for a Report (required)

Enter the name of the part, such as Chapter, Table, Figure, or Appendix
End name and number/letter information with a comma

No name appears

Swedish, etc.)
Tabelle 5.3
Figura 10a
Chapitre 2
Risunok 6
Parartema 4
square brackets

publications.
Treat a letter marked with diacritics or accents as if it were not marked.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they were two
letters.
treated as ae
treated as oe
Language Chapter Table Figure Appendix Section
French Chapitre Tableau Figure Appendice Section
German Kapitel Tabelle Abbildung Anhang Sektion
Zusatz
Italian Capitolo Tabella Figura Appendice Parte
Sezione
Russian Glava Tablitsa Risunok Prilozenie Sekcija
Otdel
Otdelenie

446 Citing Medicine

Spanish Capitulo Tabla Figura Apendice Seccion
Parte


If the part being cited is clearly a table, figure, or appendix or similar part but it is
not labeled as such, place the name within square brackets and follow it with any

1. Chapter in a report
2. Table in a report
3. Figure in a report
4. Appendix to a report
5. Other part of a report, with name and number/letter
6. Other part of a report, without name or number/letter
7. One volume of a report
8. Part of one volume of a report
9. Part of a report in language other than English
Title of the Part for a Report (required)

Enter the title of the part as it appears in the report
and initialisms

Non-English titles for parts
No title appears
Box 59. Non-English titles for parts.

Swedish, etc.)
109. Spanish.
Japanese.
448 Citing Medicine
publications.
Treat a letter marked with diacritics or accents as if it were not marked.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters.
treated as ae
treated as oe
capitalized
becomes omega.
may become

fonts available, place the superscript or subscript in parentheses.
may become
149.

p. 72.
Examples for Title

450 Citing Medicine
Location (Pagination) of the Part for a Report (required)

and p. 663-4.




numbered.
[preceding p. 55].
If the entire report has no page numbers or the part cannot be easily located in

Examples of Citations to Parts of Reports

Reid PP, Compton WD, Grossman JH, Fanjiang G, editors. Building a better delivery
system: a new engineering/health care partnership. Washington: National Academies
Press; 2005. Grant No.: 044640. Contract No.: N01-OD-42139. Chapter 3, The tools of
systems engineering; p. 27-62.
Beckles GL, Thompson-Reid PE, editors. Diabetes & women's health across the life stages:
a public health perspective. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(US), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of
Diabetes Translation; 2001. Table 5-1, Prevalence (%) of diagnosed and undiagnosed
452 Citing Medicine
diabetes among adults aged 45-64 years, by race/Hispanic origin- United States, 1986-97;
p. 108.
Administration (US), Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center; 2003 Mar. Report No.: NASA/
TP-2003-210791. Grant No.: NASA 9-1083. Table 1b, Proportion of DCS by P2 and EXER;
p. 5.
Monahan C, Szpur MV, Evans M, Craik D, Kubale MG, Maloney MM. Focus on Children
community planning manual: needs assessment and health planning for children,
including children with special health care needs. Rev. ed. Chicago: University of Illinois
at Chicago, Division of Specialized Care for Children; 1996 Oct. Grant No.: DHHS/PHS/
HRSA MCJ-175005. [Table], Ensuring family involvement checklist; p. 22.
Grady SJ. A national survey of methyl tert-butyl ether and other volatile organic
compounds in drinking-water sources: results of the random survey. East Hartford (CT):
Geological Survey (US); 2003. Report No.: USGSWRI024079. Figure 5, Concentrations of
naphthalene in all source-water and field quality-control samples analyzed for the
Random Survey, plotted sequentially by date and time of analysis; p. 18.
Townsend FF. The Federal response to Hurricane Katrina: lessons learned. Washington:
The White House; 2006 Feb. Figure 1.2, Hurricane Katrina compared to hurricanes Ivan,
Andrew, and Camille; p. 7.
Thomas C, Butler J, Davies M, Johnson R, editors. State injury indicators report: 1999
data. 2nd ed. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National
Center for Injury Prevention and Control; 2004 Feb. Figure 9b, Homicide indicator:
homicide by sex, 1999; [1 p.].
Farley DO, Harris KM, Ashwood JS, Carlton J, Dydek G. The first year of the Medicare-
DoD subvention demonstration: evaluation report for FY1999. Santa Monica (CA):
RAND; 2000 Dec. Report No.: MR-1271.0-HCFA. Appendix A, Evaluation of the DoD-
Medicare subvention demonstration; [4 p.].
Cohen JT, Duggar K, Gray GM, Kreindel S. Evaluation of the potential for bovine
spongiform encephalopathy in the United States. Boston: Harvard School of Public
Health, Center for Risk Analysis; 2001 Nov. Report No.: PB2002-108684. Appendix 3C,
Description of model output tables and graphs; [7 p.].

Children's environmental health: spotlight on the U.S.-Mexico border. Seventh report of
the Good Neighbor Environmental Board to the President and Congress of the United
States. Washington: Good Neighbor Environmental Board; 2004 Feb. Report No.: EPA
130-R-04-001. Part 2, Recommendations for improving children's environmental health
along the U.S.-Mexico border; p. 9-26.
Wainer J. New voices in rural medical practice: analysis of qualitative data from the
National Rural General Practice Study. Traralgon (Australia): Monash University, School
of Rural Health; 2002. Grant No.: 751. Question 29, Positive changes; p. 20-30.

New Jersey 2005 hospital performance report: a report on acute care hospitals for
consumers. Trenton (NJ): New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services; 2005.
Heart attack treatment scores; p. 4-5.
National Research Council (US), Committee on National Needs for Biomedical and
Behavioral Scientists. Addressing the nation's changing needs for biomedical and
behavioral scientists. Washington: National Academy Press; c2000. Setting stipends and
other compensation; p. 57-8.

Healthcare hazard control: environmental safety and security in healthcare facilities. Vol.
3, Analysis. Plymouth Meeting (PA): ECRI; c2005.
The health care challenge: acknowledging disparity, confronting discrimination, and
ensuring equality. Vol. 2, The role of Federal civil rights enforcement efforts. Washington:
United States Commission on Civil Rights; 1999 Sep.

The health care challenge: acknowledging disparity, confronting discrimination, and
ensuring equality. Vol. 2, The role of Federal civil rights enforcement efforts. Washington:
United States Commission on Civil Rights; 1999 Sep. Chapter 3, Implementing civil rights
provisions; p. 52-138.

Rapport annuel de gestion [Annual administrative report]. Quebec City (QC): Agence
d'Evaluation des Technologies et des Modes d'Intervention en Sante; 2003 Dec. Chapitre
2, Les activites scientifiques en 2002-2003 [Chapter 2, Scientific activities in 2002-2003]; p.
14-22. French.
454 Citing Medicine
455
Chapter 5. Dissertations and Theses

A. Entire Dissertations and Theses

Examples
B. Parts of Dissertations and Theses
Examples
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Entire

Dissertations and Theses
The general format for a reference to entire dissertation, including punctuation:
The general format for a reference to entire master's thesis, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Entire Dissertations and Theses

456 Citing Medicine
Dissertations and theses are rigorous reports of original research written in support of
academic degrees above the baccalaureate level. Although some countries use the term
"thesis" to refer to material written for a doctorate, the term in this chapter is reserved for
work at the master's level, while "dissertation" is used for the doctorate.
Citations to dissertations and theses are similar to the standard book, with the following
important points:
With rare exceptions, dissertations have only one author. Most master's theses also
have a single author, but occasionally will have two.
The place of publication for a thesis or dissertation is the city where the university
or other institution granting the degree is located. Many dissertations, particularly
those of US universities, do not state the place of publication. When this occurs,
obtain the city name from another source and place it in square brackets.
The publisher is the university or other institution granting the degree.
The chief source for information about a dissertation or thesis is its title page. The back of
the title page, called the verso page, and the cover are additional sources of authoritative
information not found on the title page.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Dissertations and Theses.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Entire Dissertations and Theses.
Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Dissertations and Theses

it is optional.
Author (R) | Title (R) | Content Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) | Place of Publication (R) |
Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Pagination (O) | Physical Description (O) |
Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author for a Dissertation or Thesis (required)

Dissertations and Theses 457

Other surname rules
Degrees, titles, and honors following a personal name


publications.
treated as A
458 Citing Medicine
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
[If you cannot determine from the title page whether a surname is compound or a
combination of a middle name and a surname, look elsewhere in the text for
clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be interpreted to be Parker
ES or Scott Parker E.]


letter
Box 4. Degrees, titles, and honors following a personal name.

Kristine Schmidt, M.S. becomes Schmidt K
Captain Rachel C. Williams becomes Williams RC

460 Citing Medicine

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Clark, John D.
Takagi, Yasushi; Harada, Jun.
Mann, Frederick D.; Swartz, Mary N.
Examples for Author

1. Standard dissertation
2. Standard master's thesis
3. Dissertation or thesis with optional full name(s) for author
4. Dissertation or thesis with more than one author (rare)
5. Dissertation or thesis with authors showing designations of rank within the family
Title for a Dissertation or Thesis (required)

Enter the title of a dissertation or thesis as it appears in the original document and
in the original language
and initialisms
already present
in square brackets
it or a Content Type or Type of Medium follows it, then end with a space

462 Citing Medicine

Provide the title in the original language for non-English language titles in the
roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish,
Italian, Swedish, etc.)
les M.T.S. et le SIDA a Bamako [master's thesis]. [Quebec (QC)]: Laval
University; 1993. 69 p. French.
al-Bab HD. Hasiyat al-muthah [dissertation]. [Damascus (Syria)]: Damascus
University; 1966. 35 p. Arabic.
Feng J. Gong gong jian kang wei ji yu WTO zhi shi chan quan zhi du de gai ge:
yi TRIPs xie yi wei zhong xin [dissertation]. [Wuchang (China)]: Wuhan
University; 2005. 251 p. Chinese.
or
Feng J. [Public health crisis and the reformation of intellectual property rights
regime in the framework of WTO: focus on TRIPs agreement] [dissertation].
[Wuchang (China)]: Wuhan University; 2005. 251 p. Chinese.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
les M.T.S. et le SIDA a Bamako [Sexual knowledge and behavior of young
people 15-29 years of age concerning sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and
AIDS in Bamako] [master's thesis]. [Quebec (QC)]: Laval University; 1993. 69
p. French.
al-Bab HD. Hasiyat al-muthah [Prostatic calculi] [dissertation]. [Damascus
(Syria)]: Damascus University; 1966. 35 p. Arabic.
Box 9. Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character.
Martin EJ. 1,1-dichloroethylene-induced mitochondrial aberrations precede
apoptotic and necrotic cell death in murine liver and lung [dissertation].
Kingston (ON): Queen's University; 2004. 149 p.
becomes omega.
Goel R. Characterization of -thrombin-induced rapid phase of PI 3-kinase
[dissertation]. St. Louis (MO): Saint Louis University; 2004. 141 p.
or
Goel R. Characterization of alpha-thrombin-induced rapid phase of PI 3-
kinase [dissertation]. St. Louis (MO): Saint Louis University; 2004. 141 p.
464 Citing Medicine
Uddemarri S. Aging affects stretch-induced p70S6k and 4E-BP1

phosphorylation in fast- and slow-twitch muscle [master's thesis].
[Huntington (WV)]: Marshall University; 2005. 151 p.
or
Uddemarri S. Aging affects stretch-induced p70(S6k) and 4E-BP1
phosphorylation in fast- and slow-twitch muscle [master's thesis].
[Huntington (WV)]: Marshall University; 2005. 151 p.
Examples for Title

6. Dissertation or thesis with titles ending in punctuation other than a period
7. Dissertation or thesis with titles containing a chemical formula, Greek letter, or
other special characters
8. Dissertation or thesis with non-English titles
9. Dissertation or thesis with non-English titles, with translation
Content Type for a Dissertation or Thesis (optional)

Place [dissertation] or [master's thesis] after the title to alert the user that the
reference is not to a standard book
Follow the bracketed type with a period unless the dissertation or thesis is in a non-
print medium (see Type of Medium below)

Non-English titles with translation

Most titles for dissertations and theses end in a period. Place [dissertation] or
[master's thesis] inside the period.
Kennaway JG. Musical pathology in the nineteenth century: Richard Wagner
and degeneration [dissertation]. Los Angeles: University of California, Los
Angeles; 2004. 317 p.
[dissertation] or [master's thesis] with a period
Stewart EP. Who shall decide when doctors disagree? [dissertation].
[Washington]: American University; 2003. 368 p.
Box 11. Non-English titles with translation.

Place [dissertation] or [master's thesis] after the translated title
Montes Alvarez MJ. Parametros predictivos de complicaciones
macroangiopaticos en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 que precisa insulinoterapia
[Predictive parameters for macroangiopathy complications in Type 2 diabetes
which requires insulin] [dissertation]. Cadiz (Spain): Universidad de Cadiz;
2005. 180 p. Spanish.
Im D. [A study of the Korean ginseng and oriental medical clinics: the main
drugstaffs of the ginseng extract and the effect of cancer treatment]
[dissertation]. Soeul (Korea): Golden State University; 1984. 151 p. Korean.

6. Dissertation or thesis with titles ending in punctuation other than a period
10. Dissertation or thesis in a microform
Type of Medium for a Dissertation or Thesis (required)

etc.) following the title and the content type when a dissertation or thesis is
published in a microform
Place the name of the medium inside the square brackets for the content type,
preceded by the word "on". For example: [dissertation on microfiche].
End with a period following the closing bracket
Description below
See Chapter 15 for dissertations or theses in audiovisual formats; Chapter18 and
Chapter 22 for those in electronic formats
466 Citing Medicine

Non-English titles with translation

Most titles of dissertations end in a period. Place [master's thesis on microfiche] or
[dissertation on microfilm], etc., inside the period.
Johnston PG. A survey of nursing school libraries in the city of Philadelphia
[master's thesis on microcard]. Philadelphia: Drexel Institute of Technology;
1955. 55 p. 3 microcards: 3 x 5 in.
[master's thesis on microfiche] or [dissertation on microfilm], etc., with a period
Boyer CL. Do rural Medicare patients have different post-acute service
patterns than their non-rural counterparts? [dissertation on microfilm].
[Cleveland (OH)]: Case Western Reserve University; 2004. 131 p. 1 reel: black
& white, negative, 35 mm.
Box 13. Non-English titles with translation.

If a translation of a title is provided, place the translation in square brackets
Place [dissertation on microfiche], [master's thesis on microcard], and similar
phrases after the translated title
Example:
Peppas D. Der Anatom Eduard Jacobshagen (1886-1967) [The anatomist
Eduard Jacobshagen (1886-1967)] [dissertation on microfiche]. [Marburg
(Germany)]: Marburg University; 2001. 133 p. 2 microfiche: negative, 4 x 6 in.
German.

Place of Publication for a Dissertation or Thesis (required)

Place is defined as the city where the university or other institution granting the
degree is located

Non-US cities

Moskva, whenever possible. However, the name as found on the publication may
always be used.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
468 Citing Medicine
Follow Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the province, placed in
parentheses
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
If the city is not well known or might be confused with another city of the same
parentheses.
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but
Canada

Place of publication (the city where the university or other institution granting the
degree is located) is frequently omitted from the title page of a dissertation or
master's thesis
If no place can be found on the publication, use directories of institutions of higher
learning to locate one. For example, use Yahoo's Education Directory and the World
of Learning (London: Europa Publications). Surround place names obtained from
such other sources with square brackets.
[Washington]: American University;
[Marburg (Germany)]: Marburg University;

11. Dissertation or thesis with place of publication not found on title page
Publisher for a Dissertation or Thesis (required)

The publisher is the university or other institution granting the degree
Record the name of the institution as it appears in the publication, using whatever
Abbreviate well-known words in institutional names, such as Univ. for University, if
desired
When a division or other subsidiary part of an institution appears in the
publication, enter the main institutional name first. For example: University of
Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences Center.

Abbreviations in publisher names
Non-English names of institutions
Box 16. Abbreviations in publisher names.

Abbreviate commonly used words in names of institutions, if desired
Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
470 Citing Medicine

Box 17. Non-English names of institutions.

Give institution names appearing in the roman alphabet (French, Spanish, Italian,
Rome: Universita La Sapienza;
Navarra (Spain): Universidad de Navarra;
Rousse (Bulgaria): Rusenski Universitet;
Akita (Japan): Akita Daigaku;
or
Akita (Japan): [Akita University];
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Rousse (Bulgaria): Rusenski Universitet [Rousse University];
publication.
Akita (Japan): [Akita University];
publisher.
nationality is not part of the name, place the country's two-letter ISO country code
(see Appendix D) in parentheses after the name
Naval Postgraduate School (US)
Royal Institute of Public Health (GB)

12. Dissertation or thesis publisher with subsidiary part included
472 Citing Medicine
13. Dissertation or thesis issued by a governmental body

14. Dissertation or thesis issued by other than a university
Date of Publication for a Dissertation or Thesis (required)

Always give the year of publication, i.e., the year the degree was granted
Jan


Capitalize them
For example:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

name-year system of in-text references is used
NLM citation:
Liu-Ambrose TY. Studies of fall risk and bone morphology in older women
with low bone mass [dissertation]. [Vancouver (BC)]: University of British
Columbia; 2004. 290 p.
Liu-Ambrose TY. 2004. Studies of fall risk and bone morphology in older
women with low bone mass [dissertation]. [Vancouver (BC)]: University of
British Columbia. 290 p.

15. Dissertation or thesis date with month included
16. Dissertation or thesis date with season
Pagination for a Dissertation or Thesis (optional)

Provide the total number of pages on which the text of the dissertation or thesis
appears
For dissertations or theses published in more than one physical volume, cite the
total number of volumes instead of the number of pages, such as 2 vol
474 Citing Medicine

No numbers appear on the pages
Box 21. No numbers appear on the pages.

Occasionally, a dissertation or thesis will have no numbers on its pages. If the entire
publication has no page numbers:
End with a period
Example:
37 leaves.

17. Dissertation or thesis submitted in more than one volume
Physical Description for a Dissertation or Thesis (optional)

Give information on the physical characteristics if a dissertation or thesis is
published in a microform (microfilm, microfiche, microcard, etc.), such as 3
microfiche: black & white, 2 x 4 in.


If a dissertation or thesis is published on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:
colon and a space
5 microfiche:
6 microcards:
color
black & white
positive
negative

Language for a Dissertation or Thesis (required)


476 Citing Medicine
Notes for a Dissertation or Thesis (optional)

itself
Be brief

Dissertations or theses accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
Box 23. Dissertations or theses accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

If a dissertation or thesis has supplemental material accompanying it in the form of
a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, or another medium, begin by citing the
dissertation or theses. Add the phrase "Accompanied by:" followed by a space and
the number and type of medium.
Lukasik-Sedmak DM. How to develop an interactive MRI brain cross-
sectional anatomy CD-ROM and Web-based educational materials to meet
the needs of medical imaging specialists working in magnetic resonance
imaging [dissertation]. [Milwaukee (WI)]: Cardinal Stritch University; 2002.
113 p. Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
Morgan JC. VISIO/KINESIS: a mixed media installation and performance
[master's thesis]. Dominguez Hills (CA): California State University,
Dominguez Hills; 2001. 47 p. Accompanied by: 1 videocassette.

The notes element may be used to provide any information the compiler of the reference
feels is useful to the reader. Begin by citing the dissertation or thesis, then add the note.
Some examples of notes are:
The specific type of degree
Ari AB. Eye injuries on the battlefields of Iraq and Afghanistan: public health
implications [master's thesis]. Anchorage (AK): University of Alaska; 2005. 48
p. Master of Public Health.
Verhovsek EL. Examining stages in curriculum change: implementation of
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) [dissertation].
[Morgantown (WV)]: West Virginia University; 2003. 197 p. Doctor of

Education.
The name of any sponsoring or funding organization
Kanika K. Labor market implications of employer provided health insurance
[dissertation]. Evanston (IL): Northwestern University; 1997. 204 p.
Sponsored by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research.
The name of any publicly available source for the dissertation or thesis, with any
accession or other ordering number
Boyer CL. Do rural Medicare patients have different post-acute service
patterns than their non-rural counterparts? [dissertation]. [Cleveland (OH)]:
Case Western Reserve University; 2004. 131 p. Available from: UMI, Ann
Arbor, MI; AAT 3145345.
Overlock JA. The relationship between balance and fundamental motor skills
in children five to nine years of age [master's thesis]. [Corvallis (OR)]: Oregon
State University; 2004. 111 p. Available from: Kinesiology Publications,
University of Oregon, Eugene, OR; PSY 2317.
The location of a library or other holding institution where the dissertation/thesis
may be found, with any catalog or other accession number
Akerstrom B. Adults with autism and mental retardation: a life-span
perspective [dissertation]. Uppsala (Sweden): S. Academiae Upsaliensis; 2001.
156 p. Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W1 AC955 v.
20 2001.
Examples for Notes

18. Dissertation or thesis with availability statement included
19. Dissertation or thesis with location of a library or other holding institution
where the dissertation/thesis may be found
20. Dissertation or thesis with note on specific type of degree
21. Dissertation or thesis with sponsorship or support note included
22. Dissertation or thesis accompanied by a CD-ROM, DVD, or other medium
23. Dissertation or thesis with supplemental material on the Internet
478 Citing Medicine
Examples of Citations to Entire Dissertations and Theses

1. Standard dissertation
Jones DL. The role of physical activity on the need for revision total knee arthroplasty in
individuals with osteoarthritis of the knee [dissertation]. [Pittsburgh (PA)]: University of
Pittsburgh; 2001. 436 p.
Zhao C. Development of nanoelectrospray and application to protein research and drug
discovery [dissertation]. Buffalo (NY): State University of New York at Buffalo; 2005. 276
p.
2. Standard master's thesis

Roguskie JM. The role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1244 pilin glycan in virulence [master's
thesis]. [Pittsburgh (PA)]: Duquesne University; 2005. 111 p.
Weisbaum LD. Human sexuality of children and adolescents: a comprehensive training
guide for social work professionals [master's thesis]. Long Beach (CA): California State
University, Long Beach; 2005. 101 p.
3. Dissertation or thesis with optional full name(s) for author

Baldwin, Karen Brandt. An exploratory method of data retrieval from the electronic
medical record for the evaluation of quality in healthcare [dissertation]. Chicago:
University of Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences Center; 2004. 116 p.
4. Dissertation or thesis with more than one author (rare)

Kolotylo C, MacDonald JM. Exploration of the relationships among personal and illness-
related factors, migraine headache pain, the chronic pain experience, coping, depressive
symptomatology, disability, and quality of life in women with migraine headache
[dissertation]. [Milwaukee (WI)]: University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee; 1999. 295 p.
Korir J, Karr-Kidwell PJ. The relationship between self esteem and effective educational
leadership: a literary review, recommendations, and interviews [master's thesis]. [Denton
(TX)]: Texas Woman's University; 2000 May. 98 p.
5. Dissertation or thesis with authors showing designations of rank within

the family
Daugherty RH 3rd. Social work education and public assistance workers in Kentucky
1936-2001 [dissertation]. Louisville (KY): University of Louisville; 2004. 203 p.
6. Dissertation or thesis with titles ending in punctuation other than a

period
Boyer CL. Do rural Medicare patients have different post-acute service patterns than their
non-rural counterparts? [dissertation]. [Cleveland (OH)]: Case Western Reserve
University; 2004. 131 p.
7. Dissertation or thesis with titles containing a chemical formula, Greek

letter, or other special characters
Martin EJ. 1,1-dichloroethylene-induced mitochondrial aberrations precede apoptotic
and necrotic cell death in murine liver and lung [dissertation]. Kingston (ON): Queen's
University; 2004. 149 p.
Goel R. Characterization of -thrombin-induced rapid phase of PI 3-kinase [dissertation].
St. Louis (MO): Saint Louis University; 2004. 141 p.
or
Goel R. Characterization of alpha-thrombin-induced rapid phase of PI 3-kinase
[dissertation]. St. Louis (MO): Saint Louis University; 2004. 141 p.
Uddemarri S. Aging affects stretch-induced p70S6k and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in fast-
and slow-twitch muscle [master's thesis]. [Huntington (WV)]: Marshall University; 2005.
151 p.
or
Uddemarri S. Aging affects stretch-induced p70(S6k) and 4E-BP1 phosphorylation in
fast- and slow-twitch muscle [master's thesis]. [Huntington (WV)]: Marshall University;
2005. 151 p.

Montes Alvarez MJ. Parametros predictivos de complicaciones macroangiopaticos en la
diabetes mellitus tipo 2 que precisa insulinoterapia [dissertation]. Cadiz (Spain):
Universidad de Cadiz; 2005. 180 p. Spanish.
Cisse A. Connaissances et comportements sexuels des jeunes de 15-29 ans sur les M.T.S.
et le SIDA a Bamako [master's thesis]. [Quebec (QC)]: Laval University; 1993. 69 p.
French.
480 Citing Medicine

Montes Alvarez MJ. Parametros predictivos de complicaciones macroangiopaticos en la
diabetes mellitus tipo 2 que precisa insulinoterapia [Predictive parameters for
macroangiopathy complications in Type 2 diabetes which requires insulin] [dissertation].
Cadiz (Spain): Universidad de Cadiz; 2005. 180 p. Spanish.
Cisse A. Connaissances et comportements sexuels des jeunes de 15-29 ans sur les M.T.S.
et le SIDA a Bamako [Sexual knowledge and behavior of young people 15-29 years of age
concerning sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and AIDS in Bamako] [master's thesis].
[Quebec (QC)]: Laval University; 1993. 69 p. French.

Craft LL. Exercise and clinical depression: examining psychological mechanisms
[dissertation on microfiche]. [East Lansing (MI)]: Michigan State University; 2002. 116 p.
2 microfiche: black & white, negative, 4 x 6 in.
Peppas D. Der Anatom Eduard Jacobshagen (1886-1967) [The anatomist Eduard
Jacobshagen (1886-1967)] [dissertation on microfiche]. [Marburg (Germany)]: Marburg
University; 2001. 133 p. 2 microfiche: black & white, negative, 4 x 6 in. German.
Brill S. Hygieia: health and medicine in Plato's Republic [dissertation on microfilm].
[College Park (PA)]: Pennsylvania State University; 2004. 311 p. 1 reel: black & white,
negative, 35 mm.
Johnston PG. A survey of nursing school libraries in the city of Philadelphia [master's
thesis on microcard]. Philadelphia: Drexel Institute of Technology; 1955. 55 p. 3
microcards: 3 x 5 in.
11. Dissertation or thesis with place of publication not found on title page
Campbell E. Childbearing and choice: views of young Chinese professional women
[dissertation]. [Claremont (CA)]: Claremont Graduate University; 1996. 147 p.
12. Dissertation or thesis publisher with subsidiary part included

Metry KJ. NAT polymorphism in breast cancer risk [master's thesis]. Louisville (KY):
University of Louisville, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; 2004. 71 p.
Miller LE, Sperry BM. Central American women's experience of prenatal care [master's
thesis]. [Boston (MA)]: Massachusetts General Hospital, Institute of Health Professions;
1992. 66 p.
13. Dissertation or thesis issued by a governmental body

Schauppner CE. Some ramifications of compensation limitations in personal services
contracts for direct health care providers [master's thesis]. Monterey (CA): Naval
Postgraduate School (US); 1990. 74 p.
Kazerouni NN. Family history of breast cancer as a determinant of the risk of developing
endometrial and ovarian cancers: a nationwide cohort study [dissertation]. [Bethesda
(MD)]: Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (US), Department of
Preventive Medicine and Biometrics; 2002.
14. Dissertation or thesis issued by other than a university

Kan H. Does the Medicare principal inpatient diagnostic cost group model adequately
adjust for selection bias? [dissertation]. Santa Monica (CA): RAND Graduate School;
2002. 101 p.
15. Dissertation or thesis date with month included

Korir J, Karr-Kidwell PJ. The relationship between self esteem and effective educational
leadership: a literary review, recommendations, and interviews [master's thesis]. [Denton
(TX)]: Texas Woman's University; 2000 May. 98 p.
16. Dissertation or thesis date with season

Lemov RM. The laboratory imagination: experiments in human and social engineering.
[Berkeley (CA)]: University of California, Berkeley; 2000 Spring. 2 vol.
17. Dissertation or thesis submitted in more than one volume

Hanson CA. Embodying erudition: English art, medicine, & antiquarianism in the age of
empiricism [dissertation]. [Chicago]: University of Chicago, Department of Art History;
2003. 2 vol.
18. Dissertation or thesis with availability statement included

Boyer CL. Do rural Medicare patients have different post-acute service patterns than their
non-rural counterparts? [dissertation]. [Cleveland (OH)]: Case Western Reserve
University; 2004. 131 p. Available from: UMI, Ann Arbor, MI; AAT 3145345.
Overlock JA. The relationship between balance and fundamental motor skills in children
five to nine years of age [master's thesis]. [Corvallis (OR)]: Oregon State University; 2004.
111 p. Available from: Kinesiology Publications, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR; PSY
2317.
482 Citing Medicine
19. Dissertation or thesis with location of a library or other holding

institution where the dissertation/thesis may be found
Akerstrom B. Adults with autism and mental retardation: a life-span perspective
[dissertation]. Uppsala (Sweden): S. Academiae Upsaliensis; 2001. 156 p. Located at:
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W1 AC955 v.20 2001.
20. Dissertation or thesis with note on specific type of degree

Ari AB. Eye injuries on the battlefields of Iraq and Afghanistan: public health implications
[master's thesis]. Anchorage (AK): University of Alaska; 2005. 48 p. Master of Public
Health.
Verhovsek EL. Examining stages in curriculum change: implementation of
Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) [dissertation]. [Morgantown (WV)]:
West Virginia University; 2003. 197 p. Doctor of Education.
21. Dissertation or thesis with sponsorship or support note included

Kanika K. Labor market implications of employer provided health insurance
[dissertation]. Evanston (IL): Northwestern University; 1997. 204 p. Sponsored by the
Agency for Health Care Policy and Research.
Tuitele BA. The current practices in injury prevention and safety helmet use in an Air
Force medical center [master's thesis]. [Bethesda (MD)]: Uniformed Services University
of the Health Sciences; 2000. 59 p. Supported by the Uniformed Services University of the
Health Sciences, Protocol No. T061AK-01.
22. Dissertation or thesis accompanied by a CD-ROM, DVD, or other

medium
Lukasik-Sedmak DM. How to develop an interactive MRI brain cross-sectional anatomy
CD-ROM and Web-based educational materials to meet the needs of medical imaging
specialists working in magnetic resonance imaging [dissertation]. [Milwaukee (WI)]:
Cardinal Stritch University; 2002. 113 p. Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
Morgan JC. VISIO/KINESIS: a mixed media installation and performance [master's
thesis]. Dominguez Hills (CA): California State University, Dominguez Hills; 2001. 47 p.
Accompanied by: 1 videocassette.
23. Dissertation or thesis with supplemental material on the Internet

Wyatt TH. Pilot testing Okay with Asthma(TM): a digital story for psychosocial asthma
management [dissertation]. [Charlottesville (VA)]: University of Virginia; 2003. 109 p.
Web site for the program available at: http://okay-with-asthma.org/.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Parts of

Dissertations and Theses
The general format for a reference to a part of a dissertation, including punctuation:
The general format for a reference to a part of a master's thesis, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Parts of Dissertations and Theses

Rather than citing a dissertation or thesis as a whole, separately identified portions of
them may be cited. Chapters, sections, tables, charts, graphs, photographs, appendixes,
and the like are considered parts of dissertations/theses when they are written or
compiled by the authors of the dissertation or thesis. In general, most modern texts have
standardized to three types of parts: figures, tables, and appendixes. However, many other
names may be found for parts.
the intellectual content of the publication, begin a reference to a part of a dissertation or
thesis with the citation to the dissertation or thesis itself, then follow it with the
information about the part. See Chapter 2C Parts of Books for further details on citing
parts.
Medical texts frequently contain charts, figures, and other illustrative material that has
484 Citing Medicine
from there.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Dissertations and Theses.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Parts of Dissertations and Theses.
Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Dissertations and

Theses
it is optional.
Dissertation or Thesis (R) | Name and Number/Letter (R) | Title (R) | Location
(Pagination) (R)
Dissertation or Thesis (required)

Cite the dissertation or thesis according to Chapter 5A Entire Dissertations or
Theses
Name and Number/Letter of the Part for a Dissertation or Thesis

(required)
Enter the name of the part, such as Chapter, Table, Figure, or Appendix

No name appears

Swedish, etc.)
Tabelle 5.3
Figura 10a
Risunok 6
Parartema 4
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
square brackets
486 Citing Medicine

Zusatz
Sezione
Otdel
Otdelenie
Parte


If the part being cited is clearly a table, figure, appendix or similar part but it is not


1. Chapter in a dissertation or thesis
2. Table in a dissertation or thesis
3. Figure in a dissertation or thesis
4. Appendix in a dissertation or thesis
5. Other part of a dissertation or thesis
6. Other part of a dissertation or thesis, without name and number/letter
7. Part of a dissertation or thesis in a language other than English
Title of the Part for a Dissertation or Thesis (required)

Enter the title of the part as it appears in the dissertation or thesis
and initialisms

Non-English titles for parts
No title appears
Box 28. Non-English titles for parts.

Swedish, etc.)
109. Spanish.
488 Citing Medicine
[Figure 9, Annual progression of swine influenza in Seoul]; p. 44. Korean.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Japanese.
capitalized
Table 3.1, von Willebrand's disease incidence in Europe; p. 63.
becomes omega.
may become
fonts available, place the superscript or subscript in parentheses.
may become
149.

490 Citing Medicine
p. 72.
Examples for Title

Location (Pagination) of the Part for a Dissertation or Thesis (required)

and p. 663-4.


Appendix 2, Common aquatic invertebrates; p. XLI-XLII.

A part such as an appendix or a group of tables may be given its own pagination and
begin anew with page one.
When this occurs, give the total number of pages of the part you wish to cite, placed in
square brackets, such as [5 p.]

numbered.
[preceding p. 55].

492 Citing Medicine

Examples of Citations to Parts of Dissertations and Theses

Lemov RM. The laboratory imagination: experiments in human and social engineering
[dissertation]. [Berkeley (CA)]: University of California, Berkeley; 2000 Spring. Chapter 2,
Running the maze: animal and human experiments; p. 67-130.
Christensen PM. Infant nutrition and child health on Tarawa, Kiribati: a nutritional
anthropological approach [master's thesis]. Sydney (Australia): University of New South
Wales, Centre for South Pacific Studies; 1995. Chapter 3.1, Breastfeeding practices on
Tarawa; p. 46-53.
Hayenga ES. Dieting through the decades: a comparative study of weight reduction in
America as depicted in popular literature and books from 1940 to the late 1980's
[dissertation]. [Minneapolis (MN)]: University of Minnesota; 1988. Chapter 3C, Science
and health; p. 257-70.

Cornwell D. A cost benefit of telemedicine: an assessment of aero-medical evacuation
patients throughout the Pacific Basin [master's thesis]. [Waco (TX)]: Baylor University,
US Army-Baylor University Graduate Program; 1995. Table 4, Total air-evacs vs total
potential telemedicine patients; p. 45.
Munoz JA. What is the quality of care in a developing country? Measuring physician
practice and health outcomes [dissertation]. Santa Monica (CA): Rand Graduate School;
2002. Table 4.8, Mean objective measures of health for healthcare facility users; p. 4-33.

Bicks C. Lurking in the gossip's bowl: genealogy, gynecology, and the politics of midwifery
in Shakespeare's England [dissertation]. [Stanford (CA)]: Stanford University,
Department of English; 1997 Jun. Figure 9, Syringe for emergency in utero baptism; p.194.
Roberts PR. Snakes and ladders: the pursuit of a safety culture in New Zealand public
hospitals [master's thesis]. [Wellington (New Zealand)]: Victoria University of Wellington,
Institute of Policy Studies and Health Services Research Centre; 2002. Figure 2.1, Schema
showing relationship of paradigms to human performance and links to and through
culture; p. 13.
Deutsch B. Lifestyle and contaminants in Greenland 1994-1996: evaluation of the AMAP,
Human Health Subprogram [master's thesis]. Aarhus (Denmark): University of Aarhus;
1999. Figure 2, Histograms of birth weight and gestational age; p. 20.

Grant MM. Under the microscope: "race," gender, and medical laboratory science in
Canada [dissertation]. [Toronto (ON)]: University of Toronto, Ontario Institute for
Studies in Education; 2004. Appendix, Survey on the career patterns and professional
experiences of Canadian medical laboratory technologists; p. 285-92.
Kneale C. Health claims: an exploration of the current debate in Australia [master's
thesis]. Sydney (Australia): University of Sydney, Nutrition Research Foundation; 1996
Oct. Appendix 4, Health claims questionnaire; p. 49.
Munoz JA. What is the quality of care in a developing country? Measuring physician
practice and health outcomes [dissertation]. Santa Monica (CA): Rand Graduate School;
2002. Appendix 1, Background on problems of less developed countries; p. A1-8.

Powers JC. Herman Boerhaave and the pedagogical reform of eighteenth-century
chemistry [dissertation]. [Bloomington (IN)]: Indiana University, Department of History
and Philosophy of Science; 2001 May. Epilogue, Boerhaave's legacy; p. 296-301.
Mackowski MP. Human factors: aerospace medicine and the origins of manned space
flight in the United States [dissertation]. [Tempe (AZ)]: Arizona State University; 2002
May. Part 2, Space medicine; p. 188-377.

Kairo JG. A review of the ecology and restoration of mangroves systems [dissertation].
Brussels (Belgium): Vrije University; 2001. Ecology and restoration of mangrove systems
in Kenya; p. 2-15.
Kneale C. Health claims: an exploration of the current debate in Australia [master's
thesis]. Sydney (Australia): University of Sydney, Nutrition Research Foundation; 1996
Oct. Summary recommendations; p. 44.
Stewart EP. Who shall decide when doctors disagree? Hoaxes and American men of
science in the nineteenth century [dissertation]. Washington: American University,
Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences; 2003. "Doctor" Dionysius Lardner; p. 132-48.
Mackowski MP. Human factors: aerospace medicine and the origins of manned space
flight in the United States [dissertation]. [Tempe (AZ)]: Arizona State University; 2002
May. [Map], Germany 1946: showing Allied zones of occupation; p. 188.

Tamayo Lorenzo PA. Descentralizacion y financiacion de la asistencia sanitaria publica en
Espana: un estudio desde la perspectiva de la equidad [dissertation]. Madrid: Universidad
Nacional de Educacion a Distancia; 1999. Tabla 5.11, Resumen de los resultados de los
494 Citing Medicine
estudios evaluados, en terminos de necesidad para cada comunidad autonoma; p. 238.

Spanish.
with translation
Tamayo Lorenzo PA. Descentralizacion y financiacion de la asistencia sanitaria publica en
Espana: un estudio desde la perspectiva de la equidad [Decentralization and financing of
public health assistance in Spain: a study from the perspective of equality] [dissertation].
Madrid: Universidad Nacional de Educacion a Distancia; 1999. Tabla 5.11, Resumen de
los resultados de los estudios evaluados, en terminos de necesidad para cada comunidad
autonoma [Table 5.11, Summary of the results of the evaluated studies, in terms of need
for each independent community]; p. 238. Spanish.
495
Chapter 6. Bibliographies
A. Entire Bibliographies
Examples
B. Parts of Bibliographies
Examples
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Entire

Bibliographies
The general format for a reference to an entire bibliography, including punctuation:
- with bibliography in the title:
- without bibliography in the title:
Examples of Citations to Entire Bibliographies

496 Citing Medicine
Bibliographies are collections of references to the literature made for a specific purpose,
such as to bring together references on a specific subject or by a particular author. Their
citation format is identical to that of the standard book (see Chapter 2 for details) with
three exceptions:
Authors are termed "compilers".
The content type "[bibliography]" is added after the title if the word is not part of
the title. This alerts the user that the publication is not a standard book.
Descriptive information, such as the number of citations included, the sources
searched, and the time period covered, may be added as notes to help the user
identify the scope of the publication.
The chief source for information about a bibliography is its title page. The back of the title
page, called the verso or copyright page, and the cover of the book are also sources of
authoritative information.
References to bibliographies in print or in microform (microfilm, microfiche) are
included in this chapter. For references to bibliographies in electronic form, see Chapter
18 and Chapter 22.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Bibliographies.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Entire Bibliographies.
Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Bibliographies

it is optional.
Medium (R) |Edition (R) | Editor and other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication
Author/Editor for Bibliographies (required)

Authors of bibliographies are called compilers
Bibliographies 497

Follow the last named compiler with a comma and the word compiler or compilers;
see Editor and Other Secondary Authors below if there are authors and editors
the word editor or editors

Other surname rules
Non-English words for compiler


498 Citing Medicine

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
[If you cannot determine from the title page whether a surname is compound or a
combination of a middle name and a surname, look elsewhere in the text for
clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be interpreted to be Parker
ES or Scott Parker E.]

Bibliographies 499

letter

500 Citing Medicine

Examples:

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
Bibliographies 501
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Box 7. Non-English words for compiler.

Translate the word found for compiler into English. However, the wording found on
To assist in identifying compilers, below is a brief list of non-English words for
compiler:
Language Word for Compiler
French compilateur
German zusammensteller
Italian compilatore
Spanish compilador
Russian sostavitel

French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore

502 Citing Medicine

curatore
editore
Spanish redactor
editor
Russian redaktor
izdatel

Bibliographies 503

a bibliography as compilers, use the names of the individuals as the compilers; give
the organization at the end of the reference as a note, if desired
Kolyada L, compiler. Health systems strengthening and HIV/AIDS: annotated
bibliography and resources. Bethesda (MD): Abt Associates; 2004 Mar. 75 p.
Prepared for Partners for Health Reformplus, a project of the US Agency for
International Development.
brackets.
or
504 Citing Medicine
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

If no person or organization can be found as the compiler but editors or translators
If no person or organization can be identified as the compiler and no editors or
translators are given, begin the reference with the title of the bibliography. Do not
use anonymous.
Teaching hospital costs: an annotated bibliography of the costs of medical
education, patient care, and research at teaching hospitals. Washington:
Association of American Medical Colleges; 2000. 165 p.

Bibliographies 505
Full first names of compilers may be given. Separate the surname from the given
compilers.
Mann, Frederick D.; Swartz, Mary N.; Little, R.T., compilers.
If space is a consideration, the number of compilers may be limited to a specific
number, such as the first three. Follow the last named compiler by a comma and "et
al." or "and others."
Rastan S, Hough T, Kierman A, et al., compilers.
Adler DG, Baron TH, Davila RE, and others, compilers.

1. Standard citation with bibliography in the title
2. Standard citation without the word bibliography in the title (content type added)
3. Bibliography with optional full first names for compilers
4. Bibliography with compilers and editors
5. Bibliography with organization as compiler
6. Bibliography with editors and other secondary authors, but no compilers
7. Bibliography with no compilers or editors
8. Bibliography with compiler affiliation(s) included
Author Affiliation for Bibliographies (optional)

Follow the affiliation with a comma placed outside the parentheses, unless it is the
affiliation of the last author, then use a period
506 Citing Medicine


Follow the US state, Canadian province, or country of the compiler with a period
and a space
Example:
Development, Bethesda, MD. [email protected]), compilers.

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
Bibliographies 507


Give the address of all compilers or only the first compiler. Begin with the
department and name of the organization, followed by the city, the two-letter
abbreviation for the US state or Canadian province (see Appendix E), and the
country name or ISO country code (see Appendix D) if non-US. Place the address
in parentheses.
Spain), compilers.
Milano, Milan, Italy), Rebora P, Reina G, compilers.
Romania), Burcos T, Ungureanu CD, Zodieru-Popa I, compilers.
Brezhneva TV, Hanson KP, Vasilyev VB, Mandelshtam MY, compilers.
508 Citing Medicine
Translate organizational names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese,

etc.)
Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan), Bandoh S, Fujita J, compilers.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
example, use Vienna for Wien and Spain for Espana. However, the name found on

Wien becomes Vienna
Bibliographies 509


Title for Bibliographies (required)

Enter the title of a bibliography as it appears in the original document, in the
original language
and initialisms
already present
Follow non-English titles with a translation whenever possible; surround the
translation with square brackets
it or a Content Type follows it


Swedish, etc.)
Poblacion y empleo en Bolivia (bibliografia anotada). La Paz (Bolivia):
Consejo Nacional de Poblacion; 1989. 414 p. Spanish.
510 Citing Medicine
Zubritskii AN, compiler. Tabak i tabakokurenie: osnovnoi bibliograficheskii

ukazatel otechestvennoi i zarubezhnoi literatury. Moscow: Izdatelskaia gruppa
GEOTAR-Media; 2005. 335 p. Russian.
Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese, etc.).
Place translated titles in square brackets.
Mori K, compiler. Chusu shinkeikei senten ijo bunkenshu: kore made no
shinpo to kongo no kadai. Tokyo: Nyuronsha; 2004. 242 p. Japanese.
or
Mori K, compiler. [Bibliographies of congenital central nervous system
diseases]. Tokyo: Nyuronsha; 2004. 242 p. Japanese.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Bibliographies 511
Poblacion y empleo en Bolivia (bibliografia anotada) [Population and

employment in Bolivia (an annotated bibliography)]. La Paz (Bolivia):
Consejo Nacional de Poblacion; 1989. 414 p. Spanish.
Zubritskii AN, compiler. Tabak i tabakokurenie: osnovnoi bibliograficheskii
ukazatel otechestvennoi i zarubezhnoi literatury [Tobacco and tobacco
smoking: bibliographic index of the Russian and foreign literature]. Moscow:
Izdatelskaia gruppa GEOTAR-Media; 2005. 335 p. Russian.
shinpo to kongo no kadai [Bibliographies of congenital central nervous system

If a bibliography title is written in several languages, give the title in the first
language found on the title page and indicate all languages of publication after the
Farren M, compiler. Infant mortality and health in Latin America: an
annotated bibliography of the 1979-82 literature. Ottawa (ON): International
Development Research Centre; 1984. 172 p. English, Spanish, Portuguese,
French. 256 citations.
Beauge G, Bendiab A, Labib A, Longuenesse E, Roussillon A, Quiles J,
Weyland P, compilers. Migrations internationales au Moyen-Orient:
1975-1986. Bibliographie [International migrations in the Middle East:
1975-1986. A bibliography]. Aix-en-Provence (France): Universites d'Aix-
Marseille, Institut de Recherches et d'Etudes sur le Monde Arabe et
Musulman; 1987. 186 p. French, German.
If a bibliography title is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in
Canadian publications, give all titles in the order in which they appear in the text,
commas, after the pagination.
Lavallee C, Robinson E, editors. The health of the Eastern James Bay Cree:
annotated bibliography = La sante des Cris de l'Est de la Baie James:
bibliographie annotee. Orr M, illustrator. Montreal (QC): Montreal General
Hospital, Northern Quebec Module; 1993. 71 p. English, French.
512 Citing Medicine
character.
The first word of a bibliography title is normally capitalized unless the title begins
with a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character that might lose
its meaning if capitalized
1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin
von Willebrand disease
becomes omega.
-linolenic acid or gamma-linolenic acid
Synthesis of -amino acids or Synthesis of beta-amino acids
TiO2 nanoparticles or TiO(2) nanoparticles

Occasionally a publication does not appear to have any title; the bibliography
simply begins with the text. In this circumstance, create a title from the first few
words of the text and place it in square brackets. Use enough words to make the
Examples for Title

9. Bibliography with title in a language other than English
10. Bibliography with title in multiple languages
11. Bibliography with titles with parallel text in two languages
Content Type for Bibliographies (optional)

bibliography
Place [bibliography] after the book title if the word does not appear in the title
Follow the content type with a period unless the book is in a non-print medium
(see Type of Medium below)
Bibliographies 513


Most bibliography titles end in a period. Place [bibliography] inside the period.
Shenk D, Sokolovsky J, compilers. Cultural perspectives on aging
[bibliography]. Washington: Association for Gerontology in Higher
Education; 1997. 8 p.
[bibliography] with a period
Advancing women's status: women and men together? [bibliography].

If a translation of a title is given, place it in square brackets
shinpo to kongo no kadai [Bibliographies of congenital central nervous system
When the content type [bibliography] is added after the title, place the content type
after the square brackets for the translation
Mane Garzon F, Burgues Roca S, compilers. Publicaciones medicas uruguayas
de los siglos XVIII y XIX [Uruguayan medical publications of the 18th and
19th centuries] [bibliography]. Montevideo (Uruguay): Oficina del Libro
AEM; 1996. 253 p. Spanish.

2. Standard citation without the word bibliography in the title (content type added)
Type of Medium for Bibliographies (required)

following the title (and content type, if present) when a bibliography is published in
a microform
"[microfiche]." or "[bibliography on microfilm]."
514 Citing Medicine
Description below
See Chapter 18 and Chapter 22 for bibliographies in electronic formats

Both a content type and a medium
Box 22. Both a content type and a medium.

If the word "bibliography" is not in the title, add the content type [bibliography]
after the title
If a bibliography is also in a microform, add the specific type of microform to the
content type, preceded by "on", such as [bibliography on microfilm]
Example:
Williams LA, compiler. Family violence and American Indians/Alaska
Natives: a report to the Indian Health Service Office of Women's Health
[bibliography on microfiche]. [Bethesda (MD)]: Department of Health and
Human Services (US), Indian Health Service, Office of Women's Health; 2002
Oct. 96 p. 1 microfiche: black & white, 4 x 6 in.

Most titles of books end in a period. Place [microfiche], [microfilm], or [microcard]
inside the period.
An overview of medical and public health literature addressing literacy issues:
an annotated bibliography [microfiche].
A bibliography on human rights in South Africa: is Apartheid gone?
[microfiche].

If a translation of a title is provided, place the translation after the original title and
Bibliographies 515
Chusu shinkeikei senten ijo bunkenshu: kore made no shinpo to kongo no

kadai [Bibliographies of congenital central nervous system diseases].
If a bibliography is in a microform (microfiche, microfile, microcard, etc.), place the
specific type of microform within square brackets following the translation
Chusu shinkeikei senten ijo bunkenshu: kore made no shinpo to kongo no
kadai [Bibliographies of congenital central nervous system diseases]
[microfilm].

33. Bibliography in a microform
Edition for Bibliographies (required)

Indicate the edition/version being cited after the title (and Content Type or Type of
Medium if present) when a bibliography is published in more than one edition or
version
adjectives

Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
English Engl.

516 Citing Medicine
Word Abbreviation
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.
translated
period
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.

First editions

familiar one
Bibliographies 517

End the edition information with a period
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
familiar one
period
Examples:
518 Citing Medicine

2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
For an edition statement written in a character-based language such as Chinese or
Japanese:
Do not abbreviate or omit any words
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-pàn.
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.

Bibliographies 519

editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
publikacija publ.
utgave utg.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

If a bibliography does not carry any statement of edition, assume it is the first or
only edition

12. Bibliography with edition
Editor and other Secondary Authors for Bibliographies (optional)

Place the names of secondary authors after the title and any edition statement
520 Citing Medicine



A bibliography may have several types of secondary author.
Examples:
illustrators.

If the same secondary author performs more than one role,
Example:

always be used.
for them:
Bibliographies 521
editeur
curatore
editore
editor
izdatel

Follow the instructions for entering the organization name found under
Place a comma, a space, and the word editor after the organization name
American Chemical Society, Committee on Chemical Safety, editor.

6. Bibliography with editors and other secondary authors, but no compilers
Place of Publication for Bibliographies (required)

Place is defined as the city where the bibliography was published
522 Citing Medicine

Non-US cities
Joint publication

always be used.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Bibliographies 523
province (see Appendix E), place in parentheses
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
parentheses.
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but
Canada

Two organizations may co-publish a bibliography. Use the city of the first
organization found on the title page (or on the back of the title page if no publisher
information appears on the title page), as the place of publication.
desired
Toronto (ON): Public Health Agency of Canada; c2000. 240 p. Co-published
by the Canadian Medical Association.
524 Citing Medicine


the city in square brackets, such as "[Chicago]"
Shakman SH, compiler. Automed A to Z: index to the literature 1894-1982
[bibliography]. [Santa Monica (CA)]: Institute of Science; c1994-1998. 96
leaves. Bibliography of 1690 citations on autohemotherapy, autogenous
vaccines, and the works of E.C. Rosenow.
Patterson KD, compiler. Infectious diseases in twentieth-century Africa: a
bibliography of their distribution and consequences. [place unknown]:
Crossroads Press; c1979. 251 p.

13. Bibliography with well-known place of publication
14. Bibliography with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for clarity
15. Bibliography with place of publication inferred
16. Bibliography with no place of publication found
21. Bibliography with no place of publication or publisher found
Publisher for Bibliographies (required)

Division.
Bibliographies 525

Joint publication
Multiple publishers

Abbreviate commonly used words in names, if desired
Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society

526 Citing Medicine

Institute];
are capitalized.].
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Bibliographies 527

translated publisher names in square brackets unless the translation has been given
in the publication.
publisher.
Do not confuse the publisher with the distributor who disseminates documents for
the publication as the publisher and include distributor information as a note,
preceded by the phrase "Available from:".
Cumulative trauma disorders in the workplace: bibliography. Cincinnati
(OH): National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (US), Education
and Information Division; 1995. 209 p. Available from: US Government
Printing Office, Washington, DC; HE 20.7114:T 69.
528 Citing Medicine

Two organizations may co-publish a bibliography. Use the first organization
appearing on the title page or the verso (back) of the title page as the publisher.
desired
Haynes C, compiler. Ethnic minority health: a selected, annotated
bibliography. Lanham (MD): Scarecrow Press; c1997. 503 p. A joint
publication of the Medical Library Association.

Association".

Eide M, compiler. Adult survivors of incest/childhood sexual abuse: a selected,
annotated list of books. 3rd ed. Ypsilanti (MI): [publisher unknown]; c1997.
110 p.

17. Bibliography with publisher with subsidiary department/division named
18. Bibliography with national or governmental agency as publisher, with country
qualifier added
19. Bibliography with joint publication
20. Bibliography with no publisher found
Bibliographies 529
Date of Publication for Bibliographies (required)

Jan


2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan
names of seasons.
530 Citing Medicine

Capitalize them
For example:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

This convention alerts a user that the information in the publication is older than
the date of publication implies.
Example:
New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers; 2000, c1996.
Bibliographies 531

example c2005.
Bondi K, editor. Chronic fatigue syndrome: overview abstracts and
bibliography. New York: Nova Science Publishers; c2003. 236 p.

be estimated because of material contained in the bibliography itself or on
accompanying material, insert a question mark after the estimated date and place
date information in square brackets
Patton LT, compiler. Community health centers: a working bibliography.
Washington: National Association of Community Health Centers; [1989?]. 76
p.
Bustad LK, Hegreberg GA, Padgett GA, compilers. Naturally occurring animal
models of human disease: a bibliography. Washington: National Academy of
Sciences (US), Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources; [date unknown]. 99
p.

NLM citation:
532 Citing Medicine
Clamp CG, Gough S, Land L, compilers. Resources for nursing research: an

annotated bibliography. 4th ed. London: Sage Publication, Limited; 2004. 432
p.
Clamp CG, Gough S, Land L, compilers. 2004. Resources for nursing research:
an annotated bibliography. 4th ed. London: Sage Publication, Limited. 432 p.

22. Bibliography with standard date of publication
23. Bibliography with month and year of publication
24. Bibliography with multiple years
25. Bibliography with date of publication estimated
26. Bibliography with no date of publication, but a date of copyright
27. Bibliography with no date of publication or copyright found
Pagination for Bibliographies (optional)

Provide the total number of pages on which the text of the bibliography appears
For bibliographies published in more than one physical volume, cite the total
number of volumes instead of the number of pages, such as 4 vol.

No numbers appear on the pages of the bibliography

If all of the pages (not just the introductory pages) of a bibliography have roman numerals
Bibliographies 533

Surround the number and "p." by square brackets, such as [12 p.]
Example:
[20 p.].
Box 49. No numbers appear on the pages of the bibliography.

Occasionally, a bibliography will have no numbers on its pages. If the entire publication
has no page numbers:
End with a period
Example:
Shakman SH, compiler. Automed A to Z: index to the literature 1894-1982
[bibliography]. [Santa Monica (CA)]: Institute of Science; c1994-1998. 96
leaves. Bibliography of 1690 citations on autohemotherapy, autogenous
vaccines, and the works of E.C. Rosenow.

28. Bibliography with standard pagination
29. Bibliography published in more than one volume
30. No page numbers on the pages of the bibliography
Physical Description for Bibliographies (optional)

Give information on the physical characteristics if a bibliography is published in a
in. This information will help the reader select the appropriate equipment with

534 Citing Medicine

If a bibliography is published on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:
colon and a space
5 microfiche:
1 microcard:
color
black & white
positive
negative

Series for Bibliographies (optional)

Bibliographies 535


information.
Give surname first
example, vol. 3 and no. 12
Example:
Selden CR, Kelliher R, compilers. Distance education in public health
[bibliography]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2003 Dec.
(Patrias K, editor. Current bibliographies in medicine; no. 2003-3). 471
citations from January 1998 through October 2003.
Examples for Series

31. Bibliography in a series
32. Bibliography in a series with series editor's name included
536 Citing Medicine
Language for Bibliographies (required)


Bibliographies appearing in more than one language
Box 52. Bibliographies appearing in more than one language.

If a bibliography is written in several languages, give the title in the first language
found on the title page and indicate all languages of publication after the
1975-1986. Bibliographie. Aix-en-Provence (France): Universites d'Aix-
If a bibliography is written in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in
Canadian publications, give all titles in the order in which they are presented in the
text, with an equals sign between them. Indicate the particular languages, separated
by a comma, after the pagination.
Lavallee C, Robinson E, editors. The health of the Eastern James Bay Cree:
annotated bibliography = La sante des Cris de l'Est de la Baie James:
bibliographie annotee. Orr M, illustrator. Montreal (QC): Montreal General
Hospital, Northern Quebec Module; 1993. 71 p. English, French.
1975-1986. Bibliographie [International migrations in the Middle East:
1975-1986. A bibliography]. Aix-en-Provence (France): Universites d'Aix-

Bibliographies 537

Notes for Bibliographies (optional)

itself
Be brief

Information on number of citations, time period covered, etc.
Bibliography accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
Box 53. Information on number of citations, time period covered, etc.

If the number of citations or time period covered is not included in the title or
subtitle, it is useful to the reader to include such information in notes
Zorn MA, Allen MP, Horowitz AM, compilers. Understanding health literacy
and its barriers [bibliography]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine
(US); 2004. 38 p. 651 citations from January 1998 through November 2003.
Box 54. Bibliography accompanied by a videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

If a bibliography has supplemental material accompanying it in the form of a
videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, or another medium, begin by citing the book. Add
the phrase "Accompanied by:" followed by a space and the number and type of
medium.
Jones R, editor. Bibliography of commonwealth apiculture. London:
Commonwealth Secretariat; 2005. 348 p. Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
Sacks JM, Bilaniuk MT, Gendron JM, editors. Bibliography of psychodrama:
inception to date. New York: Psychodrama Center of New York; c1995. 129 p.
Accompanied by: 2 disks: 3 1/2 in. One disk is for an IBM Personal Computer,
the other is for a Macintosh.
538 Citing Medicine

If the bibliography was government sponsored or funded, give the name of the
sponsoring agency
bibliography and resources. Bethesda (MD): Abt Associates; 2004 Mar.
Contract No.: HRN-C-OO-95-00024. 75 p. 101 citations from 1995 to 2004.
Funded by the US Agency for International Development.
If the bibliography is available from a clearinghouse or other organization not the
publisher, give the name and any acquisition number. Begin with the phrase
"Available from" followed by a colon and a space.
Guiterrez MK, compiler. Assessing children for the presence of a disability;
resources you can use [bibliography]. 2nd ed. Washington: National
Information Center for Children and Youth with Disabilities (US); 2002. 10 p.
Available from: ERIC, Lanham, MD; ED473542.
Cumulative trauma disorders in the workplace: bibliography. Cincinnati
(OH): National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (US), Education
and Information Division; 1995. 209 p. Available from: US Government
Printing Office, Washington, DC; HE 20.7114:T 69.
If the bibliography has acronyms or other words that need an explanation, provide
it
An album of publications of BIRPERHT [bibliography]. Dhaka (Bangladesh):
BIRPERHT; 1997. 40 p. (BIRPERHT publication; no. 114). BIRPERHT stands
for Bangladesh Institute of Research for Promotion of Essential &
Reproductive Health and Technologies.
If the bibliography may be found in a library or other archive, give the name and
any location number. Begin with the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a
space.
Beguin Stockli D, compiler. Genitale Verstummelung von Frauen: eine
Bibliographie [Female genital mutilation: a bibliography]. Bern (Switzerland):
Institut fur Ethnologie der Universitat Bern; 1993. 72 p. German. Located at:
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; 1996 C-377.
Examples for Notes

34. Bibliography with note on number of citations, date range
35. Bibliography that is government sponsored
36. Bibliography with availability statement
Bibliographies 539
37. Bibliography accompanied by a CD-ROM, disk, or other medium

38. Bibliography with other supplemental notes
Examples of Citations to Entire Bibliographies

1. Standard citation with bibliography in the title
Khan N, Nakajima N, Vanderburg WH, compilers. Healthy work: an annotated
bibliography. Lanham (MD): Scarecrow Press, Inc.; 2004. 376 p. 617 citations.
Morton LT, Moore RJ, compilers. A bibliography of medical and biomedical biography.
3rd ed. Burlington (VT): Ashgate; 2005. 425 p. 3740 citations.
2. Standard citation without the word bibliography in the title (content

type added)
Grayson L, compiler. Animals in research: for and against [bibliography]. London: British
Library; c2000. 320 p.
Blanchard DA, compiler. The anti-abortion movement: references and resources
[bibliography]. New York: Prentice Hall International; c1996. 378 p.
3. Bibliography with optional full first names for compilers

Khan, Namir; Nakajima, Nina; Vanderburg, Willem H., compilers. Healthy work: an
annotated bibliography. Lanham (MD): Scarecrow Press, Inc.; 2004. 376 p. 617 citations.

Jackson E, compiler. Safer sex guidelines bibliography: healthy sexuality and HIV; an
annotated bibliography for educators and counselors. Allen B, editor. Ottawa (ON):
Canadian AIDS Society; 1995. 17 p.
Sleet DA, Hopkins K, compilers and editors. Bibliography of behavioral science research
in unintentional injury prevention. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (US), National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of
Unintentional Injury Prevention; 2004. 115 p. 900 citations from 1980-2003.
5. Bibliography with organization as compiler

Lewin Group, compiler. Annotated bibliography for managed behavioral health care,
1989-1999. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
(US), Center for Mental Health Services, Office of Managed Care; 2000. 171 p. (DHHS
publication; no. (SMA) 00-3424).
540 Citing Medicine
6. Bibliography with editors and other secondary authors, but no

compilers
Lee MC, editor. West Nile virus: overview and abstracts [bibliography]. New York: Nova
Science Publishers, Inc; 2003. 152 p.
Lavallee C, Robinson E, editors. The health of the Eastern James Bay Cree: annotated
bibliography = La sante des Cris de l'Est de la Baie James: bibliographie annotee. Orr M,
illustrator. Montreal (QC): Montreal General Hospital, Northern Quebec Module; 1993.

Teaching hospital costs: an annotated bibliography of the costs of medical education,
patient care, and research at teaching hospitals. Washington: Association of American
Medical Colleges; 2000. 165 p.

Zorn M (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD), Rowland JH (National Cancer
Institute, Bethesda, MD), Varricchio CG (National Institute of Nursing Research,
Bethesda, MD), compilers. Symptom management in cancer: pain, depression, and
fatigue [bibliography]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2002 Jul.
(Current bibliographies in medicine; no. 2002-4). 1803 citations from January 1990
through June 2002, plus selected earlier citations.

Mori K, compiler. Chusu shinkeikei senten ijo bunkenshu: kore made no shinpo to kongo
no kadai. Tokyo: Nyuronsha; 2004. 242 p. Japanese.
Poblacion y empleo en Bolivia (bibliografia anotada). La Paz (Bolivia): Consejo Nacional
de Poblacion; 1989. 414 p. Spanish.
Zubritskii AN, compiler. Tabak i tabakokurenie: osnovnoi bibliograficheskii ukazatel
otechestvennoi i zarubezhnoi literatury. Moscow: Izdatelskaia gruppa GEOTAR-Media;
2005. 335 p. Russian.
Mane Garzon F, Burgues Roca S, compilers. Publicaciones medicas uruguayas de los
siglos XVIII y XIX [bibliography]. Montevideo (Uruguay): Oficina del Libro AEM; 1996.
253 p. Spanish.
with translation
Mori K, compiler. Chusu shinkeikei senten ijo bunkenshu: kore made no shinpo to kongo
no kadai [Bibliographies of congenital central nervous system diseases]. Tokyo:
Nyuronsha; 2004. 242 p. Japanese.
Bibliographies 541
Poblacion y empleo en Bolivia (bibliografia anotada) [Population and employment in

Bolivia (an annotated bibliography)]. La Paz (Bolivia): Consejo Nacional de Poblacion;
1989. 414 p. Spanish.
Zubritskii AN, compiler. Tabak i tabakokurenie: osnovnoi bibliograficheskii ukazatel
otechestvennoi i zarubezhnoi literatury [Tobacco and tobacco smoking: bibliographic
index of the Russian and foreign literature]. Moscow: Izdatelskaia gruppa GEOTAR-
Media; 2005. 335 p. Russian.
Mane Garzon F, Burgues Roca S, compilers. Publicaciones medicas uruguayas de los
siglos XVIII y XIX [Uruguayan medical publications of the 18th and 19th centuries]
[bibliography]. Montevideo (Uruguay): Oficina del Libro AEM; 1996. 253 p. Spanish.

Farren M, compiler. Infant mortality and health in Latin America: an annotated
bibliography of the 1979-82 literature. Ottawa (ON): International Development Research
Centre; 1984. 172 p. English, Spanish, Portuguese, French. 256 citations.
Beauge G, Bendiab A, Labib A, Longuenesse E, Roussillon A, Quiles J, Weyland P,
compilers. Migrations internationales au Moyen-Orient: 1975-1986. Bibliographie
[International migrations in the Middle East: 1975-1986. A bibliography]. Aix-en-
Provence (France): Universites d'Aix-Marseille, Institut de Recherches et d'Etudes sur le
Monde Arabe et Musulman; 1987. 186 p. French, German.

Lavallee C, Robinson E, editors. The health of the Eastern James Bay Cree: annotated
bibliography = La sante des Cris de l'Est de la Baie James: bibliographie annotee. Orr M,
illustrator. Montreal (QC): Montreal General Hospital, Northern Quebec Module; 1993.
12. Bibliography with edition

Clamp CG, Gough S, Land L, compilers. Resources for nursing research: an annotated
bibliography. 4th ed. London: Sage Publication, Limited; 2004. 432 p. Approximately
3,000 entries.
Marlatt GE, compiler. Chemical, biological, and nuclear terrorism/warfare: a bibliography.
Rev. and updated. [Monterey (CA)]: Naval Postgraduate School (US), Dudley Knox
Library; 2003 Sep. 297 p.
Prestwidge KJ, compiler. Bibliography of African Americans, Native Americans,
Hispanics in engineering, science and the health professions. 5th ed., rev. Flushing (NY):
Huespin Productions; 2002 Oct. 119 p.
542 Citing Medicine
13. Bibliography with well-known place of publication

Bondi K, editor. Chronic fatigue syndrome: overview abstracts and bibliography. New
York: Nova Science Publishers; c2003. 236 p.
Horowitz LM, Schreiber MD, Hare I, Walker VR, Talley AL, editors. Psychological factors
in emergency medical services for children: abstracts of the psychological, behavioral, and
medical literature, 1991-1998 [bibliography]. Washington: American Psychological
Association; c1999. 98 p.
14. Bibliography with geographic qualifier added to place of publication

for clarity
Arashvili NG, editor. Breast cancer: an annotated guide to the current literature
[bibliography]. Commack (NY): Nova Science Publishers; c1995. 127 p.
Adipositas 1988-2003 [bibliography]. Trier (Germany): Universitat Trier, Zentrum fur
Psychologische Information und Dokumentation; 2004. 177 p. German.
15. Bibliography with place of publication inferred

Shakman SH, compiler. Automed A to Z: index to the literature 1894-1982 [bibliography].
[Santa Monica (CA)]: Institute of Science; c1994-1998. 96 leaves. Bibliography of 1690
citations on autohemotherapy, autogenous vaccines, and the works of E.C. Rosenow.
16. Bibliography with no place of publication found

Patterson KD, compiler. Infectious diseases in twentieth-century Africa: a bibliography of
their distribution and consequences. [place unknown]: Crossroads Press; c1979. 251 p.
17. Bibliography with publisher with subsidiary department/division

named
Becker B, Wechsler L, Hoolihan C, Weimer MF, compilers. The Bernard Becker collection
in ophthalmology: an annotated catalog [bibliography]. St. Louis (MO): Washington
University School of Medicine, Bernard Becker Medical Library; c1996. 180 p.
Bador G, Thoolen H, Martin SF, Allard D, compilers. A selected bibliography on refugee
health. Geneva (Switzerland): United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Centre
for Documentation on Refugees; 1991. 184 p.
18. Bibliography with national or governmental agency as publisher,

with country qualifier added
Advancing women's status: women and men together? Gender, society and development
[bibliography]. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Royal Tropical Institute (NL); 1995. 200 p.
Bibliographies 543
Yuan FL, compiler. A selected bibliography on urbanization in China. Washington:

Bureau of the Census (US), Center for International Research; 1991. 182 p. (CIR staff
paper; no. 61).
19. Bibliography with joint publication

Haynes C, compiler. Ethnic minority health: a selected, annotated bibliography. Lanham
(MD): Scarecrow Press; c1997. 503 p. A joint publication of the Medical Library
Association.
Rudd RE, Colton Tayla, Schacht R, compilers. An overview of medical and public health
literature addressing literacy issues: an annotated bibliography [microfiche]. Cambridge
(MA): Harvard Graduate School of Education; 2000. 1 microfiche: black & white, 4 x 6 in.
Jointly published by the National Center for the Study of Adult Learning and Literacy,
Washington.
20. Bibliography with no publisher found

Eide M, compiler. Adult survivors of incest/childhood sexual abuse: a selected, annotated
list of books [bibliography]. 3rd ed. Ypsilanti (MI): [publisher unknown]; c1997. 110 p.

Rykov M, Salmon D, compilers. Bibliography for music therapy in palliative care
1963-1996. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 1996. 15 p.
22. Bibliography with standard date of publication

Shenk D, Sokolovsky J, compilers. Cultural perspectives on aging [bibliography].
Washington: Association for Gerontology in Higher Education; 1997. 8 p.
23. Bibliography with month and year of publication

Reinhardt V, Reinhardt A, compilers. Annotated bibliography on refinement and
environmental enrichment for primates kept in laboratories. 8th ed. Washington: Animal
Welfare Institute; 2005 Jan. 89 p.
24. Bibliography with multiple years

25. Bibliography with date of publication estimated

Patton LT, compiler. Community health centers: a working bibliography. Washington:
National Association of Community Health Centers; [1989?]. 76 p.
544 Citing Medicine
26. Bibliography with no date of publication, but a date of copyright

Bondi K, editor. Chronic fatigue syndrome: overview abstracts and bibliography. New
York: Nova Science Publishers; c2003. 236 p.
27. Bibliography with no date of publication or copyright found

Bustad LK, Hegreberg GA, Padgett GA, compilers. Naturally occurring animal models of
human disease: a bibliography. Washington: National Academy of Sciences (US), Institute
of Laboratory Animal Resources; [date unknown]. 99 p.
28. Bibliography with standard pagination

Brogdon J, Olsen WC, editors. The contemporary and historical literature of food science
and human nutrition [bibliography]. Ithaca (NY): Cornell University Press; c1995. 296 p.
29. Bibliography published in more than one volume

Nation EF, Roland CG, McGovern JP, compilers. An annotated checklist of Osleriana
[bibliography]. Montreal (QC): McGill University, Osler Library; 2000. 2 vol.
30. No page numbers on the pages of the bibliography

31. Bibliography in a series

Mullner RM, Jewell M, compilers. A bibliography of recent works on home health care.
Lewiston (NY): Edwin Mellen Press; c2000. 184 p. (Studies in health and human services;
vol. 37).
Yuan FL, compiler. A selected bibliography on urbanization in China. Washington:
Bureau of the Census (US), Center for International Research; 1991. 182 p. (CIR staff
paper; no. 61).
32. Bibliography in a series with series editor's name included

Selden CR, Kelliher R, compilers. Distance education in public health [bibliography].
Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2003 Dec. (Patrias K, editor. Current
bibliographies in medicine; no. 2003-3). 471 citations from January 1998 through October
2003.
Bibliographies 545

Rudd RE, Colton Tayla, Schacht R, compilers. An overview of medical and public health
literature addressing literacy issues: an annotated bibliography [microfiche]. Cambridge
(MA): Harvard Graduate School of Education; 2000. 1 microfiche: black & white, 4 x 6 in.
Williams LA, compiler. Family violence and American Indians/Alaska Natives: a report to
the Indian Health Service Office of Women's Health [bibliography on microfiche].
[Bethesda (MD)]: Department of Health and Human Services (US), Indian Health
Service, Office of Women's Health; 2002 Oct. 96 p. 1 microfiche: black & white, 4 x 6 in.
34. Bibliography with note on number of citations, date range

Zorn MA, Allen MP, Horowitz AM, compilers. Understanding health literacy and its
barriers [bibliography]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2004. 38 p.
651 citations from January 1998 through November 2003.
35. Bibliography that is government sponsored

bibliography and resources. Bethesda (MD): Abt Associates; 2004 Mar. 75 p. Contract No.:
HRN-C-OO-95-00024. 101 citations from 1995 to 2004. Funded by the US Agency for
International Development.
36. Bibliography with availability statement

Cumulative trauma disorders in the workplace: bibliography. Cincinnati (OH): National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (US), Education and Information Division;
1995. 209 p. Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; HE
20.7114:T 69.
Guiterrez MK, compiler. Assessing children for the presence of a disability: resources you
can use [bibliography]. 2nd ed. Washington: National Information Center for Children
and Youth with Disabilities (US); 2002. 10 p. Available from: ERIC, Lanham, MD;
ED473542.
37. Bibliography accompanied by a CD-ROM, disk, or other medium

Jones R, editor. Bibliography of commonwealth apiculture. London: Commonwealth
Secretariat; 2005. 348 p. Accompanied by: 1 CD-ROM.
Sacks JM, Bilaniuk MT, Gendron JM, editors. Bibliography of psychodrama: inception to
date. New York: Psychodrama Center of New York; c1995. 129 p. Accompanied by: 2
disks: 3 1/2 in. One disk is for an IBM Personal Computer, the other is for a Macintosh.
546 Citing Medicine
38. Bibliography with other supplemental notes

An album of publications of BIRPERHT [bibliography]. Dhaka (Bangladesh): BIRPERHT;
1997. 40 p. (BIRPERHT publication; no. 114). BIRPERHT stands for Bangladesh Institute
of Research for Promotion of Essential & Reproductive Health and Technologies.
Beguin Stockli D, compiler. Genitale Verstummelung von Frauen: eine Bibliographie
[Female genital mutilation: a bibliography]. Bern (Switzerland): Institut fur Ethnologie
der Universitat Bern; 1993. 72 p. German. Located at: National Library of Medicine,
Bethesda, MD; 1996 C-377.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Parts of

Bibliographies
The general format for a reference to a part of a bibliography, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Parts of Bibliographies

Rather than citing a bibliography as a whole, separately identified portions of a
bibliography may be cited. Chapters, sections, appendixes, and the like are considered
parts of bibliographies when they are written or compiled by the authors of the
bibliography.
the intellectual content of the publication, begin a reference to a part of a bibliography
with the bibliography itself, then follow it with the information about the part. See
Chapter 2C Parts of Books for further details on citing parts.
For instructions on citing one volume of a bibliography published in multiple volumes,
see Chapter 2B Individual Volumes of Books (Chapter 2B(1) Individual Volumes With a
Separate Title but Without Separate Authors/Editors or Chapter 2B(2) Individual
Volumes With a Separate Title and Separate Authors/Editors) and example 7 below.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Bibliographies.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Parts of Bibliographies.
Bibliographies 547
Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Bibliographies

it is optional.
Bibliography (R) | Name and Number/Letter of the Part (R) | Title of the Part (R) |
Location (Pagination) of the Part (R)
Bibliography (required)
Cite the bibliography according to Chapter 6A Entire Bibliographies
Name and Number/Letter of the Part for a Bibliography (required)

Enter the name of the part, such as Chapter or Appendix
Do not abbreviate names. For example, convert Chap. to Chapter.
Follow the name with any accompanying number or letter, such as Chapter 12 or
Appendix A

No name appears

Swedish, etc.)
Capitulo 10
Annexe 5
Figura 10a
Risunok 6
Parartema 4
548 Citing Medicine
Romanize or translate names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese,

etc.). Surround translated titles with square brackets.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
square brackets

Bibliographies 549

Zusatz
Sezione
Otdel
Otdelenie
Parte

Appendix, Organization and program Internet resources; p. 516-7.

If the part being cited is clearly a table, figure, appendix, or similar part but it is not
[Appendix], Sources consulted; p. 151-3.
Fires and burns; p. 72-5.

1. A chapter of a bibliography
2. A subject section of a bibliography with number/letter
3. A subject section of a bibliography without number/letter
4. An appendix of a bibliography
550 Citing Medicine
5. Other parts of a bibliography

6. Part of a bibliography in a language other than English
7. One volume of a bibliography
Title of the Part for a Bibliography (required)

Enter the title of the part as it appears in the bibliography
and initialisms

Titles of parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special
character
No title appears

Swedish, etc.)
Capitulo 10, Publicaciones sobre medicina homeopatica; p. 185-8. Spanish.
Place the translation in square brackets.
publications.
treated as A
Bibliographies 551
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Japanese.
Box 60. Titles of parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special
character.
capitalized
Part 10, n-alkenes; p. 374-90.
Chapter 3, von Willebrand factor; p. 45-51.
becomes omega.
Section 3, Seed extract of Syzygium Cumini (Jamun) exposed to different doses
of -radiation; p. 566-9.
may become
552 Citing Medicine
Section 3, Seed extract of Syzygium Cumini (Jamun) exposed to different doses

of gamma-radiation; p. 566.
Chapter 4, Transport of NH3 into red blood cells; p. 149-51.
may become
Chapter 4, Transport of NH(3) into red blood cells; p. 149-51.

Table, [Ratios of types of literature found]; p. 72.
Examples for Title

Location (Pagination) of the Part for a Bibliography (required)

Bibliographies 553
and p. 663-4.


Appendix 2, Directory of organizations; p. XXI-XXII.

Appendix 3C, Search strategies used; [7 p.].

numbered.
Figure 5, Modeling the rise of in-hospital death; [preceding p. 55].
554 Citing Medicine
If the entire bibliography has no page numbers or the part cannot be easily located
in relation to numbered pages, give the total number of pages of the part you wish
to cite, placed in square brackets, such as [5 p.]
Table, Checklist of sources; [1 p.].

Examples of Citations to Parts of Bibliographies

Haynes C, compiler. Ethnic minority health: a selected, annotated bibliography. Lanham
(MD): Scarecrow Press; c1997. Chapter 4, Mental health; p. 21-37.
Teaching hospital costs: an annotated bibliography of the costs of medical education,
patient care, and research at teaching hospitals. Washington: Association of American
Medical Colleges; 2000. Chapter 3B, The cost of serving low income patients and patients
without adequate insurance coverage; p. 55-8.

Velasquez G, Hanvoravongchai P, Boulet P, compilers. Globalization, patents and drugs:
an annotated bibliography. 2nd ed. Geneva: World Health Organization, Essential Drugs
and Medicines Policy; c2001. Section 2.6, North America; p. 48-50.
Gordner RL, Tralka TS, compilers. Management of hepatitis C [bibliography]. Bethesda
(MD): National Library of Medicine (US), Reference Section; 1997 Feb. [Section] B2,
Hepatitis C genotyping; p. 9-14.

Horowitz LM, Schreiber MD, Hare I, Walker VR, Talley AL, editors. Psychological factors
in emergency medical services for children: abstracts of the psychological, behavioral, and
Bibliographies 555
medical literature, 1991-1998 [bibliography]. Washington: American Psychological

Association; c1999. Children's reactions to disasters; p.37-46.
Sleet DA, Hopkins K, compilers and editors. Bibliography of behavioral science research
in unintentional injury prevention. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (US), National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Division of
Unintentional Injury Prevention; 2004. Fires and burns; p. 72-5.
Clamp CG, Gough S, Land L, compilers. Resources for nursing research: an annotated
bibliography. 4th ed. London: Sage Publication, Limited; 2004. Appendix A, Computer
programs for design and analysis; p. 338-40.
Selden CR, Humphreys BL, Yasnoff WA, Ryan ME, compilers. Public health informatics
[bibliography]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), Reference section;
2001 Apr. Appendix, Organization and program Internet resources; [1 p.].

Brogdon J, Olsen WC, editors. The contemporary and historical literature of food science
and human nutrition [bibliography]. Ithaca (NY): Cornell University Press; c1995. Table
4.6, Characteristics of core monographs; p. 140.
Cumulative trauma disorders in the workplace: bibliography. Cincinnati (OH): National
Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (US), Education and Information Division;
1995. Part 2, Cumulative trauma disorders in the workplace - bibliography; p. 153-208.

Mane Garzon F, Burgues Roca S. Publicaciones medicas uruguayas de los siglos XVIII y
XIX. Montevideo (Uruguay): Oficina del Libro AEM; 1996. Capitulo 10, Publicaciones
sobre medicina homeopatica; p. 185-8. Spanish.
40 ans de recherche en economie de la sante: bibliographie thematique illustree;
retrospective des travaux du CREDES depuis 1954. Paris: Centre de Recherche d'Etude et
de Documentation en Economie de la Sante; 1994 Oct. Annexe, Le Centre de
Documentation du CREDES; p. 147. French.
Guerrino AA, compiler. Bibliografia historica de la medicina argentina. Buenos Aires
(Argentina): Editorial Dunken; 2001. [Photograph], Impreso editado con motivo de la
creacion de la Universidad de Buenos Aires en 1821; [preceding p. 13]. Spanish.
with translation
Mane Garzon F, Burgues Roca S. Publicaciones medicas uruguayas de los siglos XVIII y
XIX [Uruguayan medical publications of the 18th and 19th centuries]. Montevideo
(Uruguay): Oficina del Libro AEM; 1996. Capitulo 10, Publicaciones sobre medicina
homeopatica [Chapter 10, Publications on homeopathic medicine]; p. 185-8. Spanish.
556 Citing Medicine
40 ans de recherche en economie de la sante: bibliographie thematique illustree;

retrospective des travaux du CREDES depuis 1954 [40 years of research in health
economics: illustrated subject bibliography; retrospective work of CREDES since 1954].
Paris: Centre de Recherche d'Etude et de Documentation en Economie de la Sante; 1994
Oct. Annexe, Le Centre de Documentation du CREDES [Appendix, The Resource Center
of CREDES]; p. 147. French.
Guerrino AA, compiler. Bibliografia historica de la medicina argentina [Historical
bibliography of Argentine medicine]. Buenos Aires (Argentina): Editorial Dunken; 2001.
[Photograph], Impreso editado con motivo de la creacion de la Universidad de Buenos
Aires en 1821 [Photograph], [Edict published showing the motivation for creation of the
University of Buenos Aires in 1821]; [preceding p. 13]. Spanish.

Neu J, editor. Isis cumulative bibliography, 1986-95: a bibliography of the history of
science formed from the annual Isis current bibliographies. Vol. 4, Time periods 19th and
20th centuries. Canton (MA): Science History Publications/USA; 1997. p. 623-1362.
Medicine and health in Africa: a bibliography with critical abstracts. Vol. 3, 1987/88.
London: Bureau of Hygiene and Tropical Diseases; c1988.
Population--education--development in Africa South of the Sahara: a selective annotated
bibliography. Vol. 1, Population. Dakar (Senegal): United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization; 1978.
557
Chapter 7. Patents

Examples
Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Patents

The general format for a reference to a patent, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Patents

A patent is "A title of legal protection of an invention, issued, upon application and
subject to meeting legal criteria, by a government office" (NISO Z39.29). Patents are a
special type of legal document requiring specific information. Thus citations to patents are
very different from the standard book.
Patents have two types of "authors", the inventor(s) of the device, process, or other
entity being patented, and the "assignee", the organization or individual(s) holding
legal title to the patent. Note that assignee is used to refer to both a single patent
holder or multiple holders.
The name of the country granting the patent and the patent number are used
instead of place of publication and publisher. Use the adjectival form of the English
name for the country, e.g., "French" for France and "German" for Germany. Note,
however, that US patents use United States and UK patents United Kingdom, not
American and British.
In addition to patents being granted by individual countries, they may be issued by a
regional office working for a number of countries, such as the European Patent Office, the
Eurasian Patent Organization, and the African Regional Intellectual Property
Organization. Under such regional systems, an applicant requests protection for the
invention in one or more countries, and each country decides whether to offer patent
protection within its borders. Patent numbers beginning with EP, for example, were issued
by the European Patent Office. Finally, international patents may be issued through the
558 Citing Medicine
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). "World patent" is used for the country,
and patent numbers begin with WO.
Either a final patent or a patent application may be cited. For the latter, include the word
application as part of the patent document type. See the rules for Patent Applications
below and example #26.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Patents.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Patents.
Citation Rules with Examples for Patents

it is optional.
Author (Inventor) (R) | Author (Assignee) (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Type of
Medium (R) | Patent Country (R) | Patent Document Type (R) | Country Code (R) |
Patent Number (R) | Date Issued (R) | Pagination (O) | Physical Description (O) |
International Classification Code (O) | Country Classification Code (O) | Application
Number and Filing Date (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O) | Patent Applications
Author (Inventor) for Patents (required)

General Rules for Author (inventor)
Begin with names of the inventors
Enter surname (family or last name) first for each inventor
Give all inventors, regardless of the number
Separate inventor names from each other by a comma and a space
Follow the last named inventor with a comma and the word inventor or inventors
End inventor information with a semicolon and a space
Specific Rules for Author (inventor)

Surnames provided in all capital letters
Other surname rules
Patents 559

Non-English names for inventor
Organizations as inventor
Options for inventor names
Box 1. Surnames provided in all capital letters.

When the surname is provided in all capital letters, lowercase all letters except the
first letter of the surname (or surnames if a compound name) and any prefix,
preposition, or particle
O'CONNER becomes O'Conner
ROBLES GARCIA becomes Robles Garcia
LE HENANFF becomes Le Henanff
HALLEY DES FONTAINES becomes Halley des Fontaines


560 Citing Medicine

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Patents 561

letter

Examples:

Omit rank and honors such as Dr. or Sir that precede a name
Prof. Dr. Eberhard Stennert becomes Stennert E
562 Citing Medicine

Box 7. Non-English names for inventor.

Translate the word found for inventor into English. However, the wording found on
To assist in identifying inventors, below is a brief list of non-English words for
inventor:
Language Name for Inventor
French inventeur
German Verfasser
Erfinder
Italian inventore
Russian izobretatel
Spanish inventor

publications.
Patents 563
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Box 9. Organizations as inventor.

body may serve as an inventor, although this is more unusual today.
Give the name of the organization as it appears on the title page of the patent, using
whatever abbreviations and punctuation are found
Do not omit any words or abbreviate any words that are not already abbreviated
Examples:
Ethicon Inc
Boston Scientific Limited
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
The Dow Chemical Company
Separate two or more organizations by a semicolon
Medical Design Labs, Inc.; Cardiac Pacemakers, Ltd., inventors.
564 Citing Medicine

Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica del CNR
Universitatsmedizin Berlin
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas [Spanish National
Research Council]
brackets.
Tjumenskaja Gosudarstvennaja Meditsinskaja Akademija [Tyumen
State Medical Academy]
or
[Tyumen State Medical Academy]
[Korean Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology]
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
Patents 565
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Box 10. Options for inventor names.

The following format is not NLM practice for citing names of inventors, but is an
acceptable option:
Full first names of inventors may be given. Separate the surname from the given
name or initials by a comma and a space; follow initials with a period; separate
successive names by a semicolon and a space.
inventors;
Mann, Frederick D.; Swartz, Mary N.; Little, R.T., inventors;
Examples for Author (inventor)

1. Standard US patent
2. US patent with optional full names for inventor(s)
3. Patent in which an inventor is also an assignee
4. Patent in which an organization is the inventor
Author (Assignee) for Patents (required)

General Rules for Author (assignee)
List names of the assignee (also called proprietors or applicants in some countries)
in the order they appear in the text
Give the name of an organization as it appears on the title page of the patent, using
Enter surname (family or last name) first for each person as assignee
566 Citing Medicine
Give all assignee, regardless of the number
Separate assignee names from each other by a comma and a space
Follow the last named assignee with a comma and the word assignee (assignee is
used for both singular and plural)
End assignee information with a period
Specific Rules for Author (assignee)

Names provided in all capital letters
Other surname rules
Non-English names for assignee
Organizations as assignee
Both individuals and organizations as assignee
Options for assignee names
Box 11. Names provided in all capital letters.

When the surname of an individual is provided in all capital letters, lowercase all
letters except the first letter of the surname (or surnames if a compound name) and
any prefix, preposition, or particle
O'CONNER becomes O'Conner
ROBLES GARCIA becomes Robles Garcia
LE HENANFF becomes Le Henanff
HALLEY DES FONTAINES becomes Halley des Fontaines
When the name of an organization is provided in all capital letters, capitalize proper
nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, initialisms, and other significant words in an
organization name and lowercase articles, conjunctions, and prepositions, such as
of, the, at, in
THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF
MICHIGAN becomes The Board of Trustees of the University of Michigan
Patents 567


publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
568 Citing Medicine
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

letter
Patents 569

Examples:
Omit rank and honors such as Dr. or Sir that precede a name
Prof. Dr. Eberhard Stennert becomes Stennert E
Box 17. Non-English names for assignee.

Translate the word found for assignee into English. However, the wording found on
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
570 Citing Medicine
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
To assist in identifying the assignee, below is a brief list of non-English words for
assignee:
Language Name for Assignee
French demandeur
titulaire
German Anmelder
Italian richiedente
Russian zayavitel
Spanish solicitante
Patents 571
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Box 19. Organizations as assignee.

body often serves as an assignee.
Give the name of the organization as it appears on the title page of the patent, using
Do not omit any words or abbreviate any words that are not already abbreviated
publications.
treated as A
572 Citing Medicine
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Examples:
The Dow Chemical Company
Boston Scientific Limited
Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmBH & Co. KG
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.
The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois
The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health and
Human Services
Box 20. Both individuals and organizations as assignee.

Give the names in the order in which they appear on the patent title page.
Examples:
Mazurik SM, Sokolov A, inventors; Mazurik SM, Sokolov A, Poltavsky
Meditsinsky Stomatologichesky Institut, assignee.
Nilsson H, Lange BH, Post C, Nielsen TG, inventors; Gastrotech Pharma AS,
Nilsson H, Lange BH, Post C, Nielsen TG, assignee.
Patents 573
Box 21. Options for assignee names.

The following format is not NLM practice for citing names of assignee, but is an
acceptable option:
Full first names of the assignee may be given. Separate the surname from the given
Takagi, Yasushi; Harada, Jun, assignee.
Mann, Frederick D.; Swartz, Mary N.; Little, R.T., assignee.
Examples for Author (assignee)

5. Patent with more than one assignee
6. Patent with the US government as the assignee
7. Patent with affiliation of inventor(s) and assignee included
Author Affiliation for Patents (optional)

Enter the affiliation of all inventors and assignee or only the first one
Begin with the name of the city, if given
Follow cities in other countries with the name of the country, either as the two-
letter ISO country code (see Appendix D) or written out in full
Place the address in parentheses, such as (Pittsburgh, PA), (Berlin, DE), and
(France)
End affiliation information with a comma placed outside the closing parenthesis


Patents are required to list the country of the inventors, usually in the form of the two-
letter ISO country code (see Appendix D). Many also include the city.
574 Citing Medicine
Begin with the name of the city, if found. Use the English form for names whenever
possible. However, the name as found on the publication may always be used.
Wien becomes Vienna
Follow the city name with a comma, a space, and either the ISO country code (see
Appendix D) or the country name written out, such as Bern, CH or Bern,
Switzerland
Place the city and country names in parentheses
(Bern, CH) or (Bern, Switzerland)
Examples:
Fujieda Y (Okayama, JP), Ogushi M (Ibaraki, JP), Fukuda M (Ibaraki, JP),
Zento T (Ibaraki, JP), Wada K (Ibaraki, JP), Ichikawa T (Oita, JP), Ishida A
(Oita, JP), inventors; Kuraray Co., Ltd. (Kurashiki, JP), Kawasumi
Laboratories, Inc. (Tokyo, JP), assignee.
Nilsson H (DK), Lange BH (DK), Post C (DK), Nielsen TG (DK), inventors;
Gastrotech Pharma AS (DK), Nilsson H (DK), Lange BH (DK), Post C (DK),
Nielsen TG (DK), assignee.

Title for Patents (required)

Enter the title of a patent as it appears in the original document, in the original
language
and initialisms
in square brackets
End a title with a period

Patents 575

Swedish, etc.)
Cameron B, Crouzet J, inventors; Rhone-Poulenc Biochemie, assignee.
Cellules modifiees au niveau du catabolisme de la betaine, preparation et
utilisations, notamment pour la production de metabolites ou d'enzymes.
European patent EP 0 673 422 B1. 2006 Jan 4. French.
Bazhenov AN, Ilyushina LV, Plesovskaya IV, inventors; Bazhenov AN,
Ilyushina LV, Plesovskaya IV, assignee. Metodika lecheniia pri revmatoidnom
artrite. Russian Federation patent RU 2268734. 2006 Jan 27. Russian.
translated titles in square brackets
Katsuko S, Shunsuke M, Takashi U, Tetsuya T, Miki E, inventors; Advance
Company Ltd, assignee. [Carrier for living body, and cell cultivation].
Japanese patent JP 2004267562. 2004 Sep 30. Japanese.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
576 Citing Medicine
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Provide an English translation after the original language one if possible. Place
translations in square brackets.
Cameron B, Crouzet J, inventors; Rhone-Poulenc Biochemie, assignee.
Cellules modifiees au niveau du catabolisme de la betaine, preparation et
utilisations, notamment pour la production de metabolites ou d'enzymes
[Cells with altered betaine catabolism, their preparation and their use, in
particular for producing metabolites or enzymes]. European patent EP 0 673
422 B1. 2006 Jan 4. French.
Bazhenov AN, Ilyushina LV, Plesovskaya IV, inventors; Bazhenov AN,
Ilyushina LV, Plesovskaya IV, assignee. Metodika lecheniia pri revmatoidnom
artrite [Method for treating rheumatoid arthritis]. Russian Federation patent
RU 2268734. 2006 Jan 27. Int. Cl. A61K-033/06. Russian.
character.
Capitalize the first word of a patent title unless the title begins with a Greek letter,
capitalized
Inoue K, Arai H, Arita M, Jishage K, Suzuki H, inventors; Inoue K, Arai H,
assignee. -tocopherol transport protein knockout animal. United States
patent US 6,982,362. 2006 Jan 3. 19 p.
Hong JH, Lee K, Choi Y, Shi J, McAfee JJ, Chu CK, Liotta DC, Schinazi RF,
inventors; Emory University, assignee. 2'-fluoronucleosides. United States
patent US 6,911,424. 2005 Jun 11. 75 p.
becomes omega.
Schwinn DA, inventor; Duke University, assignee. Use of -1AR subtype-
selective drugs in patients with acute myocardial infarction. United States
patent US 6,921,773. 2005 Jul 26. 5 p.
Patents 577
or
Schwinn DA, inventor; Duke University, assignee. Use of alpha-1AR subtype-
selective drugs in patients with acute myocardial infarction. United States
patent US 6,921,773. 2005 Jul 26. 5 p.
Sanger GJ, Wardle KA, inventors; SmithKline Beecham Corporation, assignee.
Use of 5-HT4 modulators for the manufacture of a medicament for the
treatment of the bladder diseases. United States patent US 6,750,195. 2004 Jun
15. 7 p.
or
Sanger GJ, Wardle KA, inventors; SmithKline Beecham Corporation, assignee.
Use of 5-HT(4) modulators for the manufacture of a medicament for the
treatment of the bladder diseases. United States patent US 6,750,195. 2004 Jun
15. 7 p.
Examples for Title

8. Non-US patent written in the roman alphabet
9. Non-US patent written in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean
10. Non-US patent written in a character-based language (Chinese, Japanese)
11. Non-US patent, with translation
12. Patent title containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special
character
13. Patent title containing a superscript or subscript
14. Patent in a microform
Type of Medium for Patents (required)

following the title when a patent is published in a microform
"[microfiche]."
Description below
578 Citing Medicine


Le Video Tearscope: une nouvelle methode d'evaluation du film lacrymal in
vivo [The Video Tearscope: a new method for evaluating lacrimal film in
vivo].
If a patent is in a microform (microfiche, microfile, microcard, etc.), place the
specific name of the microform within square brackets following the translation
Le Video Tearscope: une nouvelle methode d'evaluation du film lacrymal in
vivo [The Video Tearscope: a new method for evaluating lacrimal film in vivo]
[microfiche].

Patent Country (required)

General Rules for Patent Country
Name the country issuing the patent
Use the adjectival form of the name, such as French and Russian, but use United
States and United Kingdom
End place information with a space
Specific Rules for Patent Country

Regional office rather than an individual country
Box 26. Regional office rather than an individual country.

Regional offices are designated by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
The chart below is abstracted from the Handbook on Industrial Property Information and
Documenation at WIPO Web site.
Use the patent designation in the last column when citing a patent from a regional
office.
Patents 579
Office Abbreviation Patent Designation

African Intellectual Property Organization OAPI African Intellectual Property
patent
African Regional Intellectual Property ARIPO African Regional Intellectual
Organization Property patent
Benelux Designs Office BBDM Benelux patent
Eurasian Patent Organization EAPO Eurasian patent
European Patent Organisation EPO European patent
Patent Office of the Cooperation Council GCC Gulf Cooperation Council
for the Arab States of the Gulf patent
World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO World patent
Example:
Cully EH, Cutright WJ, Nordhausen CT, Vonesh MJ, Walter JT, inventors;
Gore Enterprise Holdings, Inc., assignee. Medical device amenable to
fenestration. European patent EP 1 539 037 B1. 2005 Jul 12. 27 p.
Examples for Patent Country

15. Patent issued by a regional office
16. Patent issued by WIPO
Patent Document Type (required)

General Rules for Patent Document Type
Use whatever specific document type is found on the publication
For US patents, simply use the word patent
End type information with a space
Specific Rules for Patent Document Type

Document types for non-US patents
Box 27. Document types for non-US patents.

Countries other than the US often indicate a specific type of patent document. For
example, in Germany the word Offenlegungsschrift indicates a patent application,
Auslegeschrift an examined patent, and Patentschrift a final issued patent.
580 Citing Medicine
Simply the word patent may be used for a final issued patent from all countries. However,
if the language is unfamiliar or the status of the patent document is unclear, use the
wording found on the document.
Examples:
Hensel W, Lehner R, Schwenk H, inventors; Siltronic AG, assignee. Nichtpolierte
Halbleiterscheibe und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer nichtpolierten
Halbleiterscheibe. German Offenlegungsschrift DE 10 2005 046 726 A1. 2006 Mar
16. German.
Zinsmeyer J, Gross J, Brux B, inventors; Charite der Humboldt-Universitaet
Direktorat Forschung, assignee. Enzymimmunoassay und Testbesteck zum
Nachweis humaner Neuronen-spezifischer Enolase. German Patentschrift DD
295717 A5. 1991 Nov 7. German.
Examples for Patent Document Type

17. Non-US patent with specific type of document given
Country Code for Patents (required)

General Rules for Country Code
Use the two-letter ISO code for the country (see Appendix D)
Follow the code with a space
Specific Rules for Country Code

Regional office rather than an individual country
Box 28. Regional office rather than an individual country.

Regional offices are designated by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
The chart below is abstracted from the Handbook on Industrial Property Information and
Documenation at WIPO Web site.
Use the patent code in the last column when citing a patent from a regional office.
Office Abbreviation Patent Code
African Intellectual Property Organization OAPI OA
African Regional Intellectual Property Organization ARIPO AP
Benelux Designs/Trademark Office BBDM BX

Patents 581
Office Abbreviation Patent Code

Eurasian Patent Organization EAPO EA
European Patent Organisation EPO EP
Patent Office of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of GCC GC
the Gulf
World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO WO
Example:
Cully EH, Cutright WJ, Nordhausen CT, Vonesh MJ, Walter JT, inventors;
Gore Enterprise Holdings, Inc., assignee. Medical device amenable to
fenestration. European patent EP 1 539 037 B1. 2005 Jul 12. 27 p.
Examples for Country Code

23. Regional or world patent listing countries that recognize it using ISO country
codes
25. Optional brief patent citation format
Patent Number (required)

General Rules for Patent Number
Record the patent number as it appears on the publication, using whatever spacing
and punctuation are found
End the patent number with a period
Specific Rules for Patent Number

Letters following patent numbers
Optional brief patent citation format
Box 29. Letters following patent numbers.

A letter or a letter and a number combination at the end of a patent number often
indicate the kind of patent document. For example, the letter A usually indicates a
582 Citing Medicine
patent application. Always include any letter accompanying a patent document

number.
Examples:
DD 295717 A5
EP 0 673 422 B1
Box 30. Optional brief patent citation format.

The following format is not NLM practice for citing patents, but is an acceptable option:
Begin with the two-letter ISO code (see Appendix D) for the country
Follow the code with a space, the word patent, and a space
Record the patent number as it appears on the publication, using whatever spacing
and punctuation are found
Follow the number with a period and a space
Enter the date of publication in the format year month day
End the citation with a period
Examples:
US patent 6,857,874. 2005 Feb 7.
RU patent 2 219 546. 2003 Dec 20.
Examples for Patent Number

codes
Date Issued for Patents (required)

General Rules for Date Issued
Begin with the year of publication
Patents 583
Follow the year with the month and day of publication, such as 2004 May 10
Jan
Specific Rules for Date Issued

Non-US forms for dates
Box 31. Non-US forms for dates.

Dates in US patents appear in the format month day, year. For example: August 23,
2005.
Dates in other countries may appear in patents in a variety of formats
2004/12/02
30.07.2004
2004-10-02
14 June 2004
15/06/2005
Enter the year first, then the month and the day, regardless of the format found
August 23, 2005 becomes 2005 Aug 23
2004/12/02 becomes 2004 Dec 2
30.07.2004 becomes 2004 Jul 30
2004-10-02 becomes 2004 Oct 2
14 June 2004 becomes 2004 Jun 14
15/06/2005 becomes 2005 Jun 15
Translate names of months into English and abbreviate them using the first three
letters
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
Example:
22 Marz 2002 becomes 2002 Mar 22
584 Citing Medicine
Examples for Date Issued

Pagination for Patents (optional)

Provide the total number of pages on which the text of the patent appears

No numbers appear on the pages of the patent
Box 32. No numbers appear on the pages of the patent.

Occasionally, a patent will have no numbers on its pages.
End with a period
Example:
8 leaves.

18. Patent with optional number of pages included
Physical Description for Patents (optional)

Give information on the physical characteristics if a patent is published in a
in. Such information will help the reader select the appropriate equipment with

Patents 585

If a patent is published on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:
Begin with the number and type of physical pieces, followed by a colon and a space
5 microfiche:
3 microcards:
color
black & white
positive
negative

International Classification Code for Patents (optional)

General Rules for International Classification Code
Abbreviate International Classification Code to "Int. Cl." and follow it with a space
Enter the International Classification Code number or numbers in the order found
on the patent
586 Citing Medicine
Separate multiple classification numbers by a semicolon and a space

Examples for International Classification Code

19. Patent with International Classification Code included
Country Classification Code for Patents (optional)

General Rules for Country Classification Code
Begin with the two-letter ISO code (see Appendix D) for the country issuing the
patent, followed by a space
Follow the country code with the abbreviation "Cl." and a space, such as "US Cl."
Enter the classification number or numbers assigned to the patent by the country in
the order found on the patent
Separate multiple classification numbers by a semicolon and a space
Examples for Country Classification Code

20. Patent with classification codes of the country granting it
Application Number and Filing Date for Published Patents (optional)

General Rules for Application Number and Filing Date
Abbreviate application number to Appl. No. and end it with a colon and a space
Enter the application number followed by a semicolon and a space
Give the filing date in the format year month day, as 2006 May 3
End the date with a period
To cite a patent application for unpublished patents, see Patent Applications below
Examples for Application Number and Filing Date

21. Patent application number and date for published patents
Language for Patents (required)


9. Non-US patent written in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean
Patents 587
10. Non-US patent written in a character-based language (Chinese, Japanese)

Notes for Patents (optional)

itself
Be brief

Related and cited patents
Countries that recognize a regional or world patent
Box 34. Related and cited patents.

List the patent numbers included in the patent as related and/or as cited.
For related patent numbers
Begin with the phrase "Related US patents" followed by a colon and a space,
substituting the appropriate ISO country code (see Appendix D) for non-US
patents
Enter the patent numbers in the order given in the patent
Separate numbers by a semicolon and a space
Repeat the steps above for the numbers of additional countries
For cited patent numbers:
Begin with the phrase "Cited US patents" followed by a colon and a space,
substituting the appropriate ISO country code (see Appendix D) for non-US
patents
Enter the patent numbers in the order given in the patent
Separate numbers by a semicolon and a space
Repeat the steps above for the numbers of additional countries
Example:
Co MS (Cupertino, CA), Scheinberg DA (New York, NY), Queen CL (Los
Altos, CA), inventors; Protein Design Labs, Inc. (Fremont, CA); Memorial
Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (New York, NY), assignee. Increasing antibody
588 Citing Medicine
affinity by altering glycosylation of immunoglobulin variable region. United

States patent US 6,933,368. 2005 Aug 23. Related US patents: 6,350,861;
5,714,350. Cited US patents: 5,147,637; 5,714,350; 5,730,982; 5,821,337;
6,054,297; 6,218,149; 6,350,861. Cited EP patents: 0 239 400; 0 438 312. Cited
WO patents: 90/07861; 92/22653; 03/016466.
Box 35. Countries that recognize a regional or world patent.

List the countries that recognize a regional or world patent.
Begin with the phrase "Recognized by" followed by a colon and a space
Use the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D) for each country
Place the country codes in alphabetical order
Separate codes by a comma and a space
Examples:
Cameron B, Crouzet J, inventors; Rhone-Poulenc Biochimie, assignee. Cellules
modifiees au niveau catabolisme de la betaine, preparation et utilisations,
notamment pour la production de metabolites ou d'enzymes [Cells with
altered betaine catabolism, their preparation and their use, in particular for
producing metabolites or enzymes]. European patent EP 0 673 422 B1. 2006
Jan 4. French. Recognized by: AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR, GB, GR, IE, IT, LI,
LU, NL, PT, SE.
Ottersbach P, Lohmer G, inventors; Creavis Gesellschaft fur Technologit und
Innovation MBH, assignee. Verfahren zur Modifizierung von
Polymersubstraten durch Oberflachenfixierung eigenschaftsbestimmender
Makromolekule [Method for modifying polymer substrates by surface fixing
of functional macromolecules]. World patent WO 00/44818. 2000 Aug 3.
German. Recognized by: BR, CA, CN, IL, JP, KR, PL, RU, US.

Give any other information that may be useful to the reader, such as any grant
numbers or other sponsorship information of the work that led to the patent.
Patents 589
Ohlrogge JB, Benning C, Gao H, Girke TA, White JA, inventors; Board of
Trustees Operating Michigan State University, assignee. Plant seed specific
promoters. United States patent US 7,081,565. 2006 Jul 25. Partially supported
by the United States National Science Foundation grant no. DCB94-06466.
Examples for Notes

22. Patent with lists of related and/or cited patents
codes
24. Other notes for patents
Patent Applications
General Rules for Patent Applications
Cite the patent application using the rules above
Insert the word application between the word patent and the country code, such as
UK patent application GB 2 146 419 A
Be sure to include any letters that follow or precede the number
Follow the patent application number with a period and a space
Give the application date in the format year month day, as 2006 May 3
End the date with a period
Specific Rules for Patent Applications

Non-US names for applications
Box 37. Non-US names for applications.

Countries other than the US often use a specific type of patent document rather than the
word application. For example, in Germany the word Offenlegungsschrift indicates a
patent application.
Simply the word application may be used for all countries to designate that a final patent
has not been issued. However, if the language is unfamiliar or the status of the patent
document is unclear, use the wording found on the document.
Examples:
Halbleiterscheibe und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer nichtpolierten
590 Citing Medicine
Halbleiterscheibe. German Offenlegungsschrift DE 10 2005 046 726 A1. 2006 Mar

16. German.

Dates in US patents appear in the format month day, year. For example, August 23,
2005.
Dates in other countries may appear in patents in a variety of formats
2004/12/02
30.07.2004
2004-10-02
14 June 2004
15/06/2005
2004/12/02 becomes 2004 Dec 2
30.07.2004 becomes 2004 Jul 30
2004-10-02 becomes 2004 Oct 2
15/06/2005 becomes 2005 Jun 15
letters
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
Example:
Examples for Patent Applications

26. Patent applications before issuance of the patent
Patents 591
Examples of Citations to Patents

Cho ST, inventor; Hospira, Inc., assignee. Microneedles for minimally invasive drug
delivery. United States patent US 6,980,855. 2005 Dec 27.
Myers K, Nguyen C, inventors; 3F Therapeutics, Inc., assignee. Prosthetic heart valve.
United States patent US 6,911,043. 2005 Jun 28.
2. US patent with optional full names for inventor(s)

Howlett, Charles W.; Bullis, Grant.; Bernardo, Angel, inventors; Nobel Biocare Services
AG, assignee. Dental implant delivery system. United States patent US 6,913,465. 2005 Jul
5.

Smith MK, Duggan JM, Stalzer CM, Smith SC, Mowry GJ, inventors; Smith MK, assignee.
Universal flexible arm. United States patent US 5,823,486. 1998 Oct 20.
Bilenski E, Cobb NC, inventors; Bilenski E, Cobb NC, assignee. Single use, self-contained
twist resistant surgical knife. United States patent US 6,979,340. 2005 Dec 27.
4. Patent in which an organization is the inventor

Seiko Ohkubo, inventor; Seiko Ohkubo, assignee. Acupressure appliance for medical
treatment. United Kingdom patent GB 2 350 301. 2000 Nov 29. 47 p.
The Dow Chemical Company, inventor; The Dow Chemical Company, assignee. Method
of producing amines from alcohols, aldehydes, ketones and mixtures thereof. Canadian
patent CA 1126248. 1982 Jun 22.
5. Patent with more than one assignee

Co MS, Scheinberg DA, Queen CL, inventors; Protein Design Labs, Inc.; Memorial Sloan
Kettering Cancer Center, assignee. Increasing antibody affinity by altering glycosylation of
immunoglobulin variable region. United States patent US 6,933,368. 2005 Aug 23.
6. Patent with the US government as the assignee

Wang RF, Rosenberg S, inventors; The United States of America as represented by the
Department of Health and Human Services, assignee. Cancer peptides of NY-ESO-1/
CAG-3. United States patent US 7,084,239. 2006 Aug 1.
592 Citing Medicine

Escandon MA (Lugo, Spain), Neisz JJ (Minnetonka, MN), inventors; American Medical
Systems, Inc. (Minnetonka, MN), assignee. Regimen for treating prostate tissue and
surgical kit for use in the regimen. United States patent US 7,015,253. 2006 Mar 21.
Co MS (Cupertino, CA), Scheinberg DA (New York, NY), Queen CL (Los Altos, CA),
inventors; Protein Design Labs, Inc. (Fremont, CA); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center (New York, NY), assignee. Increasing antibody affinity by altering glycosylation of
immunoglobulin variable region. United States patent US 6,933,368. 2005 Aug 23.

Poole I, Bissell AJ, inventors; Voxar Limited, assignee. Classifying voxels in a medical
image. United Kingdom patent GB 2 416 944. 2006 Feb 8. 39 p.
McMullen JN, inventor; Universite de Montreal, assignee. Controlled release tablet.
Canadian patent CA 1314216.1993 Mar 9.
Cameron B, Crouzet J, inventors; Rhone-Poulenc Biochemie, assignee. Cellules modifiees
au niveau du catabolisme de la betaine, preparation et utilisations, notamment pour la
production de metabolites ou d'enzymes. European patent EP 0 673 422 B1. 2006 Jan 4. 14
p. French.
Navarro GS, inventor; Educom Multiactivo S L, assignee. Terminal interactivo para el
asesoramiento medico, farmaceutico y cosmetico. Spanish patent ES 2165321. 2002 Mar 1.
Spanish.
9. Non-US patent written in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, or Hebrew

Bazhenov AN, Ilyushina LV, Plesovskaya IV, inventors; Bazhenov AN, Ilyushina LV,
Plesovskaya IV, assignee. Metodika lecheniia pri revmatoidnom artrite. Russian
Federation patent RU 2268734. 2006 Jan 27. Russian.
10. Non-US patent written in a character-based language (Chinese,

Japanese)
Katsuko S, Shunsuke M, Takashi U, Tetsuya T, Miki E, inventors; Advance Company Ltd,
assignee. [Carrier for living body, and cell cultivation]. Japanese patent JP 2004267562.
2004 Sep 30. Japanese.

production de metabolites ou d'enzymes [Cells with altered betaine catabolism, their
preparation and their use, in particular for producing metabolites or enzymes]. European
patent EP 0 673 422 B1. 2006 Jan 4. 14 p. French.
Patents 593
Plesovskaya IV, assignee. Metodika lecheniia pri revmatoidnom artrite [Method for
treating rheumatoid arthritis]. Russian Federation patent RU 2268734. 2006 Jan 27.
Russian.
12. Patent title containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another

special character
Hong JH, Lee K, Choi Y, Shi J, McAfee JJ, Chu CK, Liotta DC, Schinazi RF, inventors;
Emory University, assignee. 2'-fluoronucleosides. United States patent US 6,911,424. 2005
Jun 11. 75 p.
Schwinn DA, inventor; Duke University, assignee. Use of -1AR subtype-selective drugs
in patients with acute myocardial infarction. United States patent US 6,921,773. 2005 Jul
26. 5 p.
or
Schwinn DA, inventor; Duke University, assignee. Use of alpha-1AR subtype-selective
drugs in patients with acute myocardial infarction. United States patent US 6,921,773.
2005 Jul 26. 5 p.
Inoue K, Arai H, Arita M, Jishage K, Suzuki H, inventors; Inoue K, Arai H, assignee. -
tocopherol transport protein knockout animal. United States patent US 6,982,362. 2006
Jan 3. 19 p.
or
Inoue K, Arai H, Arita M, Jishage K, Suzuki H, inventors; Inoue K, Arai H, assignee.
Alpha-tocopherol transport protein knockout animal. United States patent US 6,982,362.
2006 Jan 3. 19 p.
13. Patent title containing a superscript or subscript

Sanger GJ, Wardle KA, inventors; SmithKline Beecham Corporation, assignee. Use of 5-
HT4 modulators for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of the bladder
diseases. United States patent US 6,750,195. 2004 Jun 15. 7 p.
or
Sanger GJ, Wardle KA, inventors; SmithKline Beecham Corporation, assignee. Use of 5-
HT(4) modulators for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of the bladder
diseases. United States patent US 6,750,195. 2004 Jun 15. 7 p.

Stoudt TH, Nollstadt KH, inventors; Merck & Co., Inc., assignee. Oral hygiene enzymes
and method for preparation [microfiche]. United States patent US 4,335,101. 1982 Jun 15.
1 microfiche: black & white, negative, 4 x 6 in.
594 Citing Medicine

Cameron B, Crouzet J, inventors; Rhone-Poulenc Biochimie, assignee. Cellules modifiees
au niveau catabolisme de la betaine, preparation et utilisations, notamment pour la
patent EP 0 673 422 B1. 2006 Jan 4. French.

Ottersbach P, Lohmer G, inventors; Creavis Gesellschaft fur Technologit und Innovation
MBH, assignee. Verfahren zur Modifizierung von Polymersubstraten durch
Oberflachenfixierung eigenschaftsbestimmender Makromolekule [Method for modifying
polymer substrates by surface fixing of functional macromolecules]. World patent WO
00/44818. 2000 Aug 3. German.
17. Non-US patent with specific type of document given

Zinsmeyer J, Gross J, Brux B, inventors; Charite der Humboldt-Universitaet Direktorat
Forschung, assignee. Enzymimmunoassay und Testbesteck zum Nachweis humaner
Neuronen-spezifischer Enolase. German Patentschrift DD 295717 A5. 1991 Nov 7.
German.
18. Patent with optional number of pages included

Cully EH, Cutright WJ, Nordhausen CT, Vonesh MJ, Walter JT, inventors; Gore Enterprise
Holdings, Inc., assignee. Medical device amenable to fenestration. European patent EP 1
539 037 B1. 2005 Jul 12. 27 p.
19. Patent with International Classification Code included

Caffey JC, Moe R, Freund MA, Hutton J, inventors; Carbomedics Inc., assignee. Heart
valve stent with alignment posts. United States patent US 6,635,085. 2003 Oct 21. 10 p. Int.
Cl. A61F-002/24.
patent EP 0 673 422 B1. 2006 Jan 4. 14 p. Int. Cl. C12N 15/52; C12N 15/68; C12N 15/74;
C12P 19/42; C12N 1/21. French.
Plesovskaya IV, assignee. Metodika lecheniia pri revmatoidnom artrite [Method for
treating rheumatoid arthritis]. Russian Federation patent RU 2268734. 2006 Jan 27. Int.
Cl. A61K-033/06. Russian.
Patents 595
20. Patent with classification codes of the country granting it

Suh A, inventor; E-Z Baby Products LLC, assignee. Adjustable baby bottle holder. United
States patent US 6,598,828. 2003 Jul 29. US Cl. 248/104; 248/102; 248/103; 248/105;
248/106; 248/107.
Wang RF (Bethesda, MD), Rosenberg S (Potomac, MD), inventors; The United States of
America as represented by the Department of Health and Human Services (Washington,
DC), assignee. Cancer peptides of NY-ESO-1/CAG-3. United States patent US 7,084,239.
2006 Aug 1. Int. Cl. A61K 38/00; C07K 7/04; C07K 7/06; C07K 7/08; A61K 38/04; C07H
21/04; C07K 16/00; C12P 21/06. US Cl. 530/300; 424/184.1; 424/185.1; 530/326; 530/327;
530/328.
21. Patent application number and date for published patents

Bemis G, Xie X, inventors; Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, assignee. Compositions
useful as inhibitors of ERK. United States patent US 6,994,868. 2006 Feb 7. Appl. No.:
437419; 2003 May 13.
Grainger DJ (Cambridge, GB), Metcalfe JC (Cambridge, GB), Kasina S (Mercer Island,
WA), inventors; NeoRx Corporation (Seattle, WA), assignee. Compounds and therapies
for the prevention of vascular and non-vascular pathologies. United States patent US
7,084,171. 2006 Aug 1. Int. Cl. A61K 31/38; A61K 31/01; A61K 31/135. US Cl. 514/445;
514/646; 514/762. Appl. No.: 10/827,602; 2004 Apr 19.
22. Patent with lists of related and/or cited patents

Co MS (Cupertino, CA), Scheinberg DA (New York, NY), Queen CL (Los Altos, CA),
inventors; Protein Design Labs, Inc. (Fremont, CA); Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer
Center (New York, NY), assignee. Increasing antibody affinity by altering glycosylation of
immunoglobulin variable region. United States patent US 6,933,368. 2005 Aug 23. Related
US patents: 6,350,861; 5,714,350. Cited US patents: 5,147,637; 5,714,350; 5,730,982;
5,821,337; 6,054,297; 6,218,149; 6,350,861. Cited EP patents: 0 239 400; 0 438 312. Cited
WO patents: 90/07861; 92/22653; 03/016466.
Wang RF (Bethesda, MD), Rosenberg S (Potomac, MD), inventors; The United States of
America as represented by the Department of Health and Human Services (Washington,
DC), assignee. Cancer peptides of NY-ESO-1/CAG-3. United States patent US 7,084,239.
2006 Aug 1. Int. Cl. A61K 38/00; C07K 7/04; C07K 7/06; C07K 7/08; A61K 38/04; C07H
21/04; C07K 16/00; C12P 21/06. US Cl. 530/300; 424/184.1; 424/185.1; 530/326; 530/327;
530/328. Appl. No.: 09/529,206; 1998 Sep 1. Cited US patents: 5,539,084; 5,785,973;
5,840,839. Cited WO patents: 94/03205; 97/29195; 98/14464; 98/32855.
596 Citing Medicine
23. Regional or world patent listing countries that recognize it using ISO
country codes
Cameron B, Crouzet J, inventors; Rhone-Poulenc Biochimie, assignee. Cellules modifiees
au niveau catabolisme de la betaine, preparation et utilisations, notamment pour la
patent EP 0 673 422 B1. 2006 Jan 4. French. Recognized by: AT, BE, CH, DE, DK, ES, FR,
GB, GR, IE, IT, LI, LU, NL, PT, SE.
Ottersbach P, Lohmer G, inventors; Creavis Gesellschaft fur Technologit und Innovation
MBH, assignee. Verfahren zur Modifizierung von Polymersubstraten durch
Oberflachenfixierung eigenschaftsbestimmender Makromolekule [Method for modifying
polymer substrates by surface fixing of functional macromolecules]. World patent WO
00/44818. 2000 Aug 3. German. Recognized by: BR, CA, CN, IL, JP, KR, PL, RU, US.
24. Other notes for patents

Haskell-Luevano C, inventor; University of Florida Research Foundation, Inc., assignee.
Melanocortin receptor templates, peptides, and use thereof. United States patent US
7,084,111. 2006 Aug 1. Supported by grants DK57080 and DK64250 awarded from the
National Institutes of Health.
Ohlrogge JB, Benning C, Gao H, Girke TA, White JA, inventors; Board of Trustees
Operating Michigan State University, assignee. Plant seed specific promoters. United
States patent US 7,081,565. 2006 Jul 25. Partially supported by the United States National
Science Foundation grant no. DCB94-06466.

US patent 6,857,874. 2005 Feb 7.
RU patent 2 219 546. 2003 Dec 20.
26. Patent applications before issuance of the patent

Sitte E, Kleber H, inventors; C Reichart Optische Werke AG, assignee. Apparatus for
cooling a biological or medical specimen. UK patent application GB 2 146 419 A. 1984
Sep 4.
Munx D, Schimmer J, Schmidt R, inventors; Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, assignee.
Verfahren zur Uberwachung einer Datenubertragungsstrecke [Procedure for the
monitoring of data rate]. European patent application EP 1 605 612 A3. 2006 Jan 11. 3 p.
Int. Cl. HO4B 10/08. German.
Halbleiterscheibe und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer nichtpolierten Halbleiterscheibe.
German Offenlegungsschrift DE 10 2005 046 726 A1. 2006 Mar 16. German.
597
Chapter 8. Newspaper Articles


Examples
Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Newspaper Articles

The general format for a reference to a newspaper article, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Newspaper Articles

References to articles in newspapers are very similar to those for journal articles (see
Chapter 1A Journal Articles). There are 5 major differences:
Names of newspapers are never abbreviated (e.g., "The Washington Post" not "Wash
Post"), although a leading "The" may be dropped if desired.
The location where a newspaper is published is added to the title if the newspaper
title does not indicate it, either within or after the title, as appropriate.
Section information, if present, replaces volume and issue information.
Only the beginning page number of an article is included.
Column location is added.
When a newspaper article has an author or authors, it is said to be "signed." Newspaper
articles may be signed either at the beginning of the article or at its conclusion. If the
article is signed, begin the reference with the surname (family name or last name) of the
author; if the article is unsigned, begin the reference with the title of the article; the use of
"anonymous" is not permitted.
The specific edition of a newspaper is a required component of a citation. The same article
may or may not appear in different editions, and the text of an article often varies among
editions.
Cite an Internet newspaper article as you would a print newspaper article, but with these
major exceptions:
598 Citing Medicine
Use the word "Internet" in square brackets as the Type of Medium after the
newspaper title
Include any update or revision date if there is one and a date of citation in square
brackets following the date of publication
When a location (pagination) for the article is not provided, as often occurs,
calculate the length of the article using the best means possible, e.g., in terms of
print pages, screens, or paragraphs
Provide the URL or other electronic address of the article
The source for title and other newspaper information is, in order of preference: (1) the
title page or home page of the newspaper and (2) the masthead.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Newspaper Articles.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Newspaper Articles.
Citation Rules with Examples for Newspaper Articles

it is optional.
Author (R) | Article Title (R) | Newspaper Title (R) | Edition (R) | Type of Medium (R) |
Date of Publication (R) | Section Letter, Number, or Name (R) | Location (Pagination) (R)
| Column Number (R) | Physical Description (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author for Newspaper Articles (required)


Other surname rules
Newspaper Articles 599

Organization as author

Omit all other punctuation within surnames

publications.
600 Citing Medicine

treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

one letter

Dr. Katherine Eberhard becomes Eberhard K

Examples:
602 Citing Medicine

Romanize names when they are in Cyrillic (Russian, Bulgarian, etc.), Greek, Arabic,
Hebrew, Korean, or character-based languages, such as Chinese and Japanese.
represented by more than one letter.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Box 7. Organization as author.

Newspapers will sometimes carry an article from another newspaper or a wire
service. The text of such articles customarily begins with the name of the source.
Place a source name at the beginning of the reference as an organizational author.
Bloomberg News. 3 drug makers gain as top sellers keep up pace. New York
Times (Washington Final). 2006 Apr 20;Sect. C:13 (col. 1).
Associated Press. Mumps outbreak spreading in Midwest. Richmond Times-
Dispatch. 2006 Apr 20;Sect. A:3 (col. 1).

If no person can be identified as the author, begin the reference with the title of the
article. Do not use anonymous.

The following format is not NLM practice for citing authors, but is an acceptable option:
Full first names of authors may be given
Separate the surname from the given name or initials by a comma and a space
Follow initials with a period
Separate successive names by a semicolon and a space
Examples:
Moore, William A.; Lambert, Paul.
Connant, A.G.
Examples for Author

1. Standard signed newspaper article
2. Standard unsigned newspaper article
3. Standard newspaper article with optional volume and issue numbers
4. Newspaper article with author surname showing designations of rank within a
family
5. Newspaper article with compound author surname
604 Citing Medicine
6. Newspaper article with author surnames having particles or prefixes (give as

found in the article)
7. Newspaper article with an organization as author
Article Title for Newspaper Articles (required)

Enter the title of an article as it appears in the original document
and initialisms
already present
in square brackets
it

Box 10. Article titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special
character.
capitalized
von Willebrand disease study results from Canada.
becomes omega.
Hazards of -radiation may become Hazards of gamma-radiation
fonts available, place the superscript or subscript within parentheses
Red blood cells and NH3 may become Red blood cells and NH(3)

Newspaper articles sometimes contain a header, such as Science News or Health
Report, at the top of the page, or at the beginning, or a group of articles to indicate a
subject grouping. Do not include a header as part of the article title.

Swedish, etc.)
La "gripe del pollo" vuela can las aves silvestres.
Shu btue ha-beri' ut ha-pertiyim be-Yisrael.
21-seiki no i no enshogaku.
or
[Gastritis in the 21st century].
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
606 Citing Medicine
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as; oe
Neue Nifedipin-Zubeitung ermoglicht tagliche Einmalgabe [New nifedipine
preparation makes single daily dose possible].
Provide an English translation after the original language title whenever possible;
La "gripe del pollo" vuela can las aves silvestres ["Bird flu" flies with the wild
birds]. El Pais (Madrid Ed.). 2005 Jul 17:28 (col.1). Spanish.
Most articles end in a period. When a translation of an article title is provided, place
it in square brackets. Put the closing period outside the closing brackets.
La "gripe del pollo" vuela can las aves silvestres ["Bird flu" flies with the wild
birds].
punctuation. Place it within the square brackets and end title information with a
period.
Aed mindre, motioner mere! [Eat less, exercise more!].

8. Newspaper article with subtitle
9. Newspaper article in a language other than English
10. Newspaper article in a language other than English with optional translated title
Newspaper Title (required)

General Rules for Newspaper Title
Enter a newspaper title in the original language
Do not omit or abbreviate any words in a newspaper title, with the exception of a
leading "The" which may be dropped if desired
Add the location where published if it is not included in the title: Bergen County
(NJ) Record and Daily Nation (Nairobi). See Location added below.
End the newspaper title with a period unless an Edition or a Type of Medium is
included
Box 14. Location added.

For most newspapers, the location is the city where it is published. If a newspaper
title does not indicate the location, add the location either within or after the title,
as appropriate.
(Minneapolis) Star-Tribune
The (Baltimore) Sun
Daily Nation (Nairobi)
El Dia (Mexico City)
Les Echos (Paris)
If the city or other location is not well known, follow US and Canadian cities and
locations with the 2-letter abbreviation for the state or province (see Appendix E);
follow cities in other countries with the name of the country, either written out or as
the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D).
The Record (Stockton, CA)
Bergen County (NJ) Record
East Valley (AZ) Tribune
Le Journal du Jura (Bienne, Switzerland) or Le Journal du Jura (Bienne,CH)
An exception to the rule regarding addition of location information occurs when
the newspaper is a national or international one without a particular geographic
base, such as the Christian Science Monitor or Le Monde
Specific Rules for Newspaper Title

Location added
Newspaper titles not in English
Options for newspaper titles
608 Citing Medicine
Box 15. Newspaper titles not in English.

Provide the name in the original language for non-English newspaper titles found
in the roman alphabet (French, German, Spanish, Italian, etc.)
Junge Welt (Berlin).
Journal de Montreal.
For a newspaper title in a non-roman alphabet:
Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) the title if it is in Cyrillic, Greek,
Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean
Izvestiia (Moscow)
Romanize or translate a title in a character-based language (Chinese,
Japanese)
Guangming Ribao (Beijing)
China Times (Taiwan)
A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Box 16. Options for newspaper titles.

It is not NLM or NISO practice, but a newspaper title may be abbreviated using the
same rules as those employed for journal titles. See Chapter 1A for further
discussion.
The Washington Post becomes Wash Post
The New York Times becomes N Y Times
Note that the edition rules for newspapers still apply
N Y Times (Final Ed.).
Examples for Newspaper Title

11. Newspaper title with city of publication added for clarification
12. Newspaper title with an edition
13. Newspaper title with both a city added and an edition
14. National newspaper without geographic location
Edition for Newspaper Articles (required)

Indicate the edition being cited after the title when a newspaper is published in
more than one edition
Capitalize each significant word and place other words, such as articles,
conjunctions, and prepositions in lower case
Abbreviate common words such as edition (see Abbreviation rules for editions)
Place the edition statement in parentheses, such as (Final Ed.)
End the edition statement with a period after the closing parenthesis unless the
Type of Medium is included

Editions in newspaper titles are not abbreviated the same way they are in journal titles.
610 Citing Medicine
Abbreviate only the word used for edition, which may become "Ed."
Separate the edition from the newspaper title by a space and place it in parentheses
Follow "Ed" with a period and end all the title information with a period
Examples:
Wall Street Journal. Western Edition. becomes Wall Street Journal (Western
Ed.).
Pravda. English Edition. becomes Pravda (English Ed.).
Washington Post. Final Edition. becomes Washington Post (Final Ed.).
El Pais. Edicion Europa. becomes El Pais (Madrid) (Ed. Europa).

Both a location and an edition included

Abbreviate only the word for edition in the particular language and end the
abbreviation with a period. See the table below for a list of words for edition
in a variety of languages and their abbreviations.
Separate the edition from the newspaper title by a space and place it in
parentheses
Example:
Behorden Spiegel (Bonn Ausg.).
Abbreviate only the word for edition in the particular language and end the
abbreviation with a period. See the table below for a list of words for edition
in a variety of languages and their abbreviations.
parentheses
Example:
Komsomolskaya Pravda (Moldove Izd.).
Japanese:
Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate the words for edition. A
good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
parentheses
Example:
Yomiuri Shimbun (Chokan). or Yomiuri Shimbun (Morning Ed.).
Language Word Abbreviation
Danish oplag n.a.
Dutch uitgave Uitg
editie Ed
Finnish julkaisu Julk
French edition Ed
German Ausgabe Ausg
Greek ekdosis Ekd
Italian edizione Ed
Norwegian publikasjon Publ
Portuguese edicao Ed
Russian izdanie Izd
Spanish edicion Ed
612 Citing Medicine
Box 19. Both a location and an edition included.

Place the edition information within parentheses following the newspaper title and
any indication of location
Use a space to separate the edition from the title and location
Examples:
The (Baltimore) Sun (Weekend Ed.).
(Minneapolis) Star-Tribune (Metro Ed.).
El Pais (Madrid) (Ed. Europa).

Type of Medium for Newspaper Articles (required)

Indicate the specific type of medium (Internet, microfiche, ultrafiche, microfilm,
microcard, etc.) following the title (and edition, if present) when a newspaper
article is read on the Internet or appears in a microform
Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period. For
example: [microfiche].
Description below. If the medium is Internet, there is no physical description.

20. Newspaper article in a microform
23. Newspaper article on the Internet
Date of Publication for Newspaper Articles (required)

May 5.
such as Jan
End date information with a semicolon unless no section letter, number, or name is
found (see No section letter, number, or name is found below). Exception is if using
a volume and issue in place of a section (see Optional volume and issue numbers
used instead of section information below).
Box 21. No section letter, number, or name is found.

End date information with a colon if no letter, number, or name for the section is
found
Peres J. Second look shows value of calcium. Chicago Tribune (Final Ed.).
2006 Apr 25:1 (col. 1).
Box 24. Optional volume and issue numbers used instead of section information.
Long tradition omits volume and issue numbers from references to newspapers.
The date combined with the section name, number, or letter substitutes for volume
information.
As an option, however, volume and issue numbers may be included the same way
they are for journal articles. See Chapter 1A for details of formats.
Note that section letters are incorporated into the page number when volumes and
issues are used. In this case where you have volume and issue you end the date
information with a semicolon rather than a colon.
Example:
Weiss R. Study shows problems in cloning people: researchers find replicating
primates will be harder than other mammals. Washington Post (Home Ed.).
2003 Apr 1;126(127):A12 (col. 1).

No section letter, number, or name is found

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
614 Citing Medicine
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Use the full date of publication
Keep other parts of the citation in their standard order
NLM citation:
Gaul G. When geography influences treatment options. Washington Post
(Maryland Ed.). 2005 Jul 24;Sect. A:12 (col.1).
Gaul G. 2005 Jul 24. When geography influences treatment options.
Washington Post (Maryland Ed.). Sect. A:12 (col.1).

18. Newspaper with no section letter, number, or name
Section Letter, Number, or Name for Newspaper Articles (required)

General Rules for Section Letter, Number, or Name
Abbreviate Section to Sect.
Follow Sect. with the letter, number, or name of the section
Convert roman numerals used for section numbers into arabic numerals, such that
II becomes 2
End section information with a colon
Specific Rules for Section Letter, Number, or Name

Section with a name instead of a letter or number
No section letter, number, or name is found
Optional volume and issue numbers used instead of section information
Box 22. Section with a name instead of a letter or number.

Sections may be named, as "Metro Section", "Weekend Section", or "Holiday Extra"
Use these names in a reference only when the section lacks a number or letter
Do not abbreviate names of sections other than the word Section to Sect. to avoid
confusion
Examples:
Kunkle F. Grievance panel seeks reprimand for Gansler. Washington Post
(Home Ed.). 2003 Jul 3;Montgomery Extra:10 (col. 1).
Graedon J, Graedon T. Amnesia and cholesterol-lowering prescription drugs.
The (Baltimore) Sun (Weekend Ed.). 2005 Jul 24;Home & Family:8N (col. 1).
Box 23. No section letter, number, or name is found.

End date information with a colon and the location (pagination) if no letter,
number, or name for the section is found
Peres J. Second look shows value of calcium. Chicago Tribune (Final Ed.).
2006 Apr 25:1 (col. 1).
Examples for Section Letter, Number, or Name

15. Newspaper section with letter
16. Newspaper section with number
17. Newspaper section with name
Location (Pagination) for Newspaper Articles (required)

Pagination in a newspaper article differs from pagination in all other types of
publications in that only the first page of the article is used
Give the beginning page number on which the article appears
616 Citing Medicine
Include a letter when it precedes the page number only when using the options
provided in Letters before page numbers
End pagination information with a space
Box 25. Letters before page numbers.

If a newspaper section is lettered, omit the letter before the beginning page number.
For example, an article in Section C on page C13 is cited as "Sect. C:13".
Brown D. Journal questions data in Vioxx study: 3 heart attacks not
mentioned. Washington Post (District & Maryland Final). 2005 Dec 9;Sect. A:
2 (col. 3).
As an option, a section letter may be included in the page number, omitting
mention of the section
mentioned. Washington Post (District & Maryland Final). 2005 Dec 9:A2 (col.
3).
An exception also occurs when optional volume and issue numbers are used. When
using these numbers, include the section letter in the page number.
mentioned. Washington Post (District & Maryland Final). 2005 Dec
9;129(4):A2 (col. 3).

Letters before page numbers

Keep roman numerals expressing location (pagination). Use upper or lower case,
whichever appears in the publication.

19. Newspaper article with optional inclusion of letter with page number (omitting
section)
Column Number for Newspaper Articles (required)

General Rules for Column Number
Give the number of the column on which the article begins
Precede the number with "col."
Place column information in parentheses, as (col. 3)
End column information with a period outside the closing parenthesis
Examples for Column Number

Physical Description for Newspaper Articles (optional)

Give information on the location of an article and its physical characteristics when
the newspaper appears in a microform (microfilm, microfiche, etc.). For example:
microfiche 2 of 3 microfiche: color, 2 x 4 in.


If a newspaper is found on microfiche or microcards, follow the column number
with information on the location of the article within the fiche or cards. For
example, if the year or issue consists of 15 microfiche and the particular article
being cited is on the third fiche, cite it as "microfiche 3 of 15 microfiche." Enter a
colon and a space, then enter information on the physical characteristics, such as
color and size. Separate types of information by commas.
color
black & white
positive
negative

618 Citing Medicine

microfiche 1 of 3 microfiche: color, positive, 4 x 6 in.
microcard 4 of 5 microcards: black & white, 3 x 5 in.
If a newspaper is published on microfilm, follow the pagination with information
on the film and its physical characteristics, such as color and size. Because
microfilm reels carry a large volume of text, one or more years is usually contained
within one reel.
color
black & white
positive
negative
35 mm.
16 mm.
1 reel: color, positive, 35 mm.

Language for Newspaper Articles (required)


Notes for Newspaper Articles (optional)

itself
Be brief

Dateline
Box 28. Dateline.

A dateline informs the reader of the place and date where a news item was created if these
differ from the date and place of the newspaper as a whole.
Enter the name of the city followed by a comma, a space, and the month and day
Abbreviate months to the first 3 letters of the English name
End the dateline with a period
Example:
Health workers win suit over smoking ban. New York Times (Final Ed.). 1990
Dec 2;Sect. 1:33 (col. 1). Washington, Dec 1.

reference feels is useful to the reader. Begin by citing the newspaper article, then add the
note. Some examples of notes are:
To indicate that an article being cited had a subsequent notice of erratum or
retraction published, enter the phrase "Erratum in:" or "Retraction in:" followed by
information on the article containing the erratum or retraction. Include the
newspaper title, the date of publication, section, location (pagination), and column
number. Use the same punctuation and format as you would for the article itself.
To indicate that the article being cited is one of a series, describe the series
Vedantam S. When staying cool seems better than being bad. Washington Post
(Final Ed.). 2006 Aug 7;Sect. A:2 (col. 3). Part of a weekly series of stories
about the sociology and psychology behind news events.
620 Citing Medicine
Examples for Notes

21. Newspaper article with a dateline
22. Newspaper article with other type of note
Examples of Citations to Newspaper Articles

Gaul G. When geography influences treatment options. Washington Post (Maryland Ed.).
2005 Jul 24;Sect. A:12 (col. 1).
Harris G. FDA orders recall of intravenous pumps. New York Times (Washington Final).
2005 Jun 22;Sect. A:12 (col. 1).
Levine S. Obesity increase creating special needs. Miami Herald (Final Ed.). 2006 Jan
4;Sect. A:4 (col. 2).
Fialka JJ. How mercury rules designed for safety end up polluting. Wall Street Journal.
2006 Apr 20;Sect. A:1 (col. 1).
with optional full name
Fialka, John J. How mercury rules designed for safety end up polluting. Wall Street
Journal. 2006 Apr 20;Sect. A:1 (col. 1).

Major decline in U.S. deaths is recorded. New York Times (Washington Final). 2006 Apr
20;Sect. A:14 (col. 6).
Woman in L.A. tests positive for plague. Richmond Times-Dispatch. 2006 Apr 20;Sect. A:
7 (col. 6).

Taking steps back to normal after novel rabies therapy. New York Times (National Ed.).
2005 Dec 25;155(53439):23 (col. 3).
4. Newspaper article with author surname showing designations of rank

within a family
Maugh TH 2nd. Cancer deaths decline for 1st time since 1930: the drop in U.S. is slight
but marks a milestone, as advances catch up with demographics. Los Angeles Times. 2006
Feb 9;Sect. A:6 (col. 1).
McNeil DG Jr. Dogs trained to sniff out cancer: experts skeptical of 99% accuracy claim.
Chicago Tribune (Final Ed.). 2006 Jan 17:2 (col. 3).
5. Newspaper article with compound author surname

Perez-Pena R. Chernobyl takes its toll among emigres in U.S. New York Times
(Washington Final). 2006 Apr 20;Sect. A:23 (col. 1).
Edersheim Kalb P. Finding out what's in your water. Wall Street Journal. 2006 Apr 20;Sect.
D:2 (col. 3).
6. Newspaper article with author surnames having particles or prefixes

(give as found in the article)
O'Brian B. For one minority, a bias that's just so not right. Washington Post (Maryland
Ed.). 2006 Aug 13;Sect. D:1 (col. 1).
McCollum DG. More abuse victims would tell doctors - if doctors would ask.
(Minneapolis) Star-Tribune (Metro Ed.). 1996 Feb 3;Sect. A:23 (col. 1).
LaFraniere S. Angola is hit by cholera outbreak. New York Times (Washington Final).
2006 Apr 20;Sect. A:6 (col. 6).
von Eberstein L. Recovery role cited at NABOR installation. (New Orleans) Times-
Picayune. 2006 Jan 22:99 (col. 3).
7. Newspaper article with an organization as author

Bloomberg News. 3 drug makers gain as top sellers keep up pace. New York Times
(Washington Final). 2006 Apr 20;Sect. C:13 (col. 1).
Associated Press. Mumps outbreak spreading in Midwest. Richmond Times-Dispatch.
2006 Apr 20;Sect. A:3 (col. 1).
8. Newspaper article with subtitle

Vergano D, Lefort M. Stem cell implants in apes' brains bring warning: panel issues
research guidelines and cites the `moral' dimension. USA Today. 2005 Jul 18;Sect. D:4
(col. 2).

Se retractan cientificos sudcoreanos; admiten mentiras sobre la clonacion. La Jornada
(Mexico City). 2006 Jan 5;Sect. A:3 (col. 1). Spanish.
Tchernobyl, 20 ans apres: le vrai impact en France. Le Monde (France Metropolitan). 2006
Apr 25:1 (col. 5). French.
622 Citing Medicine
10. Newspaper article in a language other than English with optional

translated title
Se retractan cientificos sudcoreanos; admiten mentiras sobre la clonacion [South Korean
scientists retract themselves; they admit lies on cloning]. La Jornada (Mexico City). 2006
Jan 5;Sect. A:3 (col. 1). Spanish.
Tchernobyl, 20 ans apres: le vrai impact en France [Chernobly, 20 years after: the real
impact on France]. Le Monde (France Metropolitan). 2006 Apr 25:1 (col. 5). French.
11. Newspaper title with city of publication added for clarification

Njera C. Warning over diabetes monitors: touch glucose meters have failed to make the
grade, says US regulator. Daily Nation (Nairobi). 2006 Jan 5;Sect. 2:23 (col. 1).
McCollum DG. More abuse victims would tell doctors - if doctors would ask.
(Minneapolis) Star-Tribune (Metro Ed.). 1996 Feb 3;Sect. A:23 (col. 1).
Tanner L. Junior's chubby cheeks are cute, but they might never go away: study says
overweight toddlers likely to keep on those pounds. The Record (Stockton, AZ). 2006 Sep
5;Sect. A:1 (col. 2).

Stein R. Nonprescription sales of cholesterol drug rejected: FDA panel says risk of side
effects outweigh benefits. Washington Post (Final Ed.). 2005 Jan 15;Sect. A:3 (col. 4).
Harris G. FDA orders recall of intravenous pumps. New York Times (Washington Final).
2005 Jun 22;Sect. A:12 (col. 1).
Web site offers checkup on media health coverage. St. Louis Post Dispatch (3rd Ed.). 2006
Apr 17;Sect. A:3 (col. 5 ).
13. Newspaper title with both a city added and an edition

UnitedHealth-PacifiCare deal hailed, deplored. The (Baltimore) Sun (Weekend Ed.). 2005
Jul 8;Sect. E:1 (col.1).
La "gripe del pollo" vuela can las aves silvestres [The "bird flu" flies with the wild birds]. El
Pais (Madrid) (Ed. Europa). 2005 Jul 17:28 (col. 1). Spanish.
14. National newspaper without geographic location

Hellmich N. Dieter says "oui!" to French diet. USA Today. 2005 Jul 18;Sect. D:4 (col.2).
15. Newspaper section with letter

Tanner L. Rare drug mix-up can paralyze or kill: cancer therapy alert issued. USA Today.
2005 Jul 18;Sect. D:7 (col. 5).
16. Newspaper section with number

Janega J. Spoonful of cold reality. Chicago Tribune (Final Ed. South-Southwest). 2006 Jan
10;Sect. 1:1 (col.1).
17. Newspaper section with name

Graedon J, Graedon T. Amnesia and cholesterol-lowering prescription drugs. The
(Baltimore) Sun (Weekend Ed.). 2005 Jul 24;Home & Family:8N (col. 1).
Kunkle F. Grievance panel seeks reprimand for Gansler. Washington Post (Home Ed.).
2003 Jul 3;Montgomery Extra:10 (col. 1).

Peres J. Second look shows value of calcium. Chicago Tribune (Final Ed.). 2006 Apr 25:1
(col. 1).
La "gripe del pollo" vuela can las aves silvestres [The "bird flu" flies with the wild birds]. El
Pais (Madrid) (Ed. Europa). 2005 Jul 17:28 (col. 1). Spanish.
19. Newspaper article with optional inclusion of letter with page number
(omitting section)
Krasner J. Doctors wary of BIOGEN MS drug, survey says. Boston Globe (3rd Ed.). 2006
Mar 1:C4 (col. 1).

A year later, efforts are on to avoid another botched transplant. New York Times (Late
City Ed.) [microfilm]. 2004 Feb 22;Sect. L:26 (col.1). 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35
mm.
21. Newspaper article with a dateline

Taking steps back to normal after novel rabies therapy. New York Times (National Ed.).
2005 Dec 25;155(53439):23 (col. 3). Milwaukee, Dec 24.
LaFraniere S. Angola is hit by cholera outbreak. New York Times (Washington Final).
2006 Apr 20;Sect. A:6 (col. 6). Johannesburg, Apr 19.
Siegal N. Mumps epidemic spreads; more vaccine promised. New York Times
(Washington Final). 2006 Apr 20;Sect. A:15 (col. 5). Iowa City, Apr 19.
22. Newspaper article with other type of note

Vedantam S. When staying cool seems better than being bad. Washington Post (Final
Ed.). 2006 Aug 7;Sect. A:2 (col. 3 ). Part of a weekly series of stories about the sociology
and psychology behind news events.
624 Citing Medicine
23. Newspaper article on the Internet

Carey B. Psychiatrists revise the book of human troubles. New York Times [Internet].
2008 Dec 17 [cited 2008 Dec 19];Health:[about 3 p.]. Available from: http://
www.nytimes.com/2008/12/18/health/18psych.html?_r=1&em
Grady D. Jump in doctor visits and deaths in flu season. New York Times [Internet]. 2008
Apr 18 [cited 2008 Dec 19];Research:[about 4 screens]. Available from: http://
www.nytimes.com/2008/04/18/health/research/18flu.html?scp=7&sq=flu
%20season&st=cse
Lyderson K. Risk of disease rises with water temperatures. Washington Post [Internet].
2008 Oct 20 [cited 2008 Dec 19]:A08. Available from: http://
www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/19/AR2008101901533.html
Article includes a correction.
625
Chapter 9. Maps

Examples
Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Maps

The general format for a reference to a map, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Maps

References to maps are very similar to books, with five major exceptions:
Authors of maps are termed "cartographers".
If the area covered by the map is not included in the title, it is added after the title in
square brackets.
The word map or the specific type of map is given after the title (and area if needed)
in square brackets.
Numbers of sheets, not pages, are given.
Description of the map is usually provided, including its scale or projection, its
physical size, and whether it is in color or black and white.
Maps in this section refer to those published as independent sheets. For citing maps
appearing in books and atlases, see Chapter 2C Parts of Books.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Maps.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Maps.
Citation Rules with Examples for Maps

it is optional.
626 Citing Medicine
Author (cartographer) (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Map Type (R) | Type of
Author (cartographer) for Maps (required)

initials following each surname. For example: Smith AB.
See Editor and Other Secondary Authors below if there are authors and editors

Other surname rules

Maps 627

Charles A. St. becomes St James CA

Jiddeke M. van de becomes van de Kamp JM
[If you cannot determine from the map whether a surname is compound or a
combination of a middle name and a surname, look to any booklet or other
material accompanying the map for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott
Parker may be interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott Parker E.]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
628 Citing Medicine
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

one letter

Maps 629


Examples:

630 Citing Medicine
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

University of Zimbabwe, Department of Geography
United Nations, Afghanistan Information Management Service
Maps 631
National Geographic Society (US)

Royal Geographical Society (GB)
Department of Agriculture (US), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Photo Mosaic Aero Service Corporation; Geological Survey (US); Atomic
Energy Commission (US)
Medicine; American College of Emergency Physicians, Pediatric Committee
If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on a map as
cartographers, use the names of the individuals as the author: give the
organization(s) at the end of the reference as a note, if desired
Meuschke JL, Moxham RM, cartographers. Airborne radioactivity survey of
the Tabernacle Buttes area, Sublette and Fremont Counties, Wyoming
[remote-sensing map]. Washington: Geological Survey (US); 1953. 1 sheet:
1:63,360; 36 x 53 cm. Compiled by staff of the Photo Mosaic Aero Service
Corporation, the US Atomic Energy Commission, and the US Geological
Survey.
Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica del CNR
Universitatsmedizin Berlin
Geografiska Sallskapet i Finland [Geographical Society of Finland]
brackets.
Rossiiskoe Respiratornoe Obshchestvo [Russian Respiratory Society]
632 Citing Medicine

[Japanese Society for Geographical Sciences]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

If no person or organization can be found as the cartographer but editors or
translators are present, begin the reference with the names of the editors or
translators. Follow the same rules as used for author names, but end the list of
names with a comma and the specific role, that is, editor or translator.
Maps 633
If no person or organization can be identified as the cartographer and no editors or

translators are given, begin the reference with the title of the map. Do not use
anonymous.
Maiden quadrangle, North Carolina, 1993 [topographic map]. Reston (VA):
Geological Survey (US); 1996. 1 sheet: 1:24,000; Lambert conformal conic
proj.; 68 x 56 cm.; color.

The following format is not NLM practice for citing authors, but is an acceptable option:
Meyers, Keith R.; Lee, Barry; Lee, Michael F., cartographers. Respiratory
cancer death rates, 1950-1979 [Louisiana] [map]. Baton Rouge (LA):
Louisiana State University, Department of Geography and Anthropology;
1984. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 1:2,500,000; 17 x 20 cm.; black & white.
Examples for Author

1. Standard citation to a map
2. Map with designation of family rank for the author (cartographer)
3. Map with an organization as author (cartographer)
4. Map with no author (cartographer) provided
Author Affiliation for Maps (optional)

Place the affiliation in parentheses. For example: (Department of Earth and
Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA).
634 Citing Medicine


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society

Give the affiliation of all cartographers or only the first cartographer.
Maps 635
and the country name or two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D) if non-US.
Place the affiliation in parentheses.
Provide the name in the original language for non-English organizational names
Spain), cartographers.
T, Ungureanu CD, Zodieru-Popa I, cartographers.
Brezhneva TV, cartographers.
Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan), Bandoh S, Fujita J, cartographers.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
636 Citing Medicine
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

a space
Insert the e-mail address as it appears on the map
Example:
Leitner M (Department of Geography and Anthropology, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, LA. [email protected]), cartographer.
Maps 637

5. Map showing author (cartographer) affiliation
Title for Maps (required)

Enter the title of a map as it appears in the original document, in the original
language
and initialisms
already present
in square brackets
End a title with a space

Area of map not indicated in the title
Box 14. Area of map not indicated in the title.

If the title of the map does not tell the user the geographic area covered by the map,
place the name for the area after the title, placed in square brackets.
Examples:
Respiratory cancer death rates, 1950-1979 [Louisiana] [map].
Adolescent fertility rates, ages 15 to 19, 1994 [World] [map].
District population per health facility [Kabul] [map].
Pink bollworm quarantine [Southwestern United States] [map].

Swedish, etc.)
638 Citing Medicine
Plano de los transportes publicos del area de salud 1 sur-este de Madrid

[map]. Madrid: Comunidad de Madrid, Consejeria de Sanidad, Direccion
General Planificacion Sanitaria; 2000. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 38 x 65 cm.; color.
Spanish.
Vodacka mapa CSFR [map]. Prague: Kartografie Praha; 1991. 1 map on 2
sheets: 1:500,000; 79 x 157 cm.; color. Czech.
Beijing Shi ji ben yi liao bao xian ding dian yi liao ji gou ding dian ling shou
yao dian zhi nan tu [map]. Beijing: Zhongguo di tu chu ban she; 2003. 2 maps
on 1 sheet: 52 x 76 cm. and 38 x 38 cm.; color. Chinese.
or
[Local medical facilities and retail pharmacies in Beijing covered by basic
medical insurance] [map]. Beijing: Zhongguo di tu chu ban she; 2003. 2 maps
on 1 sheet: 52 x 76 cm. and 38 x 38 cm.; color. Chinese.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
Maps 639
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Plano de los transportes publicos del area de salud 1 sur-este de Madrid
[Public transportation plan of the first southeastern health area of Madrid]
[map]. Madrid: Comunidad de Madrid, Consejeria de Sanidad, Direccion
General Planificacion Sanitaria; 2000. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 38 x 65 cm.; color.
Spanish.
Beijing Shi ji ben yi liao bao xian ding dian yi liao ji gou ding dian ling shou
yao dian zhi nan tu [Local medical facilities and retail pharmacies in Beijing
covered by basic medical insurance] [map]. Beijing: [China Map Publishers];
2003. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 52 x 76 cm. and 38 x 38 cm.; color. Chinese.
Vodacka mapa CSFR [Map of water sites of the Czechoslovak Federal
Republic] [map]. Prague: Kartografie Praha; 1991. 1 map on 2 sheets:
1:500,000; 79 x 157 cm.; color. Czech.

If a map title is written in several languages, give the title in the first language found
on the map and indicate all languages of publication after the pagination. Separate
the languages by commas and end the list with a period.
Brugger EM, cartographer. Asien [map]. Frankfurt (Germany):
Kartographischer Verlag Reinhard Ryborsch; 1992. 1 sheet: 1 cm. = 80 km.; 97
x 135 cm.; color. German, English, French.
If a map title is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in
Canadian publications, give all titles in the order in which they are given in the text,
and place an equals sign between them. Indicate the particular languages, separated
by commas, after the pagination. End the list with a period.
Schwerdt Graphic Arts Ltd., cartographer. Carte de Montreal: communaute
urbaine de Montreal = Montreal city plan: urban community [map]. Whitby
(ON): Peter Heiler Ltd.; 1990. 1 sheet: 1:25,000; 110 x 199 cm.; color. French,
English.
640 Citing Medicine
character.
Capitalize the first word of a map title unless the title begins with a Greek letter,
capitalized
1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin occupational exposure levels in the
Netherlands [map].
von Willebrand distribution [World] [map].
becomes omega.
Trends in -linolenic acid production in the United States [map].
or
Trends in gamma-linolenic acid production in the United States [map].
TiO2 in waste water in Japan [map].
or
TiO(2) in waste water in Japan [map].

If a map has no formal title, construct a title using the name of the area covered by
the map as the title
Place the area name in square brackets
Example:
[World] [demographic map]. Washington: Bureau of the Census (US), Center
for International Research; 1994. 8 maps on 4 sheets: 1:90,000,000; 20 x 39
cm.; color.
Examples for Title

6. Map with subtitle
7. Map with a title not in English
Maps 641
8. Map with a title not in English with optional translation

9. Map in two equal languages
10. Map in multiple languages
11. Map with location added after title
12. Map with constructed title
Map Type (required)

General Rules for Map Type
A map type alerts the user that the reference is not to a standard book but to a map
Place the specific type of map, such as demographic map or topographical map,
after the map title, in square brackets
If the specific type is unknown, simply use the word map
Follow the bracketed map type with a period unless the map is in a non-print
medium (see Type of Medium)
Specific Rules for Map Type

Specific type of map included
Box 19. Specific type of map included.

As an option, include the specific type of map cited, if known. Place the type in
square brackets following the title.
Examples:
Maiden quadrangle, North Carolina, 1993 [topographic map]. Reston (VA):
Geological Survey (US); 1996. 1 sheet: 1:24,000; Lambert conformal conic
proj.; 68 x 56 cm.; color.
Percent of population, 2000. One or more races including Asian [United
States] [demographic map]. Washington: Census Bureau (US), Population
Division; 2001. 1 sheet: 1:20,000,000; 14 x 24 cm.; color.
2000 population distribution in the United States [dot distribution map].
Washington: Census Bureau (US), Geography Division; 2001. 1 sheet: 55 x 66
cm.; black & white.
Meuschke JL, Moxham RM, cartographers. Airborne radioactivity survey of
the Tabernacle Buttes area, Sublette and Fremont Counties, Wyoming
[remote-sensing map]. Washington: Geological Survey (US); 1953. 1 sheet:
1:63,360; 36 x 53 cm.
If the specific type is unknown, simply use the word map within the brackets
642 Citing Medicine
Examples for Map Type

13. Map with specific type indicated
Type of Medium for Maps (required)

etc.) when a map is published in a microform
Insert the name of the medium within the square brackets for the map type,
preceded by the word on. For example: [map on microfiche].
Add information about the medium according to the instructions in Physical
Description below
See Chapter 18 and Chapter 22 for maps in electronic formats

29. Map in a microform
Edition for Maps (required)

Indicate the edition/version being cited when a map is published in more than one
edition or version
Abbreviate common words if desired (see Abbreviation rules for editions)
adjectives

Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.

Maps 643
Word Abbreviation
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.
translated
period
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.

First editions

familiar one
644 Citing Medicine
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Follow abbreviated words by a period and end the edition information with a
period
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
Maps 645
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
familiar one
period
Examples:
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
646 Citing Medicine

Japanese:
Examples:
becomes o
becomes u
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-pàn.
Maps 647

Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

If a map does not carry any statement of edition, assume it is the first or only
edition

14. Map with an edition
Editor and other Secondary Authors for Maps (optional)

A secondary author modifies the work of the author. Examples include editors and
translators.
Place the names of secondary authors after the map type and any edition statement
648 Citing Medicine
Use the same rules for the format of names presented in Author (cartographer)
above
named translator with a comma and the word translator or translators, etc.


A map may occasionally have several types of secondary author
Examples:
Smith BC, editor; Carson HT, translator.
Graber AF, Longstreet RG, translators; Johnson CT, editor.

Example:
Maps 649

Translate the word found for editor, translator, or other secondary author into
English if possible to assist the reader. However, the wording found on the
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
for them:
Language Word for Editor Word for Translator
French redacteur traducteur
editeur
German redakteur ubersetzer
Italian redattore traduttore
curatore
editore

650 Citing Medicine
Language Word for Editor Word for Translator

Russian redaktor perevodchik
izdatel
Spanish redactor traductor
editor

Follow the instructions for entering the organizational name found under
Place a comma and the word editor after the organizational name
Example:
editor.

15. Map with editor(s)
Place of Publication for Maps (required)

Place is defined as the city where the map was published
End place information with a colon and a space

Non-US cities
Joint publication
Maps 651


always be used.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
652 Citing Medicine
parentheses.
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but
Canada

Two organizations may co-publish a map. Use the city of the first organization
found on the map as the place of publication.
desired
1985 national shellfish register of classified estuarine waters: regional maps of
shellfish growing waters [map]. Washington: National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (US); 1985. 4 sheets: 1:2,500,000; 76 x 76 cm.;
color. Co-published by the US Food and Drug Administration.

Maps 653

If no place of publication can be found on the map, but one can be found in a
booklet or other publication accompanying the map or can be reasonably inferred
(e.g., New York as the place for a publication of the American Geographical
Society), place the city in square brackets, such as [New York]
Percentage of persons not covered by health insurance compared with the
national average, by state: 1992 [United States] [map]. [Washington]: Census
Bureau (US): [1993?]. 1 sheet: 22 x 28 cm.; color.
Dent BD, cartographer. Arkansas population distribution, with shaded relief
features of the physical landscape [map]. [place unknown]: B.D. Dent; c1984.
1 sheet: 1:1,000,000; 50 x 57 cm.; color.

16. Map with geographic qualifier added to place of publication
17. Map with place of publication inferred
18. Map with unknown place of publication
Publisher for Maps (required)

Record the name of the publisher as it appears in the map, using whatever
enter the publisher name first. For example: Louisiana State University, Department
of Geography and Anthropology.
End publisher information with a semicolon and a space

Joint publication
Multiple publishers
654 Citing Medicine

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society

Madrid: Comunidad de Madrid, Consejeria de Sanidad, Direccion General
Planificacion Sanitaria; 2000.
Prague: Kartografie Praha; 1991.
Romanize names or translate names presented in and character-based languages
Maps 655
Beijing: Zhongguo di tu chu ban she; 2003.

are capitalized.].
or
Beijing: [China Map Publishers]; 2003.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Valencia (Spain): Universidade de Valencia, Instituto de Ciencia y
Documentacion Lopez Pinero;
656 Citing Medicine
As an option, translate all publisher names not in English. Place all translated
publisher names in square brackets unless the translation has been given in the
publication.
publisher.
Royal Geographical Society (GB)
the map as the publisher and include distributor information as a note, preceded by
"Available from:" .
Thorson TD, cartographer. Ecoregions of Oregon [map]. Reston (VA):
Geological Survey (US), National Health and Environmental Effects Research
Laboratory, Western Ecology Division; 2004. 1 sheet: 33 x 44 cm,; color.
Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; I 19.79:EC
7/OR/2004.

Two organizations may co-publish a map. Use the first organization appearing on
the map as the publisher.
desired
Maps 657
Example:

If more than one publisher is found on a map, use the first one given or the one set
in the largest type or bold type
Do not list multiple publishers. For those maps with joint or co-publishers, use the
name given first as the publisher and include the name of the second as a note if
desired. For example, use "Jointly published by the Royal Geographical Society".
Example:

If no publisher can be found, use [publisher unknown].
Mathewson KM, cartographer. Recent unexplained mass mortality of marine
fauna: a look at ocean nuclear waste dumps as possible sources of stress
[Northeast Atlantic Ocean] [map]. New York: [publisher unknown]; 2004. 1
sheet: 117 x 105 cm.; color.

19. Map with subsidiary division of the publisher
20. Map published by governmental or other national/international organization
21. Map with joint or co-publisher
658 Citing Medicine
22. Map with unknown publisher
Date of Publication for Maps (required)

Jan


2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan
names of seasons.
Maps 659

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Some maps have both a date of publication and a date of copyright. A copyright date is
identified by the symbol , the letter "c", or the word copyright preceding the date.

example c2005.
Cincinnati and vicinity [map]. Lake Monroe (FL): Universal Map; c2002. 1
sheet: 2 1/4 inch = 1 mile;123 x 183 cm.; color.

be estimated because of material contained in the map itself or on accompanying
in square brackets
660 Citing Medicine
Percentage of persons not covered by health insurance compared with the

national average, by state: 1992 [United States] [map]. [Washington]: Census
Bureau (US): [1993?]. 1 sheet: 22 x 28 cm.; color.
Aces Products, cartographer. Navajo Nation, U.S.A., P.H.S., Indian Health
Service [map]. Window Rock (AZ): Indian Health Service (US), Navajo Area;
[date unknown]. 1 sheet: 1:1,600,000; 26 x 31 cm.; color.

The date of information may follow the author names in the list of references when the
name-year system of in-text references is used
NLM citation:
Laboratory, West Ecology Division; 2004.
Thorson TD, cartographer. 2004. Ecoregions of Oregon [map]. Reston (VA):
Laboratory, West Ecology Division.

23. Map with month included in date of publication
24. Map with date of copyright instead of publication
25. Map with date of publication estimated
26. Map with unknown date of publication
Maps 661
Pagination for Maps (optional)

Provide the total number of sheets on which the map appears
Follow the sheet total with a space and the word sheet or sheets
End pagination information with a colon and a space, unless no Physical
Description is provided, then use a period

More than one map on a sheet or more than one sheet per map
Box 42. More than one map on a sheet or more than one sheet per map.
If more than one map appears on a sheet, include this information with the
pagination. Place the number of maps before the number of sheets.
2 maps on 1 sheet: 1:2,500,000; 17 x 20 cm.; black & white.
10 maps on 1 sheet: 23 x 17 cm. and 10 x 7 cm.; color.
8 maps on 4 sheets: 1:90,000,000; 20 x 39 cm.; color.
If a map appears on more than one sheet, include this information with the
pagination
2 sheets: 1:4,500,000; sheets 92 x 62 cm.; color.
8 maps on 4 sheets: 1:90,000,000; 20 x 39 cm.; color.

27. Map pagination and physical description
Physical Description for Maps (optional)

Begin with the scale of the map, followed by a semicolon and a space. For example:
1:250,000;
Enter the size of the map in centimeters, followed by a semicolon and a space. For
example: 80 x 44 cm.;
Indicate if the map is in color or black & white
End the map description with a period
Give information on the physical characteristics if a map is published in a
microform (microfilm, microfiche, etc.). For example: 1 microfiche: black & white,
negative, 2 x 4 in.
662 Citing Medicine

Language for describing map characteristics
Language for describing microform characteristics
Box 43. Language for describing map characteristics.

Describe map characteristics using the features listed below
Give each feature as it is found on the map
Abbreviate measures used if desired
centimeters = cm.
inches = in.
miles = mi.
kilometers = km.
Separate one feature from another by a semicolon and a space
End the last of the features with a period
Scale
Examples:
1:45,000
1:2,125,000
2 1/4 in. = 1 mi.
1 cm. = 80 km.
Size in centimeters
Examples:
33 x 44 cm.
123 x 183 cm.
If more than one map is found on a sheet and they differ in size, include all
sizes:
2 maps on 1 sheet: 52 x 76 cm. and 38 x 38 cm.; color
Color or black & white
Examples:
Maps 663
1 sheet: 1:1,600,000; 26 x 31 cm.; color.

2 maps on 1 sheet: 1:2,500,000; 17 x 20 cm.; black & white.
Projection is also sometimes found on a map
Use whatever wording is found on the map
Abbreviate projection to proj. if desired
Place projection information following the scale (or following the number of
sheets if no scale is provided)
Examples:
1 sheet: 1:24,000; Lambert conformal conic proj.; 68 x 56 cm.; color.
1 sheet: 1:54,109,440; Winkel tripel proj.; 46 x 74 cm.; color.
8 maps on 1 sheet: 1:15,600,000; Azimuthal equidistant proj.; 26 x 20
cm. and 60 x 50 cm.; color.
Box 44. Language for describing microform characteristics.

If a map is published on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:
colon and a space
2 microfiche:
3 microcards:
1 reel: [of microfilm]
color
black & white
positive
negative
664 Citing Medicine

Place any microform description after the map characteristics

28. Map physical description showing projection
Series for Maps (optional)

Examples for Series

30. Map in a series
Language for Maps (required)

Maps 665

Maps appearing in more than one language
Box 45. Maps appearing in more than one language.

If the text of a map is written in several languages, give the title in the first language
found on the map and indicate all languages of publication after the pagination.
Separate the languages by commas.
If a map appears in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian
publications, give all titles in the order in which they are presented on the map, with
an equals sign between them. Indicate the particular languages, separated by a
comma, after the pagination and description.
Schwerdt Graphic Arts Ltd., cartographer. Carte de Montreal: communaute
urbaine de Montreal = Montreal city plan: urban community [map]. Whitby
(ON): Peter Heiler Ltd.; 1990. 1 sheet: 1:25,000; 110 x 199 cm.; color. French,
English.
If none of the languages is English, follow the title with a translation whenever
Brugger EM, cartographer. Asien [Asia] [map]. Frankfurt (Germany):

Notes for Maps (optional)

itself
Be brief
666 Citing Medicine

Map accompanied by written or other material
Box 46. Map accompanied by written or other material.

If a booklet or other supplemental material accompanies a map, begin by citing the
map
Add the phrase "Accompanied by:" followed by a space and the number and type of
material
Examples:
Accompanied by: 1 booklet.
Accompanied by: World's most populous cities, lesson plan, 16 p.

If a map contains material of particular interest to the audience that may not be
Veterans Health Services and Research Administration [United States] [map].
Rev. ed. Washington: Department of Veterans Affairs (US); 1991. 1 sheet: 28 x
43 cm.; color. Shows VA regional offices, medical centers, and outpatient
clinics.
AIDS and HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean [map]. Washington:
Central Intelligence Agency (US); 1993. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 40 x 75 cm.; color.
Information taken from reports to World Health Organization, Pan American
Health Organization, USAID, and from official estimates in various countries.
Mathes MV, Waldron MC, cartographers. Distribution of fluoride in ground
water of West Virginia [map]. Charleston (WV): Geological Survey (US);
1993. 1 sheet: 1:2,125,000; 32 x 36 cm.; black & white. Prepared in cooperation
with the West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey.
If the map is a US government publication and may be obtained from the US
Government Printing Office or the National Technical Information Service, provide
the name and location of the service and the acquisition number. Begin with the
phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and a space
Maps 667
Laboratory, Western Ecology Division; 2004. 1 sheet: 33 x 44 cm.; color.

Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; I 19.79:EC
7/OR/2004.
Give the name of a library or other archive where the map may be found. Begin
with the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space
x 135 cm.; color. German, English, French. Located at: Ohio State University
Library, Columbus, Ohio; G7400 1992 .K3.
Examples for Notes

31. Map with note
Examples of Citations to Maps

1. Standard citation to a map
Buchholz D, cartographer. Street map, San Diego, southern area [map]. Oceanside (CA):
Global Graphics; 2000. 1 sheet: 1:45,000; 89 x 68.5 cm.; color.
Davies DH, Wheeler RG, cartographers. Zimbabwe population distribution, August 1982
[map]. Causeway (Zimbabwe): Zimbabwe Surveyor-General; 1985. 1 sheet: 1:1,000,000;
78 x 88 cm.; color.
2. Map with designation of family rank for the author (cartographer)

Giese GL, Mason RR Jr, cartographers. Low-flow characteristics of streams in North
Carolina [map]. Raleigh (NC): Geological Survey (US); 1991. 2 sheets: 1:2,125,000; 73 x
106 cm.; color.
3. Map with an organization as author (cartographer)

Aces Products, cartographer. Navajo Nation, U.S.A., P.H.S., Indian Health Service
[Southwestern United States] [map]. Window Rock (AZ): Indian Health Service (US),
Navajo Area; [date unknown]. 1 sheet: 1:1,600,000; 26 x 31 cm.; color.
Rwanda, Ministere de la Sante, cartographer. Rwanda health facilities [map]. Kigali
(Rwanda): MINISANTE; 2000. 1 sheet: 60 x 92 cm.; color.
668 Citing Medicine
4. Map with no author (cartographer) provided

Sample PSUs for the health interview survey (HIS), 1980 redesign [United States] [map].
Washington: Bureau of the Census (US), Geography Division; 1986. 1 sheet: 1:5,000,000;
66 x 97 cm.; color.
Pink bollworm quarantine [Southwestern United States] [map]. Washington: Department
of Agriculture (US), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; 1997. 1 sheet: 18 x 27
cm.; color.
5. Map showing author (cartographer) affiliation

Davies DH (Department of Geography, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe),
Wheeler RG, cartographers. Zimbabwe population distribution, August 1982 [map].
Causeway (Zimbabwe): Zimbabwe Surveyor-General; 1985. 1 sheet: 1:1,000,000; 78 x 88
cm.; color.
6. Map with subtitle

American Nuclear Society, cartographer. Commercial nuclear power stations around the
world: operable, under construction or ordered, September 1991 [map]. La Grange Park
(IL): Nuclear News; 1991. 7 maps on 1 sheet: 59 x 136 cm.; black & white.

Plano de los transportes publicos del area de salud 1 sur-este de Madrid [map]. Madrid:
Comunidad de Madrid, Consejeria de Sanidad, Direccion General Planificacion Sanitaria;
2000. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 38 x 65 cm.; color. Spanish.
Beijing Shi ji ben yi liao bao xian ding dian yi liao ji gou ding dian ling shou yao dian zhi
nan tu [map]. Beijing: Zhongguo di tu chu ban she; 2003. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 52 x 76 cm.
and 38 x 38 cm.; color. Chinese.
Vodacka mapa CSFR [Czechoslovak Federal Republic] [map]. Prague: Kartografie Praha;
1991. 1 map on 2 sheets: 1:500,000; 79 x 157 cm.; color. Czech.

Plano de los transportes publicos del area de salud 1 sur-este de Madrid [Public
transportation plan of the first southeastern health area of Madrid] [map]. Madrid:
Comunidad de Madrid, Consejeria de Sanidad, Direccion General Planificacion Sanitaria;
2000. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 38 x 65 cm.; color. Spanish.
Beijing Shi ji ben yi liao bao xian ding dian yi liao ji gou ding dian ling shou yao dian zhi
nan tu [Local medical facilities and retail pharmacies in Beijing covered by basic medical
insurance] [map]. Beijing: Zhongguo di tu chu ban she; 2003. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 52 x 76
cm. and 38 x 38 cm.; color. Chinese.
Maps 669
Vodacka mapa CSFR [Map of water sites of the Czechoslovak Federal Republic] [map].
Prague: Kartografie Praha; 1991. 2 sheets:1:500,000; 79 x 157 cm.; color. Czech.

Schwerdt Graphic Arts Ltd., cartographer. Carte de Montreal: communaute urbaine de
Montreal = Montreal city plan: urban community [map]. Whitby (ON): Peter Heiler Ltd.;
1990. 1 sheet: 1:25,000; 110 x 199 cm.; color. French, English.

Brugger EM, cartographer. Asien [map]. Frankfurt (Germany): Kartographischer Verlag
Reinhard Ryborsch; 1992. 1 sheet: 1 cm. = 80 km.; 97 x 135 cm.; color. German, English,
French.
11. Map with location added after title

District population per health facility [Kabul] [map]. Kabul (Afganistan): United Nations,
Afghanistan Information Management Service; 2004. 1 sheet: 61 x 84 cm.; color.
Pink bollworm quarantine [Southwestern United States] [map]. Washington: Department
of Agriculture (US), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; 1997. 1 sheet: 18 x 27
cm.; color.
Distribution of helminthiases [World] [map]. New York: American Geographical Society;
c1952. 15 maps on 1 sheet: 38 x 67 cm.; color.
12. Map with constructed title

[World] [demographic map]. Washington: Bureau of the Census (US), Center for
International Research; 1994. 8 maps on 4 sheets: 1:90,000,000; 20 x 39 cm.; color.
13. Map with specific type indicated

Meuschke JL, Moxham RM, cartographers. Airborne radioactivity survey of the
Tabernacle Buttes area, Sublette and Fremont Counties, Wyoming [remote-sensing map].
Washington: Geological Survey (US); 1953. 1 sheet: 1:63,360; 36 x 53 cm.
Maiden quadrangle, North Carolina, 1993 [topographic map]. Reston (VA): Geological
Survey (US); 1996. 1 sheet: 1:24,000; Lambert conformal conic proj.; 68 x 56 cm.; color.
One or more races including Asian [United States] [demographic map]. Washington:
Census Bureau (US), Population Division; 2001. 1 sheet: 1:20,000,000; 14 x 24 cm.; color.
2000 population distribution in the United States [dot distribution map]. Washington:
Census Bureau (US), Geography Division; 2001. 1 sheet: 55 x 66 cm.; black & white.
670 Citing Medicine
14. Map with an edition

Richmond Virginia: includes downtown enlargement, indexed streets, place names,
shopping centers, schools, airports, hospitals, places of worship, parks & recreation, and
much more [map]. 2nd ed. Alexandria (VA): ADC of Alexandria; c1994. 1 sheet: 1:36,000;
66 x 97 cm.; color.
Veterans Health Services and Research Administration [United States] [map]. Rev. ed.
Washington: Department of Veterans Affairs (US); 1991. 1 sheet: 28 x 43 cm.; color.
15. Map with editor(s)

Wood M, Keates JS, cartographers. Scotland, population distribution on the night of 23
April, 1961 [map]. Caird JB, Diamond DR, editors. Glasgow: William Collins & Sons Col.;
1965. 1 sheet: 1:500,000; 91 x 72 cm.; color.
16. Map with geographic qualifier added to place of publication

Hagstrom map of Ulster County, New York: fully street-indexed, U.S., state, interstate
highways, Catskill Park, golf courses and country clubs, schools, hospitals, points of
interest, zip codes, rr routes [map]. Maspeth (NY): Hagstrom Map Co.; c1997. 1 sheet:
1:42,000; 143 x 133 cm.; color.
17. Map with place of publication inferred

Percentage of persons not covered by health insurance compared with the national
average, by state: 1992 [United States] [map]. [Washington]: Census Bureau (US): [1993?].
1 sheet: 22 x 28 cm.; color.
18. Map with unknown place of publication

Dent BD, cartographer. Arkansas population distribution, with shaded relief features of
the physical landscape [map]. [place unknown]: B.D. Dent; c1984. 1 sheet: 1:1,000,000; 50
x 57 cm.; color.
19. Map with subsidiary division of the publisher

Ghana, maternal malnutrition by region: percent mothers with children under 3 years
who are malnourished [map]. Legon (Ghana): University of Ghana, Centre for Social
Policy Studies; 1998. 1 sheet: 59 x 41 cm.; color.
District population per health facility [Kabul] [map]. Kabul (Afghanistan): United
Nations, Afghanistan Information Management Service; 2004. 1 sheet: 61 x 84 cm.; color.
Maps 671
20. Map published by governmental or other national/international

organization
U.S. Navy and Marine Corps guide to Native American groups [United States] [map].
Washington: Navy Department (US), Office of the Assistant Secretary; 1996. 2 sheets:
1:4,500,000; 92 x 62 cm.; color.
Thorson TD, cartographer. Ecoregions of Oregon [map]. Reston (VA): Geological Survey
(US), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology
Division; 2004. 1 sheet: 33 x 44 cm.; color.
21. Map with joint or co-publisher

1985 national shellfish register of classified estuarine waters: regional maps of shellfish
growing waters [United States] [map]. Washington: National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (US); 1985. 4 sheets: 1:2,500,000; 76 x 76 cm.; color. Co-published by the
US Food and Drug Administration.
22. Map with unknown publisher

Mathewson KM, cartographer. Recent unexplained mass mortality of marine fauna: a
look at ocean nuclear waste dumps as possible sources of stress [Northeast Atlantic
Ocean] [map]. New York: [publisher unknown]; 2004. 1 sheet: 117 x 105 cm.; color.
23. Map with month included in date of publication

Adolescent fertility rates, ages 15 to 19, 1994 [World] [map]. Washington: Bureau of the
Census (US), Center for International Research; 1994 Feb. 1 sheet: 1:90,000,000; 20 x 39
cm.; color.
24. Map with date of copyright instead of publication

Cincinnati and vicinity [map]. Lake Monroe (FL): Universal Map; c2002. 1 sheet: 2 1/4 in.
= 1 mi.; 123 x 183 cm.; color.
25. Map with date of publication estimated

Percentage of persons not covered by health insurance compared with the national
average, by state: 1992 [United States] [map]. [Washington]: Census Bureau (US): [1993?].
1 sheet: 22 x 28 cm.; color.
26. Map with unknown date of publication

Aces Products, cartographer. Navajo Nation, U.S.A., P.H.S., Indian Health Service
[Southwestern United States] [map]. Window Rock (AZ): Indian Health Service (US),
Navajo Area; [date unknown]. 1 sheet: 1:1,600,000; 26 x 31 cm.; color.
672 Citing Medicine

Mathes MV, Waldron MC, cartographers. Distribution of fluoride in ground water of
West Virginia [map]. Charleston (WV): Geological Survey (US); 1993. 1 sheet:
1:2,125,000; 32 x 36 cm.; black & white.
Washington: Department of Veterans Affairs (US); 1991. 1 sheet: 28 x 43 cm.; color.
U.S. Navy and Marine Corps guide to Native American groups [United States] [map].
Washington: Navy Department (US), Office of the Assistant Secretary; 1996. 2 sheets:
1:4,500,000; 92 x 62 cm.; color.
Meyers KR, Lee B, Lee MF, cartographers. Respiratory cancer death rates, 1950-1979
[Louisiana] [map]. Baton Rouge (LA): Louisiana State University, Department of
Geography and Anthropology; 1984. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 1:2,500,000; 17 x 20 cm.; black &
white.
28. Map physical description showing projection

Maiden quadrangle, North Carolina, 1993 [topographic map]. Reston (VA): Geological
Survey (US); 1996. 1 sheet: 1:24,000; Lambert conformal conic proj.; 68 x 56 cm.; color.
Natural hazards of North America [map]. Washington: National Geographic Society (US);
c1998. 8 maps on 1 sheet: 1:15,600,000; Azimuthal equidistant proj.; 26 x 20 cm. and 60 x
50 cm.; color.
Millennium in maps. Population [World] [map]. Washington: National Geographic
Society (US); 1998. 1 sheet: 1:54,109,440; Winkel tripel proj.; 46 x 74 cm.; color.

Hutson SS, cartographer. Ground-water use by public supply systems in Tennessee in
1988 [map on microfiche]. Nashville (TN): Geological Survey (US); 1991. 1 sheet:
1:1,490,000; 18 x 59 cm.; color. 1 microfiche: color, positive, 4 x 6 in.
30. Map in a series

Loiselle MC, Horn MA, Medalie L, cartographers. Estimated withdrawals and use of
freshwater in Maine, 1990 [map]. Reston (VA): Geological Survey (US); 1995. 10 maps on
1 sheet: 23 x 17 cm. and 10 x 7 cm.; color. (Water-resources investigations report;
93-4098).
31. Map with note

Cincinnati and vicinity [map]. Lake Monroe (FL): Universal Map; c2002. 1 sheet: 2 1/4 in.
= 1 mi.; 123 x 183 cm.; color. Accompanied by: 1 booklet.
Maps 673
The world's most populous cities [map]. Asheville (NC): Poster Education; c1997. 1 sheet:
40 x 91 cm.; color. Accompanied by: World's most populous cities, lesson plan, 16 p.
Washington: Department of Veterans Affairs (US); 1991. 1 sheet: 28 x 43 cm.; color. Shows
VA regional offices, medical centers, and outpatient clinics.
AIDS and HIV in Latin America and the Caribbean [map]. Washington: Central
Intelligence Agency (US); 1993. 2 maps on 1 sheet: 40 x 75 cm.; color. Information taken
from reports to World Health Organization, Pan American Health Organization, USAID,
and from official estimates in various countries.
Mathes MV, Waldron MC, cartographers. Distribution of fluoride in ground water of
West Virginia [map]. Charleston (WV): Geological Survey (US); 1993. 1 sheet:
1:2,125,000; 32 x 36 cm.; black & white. Prepared in cooperation with the West Virginia
Geological and Economic Survey.
Thorson TD, cartographer. Ecoregions of Oregon [map]. Reston (VA): Geological Survey
(US), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology
Division; 2004. 1 sheet: 33 x 44 cm.; color. Available from: US Government Printing
Office, Washington, DC; I 19.79:EC 7/OR/2004.
Brugger EM, cartographer. Asien [map]. Frankfurt (Germany): Kartographischer Verlag
Reinhard Ryborsch; 1992. 1 sheet: 1 cm. = 80 km.; 97 x 135 cm.; color. German, English,
French. Located at: Ohio State University Library, Columbus, Ohio; G7400 1992 .K3.
674 Citing Medicine
675
Chapter 10. Legal Documents

Created: October 10, 2007; Updated: January 14, 2009.
The legal profession employs a unique system of citation unlike that generally used in
medicine and the sciences. This legal style is described in detail in The Bluebook: a
Uniform System of Citation (18th ed. Cambridge (MA): Harvard Law Review Association;
2005). Because this legal standard is well established and its citation format accurately
identifies legal documents for retrieval from law and general libraries, no attempt has
been made to force references to legal materials such as public laws and hearings into a
traditional format. Instead, examples of the common types of legal citations are provided
here and the reader should consult The Bluebook for details.
The examples below pertain to US federal statues and legislative documents. They
represent the standards followed in the United States and may not be applicable to legal
documents in other countries. Documents produced by US states vary in format; see The
Bluebook.
Unenacted Bill
- originated in the House
Treat Physicians Fairly Act, H.R. 4872, 109th Cong., 2d Sess. (2006).
- originated in the Senate
Hurricane Katrina Medicaid and SCHIP Relief Act, S. 1688, 109th Cong., 1st Sess. (2005).
Public Law
National All Schedules Prescription Electronic Reporting Act of 2005, Pub. L. 109-60, 119
Stat.1979 (Aug. 11, 2005).
Veterans Hearing Loss Compensation Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107-9, 115 Stat. 11 (May
24, 2001).
United States Code

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) of 1970, 29 U.S.C. Sect. 651 (2000).
Code of Federal Regulations

Epithelioma of the Eye, 9 C.F.R. Sect. 309.6 (2006).
Cardiopulmonary Bypass Intracardiac Suction Control, 21 C.F.R. Sect. 870.4430 (2002).
676 Citing Medicine
Federal Register
An item from the Federal Register is cited the same way as a standard journal article.
Abbreviate the title to Fed Regist. and see Chapter 1A for journal article citation
information.
Social Security Administration (US). Evidentiary requirements for making findings
about medical equivalence. Final rules. Fed Regist. 2006 Mar 1;71(40):10419-33.
Congressional Hearing
- House
Plant Biotechnology Research and Development in Africa: Challenges and Opportunities:
Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Research of the House Comm. on Science, 108th Cong.,
1st Sess. (Jun. 12, 2003).
Arsenic in Drinking Water: An Update on the Science, Benefits and Cost: Hearing Before
the Subcomm. on Environment, Technology and Standards of the House Comm. on
Science, 107th Cong., 1st Sess. (Oct. 4, 2001).
- Senate
Public Health Preparedness in the 21st Century: Hearing Before the Subcomm. on
Bioterrorism and Public Health Preparedness of the Senate Comm. on Health, Education,
Labor, and Pensions, 109th Cong., 2d Sess. (Mar. 28, 2006).
Examining the Effects of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) on U.S. Imports and
Exports of Cattle and Beef: Hearing Before the Senate Comm. on Agriculture, Nutrition,
and Forestry, 109th Cong., 1st Sess. (Feb. 3, 2005).
Congressional Report
- House report
Providing for Consideration of H.R. 525, Small Business Health Fairness Act of 2005, H.R.
Rep. No. 109-183 (Jul. 25, 2005).
Methamphetamine Remediation Research Act of 2005, H.R. Rep. No. 109-42 (Apr. 13,
2005).
- Senate report
Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Improvement Act, S. Rep. No. 109-75
(May 26, 2005).
Meeting the Housing and Service Needs of Seniors Act of 2005, S. Rep. No. 109-178 (Nov.
15, 2005).
677
Citing Unpublished Material

678 Citing Medicine
679
Chapter 11. Forthcoming ("in press")

A. Forthcoming Journal Articles

Examples
B. Forthcoming Books
Examples
See also:
Chapter 1 Journals
Chapter 2 Books
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Forthcoming

Journal Articles
The general format for a reference to a forthcoming journal article, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Forthcoming Journal Articles

Forthcoming material consists of journal articles or books accepted for publication but
not yet published. "Forthcoming" has replaced the former "in press" because changes in
the publishing industry make the latter term obsolete.
Do not include as forthcoming those articles that have been submitted for publication but
have not yet been accepted for publication. Note that some publishers will not accept
references to any form of unpublished items in a reference list.
You may add the affiliation of the first author or additional authors of the article to the
citation to facilitate retrieval in the event there is some delay or change in final
680 Citing Medicine
publication. For journal articles you may also include the exact volume and issue number
if known.
For more examples of the components of citations, see Chapter 1A Journal Articles.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Forthcoming Journal Articles.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Forthcoming Journal Articles.
Citation Rules with Examples for Forthcoming Journal Articles

it is optional.
| Edition (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Volume Number (O) | Issue Number (O) | Language
(R) | Notes (R)
Author for Forthcoming Articles (required)

List names in the order they will appear in the final document

Other surname rules
No author included
Forthcoming ("in press") 681

Omit all other punctuation within surnames

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
682 Citing Medicine
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

one letter

Omit degrees, titles, and honors that follow a personal name, such as M.D

Examples:

Romanize names when they are in Cyrillic (Russian, Bulgarian, etc.), Greek, Arabic,
684 Citing Medicine
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

If a division or other part of an organization will be included in the publication,
give the parts of the name in descending hierarchical order, separated by commas
a nationality is not part of the name, place the country within parentheses after the
If both individuals and an organization(s) will appear on the title page of an article
as authors, give both, in the order they will appear in the article; separate them by a
semicolon
will appear in the publication. Whenever possible follow a non-English name
686 Citing Medicine

brackets.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they
were two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Box 8. No author included.

If no person or organization will be given as the author but editors or translators
will be given, begin the reference with the names of the editors or translators.
Follow the same rules as used for author names, but end the list of names with a
comma and the specific role, that is, editor or translator.

If no person or organization will be identified as the author and no editors or
translators will be given, begin the reference with the title of the article. Do not use
anonymous.
NCRP Report 151. Structural shielding design and evaluation for megavoltage
x-and gamma-ray radiotherapy facilities. J Radiol Prot. Forthcoming 2006.

The following formats are not NLM practice for citing authors, but they are acceptable
options:
The number of authors may be limited to a specific number, such as the first three
authors or first six authors, if space is a consideration. Follow the last named author
with a comma and "et al." or "and others."
If both individuals and an organization or organizations will appear on the title
page of the article as authors, the individuals may be given as the author and the
organization listed at the end of the reference as a note
Buyse M, Loi S, van't Veer L, Viale G, Delorenzi M, Glas AM, d'Assignies MS,
Bergh J, Lidereau R, Ellis P, Harris A, Bogaerts J, Therasse P, Floore A,
Amakrane M, Piette F, Rutgers E, Sotiriou C, Cardoso F, Piccart MJ.
Validation and clinical utility of a 70-gene prognostic signature for women
with node-negative breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. Forthcoming 2006.
Authors represent the TRANSBIG Consortium.
Examples for Author

1. Standard citation for a forthcoming article
2. Forthcoming article with optional full first names
688 Citing Medicine
3. Forthcoming article with author names showing designation of rank in a family

4. Forthcoming article with authors having compound surnames
5. Forthcoming article with prefixes or particles in author surnames
6. Forthcoming article with no author or editor
Author Affiliation for Forthcoming Articles (optional)



Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division

Soc. for Society
in all references.

a space
Example:

and the country name or two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D) if non-US.
690 Citing Medicine

Spain).
[email protected]).
Kubo A, Ishida T.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
example, Vienna for Wien and Spain for Espana. However, the name that will be
carried on the publication may always be used.

the name that will be carried on the publication may always be used.
Wien becomes Vienna

7. Forthcoming article with author affiliation
Article Title for Forthcoming Articles (required)

Enter the title of an article or book as it will appear in the final document, in the
original language
and initialisms
already present
692 Citing Medicine
Follow non-English titles with a translation, whenever possible; place the

translation in square brackets
it or a Type of Medium follows it (see below)

Article titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special
character

Translate article titles not in English. Place all translated titles in square brackets.
Indicate the language after the journal title.
Perea-Carrasco R, Castano-Lopez MA, Perez-Coronel R. [Adequate use of
drugs and therapeutic efficacy]. Med Clin (Barc). Spanish. Forthcoming 2006.
Whenever possible, place the original language title or romanized title before the
translation
Thallinger C, Joukhadar C. Cytochrom-P450 mediierte
Arzneimittelinteraktionen mit Antibiotika [Cytochrom-P450 mediated
drug interactions caused by antibiotics]. Wien Med Wochenschr.
German. Forthcoming 2006.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
were two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Example:
Perea-Carrasco R, Castano-Lopez MA, Perez-Coronel R. Uso racional del
medicamento y eficacia terapeutica [Adequate use of drugs and therapeutic
efficacy]. Med Clin (Barc). Spanish. Forthcoming 2006.

If an article title will be provided in English as well as other languages, give the
English language version of the article title and indicate all languages of publication
after the journal title, separated by commas
Slama K. Background information for adopting a policy encouraging
earmarked tobacco and alcohol taxes for the creation of health promotion
foundations. Promot Educ. English, French, Spanish. Forthcoming 2006.
If an article title will be provided in more than one language and none of them is
English, translate the title into English and place the translation within square
brackets. Indicate all languages of publication after the journal title, separated by
commas.
Teubner E, Marinello CP. [Determination of prospective tooth positions by
means of model analysis--the Staub Cranial System]. Schweiz Monatsschr
Zahnmed. French, German. Forthcoming 2006.
As an option, precede the translated title with the original language title
Teubner E, Marinello CP. Die Berechnung der prospektiven
Zahnposition anhand einer Modellanalyse--das Staub Cranial-System
694 Citing Medicine
[Determination of prospective tooth positions by means of model

analysis--the Staub Cranial System]. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed.
French, German. Forthcoming 2006.
If an article title is presented in two equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian
publications, give both titles in the order in which they will be given in the text,
commas, after the journal title.
Macdonald N, Squires B, Hawkins D, Downie J, Aberman A, Armstrong P,
Davidoff F, Detsky A, Hall J, Hennen B, Rouleau J, Roy C, Scott J, Stewart D.
Editorial independence for CMAJ: signposts along the road = L'independance
de la redaction du JAMC: des signes positifs. CMAJ. English, French.
Forthcoming 2006.
place it in square brackets. Place the closing period outside the brackets.
Collinet P, Decanter C, Lefebvre C, Leroy JL, Vinatier D. [Endometriosis and
infertility]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. French. Forthcoming 2006.
or
Collinet P, Decanter C, Lefebvre C, Leroy JL, Vinatier D. Endometriose et
infertilite [Endometriosis and infertility]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. French.
Forthcoming 2006.
punctuation. Place it within the square brackets and end title information with a
period.
Carbonne B. [Hannah's term breech trial: for whom the bell tolls?]. Gynecol
Obstet Fertil. French. Forthcoming 2006.
or
Carbonne B. Essai de Hannah sur le mode d'accouchement en presentation du
siege: pour qui sonne le glas? [Hannah's term breech trial: for whom the bell
tolls?]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. French. Forthcoming 2006.
character.
capitalized
Yao S, Zhang Y, Li J. c-jun/AP-1 activation does not affect the antiproliferative
activity of phenethyl isothiocyanate, a cruciferous vegetable-derived cancer
chemopreventive agent. Mol Carcinog. Forthcoming 2006.
Sun Y. p53 and its downstream proteins as molecular targets of cancer. Mol
Carcinog. Forthcoming 2006.
becomes omega.
Suzuki T, Hide I, Matsubara A, Hama C, Harada K, Miyano K, Andra M,
Matsubayashi H, Sakai N, Kohsaka S, Inoue K, Nakata Y. Microglial 7
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors drive a phospholipase C/IP3 pathway and
modulate the cell activation toward a neuroprotective role. J Neurosci Res.
Forthcoming 2006.
or
Matsubayashi H, Sakai N, Kohsaka S, Inoue K, Nakata Y. Microglial alpha7
Forthcoming 2006.
Matsubayashi H, Sakai N, Kohsaka S, Inoue K, Nakata Y. Microglial 7
Forthcoming 2006.
or
Matsubayashi H, Sakai N, Kohsaka S, Inoue K, Nakata Y. Microglial alpha7
nicotinic acetylcholine receptors drive a phospholipase C/IP(3) pathway and
696 Citing Medicine

Forthcoming 2006.

8. Forthcoming article title beginning with a lower case letter
9. Forthcoming article title containing Greek letters, superscripts, or subscripts
10. Forthcoming article with a title not in English
11. Forthcoming article that is a letter to the editor
Article Type for Forthcoming Articles (optional)

An article type alerts the user that the reference is to an abstract or a letter to the
editor, not a full article
Follow the bracketed article type with a period


period.
Ch'ng A, Lowe M. Celecoxib allergies and cross-reactivity [letter]. Intern Med
J. Forthcoming 2006.
follow [letter] or [abstract] with a period.
Ammendola E, Russo V, Politano L, Santangelo L, Calabro R. Is heart rate
variability a valid parameter to predict sudden death in patients with Becker's
muscular dystrophy? [letter]. Heart. Forthcoming 2006.

Journal Title for Forthcoming Articles (required)

titles below) and omit other words, such as articles, conjunctions, and prepositions
End the journal title with a period unless an Edition statement or a Type of
Medium is included (see below)

The Journal of Biocommunication becomes J Biocommun.
La Pediatria Medica e Chirurgica becomes Pediatr Med Chir.
L'Orthodontie Francaise becomes Orthod Fr.
A list of the abbreviations for common English words used in journal titles is
in Appendix A. Other sources for title-word abbreviations are:
character-based language such as Chinese and Japanese
Virology. remains Virology.
Kansenshogaku Zasshi. remains Kansenshogaku Zasshi.
JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association becomes JAMA.
Adolescent Injury Prevention becomes Inj Prev.
Omit any punctuation found within a title
Journal of Neuro-Oncology becomes J Neurooncol.
Drug-Nutrient Interactions becomes Drug Nutr Interact.
Women's Health becomes Womens Health.
698 Citing Medicine

name of the city where the journal is published distinguishes the various titles. The
city is usually shown in abbreviated format following the same rules as for words in
journal titles, as Phila for Philadelphia in the example above. If you use a
bibliography or database such as PubMed to help construct your reference and a
place name is included, you may keep it if you wish.


For non-English journal titles appearing in the roman alphabet (French, German,
Spanish, Italian, etc.), provide the name in the original language. Abbreviate it
according to the Abbreviation rules for journal titles and capitalize all remaining
words, including abbreviations. Indicate the language of the article after the journal
title.
Sante Ment Que. French. Forthcoming 2006.
Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. Abbreviate it according to the Abbreviation rules
for journal titles and capitalize all remaining words, including abbreviations.
Indicate the language of the article after the journal title.
Probl Tuberk Bolezn Legk. Russian. Forthcoming 2006.
Refuat Hapeh Vehashinayim. Hebrew. Forthcoming 2006.
Romanize titles in a character-based language (Chinese, Japanese). Do not

abbreviate any of the words or omit any words; use the capitalization system
of the particular language. Indicate the language of the article after the
journal title.
Nihon Ishigaku Zasshi. Japanese. Forthcoming 2006.
Zhonghua Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue. Chinese. Forthcoming 2015.
It is not NLM practice, but you may translate journal titles in
character-based languages. If you do, abbreviate the title according to
the Abbreviation rules for journal titles and indicate the language of
the article after the journal title.
Chin Crit Care Med. Chinese. Forthcoming 2015.
A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
700 Citing Medicine

Urology. remains Urology.
Harefuah. remains Harefuah.

after the title itself
articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. For example: of, the, at, in, and, L'.
Do not follow abbreviated words by a period, but end all title information with a
period
(Consum Ed).
(Prof Ed).
Hospital Practice. Hospital Editon. becomes Hosp Pract (Hosp Ed).
See the Abbreviation rules for editions for further information

options:
J Contin Educ Nurs. may become J. Contin. Educ. Nurs.
Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing.

12. Forthcoming article in a journal title with an edition
13. Forthcoming article in a journal title with a place of publication added

14. Forthcoming article in an Internet journal
Edition for Forthcoming Articles (required)

End the edition statement with a period placed outside the parenthesis unless the
Type of Medium is included (see below)

words in journal titles because an edition is considered a part of the title in journal
citations
articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. For example: of, the, at, in, and, L'. See
Appendix B for non-NLM sources.
Do not follow abbreviated words with a period, but end all title information with a
period
Examples:
(Consum Ed).
(Prof Ed).
Hospital Practice. Hospital Edition. becomes Hosp Pract (Hosp Ed).
702 Citing Medicine


as articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. For example: de, der, y, les, and, L'.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
information with a period
Examples:
Tierarztliche Praxis. Ausgabe Klientiere Heimtiere becomes Tierarztl
Prax (Ausg Klient Heimtiere).
Angiology. Edicion Espanola. becomes Angiology (Ed Esp).
Farmaco. Edizione Pratica. becomes Farmaco (Ed Prat).
For an edition statement written in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean
L'.
parentheses
Do not follow abbreviated words with a period, but end all journal title
Example:
(Epistem Ekd).
Japanese.
704 Citing Medicine
Transliterate the words for edition

Examples:
becomes o
becomes u
parentheses
End all the title information with a period
Example:
It is not NLM practice, but you may translate such journal titles and their
editions. If you do, abbreviate them according to the Abbreviation rules for
journal titles.
J Jinan Univ (Nat Sci Med Ed).
any. (n.a. = not abbreviated)
Danish oplag n.a.
Dutch uitgave Uitg
editie Ed
French edition Ed
German Ausgabe Ausg
Greek ekdosis Ekd


Italian edizione Ed
Russian izdanieIzd
Spanish edicion Ed

Type of Medium for Forthcoming Articles (required)

Indicate the specific type of medium (videocassette, DVD, CD-ROM, Internet, etc.)
following the title when a journal will be published in a non-print format
[videocassette]. or [Internet].
See Chapter 16 for articles in audiovisual formats and Chapter 19 for electronic
formats for more information


edition, then the type of medium.
Nucl Acids Res (Electron Ed) [CD-ROM].

Volume Number for Forthcoming Articles (optional)

706 Citing Medicine

Do not follow a volume number with any punctuation unless there is no issue
number. In that case, follow with a period.

Supplements, parts, special numbers to a volume
Box 28. Supplements, parts, special numbers to a volume.

A volume will sometimes be published with a further subdivision instead of an issue.
These are usually called a supplement, part, or special number.
Abbreviate the names for such subdivisions
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
Place them after the volume number and end with a period. For example:
- issue with supplement - with a part
15 Suppl. 15 Suppl 1 Pt A.
45 Suppl A. 45 Suppl A Pt 2.
87 Suppl 1. 87 Suppl 1 Pt 1.
- issue with part - with a supplement
66(Pt 2). 66(Pt 2 Suppl).
24(Pt A). 124(Pt A Suppl).
- issue with special number -with a part
6 Spec No. 6 Spec No Pt 2.
Translate names for supplements, parts, and special numbers into English. See the
following examples:
annexe part
Beilage


Erganzung
dopolnenie
suplemento
anejo
If the supplement will be given a name rather than the usual letter or number,
abbreviate significant words and omit other words such as articles, conjunctions,
and prepositions
Example: 24 Abstr Suppl.

See the following list for the words and abbreviations used for volume in a variety of
languages:
ek
708 Citing Medicine

Occasionally a journal will publish a series of issues without volumes or will publish a
supplement, part, or special number to a date of publication rather than to a volume or
issue.
If there are issues only, no volume numbers, follow the journal title with a space and
the issue number, placed in parentheses. End with a period.
Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk. (9). Russian. Forthcoming 2006.
If no issue or volume is found, but a supplement, part, or special number to a date
of publication is present, follow the journal title with a space and information on
the supplement, part, or special number. End with a period.
Biotechniques. Suppl. Forthcoming 2006.

15. Forthcoming article with volume and issue predicted
Issue Number for Forthcoming Articles (optional)

End issue information with a period

Supplements, parts, special numbers to an issue
Box 31. Supplements, parts, special numbers to an issue.

An issue will sometimes be published with a further subdivision, usually called a
supplement, part, or special number.
Abbreviate the names for subdivisions
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
Place them after the issue number and inside the parentheses. End with a period.
For example:
- issue with supplement -with a part
(1 Suppl). (1 Suppl Pt A).
(12 Suppl A). (12 Suppl A Pt 2).
(3 Suppl Pt B).
- issue with part -with a supplement
(1 Pt 2). (Pt 2 Suppl).
(Pt A). (Pt A Suppl).
- issue with special number -with a part
(2 Spec No). (2 Spec No Pt 2).
Translate names for supplements, parts, and special numbers into English. See the
following examples:
annexe part
Beilage
Erganzung
dopolnenie
suplemento
anejo
If the supplement will be given a name rather than the usual letter or number,
abbreviate significant words and omit other words such as articles, conjunctions,
and prepositions. Place them after the issue number and inside the parentheses.
710 Citing Medicine

Example: (5 Suppl Dementia).

See the following list of words and abbreviations used for issue (usually variations
on the word number) in a variety of languages:

If there are issues only, no volume numbers, follow the journal title with a space and
the issue number, placed in parentheses. End with a period.
Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk. (9). Russian. Forthcoming 2006.

If no issue number, follow the volume number with a period
Prog Drug Res. 63. Forthcoming 2006.

Language for Forthcoming Articles (required)



If an article is written in English as well as other languages, give the English
language version of the article title and indicate all languages of publication after
the journal title and any volume or issue number
Gasparini M, Bonito V, Leonardi M, Tarquini D, Colombi L, Congedo M,
Marcello N, Causarano R, Gasperini M, Rizzo M, Porteri C, Borghi L,
Primavera A, Defanti CA. Neurologists and patients' associations: alliances
and conflicts. Neurol Sci. 27. English, Italian. Forthcoming 2006.
If an article is written in more than one language and none of them is English,
translate into English the version of the title that will appear first and place the
translation in square brackets. Indicate all languages of publication after the journal
title and any volume or issue number
Colombo C. [How "Spanish flu" is not recognized]. Krankenpfl Soins Infirm.
99(6). French, German, Italian. Forthcoming 2006.
As an option, when an article title is written in two equal languages as often occurs
in Canadian publications, give both titles in the order in which they are presented
in the text, with an equals sign between them. Indicate the particular languages,
separated by a comma, after the journal title and any volume or issue number.
Rowe T. Do women need androgens? = Le recours aux angrogenes est-il
indique dans le cas des femmes? J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 28(4). English,
French. Forthcoming 2006.

Notes for Forthcoming Articles (required)

Begin with the word Forthcoming
Enter the year of intended publication, if known
End with a period

Options for date
712 Citing Medicine

reference feels is useful to the user. For example:
If the article contains a review of the literature and this is not indicated in the title
Scott DL, Kingsley GH. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors for rheumatoid
arthritis. N Engl J Med. 355. Forthcoming 2006. Review.
If the study on which the article is based was funded or otherwise supported by a
particular organization
Arnlov J, Pencina MJ, Amin S, Nam BH, Benjamin EJ, Murabito JM, Wang TJ,
Knapp PE, D'Agostino RB Sr, Bhasin S, Vasan RS. Endogenous sex hormones
and cardiovascular disease incidence in men. Ann Intern Med.145(3).
Forthcoming 2006. Supported by research grants from the Thureus
Foundation and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
If the article will contain a handout or informative material used to explain a
procedure or a condition or the contents of a specific article are written in non-
technical language for the patient or consumer
American Academy of Family Physicians. Information from your family
doctor. What you should know about worrying too much. Am Fam Physician.
73(6). Forthcoming 2006. Patient education handout to be included.
If the authors manuscript is available electronically
Hao Zheng, Ng F, Yixiao Liu, Hardin PE. Spatial and circadian regulation of
cry in Drosophila. J Biol Rhythms. Forthcoming. [cited 2008 Aug 11]:[18 p.].
Authors manuscript available at http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articleren
der.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=18663236 PubMed Central; PMCID:
PMC2504742.
Box 36a. Options for date.

The forthcoming date of publication may follow the author names (or title if there are no
authors) in the list of references when the name-year system of in-text references is used.
Use Forthcoming and the year of publication only
Place the Forthcoming year after the last named author (or after the title if there is
no author), followed by a period
NLM citation:
Laking G, Lord J, Fischer A. The economics of diagnosis. Health Econ.
Forthcoming 2006.
NCRP Report 151. Structural shielding design and evaluation for megavoltage
x-and gamma-ray radiotherapy facilities. J Radiol Prot. Forthcoming 2006.
Laking G, Lord J, Fischer A. Forthcoming 2006. The economics of diagnosis.
Health Econ.
NCRP Report 151. Forthcoming 2006. Structural shielding design and
evaluation for megavoltage x-and gamma-ray radiotherapy facilities. J Radiol
Prot.
Examples for Notes

16. Forthcoming article with specific date predicted
17. Forthcoming article with no date predicted
18. Forthcoming article with other types of note
Examples of Citations to Forthcoming Journal Articles

1. Standard citation for a forthcoming article
Laking G, Lord J, Fischer A. The economics of diagnosis. Health Econ. Forthcoming 2006.
Savinainen KJ, Helenius MA, Lehtonen HJ, Visakorpi T. Overexpression of EIF3S3
promotes cancer cell growth. Prostate. Forthcoming 2006.
2. Forthcoming article with optional full first names

Burgio, Kathryn L.; Goode, Patricia S.; Richter, Holly E.; Locher, Julie L.; Roth, David L.
Global ratings of patient satisfaction and perceptions of improvement with treatment for
urinary incontinence: validation of three global patient ratings. Neurourol Urodyn.
Forthcoming 2006.
3. Forthcoming article with author names showing designation of rank in

a family
Loudon RP, Silver LD, Yee HF Jr, Gallo G. RhoA-kinase and myosin II are required for the
maintenance of growth cone polarity and guidance by nerve growth factor. J Neurobiol.
Forthcoming 2006.
714 Citing Medicine
Cross WW 3rd, Saleh KJ, Wilt TJ, Kane RL. Agreement about indications for total knee
arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Forthcoming 2006.
4. Forthcoming article with authors having compound surnames

Navarro-Sarabia F, Ariza-Ariza R, Hernandez-Cruz B, Villanueva I. Adalimumab for
treating rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. Forthcoming 2006.
Ilja Boor PK, Groot KD, Mejaski-Bosnjak V, Brenner C, van der Knaap MS, Scheper GC,
Pronk JC. Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts: an update and
extended mutation analysis of MLC1. Hum Mutat. Forthcoming 2006
5. Forthcoming article with prefixes or particles in author surnames

Lantinga-van Leeuwen IS, Leonhard WN, van de Wal A, Breuning MH, Verbeek S, de
Heer E, Peters DJ. Transgenic mice expressing tamoxifen-inducible Cre for somatic gene
modification in renal epithelial cells. Genesis. Forthcoming 2006.
Williams NI, De Souza MJ. Female athlete triad errors and misunderstandings. Med Sci
Sports Exerc. Forthcoming 2006.
O'Rourke E, Hussain R, Buscombe JR, Hilson AJ. Overlying urostomy bag simulating
urinary leak in a postrenal transplant MAG3 study. Clin Nucl Med. Forthcoming 2006.
Alston RD, Tatevossian RG, McNally RJ, Kelsey A, Birch JM, Eden TO. Incidence and
survival of childhood Langerhans cell histiocytosis in Northwest England from 1954 to
1998. Pediatr Blood Cancer. Forthcoming 2006.
Ilja Boor PK, Groot KD, Mejaski-Bosnjak V, Brenner C, van der Knaap MS, Scheper GC,
Pronk JC. Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts: an update and
extended mutation analysis of MLC1. Hum Mutat. Forthcoming 2006.
6. Forthcoming article with no author or editor

NCRP Report 151. Structural shielding design and evaluation for megavoltage x-and
gamma-ray radiotherapy facilities. J Radiol Prot. Forthcoming 2006.
7. Forthcoming article with author affiliation

Culley MR (Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA), Conkling M, Emshoff J, Blakely C,
Gorman D. Environmental and contextual influences on school violence and its
prevention. J Prim Prev. Forthcoming 2006.
Satyanarayana T (Laboratoire de Catalyse Moleculaire, Institut de Chimie Moleculaire et
des Materiaux d'Orsay, Universite Paris-Sud, Orsay, France), Kagan HB (Laboratoire de
Synthese Asymetrique, Universite Paris-Sud, Orsay, France). Asymmetric amplification by
kinetic resolution using a racemic reagent: example in amine acetylation. Chemistry.
Forthcoming 2006.
8. Forthcoming article title beginning with a lower case letter

Yao S, Zhang Y, Li J. c-jun/AP-1 activation does not affect the antiproliferative activity of
phenethyl isothiocyanate, a cruciferous vegetable-derived cancer chemopreventive agent.
Mol Carcinog. Forthcoming 2006.
Forthcoming 2006.
9. Forthcoming article title containing Greek letters, superscripts, or

subscripts
Suzuki T, Hide I, Matsubara A, Hama C, Harada K, Miyano K, Andra M, Matsubayashi H,
Sakai N, Kohsaka S, Inoue K, Nakata Y. Microglial 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
drive a phospholipase C/IP3 pathway and modulate the cell activation toward a
neuroprotective role. J Neurosci Res. Forthcoming 2006.
or
Suzuki T, Hide I, Matsubara A, Hama C, Harada K, Miyano K, Andra M, Matsubayashi H,
Sakai N, Kohsaka S, Inoue K, Nakata Y. Microglial alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine
receptors drive a phospholipase C/IP(3) pathway and modulate the cell activation toward
a neuroprotective role. J Neurosci Res. Forthcoming 2006.

Collinet P, Decanter C, Lefebvre C, Leroy JL, Vinatier D. [Endometriosis and infertility].
Gynecol Obstet Fertil. French. Forthcoming 2006.
Perea-Carrasco R, Castano-Lopez MA, Perez-Coronel R. [Adequate use of drugs and
therapeutic efficacy]. Med Clin (Barc). Spanish. Forthcoming 2006.
with optional original title included
Collinet P, Decanter C, Lefebvre C, Leroy JL, Vinatier D. Endometriose et infertilite
[Endometriosis and infertility]. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. French. Forthcoming 2006.
Perea-Carrasco R, Castano-Lopez MA, Perez-Coronel R. Uso racional del medicamento y
eficacia terapeutica [Adequate use of drugs and therapeutic efficacy]. Med Clin (Barc).
Spanish. Forthcoming 2006.

Ch'ng A, Lowe M. Celecoxib allergies and cross-reactivity [letter]. Intern Med J.
Forthcoming 2006.
Thabet F, Tilouche S, Tabarki B, Boukadida J, Yacoub M. [Listeria monocytogenes
meningitis in an immunocompetent child (letter)]. Arch Pediatr. French. Forthcoming
2006.
716 Citing Medicine
Sleth JC, Saizy C, Servais R, Pluskwa F, Lafforgue E. [Intrathecal catheter after wet tap in
labour: headache prevention? (letter)]. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. French. Forthcoming
2006.

Altintas EB, Yavuz H, Say R, Denizli A. Methacryloylamidoglutamic acid having porous
magnetic beads as a stationary phase in metal chelate affinity chromatography. J Biomater
Sci (Polym Ed). Forthcoming 2006.
13. Forthcoming article in a journal title with a place of publication

added
Perea-Carrasco R, Castano-Lopez MA, Perez-Coronel R. [Adequate use of drugs and
therapeutic efficacy]. Med Clin (Barc). Spanish. Forthcoming 2006.

Reich T, Gefen A. Effect of trabecular bone loss on cortical strain rate during impact in an
in vitro model of avian femur. Biomed Eng Online [Internet]. Forthcoming 2006.

Velentgas P, West W, Cannuscio CC, Watson DJ, Walker AM. Cardiovascular risk of
selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and other non-aspirin non-steroidal anti-
inflammatory medications. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 15(5). Forthcoming 2006.
16. Forthcoming article with specific date predicted

Laking G, Lord J, Fischer A. The economics of diagnosis. Health Econ. Forthcoming 2006
May 2.
17. Forthcoming article with no date predicted

Zawada J, Swartz J. Effects of growth rate on cell extract performance in cell-free protein
synthesis. Biotechnol Bioeng. Forthcoming.
18. Forthcoming article with other types of note

Forthcoming 2006. Review.
Kraemer HC, Frank E, Kupfer DJ. Moderators of treatment outcomes: clinical, research,
and policy importance. JAMA. Forthcoming 2006. Supported by grants from the National
Institute on Aging and the National Institute of Mental Health.
American Academy of Family Physicians. Information from your family doctor. What you
should know about worrying too much. Am Fam Physician. 73(6). Forthcoming 2006.
Patient education handout to be included.
Hao Zheng, Ng F, Yixiao Liu, Hardin PE. Spatial and circadian regulation of cry in
Drosophila. J Biol Rhythms. Forthcoming. [cited 2008 Aug 11]:[18 p.]. Authors
manuscript available at http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?
tool=pubmed&pubmedid=18663236 PubMed Central; PMCID: PMC2504742.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Forthcoming

Books
The general format for a reference to a forthcoming book, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Forthcoming Books

Forthcoming material consists of journal articles or books accepted for publication but
not yet published. "Forthcoming" has replaced the former "in press" because changes in
the publishing industry make the latter term obsolete.
Do not include as forthcoming those books that have been submitted for publication but
have not yet been accepted for publication. Note that some publishers will not accept
references to any form of unpublished items in a reference list.
You may add the affiliation of the first author or additional authors of a book to the
citation to facilitate retrieval in the event there is some delay or change in final
publication.
For additional examples of the components of citations, see Chapter 2 Books.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Forthcoming Books.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Forthcoming Books.
718 Citing Medicine
Citation Rules with Examples for Forthcoming Books

it is optional.
Editor and other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) |
Language (R) | Notes (R)
Author/Editor for Forthcoming Books (required)

List names in the order they will appear in the final book
Capitalize surnames and enter spaces in surnames as they will appear in the book
on the assumption that the author approved the form used. For example: Van Der
Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.

Other surname rules
No author included


publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
720 Citing Medicine
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

letter

Examples:
722 Citing Medicine
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Translate the word found for editor into English to assist the reader. However, the
wording found on the publication may always be used.
Below is a brief list of non-English words for editor:
French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore


Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor

Separate two or more different organizations with a semicolon
If both individuals and an organization or organizations will appear on the title
page of a book as authors, use the names of the individuals as the author and give
the organization or organizations at the end of the reference as a note
724 Citing Medicine

brackets.
or
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
were two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Box 45. No author included.

If no person or organization will be given as the author but editors or translators
will be given, begin the reference with the names of the editors or translators.
Follow the same rules as used for author names, but end the list of names with a
comma and the specific role, that is, editor or translator.
If no person or organization will be identified as the author and no editors or
translators will be given, begin the reference with the title of the book. Do not use
anonymous.
Stedman's neurology & neurosurgery words. 4th ed. Baltimore (MD):
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Forthcoming 2007.

726 Citing Medicine


1. Standard citation for a forthcoming book
2. Forthcoming book with optional full first names
3. Forthcoming book with designations of family rank in author/editor names
4. Forthcoming book with compound author/editor names
5. Forthcoming book with prefixes or particles in author/editor names
6. Forthcoming book with editor(s) instead of an author
7. Forthcoming book with an organization as the author
8. Forthcoming book with no author
Author Affiliation for Forthcoming Books (optional)



Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society

a space
Example:
728 Citing Medicine


Provide the name in the original language for non-English organization names in
the roman alphabet (primarily European languages, such as French, German,
Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.)
Spain).
Kubo A, Ishida T.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
example, Vienna for Wien and Spain for Espana. However, the name that will be
carried on the publication may always be used.

the name that will be carried on the publication may always be used.
Wien becomes Vienna

9. Forthcoming book with author affiliation
730 Citing Medicine
Title for Forthcoming Books (required)

Enter the title of an article or book as it will appear in the final document, in the
original language
and initialisms
already present
Follow non-English titles with a translation, whenever possible; place the
it or a Type of Medium follows it


Swedish, etc.)
Narro Robles J, Rivero Serrano O, Lopez Barcena JJ. Diagnostico y tratamiento
en la practica medica. Mexico City: Editorial El Manual Moderno. Spanish.
Forthcoming 2006.
Grigorian RA. Abdominalnai a khirurgiia. Moscow: Med. Informatsionnoe
Agentstvo. Russian. Forthcoming 2006.
Kodama N. Infomudo konsento. Tokyo: Nakayama Shoten. Japanese.
Forthcoming 2006.
or
Kodama N. [Informed consent]. Tokyo: Nakayama Shoten. Japanese.

Forthcoming 2006.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Philbert-Hasucha S. Pflegekompendium: Wirkstoffe, Materialien, Techniken.
Heidelberg: Springer Medizin. German. Forthcoming 2006.
Greim H, editor. Gesundheitsschadliche Arbeitsstoffe [Workplace materials
injurious to health]. Weinheim (Germany): Wiley-VCH. German.
Forthcoming 2006.
732 Citing Medicine

en la practica medica [Diagnosis and treatment in medical practice]. Mexico
City: Editorial El Manual Moderno. Spanish. Forthcoming 2006.

If a book title is written in several languages, give the title in the first language that
will appear on the title page and indicate all languages of publication after the
publisher name. Separate the languages by commas and end the list with a period.
Chen WP. Asian blepharoplasty and the eyelid crease. Philadelphia:
Butterworth Heinemann/Elsevier. English, Japanese. Forthcoming 2006.
Betta E. Animare la vita: disciplina della nascita tra medicina e morale
nell'Ottocento. Bologna (Italy): Il Mulino. Italian, French. Forthcoming 2006.
If a book title will be presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in
Canadian publications, give all titles in the order in which they will appear in the
text, with an equals sign between them. Indicate the languages, separated by
commas, after the publisher name. End the list with a period.
Mapping FASD training opportunities in Canada: an environmental scan =
Portrait global des possibilites de formation sur l'ETCAF au Canada: analyse
de la conjecture. Ottawa (ON): Public Health Agency of Canada. English,
Sprumont D, Poledna T, editors. Medizinische Forschung - Haftung und
Versicherung [Medical research: liability and insurance]. Zurich: Universite de
Neuchatel. German, French. Forthcoming 2006.
character.
capitalized
1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin.
von Willebrand factor.
becomes omega.
may become
TiO2 nanoparticles.
may become
Examples for Title

10. Forthcoming book with a subtitle
11. Forthcoming book in a language other than English
12. Forthcoming book to be published in multiple languages
Type of Medium for Forthcoming Books (required)

Indicate the type of medium (videocassette, DVD, Internet, etc.) following the title
when a book will be published in a non-print format
[videocassette]. or [Internet].
See Chapter 15 for books in audiovisual formats and Chapter 18 for books in
electronic formats for more information

734 Citing Medicine

en la practica medica [Diagnosis and treatment in medical practice]. Mexico
City: Editorial El Manual Moderno. Spanish. Forthcoming 2006.
If a book will be published in a non-print medium (videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD,
Internet, etc.), place the name of the medium in square brackets following the
translation
meningeal tuberculosis] [CD-ROM].

Most titles of books end in a period. Place the name of the medium (videocassette,
CD-ROM, DVD, Internet, etc.) in square brackets inside the period
Women and medicine [CD-ROM].
If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and follow the
name of the medium with a period
AIDS is over, right? [Internet].

13. Forthcoming book in a non-print medium
Edition for Forthcoming Books (required)

Indicate the edition/version being cited after the title if a book will be published
with a statement of edition
Abbreviate common words (see Abbreviation rules for editions)
adjectives


First editions

Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.
translated
period
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.

736 Citing Medicine

familiar one
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Follow abbreviated words by a period
End edition information with a period
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
familiar one
Follow abbreviated words by a period
Examples:
2. dopunjeno izd.
738 Citing Medicine
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
Japanese:
Examples:
becomes o
becomes u
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-pàn.
any (n.a. = not abbreviated):

Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

Do not include any statement of edition if the book to be published will be the first
edition

14. Forthcoming book with an edition
Editor and other Secondary Authors for Forthcoming Books (optional)

Place the names of secondary authors after the title, following any type of medium
or edition statement
740 Citing Medicine


List all of them in the order they will be given in the book
Examples:
illustrators.

List all of them in the order they will be given in the book
Example:

Translate the word for editor, translator, illustrator, or other secondary author into
English if possible. However, the wording that will be found on the publication may
always be used.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Below is a brief list of non-English words for secondary authors:
editeur
curatore
editore
izdatel
editor
742 Citing Medicine

Place a comma, space, and the word editor after the organizational name
End with a period
editor.

15. Forthcoming book with secondary authors
Place of Publication for Forthcoming Books (required)

Place is defined as the city where the book will be published

Non-US cities
Joint publication

always be used.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
744 Citing Medicine
Madrid:
but
Canada

Two organizations may co-publish a book.
Use the city of the first organization that will be found on the title page as the place
of publication
desired

If more than one place of publication will appear in the book, use the one that will
appear first on the title page or the one that will be set in the largest type or in bold
type. Do not give multiple places.

16. Forthcoming book with geographic qualifier added to place of publication
Publisher for Forthcoming Books (required)

Record the name of the publisher as it will appear in the publication, using
whatever capitalization and punctuation will be found there
When a division or other subsidiary part of a publisher will appear in the

publication, enter the publisher name first. For example: McGraw-Hill, Health
Professions Division.

Joint publication
Multiple publishers

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society
746 Citing Medicine

the translation will be given in the publication.
Tokyo: Medikaru Rebyusha.
Institute].
Taiyuan (China): Shanxi ke xue ji she chu ban she.
are capitalized.]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
translated publisher names in square brackets unless the translation will be given in
the publication.
publisher.
using the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D).
National Technical Information Service (NTIS). Designate the agency that will issue
the book as the publisher and include distributor information as a note, if desired,
preceded by "Available from: ".
748 Citing Medicine

Use the city of the first organization that will be found on the title page as the place
of publication
desired

If the name of more than one publisher will be found in a book, use the first one
that will appear on the title page as the publisher
use the name that will appear first on the title page as the publisher and include the
name of the second as a note if desired. For example, use "Jointly published by the
Canadian Pharmacists Association".

17. Forthcoming book with publisher with subsidiary department/division named
Language for Forthcoming Books (required)



If a book is written in several languages, give the title in the first language that will
appear on the title page and indicate all languages of publication after the publisher.
Separate the languages by commas.
Chen WP. Asian blepharoplasty and the eyelid crease. Philadelphia:
Butterworth Heinemann/Elsevier. English, Japanese. Forthcoming 2006.
Betta E. Animare la vita: disciplina della nascita tra medicina e morale
nell'Ottocento. Bologna (Italy): Il Mulino. Italian, French. Forthcoming 2006.
If a book is written in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian
publications, give all titles in the order in which they will appear on the title page,
with an equals sign between them. Indicate the languages, separated by commas,
after the publisher.
Mapping FASD training opportunities in Canada: an environmental scan =
Portrait global des possibilites de formation sur l'ETCAF au Canada: analyse
de la conjecture. Ottawa (ON): Public Health Agency of Canada. English,
Sprumont D, Poledna T, editors. Medizinische Forschung - Haftung und
Versicherung [Medical research: liability and insurance]. Zurich: Universite de
Neuchatel. German, French. Forthcoming 2006.

Notes for Forthcoming Books (required)

Begin with the word Forthcoming
Enter the year of intended publication, if known
End with a period

Options for date
750 Citing Medicine

reference feels is useful. Begin by citing the book, then add the note. Some examples of
notes are:
If a book will have supplemental material accompanying it in the form of a
videocassette, CD-ROM, DVD, or another medium, begin by citing the book. Add
the phrase "Accompanied by: " followed by the number and type of medium.
If the book is translated or otherwise adapted from another book, give the name of
the original
Originally published in French under the title Decodage Biologique et Destin
Familial.
name
If the book contains material of particular interest to the audience that may not be
16 pages of plates, some color.
Box 73. Options for date.

The forthcoming date of publication may follow the author names (or title if there are no
authors) in the list of references when the name-year system of in-text references is used.
Use Forthcoming and the year of publication only
Place the Forthcoming year after the last named author (or after the title if there is
no author), followed by a period
NLM citation:
Posner MI, Rothbart MK. Educating the human brain. Washington: American
Psychological Association. Forthcoming 2007.
Stedman's neurology & neurosurgery words. 4th ed. Baltimore (MD):
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Forthcoming 2007.

Posner MI, Rothbart MK. Forthcoming 2007. Educating the human brain.
Washington: American Psychological Association.
Stedman's neurology & neurosurgery words. Forthcoming 2007. 4th ed.
Baltimore (MD): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Examples for Notes

18. Forthcoming book with no predicted date of publication
Examples of Citations to Forthcoming Books

Posner MI, Rothbart MK. Educating the human brain. Washington: American
Psychological Association. Forthcoming 2007.
Burroughs A. Atlas of liver disease. Carnforth (UK): Parthenon Publications Group.
Forthcoming 2007.
2. Forthcoming book with optional full first names

Posner, Michael I.; Rothbart, Mary Klevjord. Educating the human brain. Washington:
American Psychological Association. Forthcoming 2007.
3. Forthcoming book with designations of family rank in author/editor

names
Nelson WM 3rd. Conduct disorders: a practitioner's guide to comparative treatments.
New York: Springer Publishing Company, Incorporated. Forthcoming 2006.
Miller WT Jr. Diagnostic thoracic imaging. New York: McGraw-Hill Incorporated.
Forthcoming 2006.
4. Forthcoming book with compound author/editor names

Timor-Tritsch IE, Goldstein SR. Ultrasound in gynecology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier
Churchill Livingstone. Forthcoming 2007.
Narro Robles J, Rivero Serrano O, Lopez Barcena JJ. Diagnostico y tratamiento en la
practica medica. Mexico City: Editorial El Manual Moderno. Spanish. Forthcoming 2006.
752 Citing Medicine
5. Forthcoming book with prefixes or particles in author/editor names

Lilienfeld SO, O'Donohue WT. The great ideas of clinical science: 17 principles that every
mental health researcher and practitioner should understand. New York: Routledge.
Forthcoming 2007.
Taylor CR, Dell'Oro R, editors. Health and human flourishing: religion, medicine, and
moral anthropology. Washington: Georgetown University Press. Forthcoming 2006.
McLean S. Making medical decisions. Aldershot (UK): Ashgate Publishing Company.
Forthcoming 2006.
zur Hausen H. Infections causing human cancer. Weinheim (Germany): Wiley-VCH.
Forthcoming 2006.
6. Forthcoming book with editor(s) instead of an author

Lilienfeld SO, O'Donohue WT, editors. The great ideas of clinical science: 17 principles
that every mental health researcher and practitioner should understand. New York:
Routledge. Forthcoming 2007.
7. Forthcoming book with an organization as the author

Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Are you prepared?
Hospital emergency management checklist. Oak Brook (IL): Joint Commission Resources.
Forthcoming 2006.
8. Forthcoming book with no author

Stedman's neurology & neurosurgery words. 4th ed. Baltimore (MD): Lippincott Williams
& Wilkins. Forthcoming 2007.
9. Forthcoming book with author affiliation

Del Mar C (Bond University, Queensland, Australia), Doust J (University of Queensland,
Queensland, Australia), Glasziou P (University of Oxford, Oxford, UK). Clinical thinking:
evidence, communication and decision-making. Oxford (UK): Blackwell BMJ Books.
Forthcoming 2006.
Toone EJ, editor (Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC). Protein
evolution. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley and Sons, Inc. Forthcoming 2006.
10. Forthcoming book with a subtitle

Bellack AS, Bennett ME, Gearon JS. Behavioral treatment for substance abuse in people
with serious and persistent mental illness: a handbook for mental health professionals.
New York: Routledge. Forthcoming 2007.

Cantani A. Allergologia e immunologia pediatrica - dall'infanza all'adolescenza. 2nd ed.
Berlin (Germany): Springer. Italian. Forthcoming 2006.
Greim H, editor. Gesundheitsschadliche Arbeitsstoffe. Weinheim (Germany): Wiley-
VCH. German. Forthcoming 2006.
practica medica. Mexico City: Editorial El Manual Moderno. Spanish. Forthcoming 2006.
with translation
Cantani A. Allergologia e immunologia pediatrica - dall'infanza all'adolescenza [Pediatric
allergy and immunology - from infancy to adolescence]. 2nd ed. Berlin (Germany):
Springer. Italian. Forthcoming 2006.
Greim H, editor. Gesundheitsschadliche Arbeitsstoffe [Workplace materials injurious to
health]. Weinheim (Germany): Wiley-VCH. German. Forthcoming 2006.
practica medica [Diagnosis and treatment in medical practice]. Mexico City: Editorial El
Manual Moderno. Spanish. Forthcoming 2006.

Chen WP. Asian blepharoplasty and the eyelid crease. Philadelphia: Butterworth
Heinemann/Elsevier. English, Japanese. Forthcoming 2006.
Betta E. Animare la vita: disciplina della nascita tra medicina e morale nell'Ottocento.
Bologna (Italy): Il Mulino. Italian, French. Forthcoming 2006.
13. Forthcoming book in a non-print medium

Larsen E. Abused boys, wounded men: taking responsibility for ending the cycle of pain
[videocassette]. Center City (MN): Hazelden Publishing. Forthcoming 2006.
14. Forthcoming book with an edition

Keats TE, Anderson M. Atlas of normal roentgen variants that may simulate disease. 8th
ed. St. Louis (MO): Mosby. Forthcoming 2007.
Civetta J. Critical care. 4th ed. Baltimore (MD): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Forthcoming 2008.
Cantani A. Allergologia e immunologia pediatrica - dall'infanza all'adolescenza [Pediatric
allergy and immunology - from infancy to adolescence]. 2nd ed. Berlin (Germany):
Springer. Italian. Forthcoming 2006.
754 Citing Medicine
15. Forthcoming book with secondary authors

LaFleur WR. Dark medicine: rationalizing unethical medical research. Bohme G,
Shimazono S, editors. Bloomington (IN): Indiana University Press. Forthcoming 2007.
Robbins T. Elizabeth Blackwell: America's first woman doctor. Martin C, Timmons A,
illustrators. Bloomington (IN): Capstone Press. Forthcoming 2007.
Pischinger AW. The extracellular matrix and ground regulation: basis for a holistic
biological medicine. Eibl I, translator; Heine H, editor. Berkeley (CA): North Atlantic
Books. Forthcoming 2007.
16. Forthcoming book with geographic qualifier added to place of

publication
Dutton RL, Scharer JM, editors. Advanced technologies for biopharmaceutical processing.
Ames (IA): Blackwell Pub. Forthcoming 2007.
17. Forthcoming book with publisher with subsidiary department/

division named
Nordin BE. Musculoskeletal disorders and the workplace. Philadelphia: Elsevier, Health
Sciences Division. Forthcoming 2006.
18. Forthcoming book with no predicted date of publication

D'Andrea D. Civic Christianity in Renaissance Italy: the Hospital of Treviso (1400-1530).
Rochester (NY): University of Rochester Press. Forthcoming.
755
Chapter 12. Papers and Poster Sessions

Presented at Meetings

Examples
See also:
Chapter 3 Conference Publications
Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Papers and Poster

Sessions Presented at Meetings
The general format for a reference to an unpublished conference paper or poster session,
including punctuation:
- for a paper:
- for a poster session:

756 Citing Medicine
Examples of Citations to Papers and Poster Sessions Presented at Meetings

Papers and poster sessions presented at meetings include both items that were presented
but never published and items for which any subsequent publication is unknown. If
subsequent publication is known, cite the published form rather than the meeting paper
or poster session.
Begin the reference with information on the author(s) and title of the paper or poster
session; use the same format as that used for conference papers. See Chapter 3 Conference
Publications for details. Use the phrases "Paper presented at:" and "Poster session
presented at:" to connect author and title information with meeting information.
Although author affiliation is an optional part of a citation, including it in references to
unpublished papers and poster sessions is very helpful to the reader because compilations
of papers and poster sessions can be difficult to locate.
Examples provided in this chapter are primarily from material distributed at various
conferences. No attempt was made to ascertain whether or not subsequent publication
occurred, as would normally be done before citation.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Papers and Poster Sessions Presented at
Meetings.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Papers and Poster Sessions Presented at Meetings.
Citation Rules with Examples for Papers and Poster Sessions

Presented at Meetings
it is optional.
Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Connective Phrase (R) | Conference
Proceedings (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author of Paper or Poster Presented (required)

Papers and Poster Sessions Presented at Meetings 757

Other surname rules


758 Citing Medicine
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe


letter


Examples:
760 Citing Medicine

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Examples for Author

1. Standard paper presented with a separate name for the conference
2. Standard paper presented without a separate name for the conference
3. Standard poster presented with a separate name for the conference
4. Standard poster presented without a separate name for the conference
5. Paper/poster author with optional full name
6. Paper/poster with optional limit to the first six authors
7. Paper/poster author with designation of rank within a family
8. Paper/poster author with a prefix or particle in the surname
9. Paper/poster author with compound surname
10. Paper/poster with both a person and an organization as author
Author Affiliation for Paper or Poster Presented (optional)

762 Citing Medicine


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society

a space
Example:
Patrias K (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.
[email protected]). Computer-compatible writing and editing. Paper
presented at: Interacting with the digital environment: modern scientific
publishing. 46th Annual Meeting of the Council of Science Editors; 2003 May
3-6; Pittsburgh, PA.

Spain).
764 Citing Medicine

Kubo A, Ishida T.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe


Wien becomes Vienna

11. Paper/poster with author affiliation
12. Paper/poster with author affiliation including e-mail address
Title of Paper or Poster Presented (required)

Enter the title of a paper or poster as it appears in the original document
and initialisms
already present
in square brackets
it


Swedish, etc.)
Villagra F, Aroca A, Gomez R, Cazzaniga M, Larraya FG, Rodriguez M,
Herraiz JI, Romera G, Soler V, Simo S, Arjona D. Cirugia de la coartacion de
aorta (COA) asociada a defectos septales ventriculares (DSV) significativos
(COA + DSV). Paper presented at: 1st Congreso Nacional de Cardiologia
Pediatrica; 2003 May 23-24; Seville, Spain. Spanish.
766 Citing Medicine
Stefanov S. Prilozhenie na iadrenomagnitniia rezonans v kardiologiiata. Paper
presented at: Bulgarska kardiologiia. 9th Natsionalenkongres po Kardiologiia;
2004 Oct 28-30; Sofia, Bulgaria. Bulgarian.
Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese) and
place in square brackets
Wu HH. [Care of rheumatoid arthritis treated with acupuncture]. Paper
presented at: [5th National Symposium of Acupuncture Anesthesia and
Acupuncture Analgesia]; 1994 Sep 20-24; Wuhan, China. Chinese.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
acronyms, and initialisms unless the conventions of the particular language require
Morbus Cushing und Prolaktinom [Cushing's disease and prolactinoma].

Provide an English translation after the original language title whenever possible
and place it in square brackets
Villagra F (Hospitales Zarzuela y Monte Principe, Madrid, Espana), Aroca A,
Gomez R, Cazzaniga M, Larraya FG, Rodriguez M, Herraiz JI, Romera G,
Soler V, Simo S, Arjona D. Cirugia de la coartacion de aorta (COA) asociada a
defectos septales ventriculares (DSV) significativos (COA + DSV) [Surgery for
coarctation of the aorta (COA) associated with significant ventricular septal
defect (COA + DSV)]. Paper presented at: 1st Congreso Nacional de
Cardiologia Pediatrica [1st National Congress of Pediatric Cardiology]; 2003
May 23-24; Seville, Spain. Spanish.
Stefanov S. Prilozhenie na iadrenomagnitniia rezonans v kardiologiiata [The
use of nuclear magnetic resonance in cardiology]. Paper presented at:
Bulgarska kardiologiia. 9th Natsionalenkongres po Kardiologiia [Bulgarian
cardiology. 9th National Congress of Cardiology]; 2004 Oct 28-30; Sofia,
Bulgaria. Bulgarian.
character.
Capitalize the first word of a title for a poster or paper unless the title begins with a
Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character that might lose its
meaning if capitalized
occupational exposure limits.
becomes omega.
Regulation of BCRP expression by progesterone and 17-estradiol.
may become
Regulation of BCRP expression by progesterone and 17beta-estradiol.
768 Citing Medicine
Pre-operative diagnosis and staging of symptomatic breast disease using

99mtechnitium scintimammography.
may become
Pre-operative diagnosis and staging of symptomatic breast disease using
(99m)technitium scintimammography.
Proinflammatory role for AT1 receptors in the rat synovium.
may become
Proinflammatory role for AT(1) receptors in the rat synovium.
Examples for Title

13. Paper/poster title containing a Greek letter or other special character
14. Paper/poster in a language other than English
Connective Phrase for Paper or Poster Presented (required)

General Rule for Connective Phrase
Use the words "Paper presented at" or "Poster session presented at" followed by a
colon and a space to connect information about the paper or poster with
information on the conference proceedings

Conference Proceedings for Paper or Poster Presented (required)

Follow the instructions in Chapter 3 to enter proceedings citation information
Examples for Conference Proceedings


15. Paper/poster with optional specific location of the conference added
Language for Paper or Poster Presented (required)

Give the language of the paper or poster if not English

Notes for Paper or Poster Presented (optional)

Be brief

Sponsorship note
Box 14. Sponsorship note.

If the conference was sponsored by an organization or organizations that are not
evident from the title of the conference, add the organizations as a note
Rosenberg SA. Human cancer immunotherapy: progress and problems. Paper
presented at: Cancer Vaccines 2005: Barriers, Endpoints & Opportunities;
2005 Oct 5-7; New York, NY. Conference sponsored by the Cancer Research
Institute, New York.
Rookus MA, Brohet RM, Andrieu N, Antroniou AC, Chang-Claude J, Easton
DF, Peock S, Nogues C, van Leeuwen FE, Goldgar DE. Oral contraceptives and
breast cancer risk in the International BRCA1/2 Carrier Cohort Study
(IBCCS). Paper presented at: 3rd International Symposium on the Molecular
Biology of Breast Cancer; 2005 Jun 22-26; Molde, Norway. Main conference
sponsors were Affymetrix, Agilent Technologies, Applied Biosystems,
AstraZeneca, Novartis Oncology, Pfizer, and Roche Diagnostics.
770 Citing Medicine

reference feels is useful. Begin by citing the paper or poster, then add the note. Some
Clarification of initialisms or acronyms used in the conference title
Hu X, Gao Z, Xu F, Liu N. A novel approach to harvesting lymphatic
endothelial cells from human foreskin dermis. Paper presented at: 8th TESI
Annual Meeting; 2005 Oct 22-25; Shanghai, China. TESI = Tissue Engineering
Society International.
Indication that copies of the paper or poster are available from the author
Patrias K (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.
[email protected]). Computer-compatible writing and editing. Paper
presented at: Interacting with the digital environment: modern scientific
publishing. 46th Annual Meeting of the Council of Science Editors; 2003 May
3-6; Pittsburgh, PA. Copies of the PowerPoint presentation are available from
the author.
Examples for Notes

16. Paper/poster with sponsorship note
17. Paper/poster with other supplemental note
Examples of Citations to Papers and Poster Sessions Presented

at Meetings
Patrias K. Computer-compatible writing and editing. Paper presented at: Interacting with
the digital environment: modern scientific publishing. 46th Annual Meeting of the
Council of Science Editors; 2003 May 3-6; Pittsburgh, PA.
Bernhardt A, Weiss C, Breuer J, Kumpf M, Sieverding L. The clinical relevance of an
elevated lactate level after surgery for congenital heart disease. Paper presented at:
Myocardial cell damage and myocardial protection. 3rd International Symposium on the
Pathophysiology of Cardiopulmonary Bypass; 2000 Dec 16; Aachen, Germany.

Hu X, Gao Z, Xu F, Liu N. A novel approach to harvesting lymphatic endothelial cells
from human foreskin dermis. Paper presented at: 8th TESI Annual Meeting; 2005 Oct
22-25; Shanghai, China.
Thabet A. Clinical value of two serial pulmonary embolism-protocol CT studies

performed within ten days. Paper presented at: Annual Scientific Meeting and
Postgraduate Course of the American Society of Emergency Radiology; 2006 Sep 27-30;
Washington, DC.

Chasman J, Kaplan RF. The effects of occupation on preserved cognitive functioning in
dementia. Poster session presented at: Excellence in clinical practice. 4th Annual
Conference of the American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology; 2006 Jun 15-17;
Philadelphia, PA.
Charles L, Gordner R. Analysis of MedlinePlus en Espanol customer service requests.
Poster session presented at: Futuro magnifico! Celebrating our diversity. MLA `05:
Medical Library Association Annual Meeting; 2005 May 14-19; San Antonio, TX.

Muto A, Funakubo K. Efficacy of transarterial embolization using NBCA-LPD for acute
arterial bleeding in patients with coagulopathy. Poster session presented at: Annual
Scientific Meeting and Postgraduate Course of the American Society of Emergency
Radiology; 2006 Sep 27-30; Washington, DC.
Rao RM, Lord GM, Choe H, Lichtman AH, Luscinskas FW, Glimcher LH. The
transcription T-bet is required for optimal proinflammatory trafficking of CD4+ T cells.
Poster session presented at: 25th European Workshop for Rheumatology Research; 2005
Feb 24-27; Glasgow, UK.
5. Paper/poster author with optional full name

Rosenberg, Steven A. Human cancer immunotherapy: progress and problems. Paper
presented at: Cancer Vaccines 2005: Barriers, Endpoints & Opportunities; 2005 Oct 5-7;
New York, NY.
Cronin, James T.; Haynes, Kyle J. Parasitoid and host movement and population dynamics
in a heterogeneous prairie landscape. Paper presented at: 13th International
Entomophagous Insects Workshop; 2003 Jul 27-31; Tucson, AZ.
6. Paper/poster with optional limit to the first six authors

Boggi U, Del Chiaro M, Croce C, Gremmo F, Sgambelluri AF, Cappelli C, et al. Mesenteric
portal vein resection during pancreatectomy for ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas:
is it worthwhile? Paper presented at: 29th National Congress of the Italian Association for
the Study of the Pancreas (AISP); 2005 Sep 15-17; Bologna, Italy.
772 Citing Medicine
7. Paper/poster author with designation of rank within a family

Hubert JM, Renoult E, Chammas M Jr, Mourey E, Feuillu B, Frimat L, Cormier L, Prevot
L, Hestin D, Kessler M. Purely laparoscopic robotic (Da Vinci) live donor nephrectomy:
experience in 37 cases. Poster session presented at: 24th Annual World Congress of
Endourology; 2006 Aug 17-20; Cleveland, OH.
8. Paper/poster author with a prefix or particle in the surname

Sarna A, Pujari S, Sengar AK, Garg R, Katke S, van Dam J. Adherence to antiretroviral
therapy (ART) and its principal determinants in HIV-infected adults in India. Poster
session presented at: NIMH/IAPAC International Conference on HIV Treatment
Adherence; 2006 Mar 8-10; Jersey City, NJ.
Van Assche FA. The relation of EBCOG with scientific organisations in Europe. Paper
presented at: 9th Congress of the European Society of Contraception; 2006 May 3-6;
Istanbul, Turkey.
Fettouh HI, Morsy HA, El Shenoufy A, Agabo H, Fettouh IA. Laparoscopic right donor
nephrectomy using non-absorbable locking clips to control the renal vein. Poster session
presented at: 24th Annual World Congress of Endourology; 2006 Aug 17-20; Cleveland,
OH.
Joseph MA, Harlow SD, LaRosa JH. Ethnic differences in menstrual cycle length and
variability in midlife women: The Study of Women's Health across the Nation (SWAN).
Poster session presented at: 2nd Women's Health NIH Interdisciplinary Research
Symposium; 2005 Oct 20; Bethesda, MD.
Dell'Accio F, De Bari C, El Tawil NM, Barone F, Mitsiadis TA, O'Dowd J, Pitzalis C.
Activation of WNT and BMP signaling in adult human articular cartilage following
mechanical injury. Paper presented at: 25th European Workshop for Rheumatology
Research; 2005 Feb 24-27; Glasgow, UK.
Prakken BJ, de Kleer I. Autoimmunity or immune deficiency? On the role and function of
regulatory T cells in chronic arthritis. Paper presented at: 25th European Workshop for
Rheumatology Research; 2005 Feb 24-27; Glasgow, UK.
Martin M, Del Cacho E, Lopez E, Tuset M, Codina C, Miro JM, Ribas J. Adverse side
effects and nonadherence to antiretroviral therapy. Poster session presented at: NIMH/
IAPAC International Conference on HIV Treatment Adherence; 2006 Mar 8-10; Jersey
City, NJ.
9. Paper/poster author with compound surname

Bryan-Rest LL. The "clear sinus sign" revisited in the multislice CT ERA. Paper presented
at: Annual Scientific Meeting and Postgraduate Course of the American Society of
Emergency Radiology; 2006 Sep 27-30; Washington, DC.
Ruiz Mondejar R, Donate MJ, Pastor H, Hernandez I, Lorenzo J, Virseda JA, Gimenez J.
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy, an initial experience of 14 cases in a Spanish general
hospital. Poster session presented at: 24th Annual World Congress of Endourology; 2006
Aug 17-20; Cleveland, OH.
10. Paper/poster with both a person and an organization as author

Atkinson RP; ARCHeR Trial Collaborators. Final 1-year composite endpoint results for
the ARCHeR Trials: ACCULINK for revascularization of carotids in high-risk patients.
Paper presented at: 129th Annual Meeting of the American Neurological Association;
2004 Oct 3-6; Toronto, ON.
11. Paper/poster with author affiliation

Thabet A (Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA). Clinical value of two serial
pulmonary embolism-protocol CT studies performed within ten days. Paper presented at:
Annual Scientific Meeting and Postgraduate Course of the American Society of
Emergency Radiology; 2006 Sep 27-30; Washington, DC.
Barron D (Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK), Enion DS (Blackburn Royal Infirmary,
Blackburn, UK), Bollen SR (Blackburn Royal Infirmary, Blackburn, UK). Femoro-tibial
dislocation and the radiologist. Poster session presented at: Annual Scientific Meeting and
Postgraduate Course of the American Society of Emergency Radiology; 2006 Sep 27-30;
Washington, DC.
12. Paper/poster with author affiliation including e-mail address

Patrias K (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. [email protected]).
Computer-compatible writing and editing. Paper presented at: Interacting with the digital
environment: modern scientific publishing. 46th Annual Meeting of the Council of
Science Editors; 2003 May 3-6; Pittsburgh, PA.
13. Paper/poster title containing a Greek letter or other special character

Wang H, Unadkat JD, Mao Q. Regulation of BCRP expression by progesterone and 17-
estradiol. Poster session presented at: 2nd Women's Health NIH Interdisciplinary
Research Symposium; 2005 Oct 20; Bethesda, MD.
may become
Wang H, Unadkat JD, Mao Q. Regulation of BCRP expression by progesterone and
17beta-estradiol. Poster session presented at: 2nd Women's Health NIH Interdisciplinary
Research Symposium; 2005 Oct 20; Bethesda, MD.
Superscripts or subscripts may be enclosed within parentheses if fonts are not available
774 Citing Medicine
Bradford I, Mackie A, McCauley E, Cadigan P, Cook A. Pre-operative diagnosis and

staging of symptomatic breast disease using 99mtechnitium scintimammography. Paper
presented at: Symposium Mammographicum 2000; 2000 Oct 4-6; York, UK.
may become
Bradford I, Mackie A, McCauley E, Cadigan P, Cook A. Pre-operative diagnosis and
staging of symptomatic breast disease using (99m)technitium scintimammography. Paper
presented at: Symposium Mammographicum 2000; 2000 Oct 4-6; York, UK.
Price AG, Lockhart JC, Mc Lean JS, Ferrell WR. Proinflammatory role for AT1 receptors
in the rat synovium. Poster session presented at: 25th European Workshop for
may become
Price AG, Lockhart JC, Mc Lean JS, Ferrell WR. Proinflammatory role for AT(1) receptors
in the rat synovium. Poster session presented at: 25th European Workshop for

Villagra F (Hospitales Zarzuela y Monte Principe, Madrid, Spain), Aroca A, Gomez R,
Cazzaniga M, Larraya FG, Rodriguez M, Herraiz JI, Romera G, Soler V, Simo S, Arjona D.
Cirugia de la coartacion de aorta (COA) asociada a defectos septales ventriculares (DSV)
significativos (COA + DSV). Paper presented at: 1st Congreso Nacional de Cardiologia
Pediatrica; 2003 May 23-24; Seville, Spain. Spanish.
Beganyi N (Fovarosi Onkormanyzat Uzsoki utcai Korhaz, Fovarosi Onkoradiologiai
Kozpont, Budapest, Hungary). Mezoillesztesi technikak rosszindulatu fej-nyaki daganatok
sugarkezeleseben. Paper presented at: A Magyar Sugarterapias Tarsasag Kongresszusa;
2005 Oct 13-15; Kaposvar, Hungary. Hungarian.
Wu HH. [Care of rheumatoid arthritis treated with acupuncture]. Paper presented at: [5th
National Symposium of Acupuncture Anesthesia and Acupuncture Analgesia]; 1994 Sep
20-24; Wuhan, China. Chinese.
with translation
Villagra F (Hospitales Zarzuela y Monte Principe, Madrid, Spain), Aroca A, Gomez R,
Cazzaniga M, Larraya FG, Rodriguez M, Herraiz JI, Romera G, Soler V, Simo S, Arjona D.
Cirugia de la coartacion de aorta (COA) asociada a defectos septales ventriculares (DSV)
significativos (COA + DSV) [Surgery for coarctation of the aorta (COA) associated with
significant septal ventricular defect]. Paper presented at: 1st Congreso Nacional de
Cardiologia Pediatrica [1st National Congress of Pediatric Cardiology]; 2003 May 23-24;
Seville, Spain. Spanish.
Beganyi N (Fovarosi Onkormanyzat Uzsoki utcai Korhaz, Fovarosi Onkoradiologiai
Kozpont, Budapest, Hungary). Mezpillesztesi technikak rosszindulatu fej-nyaki daganatok
sugarkezeleseben [Field-matched techniques of radiotherapy for head and neck tumors].

Paper presented at: A Magyar Sugarterapias Tarsasag Kongresszusa [Congress of the
Hungarian Radiotherapy Society]; 2005 Oct 13-15; Kaposvar, Hungary. Hungarian.
15. Paper/poster with optional specific location of the conference added

Hilbelink DR, Hu X. Use of a point-to-point method to morph image of the Visible
Human Project. Paper presented at: 3rd Visible Human Project Conference; 2000 Oct 5-6;
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
16. Paper/poster with sponsorship note

Rosenberg SA. Human cancer immunotherapy: progress and problems. Paper presented
at: Cancer Vaccines 2005: Barriers, Endpoints & Opportunities; 2005 Oct 5-7; New York,
NY. Conference sponsored by the Cancer Research Institute, New York.
Rookus MA, Brohet RM, Andrieu N, Antroniou AC, Chang-Claude J, Easton DF, Peock S,
Nogues C, van Leeuwen FE, Goldgar DE. Oral contraceptives and breast cancer risk in the
International BRCA1/2 Carrier Cohort Study (IBCCS). Paper presented at: 3rd
International Symposium on the Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer; 2005 Jun 22-26;
Molde, Norway. Main conference sponsors were Affymetrix, Agilent Technologies,
Applied Biosystems, AstraZeneca, Novartis Oncology, Pfizer, and Roche Diagnostics.
17. Paper/Poster with other supplemental note

Hu X, Gao Z, Xu F, Liu N. A novel approach to harvesting lymphatic endothelial cells
from human foreskin dermis. Paper presented at: 8th TESI Annual Meeting; 2005 Oct
22-25; Shanghai, China. TESI = Tissue Engineering Society International.
776 Citing Medicine
777
Chapter 13. Letters and Other Personal

Communication
Created: October 10, 2007; Updated: March 17, 2017.

Examples
See also:
Chapter 14 Manuscripts and Preprints
Chapter 26 Electronic Mail and Discussion Forums
Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Letters and Other

Personal Communication
The general format for a reference to a letter or other type of personal communication,
- letter:
- other personal communication:
Examples of Citations to Letters and Other Personal Communication

778 Citing Medicine
Documents generally available to scholars in an archive or a depository can usually be

included in a reference list. However, many publishers do not permit placing any form of
unpublished material in the end references. Most authorities recommend placing
references to personal communications such as letters and conversations within the
running text, not as formal end references. Include the nature and source of the cited
information, using a term or terms to indicate clearly that no corresponding citation is in
the reference list. Place the source information in parentheses. For example:
and most of these meningiomas proved to be inoperable (2003 letter from RS

Grant to me; unreferenced, see "Notes") while the few that
Unless the letter resides in a library or other public archive, the author of a publication
citing a letter must provide written permission from the cited person (if living) to the
publisher or from the cited organization if it is carried in a document such as in internal
memorandum that is not accessible to scholars. Acknowledge such permission in an
"Acknowledgments" or a "Notes" section following the text of an article or at the end of a
book's main text. Such statements may include additional details, such as the reason for
the communication.
The rules below apply when a letter is included in a reference list rather than within the
text as described above. Letters are similar to manuscripts in that they contain little
information from which to construct a citation. They lack titles, and have no place of
publication or publisher. References to letters differ from manuscripts in that they have a
formal structure applied to clearly identify the author (initiator) and the recipient
(receiver) of the communication. Because of the lack of other information to include in a
citation to a letter, providing the full names for both author and recipient is recommended
as well as any clarifying notes on its content.
For information on citing collections of letters, see Chapter 14 Manuscripts and Preprints.
For information on citing letters to the editors of journals, see Chapter 1A Journal
Articles.
Most examples for citations to letters provided in this chapter are taken from the Modern
Manuscripts Collection of the National Library of Medicine. Since the Collection is
housed organizationally within the Library's History of Medicine Division, many items
are historical in nature. However, the rules provided are applicable to contemporary
material. Other types of personal communication, such as conversations, are not included
in the examples for this chapter because they are so rarely seen in a reference list.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Letters and Other Personal
Communication.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Letters and Other Personal Communication.
Letters and Other Personal Communication 779
Citation Rules with Examples for Letters and Other Personal

Communication
it is optional.
Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Connective Phrase (R) | Recipient (R) | Recipient
Affiliation (O) | Date (R) | Pagination (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author for Personal Communication (required)

Enter surname (family or last name) first for the person initiating the
communication
Capitalize surnames and enter spaces in surnames as they appear in the document
cited. For example: Van Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.
Follow the surname with a comma and a space
Enter the given (first) name and any middle name or initials; follow initials with
periods
End author information with a period unless the Author Affiliation is given, then
use a space

Other surname rules
Title of author given

Estelle Palmer-Canton becomes Palmer-Canton, Estelle
Ahmed El-Assmy becomes El-Assmy, Ahmed
780 Citing Medicine

Alan D. O'Brien becomes O'Brien, Alan D.
James O. L'Esperance becomes L'Esperance, James O.
U. S'adeh becomes S'adeh, U.
Keep all other punctuation in surnames
Charles A. St. James becomes St. James, Charles A.

Lama Al Bassit becomes Al Bassit, Lama
Jiddeke M. van de Kamp becomes van de Kamp, Jiddeke M.
Gerard de Pouvourville becomes de Pouvourville, Gerard
Sergio Lopez Moreno becomes Lopez Moreno, Sergio
Jaime Mier y Teran becomes Mier y Teran, Jaime
Virginie Halley des Fontaines becomes Halley des Fontaines, Virginie
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Keep hyphens joining given (first or middle) names
Jean-Louis Lagrot becomes Lagrot, Jean-Louis
Keep prefixes, prepositions, and other particles
D'Arcy Hart becomes Hart, D'Arcy
William St. John Patterson becomes Patterson, William St. John
De la Broquerie Fortier becomes Fortier, De la Broquerie
Craig McC. Brooks becomes Brooks, Craig McC.
Keep traditional abbreviations of given names. Some non-US publications use
Stefan.
Ch. Wunderly becomes Wunderly, Ch.
Charles Fr. Erdman becomes Erdman, Charles Fr.
capitalize only the first letter if an initial is represented by more than one letter
Iu. A. Iakontov becomes Iakontov, Iu.A.
Georgios Th. Tsakalos becomes Tsakalos, Georgios Th.

James A. Reed, M.D., F.R.C.S. becomes Reed, James A.
Kristine Schmidt, Ph.D. becomes Schmidt, Kristine
782 Citing Medicine
Robert V. Lang, Major, US Army becomes Lang, Robert V.

Omit rank and honors such as Colonel or Sir that precede a name, unless no given
name is provided
Sir Frances Hildebrand becomes Hildebrand, Frances
Dr. Jane Eberhard becomes Eberhard, Jane
Captain R.C. Williams becomes Williams, R.C.
but
Dr. Morton becomes Morton, Dr.
Major Robertson becomes Robertson, Major.

Place family designations of rank after the given (first) name and any middle name
or initials
End initials and Jr or Sr with periods
Examples:
Vincent T. DeVita, Jr. becomes DeVita, Vincent T. Jr.
James G. Jones II becomes Jones, James G. 2nd
John A. Adams III becomes Adams, John A. 3rd
Henry B. Cooper IV becomes Cooper, Henry B. 4th

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

784 Citing Medicine

Royal Marsden Hospital (GB).
brackets.
or
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
were two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Box 8. Title of author given.

If the author's title is given, place it at the beginning of the affiliation
Example:
Blue, Rupert (Surgeon General, Bureau of the Public Health Service, Treasury
Department, Washington, DC). Letter to: Wm. H. Welch (American Red
Cross, Paris, FR). 1919 Mar 18. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine,
Bethesda, MD; MS C 211.
If the author's title is given in place of a name, put the title in the author position. If
the actual name is located elsewhere, add it surname first in square brackets after
the title.
Example:
786 Citing Medicine
Secretary of War (Washington, DC). Letter to: Commander, Fort Dearborn

(Illinois). 1846 Mar 7. 15 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD;
W6 P3 v.7481 box 916 no.1.
or
Secretary of War [Marcy, William L.] (Washington, DC). Letter to:
Commander, Fort Dearborn (Illinois). 1846 Mar 7. 15 p. Located at: Modern
Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W6 P3 v.7481 box 916 no.1.

The following format is not NLM practice for citing authors of letters, but is an acceptable
option:
Given (first) and middle names of authors may be reduced to initials. See Chapter 1
for instructions on handling names in this format.
Takagi Y.
Moskowitz MA.
Examples for Author

1. Standard citation to a letter
2. Letter with optional initials for author and recipient
3. Letter providing only initials for author and recipient
5. Letter with organization as author
Author Affiliation for Personal Communication (optional)

Follow the affiliation with a period placed outside the parentheses

Titles in affiliations
No affiliation found

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
788 Citing Medicine

a space
Insert the e-mail address as it appears in the letter
Place the e-mail address inside the closing parenthesis for the author affiliation
Example:
Patrias, Karen (Public Services Division, National Library of Medicine,
Bethesda MD. [email protected]).
Box 12. Titles in affiliations.

Example:
Department, Washington, DC). Letter to: Wm. H. Welch (American Red
Cross, Paris, FR). 1919 Mar 18. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
If the author's title is given in place of a name, put the title in the author position. If
the actual name is located elsewhere, add it surname first in square brackets after
the title.
Example:
Secretary of War (Washington, DC). Letter to: Commander, Fort Dearborn
(Illinois). 1846 Mar 7. 15 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
W6 P3 v.7481 box 916 no.1.
or
Secretary of War [Marcy, William L.] (Washington, DC). Letter to:
Commander, Fort Dearborn (Illinois). 1846 Mar 7. 15 p. Located at: Modern
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W6 P3 v.7481 box 916 no.1.

Carpentier, Antoine F. (Service de Neurologie, Hopital de la Salpetriere, Paris,
France).
Marubini, Ettore (Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria, Universita degli
Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy).
Barbulescu, Mihai (Clinica Chirurgicala, Spitalul Clinic Coltea, Bucarest,
Romania).
Susaki, Kanako (First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,
Kagawa University, Takamatsu, Japan).
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
790 Citing Medicine
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna
Box 15. No affiliation found.

If no affiliation is found or the affiliation is incomplete but it can be determined
from elsewhere in the letter or from knowledge of the writer, put the place name in
square brackets
Examples:
Nightingale, Florence (115 Park Street, W, [London, GB]). Letter to: Marquis
Townshend. 1864 Jul 27. 4 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
MS F 179.
Pina, Luciano (Santiago, Chile). Letter to: D.M. Arroyo de Veracruz
([Mexico]). 1845 Jun 26. 4 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
MS F 196. Spanish.


6. Letter with author's title included in affiliation
7. Letter with place inferred
Connective Phrase for Personal Communication (required)

Use the phrase "Letter to", "Conversation with", or "Telephone conversation with" as
appropriate
End the phrase with a colon and a space
Recipient for Personal Communication (required)

General Rules for Recipient
Enter the given (first) name and any middle name or initials of the person receiving
the communication; follow initials with periods
Give the surname (family or last name)
End recipient information with a period unless the Recipient Affiliation is given,
then use a space
Specific Rules for Recipient

Other surname rules
Titles in recipient names
Organization as recipient
Options for recipient names

792 Citing Medicine
Estelle Palmer-Canton
Ahmed El-Assmy
Alan D. O'Brien
James O. L'Esperance
U. S'adeh
Charles A. St. James

Lama Al Bassit
Jiddeke M. van de Kamp
Gerard de Pouvourville
Sergio Lopez Moreno
Jaime Mier y Teran
Virginie Halley des Fontaines
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Jean-Louis Lagrot
Keep prefixes, prepositions, or other particles
D'Arcy Hart
W. St. John Patterson
De la Broquerie Fortier
Craig McC. Brooks
Stefan.
Ch. Wunderly
Charles Fr. Erdman
Iu. A. Iakontov
Georgios Th. Tsakalos
794 Citing Medicine
James A. Reed, M.D., F.R.C.S. becomes James A. Reed

Kristine Schmidt, Ph.D. becomes Kristine Schmidt
Robert V. Lang, Major, US Army becomes Robert V. Lang
name is provided
Sir Frances Hildebrand becomes Frances Hildebrand
Dr. Jane Eberhard becomes Jane Eberhard
Captain R.C. Williams becomes R.C. Williams
but
Dr. Morton remains Dr. Morton
Major Robertson remains Major Robertson

Place family designations of rank after the surname
Omit any commas between the surname and the designation
Follow Jr or Sr with a period
Examples:
Vincent T. DeVita, Jr. becomes Vincent T. DeVita Jr.
James G. Jones, II becomes James G. Jones 2nd
John A. Adams III becomes John A. Adams 3rd
Henry B. Cooper IV becomes Henry B. Cooper 4th

Iu. A. Iakontov
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Box 22. Titles in recipient names.

If the recipient's title is given, place it at the beginning of the affiliation
Letter to: Rupert Blue (Surgeon General, Bureau of the Public Health Service,
Treasury Department, Washington, DC).
796 Citing Medicine
If the recipient's title is given in place of a name, put the title in the recipient
position. If the actual name is located elsewhere, add it in square brackets following
the title.
Examples:
Letter to: Secretary of War (Washington, DC).
or
Letter to: Secretary of War [William Endicott] (Washington, DC).
Letter to: Dr. Morton ([Boston, MA]).
or
Letter to: Dr. Morton [William Thomas Morton] ([Boston, MA]).
Box 23. Organization as recipient.

body may serve as the recipient of a letter.
the parts of the name in hierarchical order, separated by commas
Committee on Ethics, American Medical Association.
Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division, International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistry.

brackets.
or
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
798 Citing Medicine

were two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Box 24. Options for recipient names.

The following format is not NLM practice for citing recipients, but is an acceptable option:
Given (first) and middle names of recipients may be reduced to initials. See Chapter
1 for instructions on converting names to initials.
Y Takagi
MA Moskowitz
Examples for Recipient

4. Letter with a title for the recipient rather than a name
Recipient Affiliation for Personal Communication (optional)

General Rules for Recipient Affiliation
Separate the affiliation from the recipient by a space
Follow the affiliation with a period placed outside the parentheses
Specific Rules for Recipient Affiliation


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society

a space
800 Citing Medicine
Example:
Karen Patrias (Public Services Division, National Library of Medicine,
Box 27. Title in affiliations.

If the recipient's title is given, place it at the beginning of the affiliation
Letter to: Rupert Blue (Surgeon General, Bureau of the Public Health Service,
Treasury Department, Washington, DC).
If the recipient's title is given in place of a name, put the title in the recipient
position. If the actual name is located elsewhere, add it in square brackets following
the title.
Examples:
Letter to: Secretary of War (Washington, DC).
or
Letter to: Secretary of War [William Endicott] (Washington, DC).
Letter to: Dr. Morton ([Boston, MA]).
or
Letter to: Dr. Morton [William Thomas Morton] ([Boston, MA]).

Letter to: Antoine F. Carpentier (Service de Neurologie, Hopital de la
Salpetriere, Paris, France).
Letter to: Ettore Marubini (Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria, Universita
degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy).

Letter to: Mihai Barbulescu (Clinica Chirurgicala, Spitalul Clinic Coltea,
Bucarest, Romania).
Letter to: Kanako Susaki (First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
802 Citing Medicine

Wien becomes Vienna

from elsewhere in the letter or from knowledge of the recipient, put the place name
in square brackets
Examples:
Wells, Horace (Hartford, CT). Letter to: Dr. Morton ([Boston, MA]). 1846 Oct
20. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 176.
Pina, Luciano (Santiago, Chile). Letter to: D.M. Arroyo de Veracruz
([Mexico]). 1845 Jun 26. 4 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
MS F 196. Spanish.
Examples for Recipient Affiliation

Date for Personal Communication (required)

General Rules for Date
Begin with the year
Include the month after the year, such as 2004 Mar
Use English names for months and abbreviate them to the first three letters
Include the day after the month, such as 2004 Mar 3

Specific Rules for Date

No date can be found
Options for date

Dates in US letters usually appear in the format month day, year. For example:
August 23, 2005.
Dates in other countries may appear in a variety of formats
2004/12/02
30.07.2004
2004-10-02
14 June 2004
15/06/2005
2004/12/02 becomes 2004 Dec 2
30.07.2004 becomes 2004 Jul 30
2004-10-02 becomes 2004 Oct 2
15/06/2005 becomes 2005 Jun 15
letters
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
Example:
804 Citing Medicine

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring
Box 34. No date can be found.

If a date cannot be found, but a date can be estimated from the content of the letter
or in accompanying material, place a question mark after the estimated date and
place date information in square brackets
Bell, John ([Edinburgh, Scotland]). Letter to: Cadell and Davies, Book Sellers
([London, England]). [1793?]. 8 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Bethesda, MD; MS F 291.
If a date cannot be found or estimated, use [date unknown]
Hennen, John (Edinburgh, Scotland). Letter to: Dr. Duncan. [date unknown].
9 p. Located at: History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine,
Bethesda, MD; W6 P3 v.1575.

The date for the personal communication may follow the author names in the list of
references when the name-year system of in-text references is used.
Use the complete date of the communication
Place the date after the author and any author affiliation, followed by a period
NLM citation:
Anfinsen, Christian B. (Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, MD). Letter to: Cyril Ponnamperuma (University of Maryland,
College Park, MD). 1991 Apr 23. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Bethesda, MD; MS C 496, Box 8, Folder 3.
Anfinsen, Christian B. (Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, MD). 1991 Apr 23. Letter to: Cyril Ponnamperuma (University of
Maryland, College Park, MD). 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Bethesda, MD; MS C 496, Box 8, Folder 3.
Examples for Date

8. Letter with standard date
9. Letter with date estimated
Pagination for Personal Communication (optional)

If the pages of a letter are numbered, provide the total number of pages
If the pages of a letter are not numbered, provide the total number of sheets of
paper on which the letter appears
Follow the page total with the word leaf or leaves
End pagination information in both cases with a period

806 Citing Medicine

If the pages of a letter have roman numerals instead of the usual arabic numbers:
Example: [20 p.].

10. Letter with unnumbered pages
11. Letter with numbered pages
Language for Personal Communication (required)

Give the language of communication if not English

12. Letter in a language other than English
Notes for Personal Communication (optional)

itself
Be brief

Name and location of a public archive
Restrictions on use
Box 36. Name and location of a public archive.

Information on a library or other public archive where the letter may be seen is helpful to
the reader.
Enter the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space
Give the name of the library or archive, preceded by any subsidiary division(s), and
followed by a comma and a space. For example: Manuscripts Division, Library of
Congress.
Follow the library or archive name with the city, a comma, and the two-letter
abbreviation for the US state or Canadian province (see Appendix E); add the
country if not the US or Canada, either written out or as two-letter ISO country
code (see Appendix D)
Enter a semicolon and any identifying number for the manuscript
End library or archive information with a period
Example:
Joseph Eastman Sanitorium (Indianapolis, IN). Letter to: Wm. E. Lybrook
(Young America, IN). 1904 Nov 17. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Box 37. Restrictions on use.

A library or other archive may place a variety of types of restrictions on the use of
letters. For example, letters may only be available with an appointment or to
scholars at the doctorate level. This information may be provided as a note at the
end of the citation. Complete sentences are not required.
Examples:
Materials stored offsite; 24 hour prior notice required for delivery.
Written permission required to quote, cite, paraphrase, or publish any of Dr.
Henle's unpublished material during her lifetime.

Notes is a collective term for any type of useful information given after the citation itself.
Examples include:
information on any material accompanying the letter
808 Citing Medicine
Blue, Rupert (Surgeon General, US Public Health Service, Washington, DC).

Letter to: Wm. H. Welch (American Red Cross, Paris, FR). 1919 Mar 18. 1 leaf.
Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division,
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 211. Accompanied by:
Blue's "Memorandum Relative to the Development of National and
International Programs of Public Health."
explanatory information on the content of the letter
Reed, Walter (Army Medical Museum, Washington, DC). Letter to: W.S.
Halstead (Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD). 1985 Apr 10. 1 leaf.
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 200. Letter asking if
Halsted could perform a hernia operation on the carpenter of the Army
Medical Museum.
Examples for Notes

13. Letter with an accompaniment
14. Letter with note
Examples of Citations to Letters and Other Personal

Communication
Anfinsen, Christian B. (Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,
MD). Letter to: Cyril Ponnamperuma (University of Maryland, College Park, MD). 1991
Apr 23. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division,
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 496, Box 8, Folder 3.
Reed, Walter (Army Medical Museum, Washington, DC). Letter to: W.S. Halstead (Johns
Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD). 1985 Apr 10. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD;
MS F 200.

Reed W. (Army Medical Museum, Washington, DC). Letter to: W.S. Halstead (Johns
MS F 200.

Colt, P. (Rome, NY). Letter to: M. Goshall (Hartford, CT). 1809 Mar 4. 4 leaves. Located
at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 312.

Mayard, T.F. (Department of State, Washington, DC). Letter to: Secretary of War
(Washington, DC). 1888 Feb 16. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 269.
Wells, Horace (Hartford, CT). Letter to: Dr. Morton ([Boston, MA]). 1846 Oct 20. 1 leaf.
Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 176.
with name added as title
Mayard, T.F. (Department of State, Washington, DC). Letter to: Secretary of War [William
Endicott] (Washington, DC). 1888 Feb 16. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
MS F 269.
Wells, Horace (Hartford, CT). Letter to: Dr. Morton [William Thomas Morton] ([Boston,
MA]). 1846 Oct 20. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 176.

Mason Chemical Company (Philadelphia, PA). Letter to: Abram Claude (Annapolis,
MD). 1897 Dec 24. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
Joseph Eastman Sanitorium (Indianapolis, IN). Letter to: Wm. E. Lybrook (Young
America, IN). 1904 Nov 17. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
6. Letter with author's title included in affiliation

Department, Washington, DC). Letter to: Wm. H. Welch (American Red Cross, Paris,
FR). 1919 Mar 18. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 211.
Loper, Richard L. (General Manager, Guarantors Liability Indemnity Company of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA). Letter to: Dear Sirs. 1 leaf. [1895?]. Located at: Modern
Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine,
810 Citing Medicine

Nightingale, Florence (115 Park Street, W, [London, GB]). Letter to: Marquis Townshend.
1864 Jul 27. 4 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Pina, Luciano (Santiago, Chile). Letter to: D.M. Arroyo de Veracruz ([Mexico]). 1845 Jun
26. 4 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division,
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 196. Spanish.
8. Letter with standard date

Wheaton, Levi (Providence, RI). Letter to: Moses Younglove (Cornwall, CT). 1800 Dec 18.
3 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division,
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 293.
9. Letter with date estimated

Bell, John ([Edinburgh, Scotland]). Letter to: Cadell and Davies, Book Sellers ([London,
England]). [1793?]. 8 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
Loper, Richard L. (General Manager, Guarantors Liability Indemnity Company of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA). Letter to: Dear Sirs. 1 leaf. [1895?]. Located at: Modern
10. Letter with unnumbered pages

11. Letter with numbered pages

Kerr, J. Auston (Chevy Chase, MD). Letter to: Ramon Cordoba Palacio (Medellin,
Colombia). 1974 Nov 11. 11 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 456.
12. Letter in a language other than English

de Lucretiis, Gaetano (San Severo, Italy). Letter to: D. Biagio Michetelli (Puglia, Italy).
1807 Nov 13. 9 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 214. Italian.
Pina, Luciano (Santiago, Chile). Letter to: D.M. Arroyo de Veracruz ([Mexico]). 1845 Jun
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 196. Spanish.
13. Letter with an accompaniment

Blue, Rupert (Surgeon General, US Public Health Service, Washington, DC). Letter to:
Wm. H. Welch (American Red Cross, Paris, FR). 1919 Mar 18. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern
Bethesda, MD; MS C 211. Accompanied by: Blue's "Memorandum Relative to the
Development of National and International Programs of Public Health."
Mayard, T.F. (Department of State, Washington, DC). Letter to: Secretary of War [William
Endicott] (Washington, DC). 1888 Feb 16. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
MS F 269. Accompanied by: El Comerrio newsclipping written by Dr. David Matto.
14. Letter with note

Reed, Walter (Army Medical Museum, Washington, DC). Letter to: W.S. Halstead (Johns
MS F 200. Letter asking if Halsted could perform a hernia operation on the carpenter of
the Army Medical Museum.
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 293. Wheaton thanks Younglove for a
cowpox sample and describes his experiments with smallpox.
Kerr, J. Auston (Chevy Chase, MD). Letter to: Ramon Cordoba Palacio (Medellin,
Colombia). 1974 Nov 11. 11 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 456. Contains
reminiscences of Kerr's experiences in Colombia studying yellow fever for the Rockefeller
Foundation in its laboratories from 1932 to 1938.
Nightingale, Florence (115 Park Street, W, [London, GB]). Letter to: Marquis Townshend.
1864 Jul 27. 4 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 179. Nightingale responds to
Townshend's request on behalf of a Mrs. Montague for funds to support old nurses.
Wells, Horace (Hartford, CT). Letter to: Dr. Morton [William Thomas Morton] ([Boston,
MA]). 1846 Oct 20. 1 leaf. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 176. Comments
on the first use of Morton's anesthesia device.
Hennen, John (Edinburgh, Scotland). Letter to: Dr. Duncan. [date unknown]. 9 p. Located
at: History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W6 P3 v.
1575. Observations on the cure of syphilis without mercury.
812 Citing Medicine
813
Chapter 14. Manuscripts and Preprints

Created: October 10, 2007; Updated: March 17, 2017.
A. Individual Manuscripts
Examples
B. Manuscript Collections
Examples
C. Preprints
Introduction and Examples
See also:
Chapter 13 Letters and Other Personal Communication
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Individual

Manuscripts
The general format for a reference to an individual manuscript, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Individual Manuscripts

A manuscript refers to any type of work, either handwritten or typewritten, that is not
published. Examples of manuscripts include author drafts of journal articles and books as
well as finished works. Manuscripts often contain little information from which to
construct a citation. A formal title may be absent and other information unclear. There is
no place of publication, publisher, or date of publication in an unpublished manuscript.
Other differences from the standard book are that the full names of authors are used, and
an unpaginated manuscript is described in terms of leaves, not pages.
Include in a citation, when possible, the name of a library or other public archive where
the item may be found, as well as any order or catalog number. See Notes in the next
section. If a manuscript is not available in a public archive, most authorities recommend
814 Citing Medicine
placing references to it within the running text, not as a formal end reference. The nature
and source of the cited information should be identified by an appropriate statement.
Place the source information in parentheses, using a term or terms to indicate that the
citation is not represented in the reference list.
material gathered from an unpublished draft by Harold Jones (private collection;

unreferenced, see "Notes") that
The rules below apply when a manuscript is included in a reference list rather than in the
text as described above. Note that the majority of examples for citations provided in this
chapter are taken from the Modern Manuscripts Collection of the National Library of
Medicine. Since the Collection is housed organizationally within the Library's History of
Medicine Division, many items are historical in nature. However, the rules provided are
applicable to contemporary material.
Manuscripts may be cited as individual items and as collections. See Chapter 14B
Manuscript Collections for information on citing collections.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Individual Manuscripts.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Individual Manuscripts.
Citation Rules with Examples for Individual Manuscripts

it is optional.
Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Secondary Author
(O) | Date (R) | Pagination (O) | Physical Description (O) | Availability (O) | Language (R)
| Notes (O)
Author for Individual Manuscripts (required)

Enter surname (family or last name) first for the author
document cited. For example: Van Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf
or DeWolf.
periods
Separate author names from each other by a semicolon and a space
Manuscripts and Preprints 815

Other surname rules


816 Citing Medicine
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Keep traditional abbreviations of given names. Some non-US manuscripts use
Stefan.


name is provided
but

or initials
Omit commas preceding the designation
Follow Jr or Sr with periods
Examples:
818 Citing Medicine

James G. Jones, II becomes Jones, James G. 2nd

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

If a division or another part of an organization is included in the manuscript, give
appear in the manuscript. Whenever possible follow a non-English name
820 Citing Medicine

brackets.
or
Chinese, Japanese. Place all translations in square brackets.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
were two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

If no person or organization can be found as the author but a translator is present,
begin the reference with the name of the translator. Follow the same rules as used
for author names, but end the list of names with a comma and the specific role, that
is, translator.
Walter, Edward D., translator.
Morrison, Carl P.; Court, Frances G., translators.
If no person or organization can be identified as the author and no translator is
given, begin the reference with the title of the manuscript. Do not use anonymous.
Review and analysis of Letort's medical services in modern armies:
observations and recollections of the late war. [1970?]. 52 p. Located at:
Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National

The following format is not NLM practice for citing authors of manuscripts, but is an
acceptable option.
Takagi Y.
Moskowitz MA.
Examples for Author

1. Manuscript standard citation with full name for authors
2. Manuscript authors with optional initials for first names
3. Manuscript author name or secondary author name with designations of rank
within a family
4. Manuscript authors with prefixes or particles in their names
5. Manuscript authors with compound last names
6. Manuscript authors with only a surname
7. Manuscript with organization as author
8. Manuscript with more than one author
822 Citing Medicine
9. Manuscript with no authors found
Author Affiliation for Individual Manuscripts (optional)

Follow the affiliation with a semicolon placed outside the closing parentheses,
unless it is the affiliation of the last author or the only author of a manuscript, then
use a period


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society


a space
Example:

France).
824 Citing Medicine

Romania).
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
manuscript may always be used.

the name as found on the manuscript may always be used.
Wien becomes Vienna

10. Manuscript with author affiliation included
Title for Individual Manuscripts (required)

Enter the title of the manuscript as it appears on the original document, in the
original language
and initialisms
already present
in square brackets
it or a type of medium follows it, then end with a space


Swedish, etc.)
826 Citing Medicine
Descomps, Pierre. Appendicites chroniques et epiploite. [1906?]. 1921 p.

National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 145. French.
Avicenna. Qawlanj. [circa 1800]. 41 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Bethesda, MD; A 55. Arabic.
Gonda, Naosuke. Koido myakuden. 1850. 16 p. Located at: Modern
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 939. Japanese.
or
Gonda, Naosuke. [Pulse diagnosis of old medicine]. 1850. 16 p. Located at:
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 939. Japanese.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Perez, Victor. Methode von vorherigen Acclimatisiren zur Verhinderung des
gelben feber. [1880?]. 13 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
MS F 263. German.
Gonda, Naosuke. Koido myakuden [Pulse diagnosis of old medicine]. 1850. 16
p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division,
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 939.000. Japanese.
character.
Capitalize the first word of a manuscript title unless the title begins with a Greek
capitalized
1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin: health-based reassessment.
becomes omega.
may become
828 Citing Medicine
TiO2 nanoparticles.
may become

Occasionally a manuscript does not appear to have any title; the document simply begins
with the text. In this circumstance:
Examples:
Reeves, James Edmund. [President's address delivered at the opening of the
13th annual meeting of the American Public Health Association]. 1885 Dec 8.
32 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Hood, Thomas B. (Howard University, Washington, DC). [Notes of lectures on
the practice of medicine]. [circa 1880s]. 162 p. Located at: Modern
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 414.
Examples for Title

11. Manuscript with constructed title
12. Manuscript with title in a language other than English
13. Manuscript with title in a language other than English with optional translation
Type of Medium for Individual Manuscripts (required)

Indicate the type of medium (microfilm, microfiche, etc.) following the title when a
manuscript is in a microform
[microfilm].
Description


Most titles of manuscripts end in a period. Place [microfiche], [microfilm], or
Osler, William. The fixed period [microfilm]. 1905. 21 leaves. 1 reel: black &
white, negative, 35 mm. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History
of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 146.
AIDS is over, right? [microfiche].

the original title
L'hypnotisme en therapeutique: guerson d'une contracture hysterique
[Therapeutic hypnotism: cure of hysterical contracture].
If a title is in a microform (microfiche, microfile, microcard, etc.), place the specific
name of the microform in square brackets following the translation
meningeal tuberculosis] [microfilm].

24. Manuscript in a microform
Secondary Author for Individual Manuscripts (optional)

General Rules for Secondary Author
A secondary author modifies the work of the author. Examples include compilers,
translators, illustrators, and interviewers.
Follow the last translator's name with a comma and the word translator or
translators; the last illustrator's name with a comma and the word illustrator or
illustrators, etc.
830 Citing Medicine
Specific Rules for Secondary Author


A manuscript may have several types of secondary author.
List all of them in the order they are given in the manuscript
Separate a single secondary author from the role by a comma
Separate one type of secondary author from another by a semicolon
Place a semicolon between multiple occurrences of secondary authors
Examples:
Smith, Brian C., translator; Carson, Harrison T., interviewer.
Graber, Alfred F.; Longstreet, Richard G., translators; Johnson, Carl T.; Marks,
Catherine; Huston, Melanie A., illustrators.

List all of the roles in the order given in the manuscript
Example:
Jones, Albert B., compiler and translator.

author into English if possible. However, the wording found on the manuscript may
always be used.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
for them:
Word for Word for Word for
Language Translator Illustrator Word for Compiler Interviewer
French traducteur illustrateur compilateur enqueteur
German ubersetzer erlauterer zusammensteller befrager
dolmetscher
Italian traduttore disegnatore compilatore intervistatore
Spanish traductor ilustrador recopilador entrevistador
compilador
Russian perevodchik konstruktor sostavitel' interviever
Examples for Secondary Author

14. Manuscript with translators and other secondary authors
832 Citing Medicine
Date for Individual Manuscripts (required)

Begin with the year
Include the month after the year, if provided, such as 2004 Mar
such as Jan
Include the day after the month, if provided, such as 2004 Mar 3

Multiple dates
No date can be found
Options for date

Dates in US manuscripts usually appear in the format month day, year. For
example: August 23, 2005.
Dates in other countries may appear in manuscripts in a variety of formats
2004/12/02
30.07.2004
2004-10-02
14 June 2004
15/06/2005
2004/12/02 becomes 2004 Dec 2
30.07.2004 becomes 2004 Jul 30
2004-10-02 becomes 2004 Oct 2
15/06/2005 becomes 2005 Jun 15

letters
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
Example:

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring
834 Citing Medicine
Box 25. Multiple dates.

For multiple years, separate the first and last year by a hyphen. Do not shorten the
second of the two years to the last two digits.
2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
Separate multiple months by a hyphen
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan
names of seasons.
Box 26. No date can be found.

If no date can be found, but a specific year can be estimated because of material
contained in the manuscript itself or on accompanying material, place a question
mark after the estimated date and place date information in square brackets
Mann, Lucile Quarry. Drug hunters: the Mulford biological explorations of the
Amazon basin. [1977?]. 190 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
MS C 458.
If no date can be found nor can a specific year be estimated, but an approximate
time can be determined based on material contained in the manuscript itself or its
accompanying material, place the word circa and the approximate date or dates in
square brackets
Duncan, Louis C. Cholera at Fort Riley in 1855. [circa 1900]. 10 leaves.
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 112.
Sacadura, Costa. Guia de parteiras por perguntas e respostas [Guide to

questions and answers for midwives]. [circa 1700s]. 48 p. Located at: Modern
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 406. Portuguese.
Graves, George W. [Pharmacological notebook]. [circa 1874-1885]. 46 p.
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 403.
If no date can be found, nor can a date can be estimated or approximated, use [date
unknown]
Foltz, E.K. List of known cases of infection in line of duty in personnel of the
U.S. Public Health Service, 1878-1936. [date unknown]. 6 leaves. Located at:

The date for a manuscript may follow the author names in the list of references when the
Use the complete date of the manuscript
Place the date after the author and any author affiliation (or title if there is no
author), followed by a period
NLM citation:
Wiprud, Theodore. The versatile Dr. Thornton. 1976. 86 p. Located at: Modern
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 305.
Wiprud, Theodore. 1976. The versatile Dr. Thornton. 86 p. Located at: Modern
836 Citing Medicine

Examples for Date

15. Manuscript with standard date
16. Manuscript date with month or month and day provided
17. Manuscript with multiple dates
18. Manuscript with date estimated
19. Manuscript with no date found
Pagination for Individual Manuscripts (optional)

If a manuscript has no numbers on its pages, give the total number of sheets of
paper on which the text appears
Follow the page total with a space and the word leaf or leaves
If the pages of a manuscript are numbered, give the total number of pages on which
the text appears
End pagination information with a period in both cases

More than one physical volume

If all of the pages (not just the introductory pages) of a manuscript have roman numerals
Follow the number by " p."
Place the number and " p." in square brackets, such as [12 p.]
Example: [20 p.].
Box 28. More than one physical volume.

For manuscripts in more than one physical volume, cite the total number of
Wolfe, Edwin Phillip. Medical supplies and the supply service of the Medical
Department, United States Army. [1920?]. 4 vol. Located at: Modern

20. Manuscript with numbered pages
21. Manuscript in more than one volume
22. Manuscript with no numbers on the pages of the book
Physical Description for Individual Manuscripts (optional)

Give the total number of containers holding the manuscript and/or the total
number of linear feet of shelf space the manuscript occupies
Follow with the type of container or the words linear feet. Examples: 3 boxes or 10
linear feet.
End with a period
Give information on the total number and physical characteristics of the
manuscript if it resides in a microform, such as 6 microfiche: black & white, 4 x 6 in.


If a manuscript is on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:
838 Citing Medicine
colon and a space
5 microfiche:
2 microcards:
color
black & white
positive
negative

23. Manuscript with physical description
Availability for Individual Manuscripts (optional)

General Rules for Availability
followed with a comma and a space. For example: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine,
Follow with the name of the city, a comma, and the two-letter abbreviation for the
US state or Canadian province (see Appendix E); add the country if not the US or
Canada, either written out or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D)
Enter a semicolon and any identifying number for the manuscript
End library information with a period
Specific Rules for Availability

Non-English names for libraries and archives
Locations outside of the US
Box 30. Non-English names for libraries and archives.

manuscript. Whenever possible follow a non-English name with a translation. Place
all translations in square brackets.
Bibliotheque Anatomique, Institut d'Anatomie de Paris
Medizinische Abteilung, Saarlaandische Universitaats- und Landesbibliothek
Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate names of organizations in
the ALA-LC Romanization Tables. Whenever possible, follow a non-English name
Bibliotyeka, Rossiiskaia Akademiia Meditsinskikh Nauk [Library, Russian
Academy of Medical Sciences]
or
[Library, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences]
Translate names of organizations in character-based languages such as Chinese and
Japanese. Place all translations in square brackets.
[Central Archives of China]
publications.
840 Citing Medicine
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Box 31. Locations outside of the US.

Moskva, whenever possible. However, the name as found on the manuscript may
always be used.
Montreal, QC
Ottawa, ON
Vancouver, BC
Follow cities in other countries with the country name, either written in full or as
the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D)
Rome, Italy or Rome, IT
Be consistent. If you choose an angelicized form for a city name or choose a country
code, use that same form or code throughout all references.
Examples for Availability

25. Manuscript with information on availability
Language for Individual Manuscripts (required)

Give the language of the manuscript if other than English

13. Manuscript with title in a language other than English with optional translation
Notes for Individual Manuscripts (optional)

itself
Be brief

Information about any restrictions on use
Box 32. Information about any restrictions on use.

A library or other archive may place a variety of restrictions on the use of
manuscripts, or the donors of the manuscripts may restrict use. Such information
may be provided as a note at the end of the citation. Complete sentences are not
required.
Taussig, Helen B. Helen B. Taussig: transcript of interview. Janeway, Charles
A., interviewer. 1976 Sep 15. 52 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
842 Citing Medicine

Bethesda, MD; OH 74. No part of this manuscript may be quoted without the
written permission of the Director of the Schlesinger Library and Helen
Brooke Taussig, M.D.

Notes is a collective term for any useful information given after the citation itself.
Examples include:
If the manuscript was translated, provide the name of the original document
Heister, Lorenz. Of the four divisions of the trunk of the human body. Manby,
Edward Jr., translator. [circa 1800]. 188 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Bethesda, MD; MS B 386. Translated from the Compendium Anatomicum
Laurentio Heisteri.
Give explanatory information on the content of the manuscript
Descripcion y plan curativo de la epidemia que ha reinado en Queretaro desde
fines de junio de este presente ano, hasta la fecha en que esto se escribia
[Description and treatment plan for the epidemic that occurred in Queretaro
from the end of June of this year, until the date of this writing]. 1825 Sep 27.
12 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 487. Spanish.
Apparently written by a military doctor providing a concise history of the
origins and progress of an epidemic of measles and scarlet fever that swept
through the city of Queretaro, Mexico, during the summer and early fall of
1825.
Clarke, Charles Mansfield. Observations on those diseases of females which
are attended by discharges. [circa 1814]. 168 leaves. Located at: Modern
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 363. Clarke's manuscript copy of chapters II-
XVII of the first volume of his "Observations on those diseases of females
which are attended by discharges," was first printed in London by Longman in
1814.
Examples for Notes

26. Manuscript with information about any restrictions on use
27. Manuscript with supplemental note included
Examples of Citations to Individual Manuscripts

Wiprud, Theodore. The versatile Dr. Thornton. 1976. 86 p. Located at: Modern
Cutter, William R. Manuscript in reference to small-pox epidemic at Woburn in 1815.
Toepper, C.G. History of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office, Washington, D.C.
1934. 105 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
2. Manuscript authors with optional initials for first names

Wiprud T. The versatile Dr. Thornton. 1976. 86 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
MS C 305.
Toepper CG. History of the Library of the Surgeon-General's Office, Washington, D.C.
1934. 105 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
3. Manuscript author name or secondary author name with designations

of rank within a family
Heister, Lorenz. Of the four divisions of the trunk of the human body. Manby, Edward Jr.,
translator. [circa 1800]. 188 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 386.
4. Manuscript authors with prefixes or particles in their names

O'Conor, John. Traumatic haemarthrosis of knee joint. 1898. 10 p. Located at: Modern
McIlwaine, Robert R. An inaugural thesis on mania a potu. 1839 Feb 20. 15 p. Located at:
Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of
Le Ber, Y.J. Edouard. Phrenologie des gens du monde on l'art. 1833. 267 p. Located at:
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 421. French.
844 Citing Medicine
5. Manuscript authors with compound last names

Berengario da Carpi, Jacopo. Berengario: de fractura cranei. Seaman, William M.,
6. Manuscript authors with only a surname

Galen. Ars medica [microfilm]. [circa 1250]. 14 leaves. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35
mm. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; Film C124. Latin.
D'Eggs. Relation d'une nevrose convulsive epidemique: observe a l'ecole normal des
instituteurs primaires a Strasbourg [Relation of a convulsive nervous epidemic: observed
at the normal school of the Strasbourg primate institute]. [date unknown]. 8 p. Located at:
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 197. French.
Avicenna. Qawlanj [Treatise on colic]. [circa 1800]. 41 leaves. Located at: Modern
7. Manuscript with organization as author

Bangor State Hospital. Eastern Maine Insane Hospital account ledger book. 1904 Dec
1-1908 Nov 30. 406 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Joel and Jotham Post (New York, NY). Directions for medicine chests [microfilm]. 1804.
16 p. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; Film 00577.
Kansas Legislative Council, Research Department. The basic sciences: their relationship to
the control and regulation of the healing arts. 1937 Feb. 20 leaves. Located at: Modern
8. Manuscript with more than one author

Jennings, Allan H.; King, W.V. An intensive study of insects as a possible etiologic factor
in pellagra. [1913?]. 42 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
9. Manuscript with no authors found

Arzneybuchlein von mancherley bewarthen und erfahrnen Arzneyen, fur allerley Zufalle
und Krankheiten des menschlichen Leibs dienstlich. 1671. 202 p. Located at: Modern

Bethesda, MD; MS B 980. German.
Review and analysis of Letort's medical services in modern armies: observations and
recollections of the late war. [1970?]. 52 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 285.
Descripcion y plan curativo de la epidemia que ha reinado en Queretaro desde fines de
junio de este presente ano, hasta la fecha en que esto se escribia [Description and
treatment plan for the epidemic that occurred in Queretaro in June of this year, until the
date of this writing]. 1825 Sep 27. 12 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 487.
Spanish.
10. Manuscript with author affiliation included

Nemec, Jaroslav (History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda,
MD). [Manuscript of essays by Jaroslav Nemec on the history of medicolegal relations].
[1991?]. 0.2 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS ACC 685.
Hood, Thomas B. (Howard University, Washington, DC). [Notes of lectures on the
practice of medicine]. [circa 1880s]. 162 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 414.
McIlwaine, Robert R. (Cincinnati College, Cincinnati, OH). An inaugural thesis on mania
a potu. 1839 Feb 20. 15 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
Hope, James (Aldersgate School of Medicine, London, GB). Lectures on the theories and
practice of medicine. 1836-1837. 238 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
Joel and Jotham Post (New York, NY). Directions for medicine chests [microfilm]. 1804.
16 p. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; Film 00577.
11. Manuscript with constructed title

Reeves, James Edmund. [President's address delivered at the opening of the 13th annual
meeting of the American Public Health Association]. 1885 Dec 8. 32 leaves. Located at:
Hood, Thomas B. (Howard University, Washington, DC). [Notes of lectures on the
practice of medicine]. [circa 1880s]. 162 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
846 Citing Medicine
Graves, George W. [Pharmacological notebook]. [circa 1874-1885]. 46 p. Located at:


Descomps, Pierre. Appendicites chroniques et epiploite. [1906?]. 1921 p. Located at:
Arzneybuchlein von mancherley bewarthen und erfahrnen Arzneyen, fur allerley Zufalle
und Krankheiten des menschlichen Leibs dienstlich. 1671. 202 p. Located at: Modern
Bethesda, MD; MS B 980. German.
Perez, Victor. Methode von vorherigen Acclimatisiren zur Verhinderung des gelben feber.
[1880?]. 13 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division,
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 263. German.
13. Manuscript with title in a language other than English with optional
translation
De la grippe et de son traitement par le sulfate de quinine: 2 e partie. Rsum d'une vaste
enqute sur les rsultats de ce traitement, au point de vue des rechtes et des accidents
tardifs (2,000 cas) [The grippe and its treatment with quinine sulfate: part 2. Review of the
vast research on treatment results (2,000 cases)]. 1891. 11 leaves. Located at: Modern
Bethesda, MD; MS F 313. French.
Charcot, J.M. L'hypnotisme en therapeutique: guerson d'une contracture hysterique
[Therapeutic hypnotism: cure of hysterical contracture]. [1887?]. 4 leaves. Located at:
Akbar, Mohammed. Qarabadin-i Qadiri [The Qadiri formulary] [microfilm]. 1886. 300
leaves. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; P
14.1. Persian.
Gonda, Naosuke. Koido myakuden [Pulse diagnosis of old medicine]. 1850. 16 p. Located
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 939. Japanese.
Avicenna. Qawlanj [Treatise on colic]. [circa 1800]. 41 leaves. Located at: Modern
14. Manuscript with translators and other secondary authors

Berengario da Carpi, Jacopo. Berengario: De fractura cranei. Seaman, William M.,
Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 386. Translated
from the Compendium Anatomicum Laurentio Heisteri.
Cochon du Puy, Jean. Manuel des operations de chirurgerie par monsieur De Puys
premier medicine du Royal Hopital de la Marine de Rochefort [Surgical operations
manual of Monsieur De Puy, chief of medicine of the Royal Hospital de la Marine de
Rochefort]. Ferret, M., compiler. 1757. 178 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
French.
Taussig, Helen B. Helen B. Taussig: transcript of interview. Janeway, Charles A.,
interviewer. 1976 Sep 15. 52 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; OH 74.
15. Manuscript with standard date

Newcomb, Clive. On an outbreak of relapsing fever in Turkey in 1918. 1919. 1 box.
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 524.
16. Manuscript date with month or month and day provided

Kansas Legislative Council, Research Department. The basic sciences: their relationship to
the control and regulation of the healing arts. 1937 Feb. 20 leaves. Located at: Modern
Delavan, David Bryson. Memorial: Andrew Rose Robinson. 1929 Dec 7. 21 p. Located at:
Jenkins, J. Foster. Relations of the war to medical science: the annual address delivered
before the Westchester Co. Medical Society. 1863 Jun 16. 40 leaves. Located at: Modern
17. Manuscript with multiple dates

Semmola, Mariano. Curability of cirrhosis hepatica. Lessons of clinical therapeutics given
at the Hospital of Santa Maria della Pace. 1880-1889. 12 leaves. Located at: Modern
848 Citing Medicine

Thorne, Jennie H. Nurse's manuscript diary. 1916 Oct 16-1917 Oct 12. 1 vol. Located at:
Bangor State Hospital. Eastern Maine Insane Hospital account ledger book. 1904 Dec
1-1908 Nov 30. 406 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
18. Manuscript with date estimated

Mann, Lucile Quarry. Drug hunters: the Mulford biological explorations of the Amazon
basin. [1977?]. 190 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Duncan, Louis C. Cholera at Fort Riley in 1855. [circa 1900]. 10 leaves. Located at:
Sacadura, Costa. Guia de parteiras por perguntas e respostas [Guide to questions and
answers for midwives]. [circa 1700s]. 48 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
Portuguese.
Graves, George W. [Pharmacological notebook]. [circa 1874-1885]. 46 p. Located at:
19. Manuscript with no date found

Foltz, E.K. List of known cases of infection in line of duty in personnel of the U.S. Public
Health Service, 1878-1936. [date unknown]. 6 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
MS F 329.
Vogler, Johann Philipp. [Medico-legal opinion on a case of simulated somnambulism in a
woman]. [date unknown]. 5 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History
of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 314. German.
20. Manuscript with numbered pages

McKnight, George B. (College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY). An inaugural
dissertation on cholera infantum. 1816 May 7. 26 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
MS B 443.
21. Manuscript in more than one volume

Wolfe, Edwin Phillip. Medical supplies and the supply service of the Medical Department,
United States Army. [1920?]. 4 vol. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History
of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 284.
22. Manuscript with no numbers on the pages of the book

Cutter, William R. Manuscript in reference to small-pox epidemic at Woburn in 1815.
Duncan, Louis C. Tablets for field hospitals at Gettysburg. [1914?]. 13 leaves. Located at:
23. Manuscript with physical description

Nemec, Jaroslav (History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda,
MD). [Manuscript of essays by Jaroslav Nemec on the history of medicolegal relations].
[1991?]. 0.2 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS ACC 685.

Galen. Ars medica [microfilm]. [circa 1250]. 14 leaves. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; Film C124. Latin.
Osler, William. The fixed period [microfilm]. 1905. 21 leaves. 1 reel: black & white,
negative, 35 mm. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 146.
Akbar, Mohammed. Qarabadin-i Qadiri [The Qadiri formulary] [microfilm]. 1886. 300
leaves. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Collection, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; P
14.1. Persian.
25. Manuscript with information on availability

850 Citing Medicine
26. Manuscript with information about any restrictions on use

Taussig, Helen B. Helen B. Taussig: transcript of interview. Janeway, Charles A.,
interviewer. 1976 Sep 15. 52 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; OH 74. No part of this
manuscript may be quoted without the written permission of the Director of the
Schlesinger Library and Helen Brooke Taussig, M.D.
27. Manuscript with supplemental note included

Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 386. Translated
from the Compendium Anatomicum Laurentio Heisteri.
Descripcion y plan curativo de la epidemia que ha reinado en Queretaro desde fines de
junio de este presente ano, hasta la fecha en que esto se escribia [Description and
treatment plan for the epidemic that occurred in Queretaro from the end of June of this
year, until the date of this writing]. 1825 Sep 27. 12 p. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
MS C 487. Spanish. Apparently written by a military doctor providing a concise history of
the origins and progress of an epidemic of measles and scarlet fever that swept through
the city of Queretaro, Mexico, during the summer and early fall of 1825.
Clarke, Charles Mansfield. Observations on those diseases of females which are attended
by discharges. [circa 1814]. 168 leaves. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
Clarke's manuscript copy of chapters II-XVII of the first volume of his "Observations on
those diseases of females which are attended by discharges," was first printed in London
by Longman in 1814.
Chabert. Droguier a l'usage des eleves de l'Ecole Royalle Veterinaire. [circa 1780]. 368 p.
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 387. French. Manuscript transcript from
lectures or possibly Philibert Chabert's manuscript textbook of veterinary pharmacology.
Chabert came to Paris where he taught at and, in 1780, took over the Royal Veterinary
School.
Euchai eis asthenous kai diaphora iatrika eis astheneias. [date unknown]. 142 p. Located
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS B 480. Greek. In two sections: the first is mainly Greek
Orthodox Christian prayers for clergy members for the benefit of sick laypersons in their
care; the second half contains recipes for medicines and directions for therapies, also
written for clergy.
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 524. Original manuscript of the printed article
found in the Indian Medical Gazette, June 1920.
Zhu JJ. Activity level-dependent synapse-specific AMPA receptor trafficking regulates
transmission kinetics [Internet]. [2009]. 31 p. Figure 6, Expression level regulates synaptic
insertion of GluR4 but not GluR1; [cited 2010 Oct 25]; p. 25. Available from: http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2734326/pdf/. Author manuscript, article
published in J Neurosci. 2009 May 13;29(19):6320-35.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Manuscript

Collections
The general format for a reference to a manuscript collection, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Manuscript Collections

A manuscript refers to any type of work, either handwritten or typewritten, that is not
published. Titles for collections of manuscripts are unusual in that they are assigned by
the library or other archive housing the collection. Although they are thus constructed
titles, they are not placed in square brackets as are constructed titles for books. Other
citation differences include:
Full names of authors are used.
There is no place of publication, publisher, or date of publication.
The range of dates of items in the collection is provided instead of a single date of
publication.
The number of items in the collection is used in place of pagination.
The name of the library or archive housing the collection is a required part of the
citation.
If a manuscript collection is not available in any public archive, most authorities
recommend placing references to it within the running text, not as a formal end reference.
The nature and source of the cited information should be identified by an appropriate
statement. Place the source information in parentheses, using a term or terms to indicate
clearly that the citation is not represented in the reference list. For example:
852 Citing Medicine
material gathered from a collection of papers of Harold Jones (private collection;

unreferenced, see "Notes") that
The rules below apply when a manuscript collection is included in a reference list rather
than within the text as described above. Note that most of the examples for citations
provided in this chapter are taken from the Modern Manuscripts Collection of the
National Library of Medicine. Since the Collection is housed organizationally within the
Library's History of Medicine Division, many items are historical in nature. However, the
rules provided are applicable to contemporary material.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Manuscript Collections.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Manuscript Collections.
Citation Rules with Examples for Manuscript Collections

it is optional.
Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Secondary Author
(O) | Date (R) | Extent (Pagination) (O) | Physical Description (O) | Availability (R) |
Author for Manuscript Collections (required)

Enter the author's surname (family or last name) first
Capitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as they appear on the
periods
Separate author names from each other by a semicolon and a space

Other surname rules

Compiler instead of an author


publications.
854 Citing Medicine
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Keep traditional abbreviations of given names. Some non-US manuscripts use
Stefan.
name is provided
but

or initials
Omit commas preceding the designation
Follow Jr or Sr with periods
Examples:
James G. Jones, II becomes Jones, James G. 2nd
856 Citing Medicine

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

If a division or another part of an organization is included in the manuscript, give
appear in the manuscript. Whenever possible follow a non-English name
brackets.
858 Citing Medicine

or
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
were two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Box 41. Compiler instead of an author.

A compiler is someone who collects and organizes the work of others.
Place the name of a compiler in the author position when the manuscript collection
consists of the works of various individuals or organizations
Follow the same rules as used for author names
Separate the names of multiple compilers with a semicolon

Follow the name of a single compiler or the last named compiler with a comma and
the word compiler or compilers
End compiler information with a period
Examples:
Youtz, Dorothy Jane, compiler. District of Columbia League for Nursing
collection. 1960-1980. 2 boxes. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
MS C 297.
Kornhauser Health Sciences Library, compiler. Kentucky medical history:
WPA research project records [microfilm]. 1801-1940. 32 reels: negative, 35
mm. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS Film 24.
If there are both an author and a compiler, place the compiler in the secondary
author position, following the title (and type of medium if present)
Armstrong, Charles. Charles Armstrong collection. Leake, James Payton,
compiler. 1920-1963. 114 items; 2 boxes. Located at: Modern Manuscripts

If no person or organization can be found as the author but a compiler is present,
begin the reference with the name of the compiler. Follow the same rules as used for
author names, but end the list of names with a comma and the word compiler.
Youtz, Dorothy Jane, compiler.
Kornhauser Health Sciences Library, compiler.
If no person or organization can be found as the author or compiler but a translator
is present, begin the reference with the name of the translator. Follow the same
rules as used for author names, but end the list of names with a comma and the
specific role, that is, translator.
Walter, Edward D., translator.
Morrison, Carl P.; Court, Frances G., translators.
860 Citing Medicine
If no person or organization can be identified as the author or compiler and no

translators are given, begin the reference with the title of the manuscript collection.
Do not use anonymous.
Collection concerning health resorts. 1881-1889. 13 items. Located at:
Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; MSS5746.
Acquired from the United States Weather Bureau, 1905.

The following format is not NLM practice for citing authors of manuscript collections, but
it is an acceptable option.
Takagi Y.
Moskowitz MA.
Examples for Author

1. Manuscript collection standard citation with full name for authors
2. Manuscript collection with optional initials for author
3. Manuscript collection with multiple authors
4. Manuscript collection with compilers
5. Manuscript collection with author and compiler
6. Manuscript collection with organization as author
7. Manuscript collection with government organization as author
8. Manuscript collection with no author or compiler
Author Affiliation for Manuscript Collections (optional)




Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
862 Citing Medicine

a space
Insert the e-mail address as it appears in the manuscript
Example:

France).
Romania).
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Use the English form of names for cities and countries whenever possible Vienna
for Wien and Spain for Espana. However, the name found on the manuscript may
always be used.

the name as found on the manuscript may always be used.
Wien becomes Vienna

9. Manuscript collection with author/compiler affiliation
864 Citing Medicine
Title for Manuscript Collections (required)

Enter the title of the collection as assigned by the library, archive, or other holder of
the collection
and initialisms
already present
End a title with a period


Because the title of a manuscript collection is assigned by the library or other archive
housing the collection, the title will be in the language of the country where the library or
archive is located, regardless of the language of the materials contained in the collection.
Freud, Sigmund. Miscellaneous papers in the Sigmund Freud collection. 1866-1983.
120 items; 2 boxes. Located at: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress,
Washington, DC; MSS84903. German, English, French.
To cite a collection in a non-English speaking country:
Swedish, etc.)
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Example:
Fonds du Conseil de Recherches Medicales [Collections of the Medical
Research Council]. 1944-1982. 187 feet. Located at: Library and Archives
Canada, Ottawa, ON; R1218-0-5-F. French.
character.
Capitalize the first word of a manuscript collection title unless the title begins with a
Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character that might lose its
meaning if capitalized
1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin.
866 Citing Medicine
If a title of a collection contains a Greek letter or some other symbol that cannot be
reproduced with the type fonts available, substitute the name for the symbol
becomes omega.
may become
If a title of a collection contains superscripts or subscripts that cannot be
reproduced with the type fonts available, place the superscript or subscript in
parentheses
TiO2 nanoparticles.
may become
Examples for Title

10. Manuscript collection title not in English
11. Manuscript collection in microform
18. Manuscript collection with items not in English
Type of Medium for Manuscript Collections (required)

Indicate the specific type of medium (microfilm, microfiche, etc.) of the items in the
collection following the title
[microfiche].
Description

More than one type of medium
Box 50. More than one type of medium.

If a manuscript collection is found in a microform such as microfilm or microfiche,
place the name of the type of microform after the title in square brackets
Alchemy collection [microfilm]. [circa 1700s]. 1 reel: black & white, negative,
35 mm. Located at: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington,
DC; MSS98426. French, German, Italian.
If a manuscript collection consists or more than one type of microform, give the
names for the specific types, separated by a plus sign
[microfilm + microfiche]
Physical description is an optional part of a citation, but include the physical
descriptions of all types whenever possible. Use a semicolon to separate the
descriptions.
5 reels: black & white, negative, 35 mm.; 31 microfiche: black & white,
negative, 4 x 6 in.

Secondary Author for Manuscript Collections (optional)

A secondary author modifies the work of the author. Examples include translators,
compilers, illustrators, and interviewers.
Follow the last named translator with a comma and the word translator or
translators; the last named illustrator with a comma and the word illustrator or
illustrators, etc.


A manuscript collection may have several types of secondary author.
868 Citing Medicine
List all of them in the order they are given

Separate a single secondary author from the role by a comma
Separate one type of secondary author from another by a semicolon
Place a semicolon between multiple occurrences of secondary authors
Examples:
Lang, Stephanie H., compiler; Friedman, Joseph F., translator.
Smith, Brian C., translator; Carson, Harrison T., interviewer.
Graber, Alfred F.; Longstreet, Richard G., translators; Johnson, Carl T.; Marks,
Catherine; Huston, Melanie A., illustrators.

List all the roles in the order they are given
Example:
Jones, Albert B., compiler and translator.

author into English whenever possible. However, the wording found on the
manuscript may always be used.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
for them:
Language Translator Illustrator Word for Compiler Interviewer
French traducteur illustrateur compilateur enqueteur
German ubersetzer erlauterer zusammensteller befrager
dolmetscher
Italian traduttore disegnatore compilatore intervistatore
Spanish traductor ilustrador recopilador entrevistador
compilador
Russian perevodchik konstruktor sostavitel' interviever
Examples for Secondary Author

Date for Manuscript Collections (required)

Give the date range of the items in the collection
Enter the earliest date of the items in the collection, a hyphen, and the latest date of
the items. For example: 2000-2005.
Follow the last date with a period
870 Citing Medicine

Months and days of the month included
Dates estimated
Options for date
Box 54. Months and days of the month included.

Enter the earliest date of the items in the collection, a hyphen, the latest date of the
items, and a period.
1943-1955.
When months and days of the month are included, enter the year first, then the
month and the day, regardless of the format found for dates in the collection
2004/12/02 becomes 2004 Dec 2
30.07.2004 becomes 2004 Jul 30
2004-10-02 becomes 2004 Oct 2
15/06/2005 becomes 2005 Jun 15
Example:
Agnes, D. Hayes; Barnes, J.J.; Bliss, D.W.; Hamilton, Frank H.; Reyburn,
Robert; Woodward, J.J. Official medical bulletins relating to the health of U.S.
president James Garfield. 1881 Jul 6-Sep 19. 103 items. Located at: Modern
letters
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
Example:

Dates in US manuscripts usually appear in the format month day, year. For
example: August 23, 2005.
Dates in other countries may appear in manuscripts in a variety of formats
2004/12/02
30.07.2004
2004-10-02
14 June 2004
15/06/2005
2004/12/02 becomes 2004 Dec 2
30.07.2004 becomes 2004 Jul 30
2004-10-02 becomes 2004 Oct 2
15/06/2005 becomes 2005 Jun 15
letters
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
Example:

Capitalize them
872 Citing Medicine
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
Box 57. Dates estimated.

If no specific dates can be found for items in the collection, but a specific year or
years can be estimated because of material in the manuscripts or in accompanying
in square brackets
Henle, Werner; Henle, Gertrude. Growing up with virology: an annotated
bibliography of Werner and Gertrude Henle. [1986?]. 4 items; 0.2 linear feet.
American College of Cardiology. Oral history of twenty-five years of
American cardiology. [1949-1974?]. 6 items. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Bethesda, MD; MS ACC 398. Accompanied by: 5 audiocassettes.
If no date can be found nor can a specific year be estimated, but an approximate
time can be determined based on material contained in the manuscripts themselves
or in accompanying material, place the word circa and the approximate date or
dates in square brackets
Loewi, Otto. Otto Loewi papers. [circa 1935-1956]. 1 box. Located at: Modern
If no date can be found, estimated, or approximated, use [date unknown]

The date range for a manuscript collection may follow the author names in the list of
Use the complete date range of the collection
Place the date range after the author and any author affiliation (or title if there is no
NLM citation:
Rosen, George. George Rosen public health oral history collection. 1960-1965.
5 boxes. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Youtz, Dorothy Jane, compiler. District of Columbia League for Nursing
collection. 1960-1980. 2 boxes. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
MS C 297.
Rosen, George. 1960-1965. George Rosen public health oral history collection.
5 boxes. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Youtz, Dorothy Jane, compiler. 1960-1980. District of Columbia League for
Nursing collection. 2 boxes. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
MS C 297.
Examples for Date

12. Manuscript collection with standard date range
13. Manuscript collection dates with month and day included
14. Manuscript collection with dates estimated
874 Citing Medicine
Extent (Pagination) for Manuscript Collections (optional)

Give the total number of the items in the collection
End with a semicolon and a space if Physical Description is provided; end with a
period if there is no physical description

Collection bound in volumes
Number of items unknown
Box 58. Collection bound in volumes.

A collection of manuscripts may be bound in volumes rather than being placed in boxes
or other containers. When this occurs:
Express extent as the number of volumes
Abbreviate volume to vol.
Examples:
Zakrevskii, Arsenii Andreevich. Documents pertaining to the cholera
epidemic. 1830-1831. 3 vol. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
MS F 146. Russian.
History of Ophthalmology. 1988-1989. 2 vol. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Bethesda, MD; MS ACC 632.
Box 59. Number of items unknown.

A collection may be so large that an exact count of the number of items in it has not been
made.
Provide an approximate count of the items if possible
Frost, Gideon. Manuscript physician bills and accounts. 1821-1834. Approx.
100 items. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
If an approximate number is not possible:
Give the total number of containers holding the collection and/or the total
number of linear feet of shelf space the collection occupies
Follow with the type of container or the words linear feet, such as 3 boxes or
10 linear feet
Examples:
Anfensen, Christian B. Christian B. Anfinsen Papers. 1939-1999. 16 linear
feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
18th century German medical manuscript collection. 1708, 1762-1776. 1 box;
0.21 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
German.

15. Manuscript collection in multiple volumes
16. Manuscript collection with extent estimated
Physical Description for Manuscript Collections (optional)

Give the total number of containers holding the collection and/or the total number
of linear feet of shelf space the collection occupies
Follow with the type of container or the words linear feet, such as 3 boxes or 10
linear feet
End with a period
Give information on the total number and physical characteristics of the items in
the collection if they reside in a microform, such as 26 microfiche: black & white, 4
x 6 in.


If a manuscript is found on microfiche, microfilm, or microcards:
colon and a space
876 Citing Medicine
5 microfiche:
2 microcards:
color
black & white
positive
negative

If a manuscript collection is in a microform such as microfilm or microfiche, place
the name of the type of microform after the title in square brackets
If a manuscript collection consists or more than one type of microform, give the
names for all the types, separated by a plus sign
[microfilm + microfiche]
Physical description is an optional part of a citation, but include the physical

descriptions of all types when possible. Use a semicolon to separate the
descriptions.
5 reels: black & white, negative, 35 mm.; 31 microfiche: black & white,
negative, 4 x 6 in.

17. Manuscript collection with physical description
Availability for Manuscript Collections (required)

followed by a comma and a space. For example: Manuscript Division, Library of
Congress.
US state or Canadian province (see Appendix E); add the country if not the US or
Canada, either written out or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D)
Enter a semicolon and any identifying number for the collection


Provide the name in the original language for non-English names found in the
Bibliotheque Anatomique, Institut d'Anatomie de Paris
Medizinische Abteilung, Saarlaandische Universitaats- und Landesbibliothek
Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate names of organizations in
878 Citing Medicine
the ALA-LC Romanization Tables. Whenever possible, follow a non-English name

Bibliotyeka, Rossiiskaia Akademiia Meditsinskikh Nauk [Library, Russian
Academy of Medical Sciences]
or
[Library, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences]
Translate names of organizations in character-based languages such as Chinese and
Japanese. Place all translations in square brackets.
[Central Archives of China]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Moskva, whenever possible. However, the name as found on the manuscript may
always be used.
Montreal, QC
Ottawa, ON
Vancouver, BC
Be consistent. If you choose an angelicized form for a city name or choose a country
code, use that same form or code throughout all references.

19. Manuscript collection with availability
Language for Manuscript Collections (required)

Give the language of the collection if not English

Collections with items in more than one language
Box 62. Collections with items in more than one language.

If the items in the collection appear in more than one language, give all languages
found, separating them by a comma and a space
880 Citing Medicine
Examples:
von Diringshofen, Heinz. Heinz von Diringshofen papers. 1912-1977. 14
boxes; 5.88 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
German, English, French, Spanish, Italian.
Freud, Sigmund. Miscellaneous papers in the Sigmund Freud collection.
1866-1983. 120 items; 2 boxes. Located at: Manuscript Division, Library of
Congress, Washington, DC; MSS84903. German, English, French.

Notes for Manuscript Collections (optional)

itself
Be brief

Collection accompanied by material in another medium
Collection with restrictions on use
Box 65. Collection accompanied by material in another medium.

If a manuscript collection is primarily in print but has some items in another medium
such as audiocassettes, videocassettes, CD-ROMS, or DVDs:
Begin with the phrase "Accompanied by" followed by a colon and a space
Give the number of items in the other medium and the name of the medium
End with a period
Example:
American College of Cardiology. Oral history of twenty-five years of
American cardiology. [1949-1974?]. 6 items. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
Bethesda, MD; MS ACC 398. Accompanied by: 5 audiocassettes.
Box 66. Collections with restrictions on use.

A library or other archive may place a variety of restrictions on the use of
manuscript collections, or the donors of the manuscripts may restrict use. Such
information may be provided as a note at the end of the citation. Complete
sentences are not required.
Examples:
Murphy, Lois Barclay. Drafts, reports, and correspondence of Lois B. Murphy.
1934-1992. 3.1 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
MS ACC 713. Materials stored offsite; 24 hour prior notice required for
delivery.
Henle, Werner; Henle, Gertrude. Growing up with virology: an annotated
bibliography of Werner and Gertrude Henle. [1986?]. 4 items; 0.2 linear feet.
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 460. Written permission
of Dr. Gertrude Henle required to quote, cite, paraphrase, or publish any of
the unpublished material during her lifetime.

Notes is a collective term for any type of useful information given after the citation itself.
Examples include:
Explanatory information on the content of the collection
Bailey, Zachariah. Papers of Zachariah Bailey. 1759-1819. Located at:
Plantation account book kept by the Bailey family of Sussex County, Va.,
including records for the hiring out and medical care of slaves, medical fees,
and records of Zachariah Bailey, and Bailey family genealogical material.
Hinman, Edward J. Hinman medical informatics collection. 1969-1990. 6
boxes; 6.25 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
Board meeting notes, drafts of by-laws and constitutions, reports,
correspondence, conference packets, and publications represent materials
collected by Hinman during his executive involvement with the activities of
six interrelated medical informatics societies.
Information on any finding aids available
882 Citing Medicine
Anfensen, Christian B. Christian B. Anfinsen Papers. 1939-1999. 16 linear

feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 496. Finding aid
available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/manuscripts/ead/anfinsen.html
Examples for Notes

20. Manuscript collection accompanied by material in another medium
21. Manuscript collection with restrictions on use
22. Manuscript collection with other notes
Examples of Citations to Manuscript Collections

Calderwood, Howard Black. Howard B. Calderwood World Health Organization
development collection. 1945-1946. 95 items; 1 box. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
MS C 171.
Rosen, George. George Rosen public health oral history collection. 1960-1965. 5 boxes.
2. Manuscript collection with optional initials for author

Calderwood HB. Howard B. Calderwood World Health Organization development
collection. 1945-1946. 95 items; 1 box. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
3. Manuscript collection with multiple authors

Henle, Werner; Henle, Gertrude. Growing up with virology: an annotated bibliography of
Werner and Gertrude Henle. [1986?]. 4 items; 0.2 linear feet. Located at: Modern
Frank, Lawrence K.; Murphy, Lois Barclay; Senn, Milton J.E.; Sontag, Lester Warren;
Thompson, Helen; Washburn, Alfred H. Material on the child development movement
collection. 1926-1971. 69 boxes; 30 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts
MS C 280.
Agnes, D. Hayes; Barnes, J.J.; Bliss, D.W.; Hamilton, Frank H.; Reyburn, Robert;
Woodward, J.J. Official medical bulletins relating to the health of U.S. president James
Garfield. 1881 Jul 6-Sep 19. 103 items. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
4. Manuscript collection with compilers

Youtz, Dorothy Jane, compiler. District of Columbia League for Nursing collection.
1960-1980. 2 boxes. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Kornhauser Health Sciences Library, compiler. Kentucky medical history: WPA research
project records [microfilm]. 1801-1940. 32 reels: negative, 35 mm. Located at: Modern
Bethesda, MD; MS Film 24.

Armstrong, Charles. Charles Armstrong collection. Leake, James Payton, compiler.
1920-1963. 114 items; 2 boxes. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
6. Manuscript collection with organization as author

Association of Military Surgeons of the United States. Association of Military Surgeons
Wellcome Prize essay collection. 1933. 15 essays; 0.21 linear feet. Located at: Modern
American College of Nurse-Midwives. American College of Nurse-Midwives archives.
1946-1976. 41 boxes; 16 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History
of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 330.
7. Manuscript collection with government organization as author

National Library of Medicine (US). Regional Medical Programs Service collection.
Public Health Service (US). U.S. Public Health Service Salk polio vaccine collection.
Army Medical Department (US). U.S. Army Medical Corps lecture collection. 1942-1945.
1 box. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division,
884 Citing Medicine
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (US). Documents on the origin and
development of the Tuskegee syphilis study. 1921-1973. 5 boxes; 2.1 linear feet. Located at:
8. Manuscript collection with no author or compiler

Collection concerning health resorts. 1881-1889. 13 items. Located at: Manuscript
Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; MSS5746.
History of Ophthalmology. 1988-1989. 2 vol. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS ACC 632.
Medical dissertations. 1827-1837. 6 vol. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
18th century German medical manuscript collection. 1708, 1762-1776. 1 box; 0.21 linear
feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 512. German.
9. Manuscript collection with author/compiler affiliation

Youtz, Dorothy Jane, compiler (The Capital City School of Nursing, Washington, DC).
District of Columbia League for Nursing collection. 1960-1980. 2 boxes. Located at:
10. Manuscript collection title not in English

Fonds du Conseil de Recherches Medicales. 1944-1982. 187 feet. Located at: Library and
Archives Canada, Ottawa, ON; R1218-0-5-F. French.
with optional translation included
Fonds du Conseil de Recherches Medicales [Collections of the Medical Research
Council]. 1944-1982. 187 feet. Located at: Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, ON;
R1218-0-5-F. French.

Billings, John Shaw. Papers [microfilm]. 1861-1918. 61 reels: black & white, negative, 35
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS Film 25.
McFarland, Ross Armstrong. Ross A. McFarland collection in aerospace medicine and
human factors engineering [microfiche]. 1849-1983. Approx. 15,600 microfiche: 4 x 6 in.
Located at: Fordham Health Sciences Library, Wright State University School of Medicine,
Dayton, OH; Z6664.3.M37.
Alchemy collection [microfilm]. [circa 1700s]. 1 reel: black & white, negative, 35 mm.
Located at: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; MSS98426.
12. Manuscript collection with standard date range

Billings, John S. John Shaw Billings Centennial collection. 1964-1965. 1 box. Located at:
13. Manuscript collection dates with month and day included

Agnes, D. Hayes; Barnes, J.J.; Bliss, D.W.; Hamilton, Frank H.; Reyburn, Robert;
Woodward, J.J. Official medical bulletins relating to the health of U.S. president James
Garfield. 1881 Jul 6-Sep 19. 103 items. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection,
14. Manuscript collection with dates estimated

Loewi, Otto. Otto Loewi papers. [circa 1935-1956]. 1 box. Located at: Modern
American College of Cardiology. Oral history of twenty-five years of American
cardiology. [1949-1974?]. 6 items. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS ACC 398.
Accompanied by: 5 audiocassettes.
15. Manuscript collection in multiple volumes

Zakrevskii, Arsenii Andreevich. Documents pertaining to the cholera epidemic.
1830-1831. 3 vol. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine
Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS F 146. Russian.
886 Citing Medicine
16. Manuscript collection with extent estimated

Frost, Gideon. Manuscript physician bills and accounts. 1821-1834. Approx. 100 items.
17. Manuscript collection with physical description

Anfensen, Christian B. Christian B. Anfinsen Papers. 1939-1999. 16 linear feet. Located
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 496. Finding aid available from: http://
www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/manuscripts/ead/anfinsen.html
18th century German medical manuscript collection. 1708, 1762-1776. 1 box; 0.21 linear
feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division, National
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 512. German.
American College of Nurse-Midwives. American College of Nurse-Midwives archives.
1946-1976. 41 boxes; 16 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History
of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 330.

Meyerhof, Max. Max Meyerhof papers. 1908-1938. 30 items. Located at: Modern
Bethesda, MD; MS F 131. German.
von Diringshofen, Heinz. Heinz von Diringshofen papers. 1912-1977. 14 boxes; 5.88
linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division,
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 535. German, English, French,
Spanish, Italian.
Freud, Sigmund. Miscellaneous papers in the Sigmund Freud collection. 1866-1983. 120
items; 2 boxes. Located at: Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC;
MSS84903. German, English, French.
Fonds du Conseil de Recherches Medicales [Collections of the Medical Research

Council]. 1944-1982. 187 feet. Located at: Library and Archives Canada, Ottawa, ON;
R1218-0-5-F. French.
19. Manuscript collection with availability

Meyerhof, Max. Max Meyerhof papers. 1908-1938. 30 items. Located at: Modern
Bethesda, MD; MS F 131. German.
20. Manuscript collection accompanied by material in another medium

American College of Cardiology. Oral history of twenty-five years of American
cardiology. [1949-1974?]. 6 items. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of
Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS ACC 398.
Accompanied by: 5 audiocassettes.
21. Manuscript collection with restrictions on use

Bethesda, MD; MS C 460. Written permission of Dr. Gertrude Henle is required to quote,
cite, paraphrase, or publish any of the unpublished material during her lifetime.
Murphy, Lois Barclay. Drafts, reports, and correspondence of Lois B. Murphy. 1934-1992.
3.1 linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division,
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS ACC 713. Materials stored offsite; 24
hour prior notice required for delivery.
22. Manuscript collection with other notes

Bailey, Zachariah. Papers of Zachariah Bailey. 1759-1819. Located at: Manuscript
Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; MSS6328. Plantation account book kept
by the Bailey family of Sussex County, Va., including records for the hiring out and
medical care of slaves, medical fees, and records of Zachariah Bailey, and Bailey family
genealogical material.
888 Citing Medicine

Proceedings of the History of Ophthalmology conferences held at the National Library of
Medicine in March of 1988 and 1989.
Hinman, Edward J. Hinman medical informatics collection. 1969-1990. 6 boxes; 6.25
linear feet. Located at: Modern Manuscripts Collection, History of Medicine Division,
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 547. Finding aid available at http://
www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/manuscripts/ead/hinman547.html Board meeting notes, drafts of
by-laws and constitutions, reports, correspondence, conference packets, and publications
represent materials collected by Hinman during his executive involvement with the
activities of six interrelated medical informatics societies.
Anfensen, Christian B. Christian B. Anfinsen Papers. 1939-1999. 16 linear feet. Located
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; MS C 496. Finding aid available from: http://
www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/manuscripts/ead/anfinsen.html
C. Introduction and Examples

Preprints are complete and public drafts of scientific documents, not yet certified by peer
review. These documents ensure that the findings of the research community are widely
disseminated, priorities of discoveries are established and they invite feedback and
discussion to help improve the work.
Originally, a preprint was a document that was issued before peer review. The document
was reviewed by colleagues before or in lieu of submitting to a publisher. A preprint may
never be published in print or online as a final article or report. Preprints, once the sole
domain of the hard sciences, such as physics, are now found in the applied sciences, social
sciences, business, and the arts and humanities. Since the majority or preprints originate
and remain online, they are also called e-prints.
1. Preprints
Bar DZ, Atkatsh K, Tavarez U, Erdos MR, Gruenbaum Y, Collins FS. Biotinylation by
antibody recognition- A novel method for proximity labeling. BioRxiv 069187 [Preprint].
2016 [cited 2017 Jan 12]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1101/069187
Alvarez R. Near optimal neural network estimator for spectral x-ray photon counting data
with pileup. arXiv:1702.01006v1 [Preprint]. 2017 [cited 2017 Feb 9]: [11 p.]. Available
from: https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.01006
Kording KP, Mensh B. Ten simple rules for structuring papers. BioRxiv [Preprint]. 2016
bioRxiv 088278 [posted 2016 Nov 28; revised 2016 Dec 14; revised 2016 Dec 15; cited
2017 Feb 9]: [12 p.]. Available from: http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/11/28/088278
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/088278
Rupprecht C. Ready for more-than-human? Urban residents willingness to coexist with

animals and plants. Version: 1. SocArXiv [Preprint]. [posted 2016 Jul 13; revised 2016 Dec
07; cited 2017 Feb 15]: [22 p.]. Available from: https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/hbcmz/.
890 Citing Medicine
891
Citing Audio and Visual

Media (audiocassettes,
videocassettes, slides,
photographs, etc.)
892 Citing Medicine
893
Chapter 15. Books and Other Individual Titles in

Audiovisual Formats

Examples
Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Books and Other

Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats
The general format for a reference to an individual audiovisual title, including
punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats

Audiovisuals include videocassettes, audiocassettes, videodiscs, motion pictures, and
slides. CD-ROMs and DVDs are considered electronic material (see Chapters 18 - 21 for
citing Material on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk); for videocasts and podcasts see Chapters 22
- 26 for for citing material on the Internet.
An audiovisual may be published in monograph form, such as a book on videodisc, or in
journal form, distributed on videocassette or audiocassette. Cite audiovisuals using the
standard format for journals and books (see Chapter 1 and Chapter 2), but add a type of
medium after the title to alert the user that special equipment is needed to view the
publication.
The extent or length of an audiovisual is an optional component of a reference that may
provide useful information to the reader. Provide extent as the total number of physical
pieces, such as 387 slides or 1 videocassette. Include the run time if appropriate. Run time
(also known as running-time) is the length of the film or program in minutes, such as 2
videocassettes: 140 min. You may provide more physical description details after the
extent to give the reader additional information. For example, the size of an audiovisual
894 Citing Medicine
can affect the equipment needed to view the item. See Physical Description in the next
section for details.
This chapter covers audiovisuals published as individual titles, not journals or journal
articles. See Chapter 16 for journals published in audiovisual formats. The chief source for
information about an audiovisual is the opening screens. If more information is needed,
consult the case housing the audiovisual or any accompanying booklet or other
documentation.
Note that the rules for creating references to audiovisuals are not the same as the rules for
cataloging them. Records found in the NLM LocatorPlus and the NLM Catalog databases
therefore will not always agree with the instructions presented here.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Books and Other Individual Titles in
Audiovisual Formats.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual
Formats.
Citation Rules with Examples for Books and Other Individual

Titles in Audiovisual Formats
it is optional.
Producer, Editor, and other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher
(R) | Date of Publication (R) | Extent (O) | Physical Description (O) | Series (O) |
Author/Editor for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual

Formats (required)
List names in the order they appear on the opening screens or in the text
accompanying text
Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats 895
the word editor or editors; see Producer, Editor, and Other Secondary Authors
below if there are authors and editors

Other surname rules

K.A.J. Gupta becomes Gupta KA

896 Citing Medicine

[If you cannot determine whether a surname is compound or a combination
of a middle name and a surname by looking at the opening screens of a
videocassette, videodisc, or motion picture or the first few slides of a slide set
or by listening to an audiocassette, look to the container of the audiovisual or
other accompanying written material for clarification. For example, Elizabeth
Scott Parker may be interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott Parker E.]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

letter

Dr. Karl Eberhard becomes Eberhard K
898 Citing Medicine

Examples:

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
900 Citing Medicine

French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor


Medicine;
American College of Emergency Physicians, Pediatric Committee.
an audiovisual as authors, use the names of the individuals as the author. Give the
brackets.
or
902 Citing Medicine
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Do not place producers in the author position if there are no authors.
translators are given, begin the reference with the title of the audiovisual. Do not
use anonymous.
Collaborative research with communities: value added & challenges faced
[videocassette]. Washington: Public Health Foundation; 2006. 1 videocassette:
103 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.


1. Standard citation to an audiovisual
2. Audiovisual authors with optional full first names given
3. Audiovisuals with more than three authors (list all)
4. Audiovisuals with optional limit to the first three authors (use "et al." or "and
others")
5. Audiovisual author surnames with designations of rank in a family
6. Audiovisuals authors with particles or prefixes in their names (give as provided in
the publication)
7. Audiovisual authors with compound last names
8. Audiovisuals with organization as author
9. Audiovisuals with organization as author with subsidiary part of organization
named
10. Audiovisuals with more than one organization as author
11. Audiovisuals with no authors found
12. Audiovisuals with author affiliation included
23. Audiovisual producers when there is no author
24. Audiovisuals with editors when there is no author
904 Citing Medicine
Author Affiliation for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual

Formats (optional)


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society


a space
Example:

906 Citing Medicine

Spain).
Kubo A, Ishida T.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

Title for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats

(required)
Enter the title of an audiovisual as it appears on the opening screen(s) or in the text
accompanying text, in the original language
and initialisms
already present
in square brackets
End a title with no punctuation unless a question mark or exclamation point
already ends it

Audiovisual titles not in English
Audiovisual titles in more than one language
908 Citing Medicine
Audiovisual titles ending in punctuation other than a period

Audiovisual titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special
character
No audiovisual title can be found
Box 15. Audiovisual titles not in English.

Swedish, etc.)
Piccoli. M. Les medecins sans frontiers [videocassette]. Gire JF, editor. New
York: Society for French American Cultural Services and Educational Aid;
1991. 2 videocassettes: 121 min., sound, color with black & white sequences,
1/2 in. French.
Akademiia Meditsinskikh nauk SSSR, Institut Tuberkuleza. Udalenie doli
legkogo pri tuberkuleze [motion picture]. Moscow: Otdel nauchnoi
Kinofotodokumentatsii AMN SSSR; [1957?]. 2 reels: sound, color, 35 mm.
Russian.
Yang T, editor and producer. Lao tou [videocassette]. Brooklyn (NY): First
Run/Icarus Films; 1999. 1 videocassette: 94 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. Chinese.
or
Yang T, editor and producer. [Old men] [videocassette]. Brooklyn (NY): First
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Kontrastdarstellung des Herzens und der grossen Gefasse im Rontgen-
Kinofilm [motion picture]. Bonn (Germany): [publisher unknown]; 1959. 1
reel: sound, black & white, 16 mm. German.
Piccoli. M. Les medecins sans frontieres [Doctors without borders]
[videocassette]. Gire JF, editor. New York: Society for French American
Cultural Services and Educational Aid; 1991. 2 videocassettes: 121 min.,
sound, color with black & white sequences, 1/2 in. French.
legkogo pri tuberkuleze [Lung lobe resection in tuberculosis] [motion
picture]. Moscow: Otdel nauchnoi Kinofotodokumentatsii AMN SSSR;
[1957?]. 2 reels: sound, color, 35 mm. Russian.
Yang T, editor and producer. Lao tou [Old men] [videocassette]. Brooklyn
(NY): First Run/Icarus Films; 1999. 1 videocassette: 94 min., sound, color, 1/2
in. Chinese.
Box 16. Audiovisual titles in more than one language.

If an audiovisual title is written in several languages:
910 Citing Medicine
Give the title in the first language found on the opening screens of a
videocassette, videodisc, or motion picture or the first few slides of a slide set
or by listening to an audiocassette
If the language cannot be determined there, look to the container of the
audiovisual or other accompanying written material for clarification
List all languages of publication after the date of publication (and extent if
included)
End language information with a period
Example:
A plastic story: a history of plastic surgery [videocassette]. Adocs,
producer. New York: First Run/Icarus Films; c2003. 1 videocassette: 52
min., sound, color with black & white sequences, 1/2 in. English,
French, Spanish with English subtitles.
If an audiovisual title is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs
in Canadian publications:
Give all titles in the order in which they are given in the audiovisual
List the particular languages after the date of publication (and extent if
included)
Example:
Paranormale heilmethoden auf den Philippinen = Paranormal healing
in the Philippines [videocassette]. [place unknown: publisher
unknown]; 1973-1980. 2 videocassettes: 90 min., sound, color, 3/4 in.
German, English.
Box 17. Audiovisual titles ending in punctuation other than a period.

Most titles end in a period. Place the type of medium in square brackets inside the
closing period.
Carlson J. Depression [videocassette]. VandenBos GR, producer. Washington:

American Psychological Association; c2005. 1 videocassette: 100 min., sound,
color, 1/2 in.
If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation. Place the type
of medium in square brackets and end title information with a period.
Does anyone die of AIDS anymore? [videocassette]. Los Angeles: Dream Out
Loud Productions; 2002. 1 videocassette: 26 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Box 18. Audiovisual titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another
special character.
Capitalize the first word of an audiovisual title unless the title begins with a Greek
capitalized
1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin [videocassette].
von Willebrand disease [audiocassette].
becomes omega.
-arrestins: traffic cops of cell signaling [videocassette].
may become
Beta-arrestins: traffic cops of cell signaling [videocassette].
TiO2 nanoparticles [slide].
may become
TiO(2) nanoparticles [slide].
Box 19. No audiovisual title can be found.

Occasionally an audiovisual does not appear to have any formal title; it simply begins with
the text. In this circumstance:
912 Citing Medicine
Create a title from the first few words or concepts expressed on the opening screens
Use enough words to make the constructed title meaningful.
Example:
Work TH. [Galapagos] [motion picture]. [place unknown]: T. Work; 1988. 2
reels: 3000 ft., silent, color, 16 mm.
Examples for Title

13. Audiovisuals with constructed title
14. Audiovisuals with title in a language other than English
15. Audiovisuals published with parallel text in two languages
16. Audiovisuals published with text in multiple languages
17. Audiovisuals with Greek letters in titles
Type of Medium for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual

Formats (required)
Indicate the type of medium (videocassette, audiocassette, videodisc, motion
picture, slide, etc.) following the title
"[videocassette]."
Description below

Non-English titles with translations

Most audiovisual titles end in a period. Place [videocassette], [audiocassette],
[motion picture], and similar types inside the period.
Carlson J. Depression [videocassette]. VandenBos GR, producer. Washington:

American Psychological Association; c2005. 1 videocassette: 100 min., sound,
color, 1/2 in.
[videocassette], [audiocassette], [motion picture], and similar types with a period.
Diabetes tipo 2: estoy en el riesgo? [videocassette]. Carrollton (TX):
PRIMEDIA Healthcare; 2004. 1 videocassette: 15 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Spanish.
Box 21. Non-English titles with translations.

Place the type of medium after the square brackets for the translation
Example:
Piccoli. M. Les medecins sans frontieres [Doctors without borders]
[videocassette]. Gire JF, editor. New York: Society for French American
Cultural Services and Educational Aid; 1991. 2 videocassettes: 121 min.,
sound, color with black & white sequences, 1/2 in. French.

When an audiovisual title is comprised of more than one type of medium, such as a
videocassette and an audiocassette or a slide set and an audiocassette, indicate the
combination by placing a plus sign (+) between the media
[videocassette + audiocassette]
[audiocassette + slide]
The extent and physical descriptions of the audiovisuals are optional, but if you do
include them, provide the information for both, separated by a semicolon
1 videocassette: 2 hrs., sound, color, 1/2 in.; 2 audiocassettes: 30 min.
Examples:
Microhemagglutination assay methods in the diagnosis of syphilis
[audiocassette + slide]. Batavia (IL): NCCE; [1980?]. 1 audiocassette: 40 min.,
1 7/8 ips.; 29 slides: color, 2 x 2 in.
914 Citing Medicine
Ohio Regional Medical Audiovisual Consortium. Case studies in human

growth and development: a flexible instructional module [audiocassette +
videocassette]. Case Western Reserve University, Health Sciences
Communication Center, producer. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Institutes of
Health (US); 1978. 1 audiocassette: 7 min.; 1 videocassette: 15 min., sound,
color, 3/4 in.

18. Audiovisuals with more than one type of medium
Edition for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats

(required)
Indicate the edition/version being cited after the type of medium when an
audiovisual is published in more than one edition or version
adjectives

Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.

Word Abbreviation
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.
translated
period
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.

Both an edition and a version
First editions

familiar one
916 Citing Medicine
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Follow abbreviated words by a period and end the edition information with a
period
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
familiar one
period
Examples:
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
918 Citing Medicine

Japanese:
Examples:
becomes o
becomes u
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-pàn.

Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.
Box 25. Both an edition and a version.

If an audiovisual provides information for both an edition and a version:
Give both, in the order presented
Separate the two statements with a semicolon
End edition/version information with a period
Examples:
Epidural anesthesia [videocassette]. 2nd ed.; Informed consent version.
Timonium (MD): Milner-Fenwick; c2004. 1 videocassette: 10 min., sound,
color, 1/2 in.
Kapur RP. Ultrasound of fetal anomalies [videodisc]. 1st ed.; Version 1.0.
Minneapolis (MM): Image Premastering Services; c1994. 1 videodisc: silent,
color with black & white, 12 in.
920 Citing Medicine

If an audiovisual does not carry any statement of edition, assume it is the first or
only edition

19. Audiovisuals with edition/version
Producer, Editor, and other Secondary Authors for Books and Other
Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats (optional)
General Rules for Producer, Editor, and other Secondary Authors
A secondary author modifies the work of the author. Examples include producers,
editors, and translators.
Place the names of secondary authors after the type of medium and any edition
statement
named producer with a comma and the word producer or producers, etc.
If there is no author, move secondary authors such as editors and translators (but
not producers) to the author position in the reference
Specific Rules for Producer, Editor, and other Secondary Authors


An audiovisual may have several types of secondary author.
Example:
Van Peebles M. Classified X [videocassette]. Yves Jeanneau Y, Le Goff C,

producers; Mabilat C, Jones J, editors. [place unknown]: WinStar Home
Entertainment; 1998. 1 videocassette: 50 min., sound, color and black & white,
1/2 in.

List all roles in the order they are given in the publication
Example:
Baxley N, Dunaway C. Cognition, creativity, and behavior: the Columban
simulations [motion picture]. Baxley N, editor and producer. Champaign (IL):
Research Press Company; 1982. 1 reel: 30 min., sound, color, 16 mm.

Translate the word found for editor, producer, translator, illustrator, or other
secondary author into English if possible. However, the wording found on the
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
922 Citing Medicine
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
for them:
Language Producer Word for Editor Translator Illustrator
French producteur redacteur traducteur illustrateur
editeur
German produzent redakteur ubersetzer illustrator
produzentin herausgeber dolmetscher
Italian produttore redattore traduttore disegnatore
curatore
editore
Russian rezhisser redaktor perevodchik konstruktor
izdatel
Spanish productor redactor traductor ilustrador
productora editor

Follow the instructions for entering Organizations as author
American Medical Association, Physician Consortium for Performance
Improvement, editor.
Examples for Producer, Editor, and other Secondary Authors

20. Audiovisuals with authors and producer(s), editor(s), or other secondary authors
21. Audiovisuals with multiple organizations as producer

22. Audiovisual producers with subsidiary division
Place of Publication for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual

Formats (required)
Place is defined as the city where the audiovisual was published

Non-US cities
Joint publication

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
924 Citing Medicine
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but
Canada

Two organizations may co-publish an audiovisual.
Use the city of the first organization found on the opening screens (or on the case of
the audiovisual or accompanying booklet if no publisher information appears on
the title screen), as the place of publication.
desired
Loud Productions; 2002. 1 videocassette: 26 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. Jointly
published by Fanlight Productions, Boston.


If no place of publication can be found on the opening screens or in accompanying
text but can be reasonably inferred (e.g., Chicago as the place for a publication of
the American Medical Association), place the city in square brackets, such as
"[Chicago]".
Fluoride: the magnificent mineral [motion picture]. [Bethesda (MD)]:
National Institute of Dental Research (US), National Caries Program; c1984. 1
reel: 468 ft., sound, color with black & white, 16 mm.
Van Peebles M. Classified X [videocassette]. Yves Jeanneau Y, Le Goff C,
producers ; Mabilat C, Janice Jones J, editors. [place unknown]: WinStar
Home Entertainment; 1998. 1 videocassette: 50 min., sound, color and black &
white, 1/2 in.
926 Citing Medicine

25. Audiovisuals with well-known place of publication
26. Audiovisual place of publication with geographic qualifier added for clarity
27. Audiovisuals with place of publication inferred
28. Audiovisuals with no place of publication found
33. Audiovisuals with no place of publication or publisher found
40. Audiovisuals with no place, publisher, or date of publication found
Publisher for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats

(required)
Division.

Non-English publisher names
Joint publication
Multiple publishers

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College

Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society
Box 36. Non-English publisher names.

original language
Institute];
928 Citing Medicine
are capitalized.]
Valencia (Spain) : Universidade de Valencia, Instituto de Historia de la Ciencia
y Documentacion Lopez Pinero ;
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
publication.
publisher.
publisher and include distributor information as a note, preceded by Available
from: ".
1996 STD surveillance report [slide]. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease
Control (US); 1997. 59 slides: color, 2 x 2 in. Available from: NTIS, Springfield,
VA; AVA20125SS00.

Two organizations may co-publish an audiovisual.
Use the first organization appearing as the publisher on the opening screens, on the
audiovisual's case, or in an accompanying booklet
desired

930 Citing Medicine

Do not list multiple publishers. For publications with joint or co-publishers, use the
name given first as the publisher and include the name of the second as a note if
desired.
Example:

Kontrastdarstellung des Herzens und der grossen Gefasse im Rontgen-
Kinofilm [Demonstration of the heart and large vessels in cine-radiographic
film] [motion picture]. Bonn (Germany): [publisher unknown]; 1959. 1 reel:
sound, black & white, 16 mm. German.

29. Audiovisual publisher with subsidiary department/division named
30. Audiovisuals with government agency as publisher
31. Audiovisuals with joint publication
32. Audiovisuals with no publisher found
Date of Publication for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual

Formats (required)
such as Jan


2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan
names of seasons.

Capitalize them
932 Citing Medicine
For example:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Some publications have both a year of publication and a year of copyright. A copyright
[This convention alerts a user that the information in the publication is older
than the date of publication implies.]
Example:
MacIntyre R, Preston I. A room full of men [videocassette]. Preston I, Mitchell
D, producers; Preston I, MacIntyre R, editors. Princeton (NJ): Films for the
Humanities & Sciences; 1997, c1991. 1 videocassette: 49 min., sound, color,
1/2 in.

example c2005.
Hegner BR. Delmar's nursing assistant laser discs [videodisc]. Albany (NY):
Delmar Publishers; c1995. 5 videodiscs: 4 1/2 hr., sound, color, 12 in.

be estimated because of material contained in audiovisual itself or on
accompanying material, put a question mark after the estimated date and place date
information in square brackets
legkogo pri tuberkuleze [Lung lobe resection in tuberculosis] [motion
picture]. Moscow: Otdel nauchnoi Kinofotodokumentatsii AMN SSSR;
[1957?]. 2 reels: sound, color, 35 mm. Russian.
If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found and the date
cannot be estimated, use [date unknown]
Cartwright B, D'Andrea M, Daniels J. Confronting racial and gender
difference: 3 approaches to multicultural counseling and therapy
[videocassette]. Framingham (MA): Microtraining Associates; [date
unknown]. 1 videocassette: 80 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.

The date of publication may follow the author names (or title if there are no authors) in
Place the year after the last named author (or after the title if there is no author),
NLM citation:
934 Citing Medicine
Heizer WD, Semrad CE, Sweeting JG. Clinical nutrition I [slide]. Bethesda
(MD): American Gastroenterological Association; c2000. 117 slides: color, 2 x
2 in.
[videocassette]. Washington: Public Health Foundation; 2006. 1 videocassette:
Heizer WD, Semrad CE, Sweeting JG. c2000. Clinical nutrition I [slide].
Bethesda (MD): American Gastroenterological Association. 117 slides: color,
2 x 2 in.
[videocassette]. 2006. Washington: Public Health Foundation. 1 videocassette:

34. Audiovisuals with standard date of publication
35. Audiovisuals with date of copyright instead of date of publication
36. Audiovisuals with date of publication and date of copyright
37. Audiovisuals with date range of publication
38. Audiovisuals with date of publication estimated
39. Audiovisuals with no date of publication or copyright found
Extent for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats

(optional)
General Rules for Extent
Give the total number of physical pieces on which the audiovisual appears
Follow the number with a space and the type of audiovisual. Note that motion
pictures are expressed in terms of reels of film. Examples: 3 videocassettes, 54 slides,
2 reels.
End with a colon and the run time expressed as minutes or hours, usually
abbreviated to min. and hr.
If Run time or Physical Description are not included, follow the type of audiovisual
with a period; if either of them are included, end with a colon
Box 48. Run time.

The length of a publication in audiovisual format is optional in a reference but may be
included to provide useful information. For example, a user may want to know if a
videocassette is 15 minutes long or an hour.
Provide extent as the total number of physical pieces and the run time if appropriate
Express run time in terms of minutes or hours, usually abbreviated to min. and hr.
Examples :
2 videocassettes : 140 min.
24 audiocassettes : 480 min.
5 videodiscs: 4 1/2 hr.
2 reels: 45 min. [motion picture]
Many audiovisuals provide run time on either the case housing the audiovisual or
in an accompanying booklet or other material. A library catalog record is another
source for run time. If run time is not provided, you have the option of timing the
audiovisual or omitting run time from the citation.
Specific Rules for Extent

Run time
Examples for Extent

Physical Description for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual

Formats (optional)
Give information on the physical characteristics of an audiovisual, such as color and
size


Physical description of a publication in audiovisual format is optional in a reference but
may be included to provide useful information. For example, the size of an audiovisual
936 Citing Medicine
will indicate to the reader what equipment is needed to view it. See Appendix C for a list
of commonly used English words in description and their abbreviations.
Enter information on the physical characteristics, such as color and size, following
the extent of the audiovisual
Abbreviate common words for measurement, such as in. for inches and mm. for
millimeters
Separate types of information by commas
sound
silent
color
black & white
color with black & white
1/2 in. (standard videocassette size)
3/4 in. (non-standard videocassette size)
1 7/8 ips. [inches per second] (standard speed for compact audiocassettes)
15/16 ips. (standard speed for microcassettes)
12 in. (videodisc size)
2 x 2 in. (standard slide size)
2 3/4 x 4 in. (non-standard slide size)
35 mm. (a standard motion picture size)
2 videocassettes: 140 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
5 videodiscs: 4 1/2 hr., sound, color, 12 in.
2 reels: 45 min., silent, color, 16 mm.
1 reel: silent, black & white, 35 mm.

1 audiocassette: 40 min., 1 7/8 ips.
177 slides: color, 2 x 2 in.

Series for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats

(optional)
Follow the name with any numbers provided. For example, a volume or issue
number such as vol. 3 and no. 12

Multiple series

information.
Give surname first
938 Citing Medicine
Example:
Nelson JS, McKeever PE. Clinical neuropathology [videodisc]. Version 1.0.
Minneapolis (MN): Image Premastering Services; c1994. 1 videodisc: silent,
color, 12 in. (Nyberg DA, editor. ImageDisc library).

If an audiovisual is a part of more than one series, include information on all series if
desired.
End series information with a period, placed outside the closing parenthesis for the
last series
Example:
(New directions for evaluation; no. 103); (Jossey-Bass education series).
Examples for Series

41. Audiovisual series with number given
42. Audiovisuals with series without number
43. Audiovisuals with series with editor
Language for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats

(required)

Audiovisuals appearing in more than one language
Box 52. Audiovisuals appearing in more than one language.

If an audiovisual is presented in several languages
Give the title in the first language found on the opening screens
List all languages of publication after the date of publication (and extent if
provided)
Examples:
A plastic story: a history of plastic surgery [videocassette]. Adocs,
producer. New York: First Run/Icarus Films; c2003. 1 videocassette: 52
min., sound, color with black & white sequences, 1/2 in. English,
French, Spanish.
Apparition et evolution de l'infirmite motrice cerebrale chez le
nourrisson [The onset and evolution of cerebral palsy] [videocassette].
Champaign (IL): University of Illinois, Board of Trustees; c1983. 1
videocassette: 36 min., sound, color, 3/4 in. French, English.
If an audiovisual is written in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in
Canadian publications
Give all titles in the order in which they are presented on the opening screens
List the languages after the date of publication (and extent if provided)
Example:
Choropampa: the price of gold = Choropampa: el precio del oro
[videocassette]. Cabellos E, Boyd S, producers. Brooklyn (NY): First
Run/Icarus Films [distributor]; c2002. 1 videocassette: 75 min., sound,
color, 1/2 in. English, Spanish.
940 Citing Medicine
Paranormale heilmethoden auf den Philippinen = Paranormal healing

in the Philippines [videocassette]. [place unknown: publisher
unknown]; 1973-1980. 2 videocassettes: 90 min., sound, color, 3/4 in.
German, English.
Follow titles not in English with a translation whenever possible. Place the

Notes for Books and Other Individual Titles in Audiovisual Formats

(optional)
itself
Be brief

Audiovisual accompanied by a booklet or other material
Box 53. Audiovisual accompanied by a booklet or other material.

If an audiovisual has supplemental material accompanying it in the form of a
manual, booklet, or other type of material, begin by citing the audiovisual. Add the
phrase "Accompanied by: " followed by the number and type of the medium.
Collins MS. Advanced radiology life support [videocassette]. Cherry Hill (NJ):
CMEinfo.com; 2002. 4 videocassettes: 4 hr., sound, color, 1/2 in. Accompanied
by: 1 guide (60 p.) and 1 post-test.
University of Nebraska Medical Center. Family practice review: best practices
for the 21st century [videocassette]. Cherry Hill (NJ): CMEinfo.com; 2003. 41
videocassettes: 80 hr., sound, color, 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide in 3 vol.

The notes element may be used to provide any information the compiler of the reference
feels is useful to the reader. Begin by citing the audiovisual, then add the note. Examples
of notes are:
If the audiovisual was sponsored by or prepared for a particular organization, give
the name
Fluoride: the magnificent mineral [motion picture]. [Bethesda (MD)]:
National Institute of Dental Research (US), National Caries Program; c1984. 1
reel: sound, color with black & white, 16 mm. Made possible by a grant from
the Colgate-Palmolive Co.
If the audiovisual is available from a government or other repository, give the name
and acquisition number. Begin with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon
and a space
1996 STD surveillance report [slide]. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease
Control (US); 1997. 59 slides: color, 2 x 2 in. Available from: NTIS, Springfield,
VA; AVA20125SS00.
If the audiovisual is not a common one, give the name of a library or other archive
where it may be found, including any catalog or other finding number. Begin with
the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space
Harbaugh OS, Slocum DB. Amputation of lower extremity [motion picture].
[Washington]: War Department (US); 1944. 2 reels: 45 min., silent, color, 16
mm. Located at: History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine;
WE 850 VC no.40 1944.
If the audiovisual contains material of particular interest to an audience that is not
Taylor HL Jr. Health and the built environment: the effects of where we live,
work and play [videocassette]. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North
Carolina, School of Public Health, Minority Health Program; c2005. 1
videocassette: 90 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. From the 26th Minority Health
Conference held in 2005 at Chapel Hill, NC.
Minkoff K. Adults and co-occurring disorders [videocassette]. Blue Moon
Productions, producer. Center City (MN): Hazelden; c2003. 1 videocassette:
28 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. Closed-captioned.
If the audiovisual is translated or otherwise adapted from another publication, give
the name of the original
942 Citing Medicine
History of bioterrorism: biological warfare and terrorism [videocassette].

[Atlanta (GA)]: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2003. 1
videocassette: 27 min., sound, color with black & white sequences, 1/2 in.
Parts of this video were adapted from "Biological warfare and terrorism: the
military and public health response," co-produced by the United States Army
Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), the Food and
Drug Administration (FDA), and the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC), 1999.
Examples for Notes

44. Audiovisuals with sponsorship note included
45. Audiovisuals accompanied by a manual or other material
46. Audiovisuals with supplemental note included
Examples of Citations to Books and Other Individual Titles in

Audiovisual Formats
Carlson J. Depression [videocassette]. VandenBos GR, producer. Washington: American
Psychological Association; c2005. 1 videocassette: 100 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Wackers FJ, Jaffe CC, Lynch PJ. Nuclear cardiac imaging: equilibrium and gated first pass
radionuclide angiocardiography [videodisc]. 1st ed.; Version 1.0. Saint Paul (MN): Image
PSL; c1992. 1 videodisc: silent, black & white with color, 12 in.
Stanfield PS, Wetle V, Longshore G. Essential medical terminology [audiocassette]. 2nd
ed. Sudbury (MA): Jones and Bartlett; c1996. 1 audiocassette: 89 min.
Heizer WD, Semrad CE, Sweeting JG. Clinical nutrition I [slide]. Bethesda (MD):
American Gastroenterological Association; c2000. 117 slides: color, 2 x 2 in.
Baxley N, Dunaway C. Cognition, creativity, and behavior: the Columban simulations
[motion picture]. Baxley N, editor and producer. Champaign (IL): Research Press
Company; 1982. 1 reel: 30 min., sound, color, 16 mm.
2. Audiovisual authors with optional full first names given

Stanfield, Peggy S.; Wetle, Vikki; Longshore, Glen. Essential medical terminology
[audiocassette]. 2nd ed. Sudbury (MA): Jones and Bartlett; c1996. 1 audiocassette : 89
min.
3. Audiovisuals with more than three authors (list all)

Crayton S, Daus G, Heart CA, Grant G, Perez Perdomo R, Noonan A, Watt ML. Health
disparities: from civil rights to human rights [videoccassette]. Chapel Hill (NC):
University of North Carolina, School of Public Health, Minority Health Project; 2005. 1
videocassette: 120 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Lindenfeld T, O'Brien S, McCormack M, Arciero R, Wilk K, Paine R, Davies G, Malone T.
Treatment and rehabilitation of shoulder instability [videocassette]. Cincinnati (OH):
Cincinnati Sportsmedicine Research and Education Foundation; 1999. 2 videocassettes:
4. Audiovisuals with optional limit to the first three authors (use "et al." or
"and others")
Crayton S, Daus G, Heart CA, et al. Health disparities: from civil rights to human rights
[videocassette]. Chapel Hill (NC): University of North Carolina, School of Public Health,
Minority Health Project; 2005. 1 videocassette: 120 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Lindenfeld T, O'Brien S, McCormack M, and others. Treatment and rehabilitation of
shoulder instability [videocassette]. Cincinnati (OH): Cincinnati Sportsmedicine
Research and Education Foundation; 1999. 2 videocassettes: 160 min., sound, color, 1/2
in.
5. Audiovisual author surnames with designations of rank in a family

Taylor HL Jr. Health and the built environment: the effects of where we live, work and play
Minority Health Program; c2005. 1 videocassette: 90 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Amaral RS, Hoffman CW 3rd. Life cycle of Schistosoma mansoni [motion picture].
Amaral RS, Hoffman CW 3rd, producers. San Francisco: University of California, San
Francisco; c1983. 1 reel: sound, color, 16 mm.
Fisch U, Davidson TM, Collins H 2nd, Harris JP, Kearns M. Infratemporal fossa surgery
for temporal bone tumors [videocassette]. Washington: American Academy of
Otolaryngology; c1983. 3 videocassettes: sound, color, 3/4 in.
6. Audiovisuals authors with particles or prefixes in their names (give as

provided in the publication)
MacFadyen BV, Ponsky JL. The current spectrum of laparoscopic surgery [audiocassette].
Chicago (IL): American College of Surgeons; 1991. 9 audiocassettes.
McDevitt L. Expert exam. Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine [videocassette]. North
Andover (MA): Fitzgerald Health Education Associates; c2005. 2 videocassettes: 3 hr.,
sound, color, 1/2 in.
944 Citing Medicine
O'Connor D. April and Renee: the supermodel, the tennis player, and the discourses of
trans/sexual difference [videocassette]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine
(US); 2005. 1 videocassette: 75 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Lindenfeld T, O'Brien S, McCormack M, Arciero R, Wilk K, Paine R, Davies G, Malone T.
Treatment and rehabilitation of shoulder instability [videocassette]. Cincinnati (OH):
Cincinnati Sportsmedicine Research and Education Foundation; 1999. 2 videocassettes:
Van Peebles M. Classified X [videocassette]. Yves Jeanneau Y, Le Goff C, producers;
Mabilat C, Jones J, editors. [place unknown]: WinStar Home Entertainment; 1998. 1
videocassette: 50 min., sound, color and black & white, 1/2 in.
van der Linden FP, Proffit WR, McNamara JA Jr. Facial growth and facial orthopedics
[videocassette]. Carol Stream (IL): Quintessence Publishing Co., Inc.; 2000. 2
videocassettes: 63 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
De Jong AR, Gibbons MS. How to recognize physical and sexual abuse in children
[videocassette]. Secaucus (NJ): Network for Continuing Medical Education; c1990. 1
7. Audiovisual authors with compound last names

Crayton S, Daus G, Heart CA, Grant G, Perez Perdomo R, Noonan A, Watt ML. Health
disparities: from civil rights to human rights [videocassette]. Chapel Hill (NC): University
of North Carolina, School of Public Health, Minority Health Project; 2005. 1
Kleine-Gunk B. Age shall not weary them: new perspectives on aging [videocassette].
Princeton (NJ): Films for the Humanities & Sciences; c2003. 1 videocassette: 26 min.,
Meis-Kindblom JM, Enzinger FM. Atlas of soft tissue tumors [videodisc]. 1st ed.; Version
1.0. Saint Paul (MN): Image PSL; c1993. 1 videodisc: silent, color, 12 in.
8. Audiovisuals with organization as author

Glaxo Pharmaceuticals. Acute and chronic hepatitis C [slide]. New York: HP Publishing
Company; 1993. 12 slides: color, 2 x 2 in.
University of Nebraska Medical Center. Family practice review: best practices for the 21st
century [videocassette]. Cherry Hill (NJ): CMEinfo.com; 2003. 41 videocassettes: 80 hr.,
sound, color, 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide in 3 vol.
9. Audiovisuals with organization as author with subsidiary part of

organization named
Kaiser Permanente, Southern California Permanente Medical Group. Surgical
reconstruction of cloacal exstrophy [motion picture]. Los Angeles: Wexler Films; 1985. 1
reel: 24 min., sound, color, 16 mm.
Akademiia Meditsinskikh nauk SSSR, Institut Tuberkuleza. Udalenie doli legkogo pri
tuberkuleze [Lung lobe resection in tuberculosis] [motion picture]. Moscow: Otdel
nauchnoi Kinofotodokumentatsii AMN SSSR; [1957?]. 2 reels: sound, color, 35 mm.
Russian.
10. Audiovisuals with more than one organization as author

American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons; American Academy of Oral
Pathology. CPC on multiple disease entities [slide]. Chicago: AAOMS; 1993. 41 slides:
color, 2 x 2 in.
11. Audiovisuals with no authors found

Collaborative research with communities: value added & challenges faced [videocassette].
Washington: Public Health Foundation; 2006. 1 videocassette: 103 min., sound, color, 1/2
in.
Clinical tonometry [motion picture]. Public Health Service Audiovisual Facility, producer.
[Washington]: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (US), Public Health
Service; 1965. 1 reel: silent, black & white, 35 mm.

Whitlock DG (Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center,
Denver, CO), Spitzer VM (Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of
Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO). Video 3D atlas of the human head & neck
in cross section [videodisc]. St. Louis (MO): Mosby-Year Book; 1993. 1 videodisc: silent,
color with black & white, 12 in.
13. Audiovisuals with constructed title

Work TH. [Galapagos] [motion picture]. [place unknown]: T. Work; 1988. 2 reels: 3000 ft.,
silent, color, 16 mm.

Piccoli M. Les medecins sans frontiers [videocassette]. Gire JF, editor. New York: Society
for French American Cultural Services and Educational Aid; 1991. 2 videocassettes: 121
min., sound, color with black & white sequences, 1/2 in. French.
946 Citing Medicine
tuberkuleze [motion picture]. Moscow: Otdel nauchnoi Kinofotodokumentatsii AMN
SSSR; [1957?]. 2 reels: sound, color, 35 mm. Russian.
Diabetes tipo 2: estoy en el riesgo? [videocassette]. Carrollton (TX): PRIMEDIA
Healthcare; 2004. 1 videocassette: 15 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. Spanish.
Piccoli. M. Les medecins sans frontieres [Doctors without borders] [videocassette]. Gire
JF, editor. New York: Society for French American Cultural Services and Educational Aid;
1991. 2 videocassettes: 121 min., sound, color with black & white sequences, 1/2 in.
French.
Russian.
Diabetes tipo 2: estoy en el riesgo? [Type 2 diabetes: what is the risk?] [videocassette].
Carrollton (TX): PRIMEDIA Healthcare; 2004. 1 videocassette: 15 min., sound, color, 1/2
in. Spanish.

Choropampa: the price of gold = Choropampa: el precio del oro [videocassette]. Cabellos
E, Boyd S, producers. Brooklyn (NY): First Run/Icarus Films; c2002. 1 videocassette: 75
min., sound, color, 1/2 in. English, Spanish.
Paranormale heilmethoden auf den Philippinen = Paranormal healing in the Philippines
[videocassette]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 1973-1980. 2 videocassettes: 90
min., sound, color, 3/4 in. German, English.

A plastic story: a history of plastic surgery [videocassette]. Adocs, producer. New York:
First Run/Icarus Films; c2003. 1 videocassette: 52 min., sound, color with black & white
sequences, 1/2 in. English, French, Spanish with English subtitles.
Apparition et evolution de l'infirmite motrice cerebrale chez le nourrisson [The onset and
evolution of cerebral palsy] [videocassette]. Champaign (IL): University of Illinois, Board
of Trustees; c1983. 1 videocassette: 36 min., sound, color, 3/4 in. French, English.
The Guinea pig: handling and basic techniques [slide + audiocassette]. Stockholm
(Sweden): FELASA; 1981. 31 slides: color, 2 x 2 in.; 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips. English,
German, Norwegian.
17. Audiovisuals with Greek letters in titles

-arrestins: traffic cops of cell signaling [videocassette]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National
Institutes of Health (US), Medical Arts and Photography Branch; 2002. 1 videocassette: 60
min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
may become
Beta-arrestins: traffic cops of cell signaling [videocassette]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National
Institutes of Health (US), Medical Arts and Photography Branch; 2002. 1 videocassette: 60
min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
18. Audiovisuals with more than one type of medium

Microhemagglutination assay methods in the diagnosis of syphilis [audiocassette + slide].
Batavia (IL): NCCE; [1980?]. 1 audiocassette: 40 min., 1 7/8 ips.; 29 slides: color, 2 x 2 in.
The Guinea pig: handling and basic techniques [slide + audiocassette]. Stockholm
(Sweden): FELASA; 1981. 31 slides: color, 2 x 2 in.; 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips. English,
German, Norwegian.
Ohio Regional Medical Audiovisual Consortium. Case studies in human growth and
development: a flexible instructional module [audiocassette + videocassette]. Case
Western Reserve University, Health Sciences Communication Center, producer. [Bethesda
(MD)]: National Institutes of Health (US); 1978. 1 audiocassette: 7 min.; 1 videocassette:
19. Audiovisuals with edition/version

The heart truth for women [videocassette]. Rev. ed. Bethesda (MD): National Heart, Lung,
and Blood Institute (US); 2006. 1 videocassette: 9 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Benzene, toluene, and xylene [videocassette]. Version 3. Lawrence D, producer.
Edgartown (MA): Emergency Film Group; c2002. 1 videocassette: 28 min., sound, color,
1/2 in. (Hazchem; 7).
Aho M, Dorelli M, Roush L, Turner S. Following Antigone: forensic anthropology and
human rights investigations [videocassette]. Eng. version. Gregory S, Dorelli M, Aho M,
producers. New York: Witness; c2002. 1 videocassette: 37 min., sound, color with black &
white sequences, 1/2 in.
Eklund GW, Cardenosa G, Parsons W. Optimizing the mammographic study: positioning
and technical considerations [videodisc]. Version 1.0. Minneapolis (MN): Image
Premastering Services; c1994. 1 videodisc: sound, color, 12 in.
High blood pressure: an introduction to treatment [videocassette]. 3rd ed. Timonium
(MD): Milner-Fenwick; c2003. 1 videocassette: 16 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
948 Citing Medicine
Epidural anesthesia [videocassette]. 2nd ed.; Informed consent version. Timonium (MD):
Milner-Fenwick; c2004. 1 videocassette: 10 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Kapur RP. Ultrasound of fetal anomalies [videodisc]. 1st ed.; Version 1.0. Minneapolis
(MM): Image Premastering Services; c1994. 1 videodisc: silent, color with black & white,
12 in.
20. Audiovisuals with authors and producer(s), editor(s), or other

secondary authors
Hable M. Avoiding charges of negligence [videocassette]. Classroom Productions,
producer. Irvine (CA): ConceptMedia; c2002. 1 videocassette: 25 min., sound, color, 1/2
in.
Munoz SJ. Transplantation immunology [slide]. Barchi NE, illustrator. Bethesda (MD):
American Gastroenterological Association; c1997. 94 slides: color, 2 x 2 in.
Baxley N, Dunaway C. Cognition, creativity, and behavior: the Columban simulations
[motion picture]. Baxley N, editor and producer. Champaign (IL): Research Press
Company; 1982. 1 reel: 30 min., sound, color, 16 mm.
21. Audiovisuals with multiple organizations as producer

Taylor MR. Antibiotic resistance [videocassette]. Multimedia Communications; Physician
Education and Development, producers. Oakland (CA): Kaiser Foundation Health Plan;
c2005. 1 videocassette: 53 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Aronson-Rath R. The alternative fix: a PBS Home Video [videocassette]. Frontline; Little
Rain Productions, Inc.; WGBH Boston, producers. Alexandria (VA): PBS Video; c2003. 1
Geirget A. At the gates of autism: emerging into life [videocassette]. La Sept Arte; Gloria
Films, producers. Princeton (NJ): Films for the Humanities & Sciences; c2002. 1
22. Audiovisual producers with subsidiary division

Sundin H. Administration of intravenous medication. Administering IV meds to adults
[videocassette]. Washington State University College of Nursing, Learning Resources
Center, producer. Irvine (CA): Concept Media; c2003. 1 videocassette: 21 min., sound,
color, 1/2 in.

Aging & creativity [videocassette]. Grand Rapids Community College, Media
Technologies Department, producer. Medfield (MA): Aquarius Health Care Videos; 2002.
1 videocassette: 27 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Alcohol and drug use and the cultures of addiction [videocassette]. Torres IA, Westbrook
M, producers. Rockville (MD): Department of Health and Human Services (US),
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse
Treatment; 2003. 1 videocassette: 60 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.

Johnson D, editor. Surgical techniques in orthopaedics: anterior cruciate ligament
reconstruction [videodisc]. Rosemont (IL): American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons;
c2002. 1 videodisc: sound, color, 12 in.
Ridberg R, editor and producer. Spin the bottle: sex, lies & alcohol [videocassette].
Northampton (MA): Media Education Foundation; c2004. 1 videocassette: 45 min.,
Yang T, editor and producer. Lao tou [Old men] [videocassette]. Brooklyn (NY): First
25. Audiovisuals with well-known place of publication

Raikes J, Sachs S. Bad hair life [videocassette]. Raikes J, producer; Sachs S, editor. Boston:
Fanlight Productions; c2003. 1 videocassette: 57 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Cutler M. Radium treatment of carcinoma of the cervix [motion picture]. Chicago Film
Laboratory, producer. Chicago: Petrolager Laboratories; 1938. 2 reels: silent, black &
white, 35 mm.
26. Audiovisual place of publication with geographic qualifier added for

clarity
Fisher WL, Papele H. 2005 national patient safety goals: training video for staff
[videocassette]. Marblehead (MA): HCPro; c2005. 1 videocassette: 26 min., sound, color,
1/2 in.
Kontrastdarstellung des Herzens und der grossen Gefasse im Rontgen-Kinofilm
[Demonstration of the heart and large vessels in cine-radiographic film] [motion picture].
Bonn (Germany): [publisher unknown]; 1959. 1 reel: sound, black & white, 16 mm.
German.
950 Citing Medicine
27. Audiovisuals with place of publication inferred

Fluoride: the magnificent mineral [motion picture]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Institute
of Dental Research (US), National Caries Program; c1984. 1 reel: 468 ft., sound, color with
black & white, 16 mm.
28. Audiovisuals with no place of publication found

Work TH. [Galapagos] [motion picture]. [place unknown]: T. Work; 1988. 2 reels: 3000 ft.,
silent, color, 16 mm.
29. Audiovisual publisher with subsidiary department/division named

Stryker MP. Making maps in the brain [videocassette]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes
of Health (US), Medical Arts and Photography Branch, Office of Research Services; 2006.
Minority Health Program; c2005. 1 videocassette: 90 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
30. Audiovisuals with government agency as publisher

Epidemiology and prevention of viral hepatitis A, B, C, D, E: an overview [slide]. Atlanta
(GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 1996. 67 slides: color, 2 x 2 in.
Hennekens CH. Aspirin in the secondary and primary prevention of cardiovascular
disease [audiocassette]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US); 1995. 1
audiocassette.
Stryker MP. Making maps in the brain [videocassette]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes
of Health (US), Medical Arts and Photography Branch, Office of Research Services; 2006.
31. Audiovisuals with joint publication

Does anyone die of AIDS anymore? [videocassette]. Los Angeles: Dream Out Loud
Productions; 2002. 1 videocassette: 26 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. Jointly published by
Fanlight Productions, Boston.
32. Audiovisuals with no publisher found

Kontrastdarstellung des Herzens und der grossen Gefasse im Rontgen-Kinofilm
[Demonstration of the heart and large vessels in cine-radiographic film] [motion picture].
Bonn (Germany): [publisher unknown]; 1959. 1 reel: sound, black & white, 16 mm.
German.

Onepauur ydarehur dephmpudhou kucmbi cpedocmehur [Ablation of a cyst in the
mediastinum] [motion picture]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 1954. 1 reel:
sound, color, 35 mm. Russian.
Physics and technology applied to radiology and radiation oncology [slide]. [place
unknown: publisher unknown]; 1994. 100 slides: color with black & white, 2 x 2 in.
34. Audiovisuals with standard date of publication

Glazer WM. Dosing antipsychotic medications: insights from data and practice
[videocassette]. Health & Sciences Television Network, producer. Carrollton (TX):
PRIMEDIA Workplace Learning; 2002. 1 videocassette: 60 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
35. Audiovisuals with date of copyright instead of date of publication

Assessment & diagnosis [videocassette]. Nick Kaufman Productions, producer. Clifton
Park (NY): Thomson Delmar Learning; c2003. 1 videocassette: 30 min., sound, color, 1/2
in.
Hegner BR. Delmar's nursing assistant laser discs [videodisc]. Albany (NY): Delmar
Publishers; c1995. 5 videodiscs: 4 1/2 hr., sound, color, 12 in.
36. Audiovisuals with date of publication and date of copyright

MacIntyre R, Preston I. A room full of men [videocassette]. Preston I, Mitchell D,
producers; Preston I, MacIntyre R, editors. Princeton (NJ): Films for the Humanities &
Sciences; 1997, c1991. 1 videocassette: 49 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
37. Audiovisuals with date range of publication

Paranormale heilmethoden auf den Philippinen = Paranormal healing in the Philippines
[videocassette]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 1973-1980. 2 videocassettes: 90
min., sound, color, 3/4 in. German, English.
38. Audiovisuals with date of publication estimated

Russian.
952 Citing Medicine
39. Audiovisuals with no date of publication or copyright found

Cartwright B, D'Andrea M, Daniels J. Confronting racial and gender difference: 3
approaches to multicultural counseling and therapy [videocassette]. Framingham (MA):
Microtraining Associates; [date unknown]. 1 videocassette: 80 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.

Technique of laparoscopy [motion picture]. [place, publisher, date unknown]. 1 reel: 757
ft., sound, color, 16 mm.
41. Audiovisual series with number given

Assessment & diagnosis [videocassette]. Nick Kaufman Productions, producer. Clifton
Park (NY): Thomson Delmar Learning; c2003. 1 videocassette: 30 min., sound, color, 1/2
in. (Core concepts in nursing; program 2).
Greenberger NJ. Acute abdominal pain in adults [videocassette]. Secaucus (NJ): Network
for Continuing Medical Education; 1987. 1 videocassette: 32 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
(NCME VHS; no. 842).
Benzene, toluene, and xylene [videocassette]. Version 3. Lawrence D, producer.
Edgartown (MA): Emergency Film Group; c2002. 1 videocassette: 28 min., sound, color,
1/2 in. (Hazchem; 7).
Fuller MG. Cocaine use and its medical consequences [slide]. Hanover (NH): Project
Cork; c1995. 62 slides: color, 2 x 2 in. (Alcohol use and its medical consequences; unit 11).
42. Audiovisuals with series without number

Rawson RA. Methamphetamine-- new knowledge, new treatments [videocassette]. Center
City (MN): Hazelden Foundation; c2006. 1 videocassette: 64 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
(The clinical innovators series).
43. Audiovisuals with series with editor

Nelson JS, McKeever PE. Clinical neuropathology [videodisc]. Version 1.0. Minneapolis
(MN): Image Premastering Services; c1994. 1 videodisc: silent, color, 12 in. (Nyberg DA,
editor. ImageDisc library). Accompanied by: 200 p. guide.
44. Audiovisuals with sponsorship note included

Advances in diagnosis and treatment of sleep apnea and snoring [videocassette]. Cherry
Hill (NJ): CMEinfo.com; 2000. 7 videocassettes: 13 hr., sound, color, 1/2 in. Sponsored by
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine.
45. Audiovisuals accompanied by a manual or other material

Collins MS. Advanced radiology life support [videocassette]. Cherry Hill (NJ):
CMEinfo.com; 2002. 4 videocassettes: 4 hr., sound, color, 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide
(60 p.) and 1 post-test.
University of Nebraska Medical Center. Family practice review: best practices for the 21st
century [videocassette]. Cherry Hill (NJ): CMEinfo.com; 2003. 41 videocassettes: 80 hr.,
sound, color, 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide in 3 vol.
46. Audiovisuals with supplemental note included

A family perspective: type 2 diabetes in young people [videocassette]. Timonium (MD):
Milner-Fenwick; c2005. 1 videocassette: 19 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. Produced in
cooperation with the American Association of Diabetes Educators.
1996 STD surveillance report [slide]. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control (US);
1997. 59 slides: color, 2 x 2 in. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; AVA20125SS00.
Minority Health Program; c2005. 1 videocassette: 90 min., sound, color, 1/2 in. From the
26th Minority Health Conference, held in 2005 at Chapel Hill, NC.
Minkoff K. Adults and co-occurring disorders [videocassette]. Blue Moon Productions,
producer. Center City (MN): Hazelden; c2003. 1 videocassette: 28 min., sound, color, 1/2
in. Closed-captioned.
Fluoride: the magnificent mineral [motion picture]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Institute
of Dental Research (US), National Caries Program; c1984. 1 reel: sound, color with black
& white, 16 mm. Made possible by a grant from the Colgate-Palmolive Co.
Harbaugh OS, Slocum DB. Amputation of lower extremity [motion picture].
[Washington]: War Department (US); 1944. 2 reels: 45 min., silent, color, 16 mm. Located
at: History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine; WE 850 VC no.40 1944.
Barry J, Hoard C. P.I.S.T. [motion picture]. Barry J, producer. Santa Monica (CA):
Pyramid Film & Video; 1984. 1 reel: 6 min., sound, color, 16 mm. P.I.S.T. is an acronym
for Psychological Improvement Situational Training.
Microhemagglutination assay methods in the diagnosis of syphilis [audiocassette + slide].
Batavia (IL): NCCE; [1980?]. 1 audiocassette: 40 min., 1 7/8 ips.; 29 slides: color, 2 x 2 in.
NCCE stands for National Center for Continuing Education.
History of bioterrorism: biological warfare and terrorism [videocassette]. [Atlanta (GA)]:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2003. 1 videocassette: 27 min., sound,
color with black & white sequences, 1/2 in. Parts of this video were adapted from
"Biological warfare and terrorism: the military and public health response," co-produced
954 Citing Medicine
by the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases

(USAMRIID), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC), 1999.
955
Chapter 16. Journals in Audiovisual Formats

A. Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats

Examples
B. Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats
Examples
See also:
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Journal Articles in

Audiovisual Formats
The general format for a reference to an article from a journal published as an audiovisual,
- on videocassette:
- on audiocassette:
956 Citing Medicine
Examples of Citations to Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats

Journal articles in audiovisual formats are usually found in videocassette or audiocassette
form. With the advent of CD-ROM and the Internet, many of these titles either ceased
publication or migrated to the newer formats, but a few continue to be published and
older articles continue to be cited.
Cite articles in audiovisual format using the standard format for journal articles (see
Chapter 1), but add the type of medium, i.e., [videocassette] or [audiocassette], after the
title to alert the user that special equipment is needed to view the article.
Videocassettes and audiocassettes do not use page numbers, so citations to journal articles
in these formats require the addition of information on their placement within the
cassette. Some publishers provide wording such as article 2 or segment 3, but if no
wording is found, use "presentation." Citations to articles on audiocassette also require an
indication of which side of the cassette contains the article being cited. See Location in the
next section for further details.
Provide the extent or length of an article in terms of the run time, since page numbers are
not present. Run time (also known as running-time) is the length of the film or program
in minutes, such as 140 min. Further details of the physical description may also be
provided to give additional information such as size, which can affect the equipment
needed to view the item. See Physical Description (O) in the next section for details.
This chapter covers journal articles that are published as audiovisuals. See Chapter 19 for
journals published in CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, and Chapter 23 for journals on the
Internet. Because examples of journal articles published on videocassette or audiocassette
are few in number compared to journal articles in print format, see also Chapter 1A
Journals Articles for additional examples of specific parts of a citation.
The chief source for information about an audiovisual is the opening screens. If more
information is needed, consult the case housing the audiovisual or any accompanying
booklet or documentation.
Note that citations to journal articles published in videocassette or audiocassette format
are not in PubMed.
Journals in Audiovisual Formats 957
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats.
Citation Rules with Examples for Journal Articles in Audiovisual

Formats
it is optional.
Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Article Title (R) | Journal Title (R) | Edition (R) |
Type of Medium (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Volume Number (R) | Issue Number (R) |
Location (Pagination) (R) | Physical Description (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

List names in the order they appear on the opening screens or text, the carrying
case, or in accompanying documentation

Other surname rules
Editor instead of an author
958 Citing Medicine


one or a combination of a middle name and a surname, look to the table of
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

960 Citing Medicine
one letter

Dr. Helga Eberhard becomes Eberhard H

Examples :

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

962 Citing Medicine

semicolon

brackets.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
964 Citing Medicine
treated as u
were two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Box 8. Editor instead of an author.

If no person or organization can be found as the author but an editor is present,
begin the reference with the name of the editor. Follow the same rules used for
author names, but end the list of names with a comma and the word editor or
editors.
Sanger JM, Sanger JW, editors. Cell motility and the cytoskeleton. Cell Motil
Cytoskelet Video Suppl [videocassette]. 1998;(5):[60 min.]. 1 videocassette:
sound, color with black & white, 1/2 in.
If no person or organization can be identified as the author and no editors are
given, begin the reference with the title of the article. Do not use anonymous.
OPO certification. Transpl Video J [videocassette]. 2000 Fall;(12):
[presentation 2, 8 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.

Sanger JM, Sanger JW, editors. Cell motility and the cytoskeleton. Cell Motil
Cytoskelet Video Suppl [videocassette]. 1998;(5):[60 min.]. 1 videocassette:
sound, color with black & white, 1/2 in.
anonymous.
OPO certification. Transpl Video J [videocassette]. 2000 Fall;(12):
[presentation 2, 8 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.

Examples for Author

1. Standard article in audiovisual format
2. Article in audiovisual format with optional full first names for authors
3. Article in audiovisual format with author having designation of family rank
4. Article in audiovisual format with author having prefix or particle
5. Article in audiovisual format with author having compound last name
6. Article in audiovisual format with editors instead of authors
7. Article in audiovisual format with no author found
Author Affiliation for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats (optional)

966 Citing Medicine


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
in all references.

a space

Example:

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
968 Citing Medicine
treated as oe
Spain).
[email protected]).
Kubo A, Ishida T.

the name as found on the publication may always be used
Wien becomes Vienna


8. Article in audiovisual format with author affiliation included
Article Title for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

Enter the title of an article as it appears on the opening screens or text, the carrying
case, or in accompanying documentation
and initialisms
form of punctuation (such as a question mark, period, or exclamation point) is
already present
Translate titles not in English into English; place the translation in square brackets
it (see Translated article titles ending in punctuation other than a period below)
place it in square brackets. Place the closing period outside the brackets.
[A new, safe and simple breath test for the diagnosis of impaired digestion].
or
Un nuovo, sicuro e semplice breath test per la diagnosi di maldigestione [A
new, safe and simple breath test for the diagnosis of impaired digestion].
punctuation. Place it within the square brackets for the translation and end title
information with a period outside the brackets.
[Quality criteria in medicine: which limits?].
or
Les criteres de qualite en medecine: jusqu' ou aller? [Quality criteria in
medicine: which limits?].
970 Citing Medicine


Translate article titles not in English. Place all translated titles in square brackets.
Indicate the particular language after the pagination.
Baraldini M, Ventrucci M, Cipolla A, Conci T, Calliv R, Roda A, Roda E. [A
Video Riv Ital Med Chir [videocassette]. 1993 Sep-Dec;6(3):[article 2, 16
min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in. Italian.
translation
Neue Nifedipin-Zubeitung ermoglicht tagliche Einmalgabe [New
nifedipine preparation makes single daily dose possible].
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
were two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Example:
Baraldini M, Ventrucci M, Cipolla A, Conci T, Calliv R, Roda A, Roda E. Un
nuovo, sicuro e semplice breath test per la diagnosi di maldigestione [A new,
safe and simple breath test for the diagnosis of impaired digestion]. Video Riv
Ital Med Chir [videocassette]. 1993 Sep-Dec;6(3):[article 2, 16 min.]. 1
videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in. Italian.

If an article appears in English as well as other languages, give the English language
version of the article title. Indicate all languages of publication after the location
(pagination) and separate them by commas.
If an article appears in more than one language and none of them is English,
translate the title into English and place the translation in square brackets. Indicate
all languages of publication after the location (pagination) and separate them by
commas.
As an option, if an article title is presented in two equal languages, as often occurs
in Canadian publications, give both titles in the order in which they are presented,
with an equals sign between them. Indicate all languages of publication after the
location (pagination) and separate them by commas.
Prise en charge des thrombocytopenies induites par l'heparine = Management
of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
character.
capitalized
972 Citing Medicine

p53 and its downstream proteins.
becomes omega.
Influence of seed extract of Syzygium cumini (Jamun) on mice exposed to
different doses of -radiation.
may become
Influence of seed extract of Syzygium cumini (Jamun) on mice exposed to
different doses of gamma-radiation.
Human Rhesus-associated glycoprotein mediates facilitated transport of NH3
into red blood cells.
may become
Human Rhesus-associated glycoprotein mediates facilitated transport of
NH(3) into red blood cells.

Journal articles sometimes contain a header at the top (such as news, case report, or
clinical study) to indicate a section of the issue. Do not include a header as part of
the article title unless the table of contents for the journal issue indicates that it is.

Occasionally an article does not appear to have any title; the article simply begins
with the text. In this circumstance, create a title from the first few words of the text
and place it in square brackets. Use enough words to make the constructed title
meaningful.
[US transplant games]. Transpl Video J [videocassette]. 2000;Suppl:[11 min.].
1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.

9. Article in audiovisual format with article title in a language other than English
10. Article in audiovisual format with article title constructed
Journal Title for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

Enter the journal title in the original language
Cite a journal name as it was published at the time. For example, VideoUrology
officially changed title to VideoUrology Times in 1991. Cite articles from 1990 and
earlier as Videourology, not as Videourol Times.
End the journal title with a space

Practical Reviews in Dermatology becomes Pract Rev Dermatol
[audiocassette].
Video Revista Italiana di Medicina e Chirurgia becomes Video Rev Ital Med
Chir [videocassette].
Drugs & Devices becomes Drugs Devices [videocassette].
[A list of the abbreviations for common English words used in journal titles is
in Appendix A. See Appendix B for other sources.]
Gastroenterology becomes Gastroenterology [audiocassette].
Momaku Fukuijutsu becomes Momaku Fukuijutsu [videocassette].
Resource: a Monthly Audio Digest of Current Issues in Health
Care becomes Resource [audiocassette].
Omit any punctuation found in a title
Audio-digest Anesthesiology becomes Audio Dig Anesthesiol
[audiocassette].
974 Citing Medicine

journal title, such as Emerg Med (Glendale, Calif). This practice is used to show
that two or more journal titles with the same name reside in a library collection or
database; the name of the city where the journal is published distinguishes the titles.
The city or state/country is usually shown in abbreviated format following the same
rules as for words in journal titles, as Calif for California in the example above. If
you use a bibliography or database to verify your reference and a place name is
included, you may keep it if you wish.

Multiple language journal titles

Do not abbreviate journal titles consisting of a single word, regardless of language
Dermatology. becomes Dermatology [audiocassette].

Spanish, Italian, etc.), provide the name in the original language. Abbreviate it
according to the Abbreviation rules for journal titles and capitalize all remaining
title words, including abbreviations. Indicate the language of the article after the
location (pagination).
Baraldini M, Ventrucci M, Cipolla A, Conci T, Calliv R, Roda A, Roda E. [A
Video Riv Ital Med Chir [videocassette]. 1993 Sep-Dec;6(3):[article 2, 16
min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in. Italian.

Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. Abbreviate it according to the Abbreviation rules
for journal titles and capitalize all remaining title words, including
abbreviations. Indicate the language of the article after the pagination.
Nervn Perevoz [audiocassette].
Romanize the title if in a character-based language (Chinese, Japanese). Do
not abbreviate any of the words or omit any words; use the capitalization
system of the particular language. Indicate the language of the article after the
pagination.
Momaku Fukuijutsu [videocassette].
[It is not NLM practice, but you may translate journal titles in
the Abbreviation rules for journal titles and indicate the language of the
article after the pagination.]
Retin Surg [videocassette].
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
976 Citing Medicine
treated as ae
treated as oe
Box 24. Multiple language journal titles.

For a journal title appearing in more than one language, use the title in the first
language found, in order of preference: on the title page of the issue, on the issue
cover, or on the masthead

after the title
Do not follow abbreviated words by a period, but end all title information with a
period
First Image. OB/GYN Edition becomes First Image (OB GYN Ed)
[videocassette].

options:
Video J Orthop [videocassette]. may become Video. J. Orthop.
[videocassette].
Video Journal of Orthopaedics [videocassette].

words in journal titles, because an edition is considered a part of the title in journal
citations
Appendix A for a list of commonly abbreviated English words in journal titles. See
Appendix B for other sources.
Do not follow abbreviated words with a period, but end all the title information
with a period
Example:
First Image. OB/GYN Edition becomes First Image (OB GYN Ed)
[videocassette].

11. Article in audiovisual format with journal title having an edition
Edition for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

Abbreviate each significant word (see Abbreviation rules for editions) and omit
other words, such as articles, conjunctions, and prepositions
End the edition statement with a space

978 Citing Medicine

PubMed Journals Database
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
For an edition statement written in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean
L'.
PubMed Journals Database
parentheses
Japanese.
Examples:
becomes o
becomes u
parentheses
980 Citing Medicine
End all title information with a period

journal titles.
any (n.a. = not abbreviated):
Danish oplag n.a.
Dutch uitgave Uitg
editie Ed
French edition Ed
German Ausgabe Ausg
Greek ekdosis Ekd
Italian edizione Ed
Russian izdanie Izd
Spanish edicion Ed
Swedish upplaga n.a

Type of Medium for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

Indicate the type of medium (videocassette, audiocassette, etc.) following the
journal title (and edition, if present)
"[videocassette]."
Description below


First Image (OB GYN Ed) [videocassette].

Date of Publication for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

May 5.
such as Jan
volume or issue following the date below), then use a colon
Box 34. No volume or issue following the date.

A volume number usually follows the date of publication. Occasionally a journal is
published in a series of issues without volumes or is published with a supplement, part, or
special number to a date of publication rather than to a volume or issue.
semicolon and the issue number, placed in parentheses. End with a colon.
1995;(4):
2003 Apr-Jun;(3-4):
rather than to a volume or issue:
Follow the date of publication with a semicolon
Capitalize and abbreviate the words used for such divisions, but do not end
the abbreviated words with a period
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
982 Citing Medicine

Follow the words with any accompanying letter or number found, as Suppl 1
and Pt A
Place parts only in parentheses
End supplement, part, or special number information with a colon
Examples:
2005;Suppl: 2005;(Pt 3): 2005;Spec No:
2005;Suppl A: 2005;(Pt B): 2005;Spec No 2:
2005;Suppl 1: 2005 Jan;(Pt 1): 2005 Jan;Spec No:
2005 Jan;Suppl:
2005;Abstr Suppl:
If there are no volume numbers, issue numbers, supplements, parts, or special

numbers, follow the date information with a colon and the location (pagination)
and extent of the article
2000:Side A [program 2, 34 min.].
2004 Jan:[presentation 3, 12 min].
2005 Winter:[article 1, 22 min.].

Further divisions to a date other than volume or issue
No volume or issue following the date
Options for dates
Box 30. Further divisions to a date other than volume or issue.

A journal may publish a supplement, part, or special number to a date of publication
rather than to a specific volume or issue.
Capitalize and abbreviate the words used for such divisions, but do not end the
abbreviated words with a period
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
Translate non-English words. See the following examples:
annexe part
Beilage
Erganzung
Zusatz
dopolnenie
suplemento
anejo
Follow words with any number or letter found, as Suppl 1 and Pt A

If a supplement is given a name rather than the usual letter or number, abbreviate
significant words and omit other words such as articles, conjunctions, and
prepositions. Use the word abbreviations lists found in Appendix A and Appendix
B.
Separate words with any accompanying number, letter, or name from the date by a
semicolon
End with a colon
Examples:
984 Citing Medicine
2005;Suppl: 2005;(Pt 3): 2005;Spec No:

2005 Jan;Suppl:
2005;Abstr Suppl:

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec 7-2003 Jan 9
hyphen
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan
2005 Feb 1-7
2004 Jan 25-31
Separate multiple seasons by a hyphen, such as Fall-Winter. Do not abbreviate
names of seasons.

Capitalize them
For example:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

It is not NLM practice, but the date of publication may follow the author names in the list
of references when the name-year system of in-text references is used.
Enter the year after the last named author
Place the volume number immediately following the type of medium
NLM citation:
Wilson JH, Singhoffer JH. Paradoxical embolus in evolution: report of a case.
Dyn Cardiovasc Imaging [videocassette]. 1990;3(1):[presentation 2, 4 min.]. 1
videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Name-year system citation:
986 Citing Medicine
Wilson JH, Singhoffer JH. 1990. Paradoxical embolus in evolution: report of a

case. Dyn Cardiovasc Imaging [videocassette]. 3(1):[presentation 2, 4 min.]. 1

12. Article in audiovisual format with date showing month or other subdivision
13. Article in audiovisual format with date showing multiple months of publication
14. Article in audiovisual format with supplement to a date
Volume Number for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

No not follow volume number(s) with any punctuation unless there is no issue

Further divisions to a volume other than an issue
Box 36. Further divisions to a volume other than an issue.

A journal may publish a supplement, part, or special number to a volume.
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt


annexe part
Beilage
Erganzung
Zusatz
dopolnenie
suplemento
anejo

B.
Separate words with any accompanying number, letter, or name from the volume
number by a space except for parts
End with a colon
Examples:
2005;15 Suppl: 2004;16(Pt 2): 2003;6 Spec No:
2005;45 Suppl A: 2004;5(Pt A): 2003;2 Spec No 2:
2005 Mar;87 Suppl 1: 2004 Dec;24(Pt A): 2003 Jan;10 Spec No:
2005;3 Suppl Dementia:
988 Citing Medicine

ek

A volume number usually follows the date of publication. Occasionally a journal will
publish a series of issues without volumes or will publish a supplement, part, or special
number to a date of publication rather than to a volume or issue.
semicolon and the issue number. Place the issue number in parentheses.
1995;(4):
rather than to a volume or issue:
Follow the date of publication with a semicolon
Capitalize and abbreviate the words used for such divisions, but do not end
the abbreviated words with a period
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
Follow the words with any accompanying letter or number found, as Suppl 1
and Pt A
End supplement, part, or special number information with a colon
Examples:
2005;Suppl: 2005;(Pt 3): 2005;Spec No:

2005 Jan;Suppl:
2005;Abstr Suppl:
If no volume numbers, issue numbers, supplements, parts, or special numbers are

given, follow the date of publication with a colon and the location (pagination) and
extent of the article
2000:Side A [program 2, 34 min.].
2004 Jan:[presentation 3, 12 min].
2005 Winter:[article 1, 22 min.].

15. Article in audiovisual format with standard volume and issue
16. Article in audiovisual format with volume only, no issue
17. Article in audiovisual format with no volume, only issue
Issue Number for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

or part, exist (see Further divisions to an issue below)
Box 39. Further divisions to an issue.

A journal may publish a supplement, part, or special number to an issue.
Supplement = Suppl
990 Citing Medicine
Part = Pt
annexe part
Beilage
Erganzung
Zusatz
dopolnenie
suplemento
anejo

B.
Separate words with any accompanying number, letter, or name from the issue
number by a space and place them in the parentheses used for the issue number
End with a colon
Examples:
2005;15(2 Suppl): 2004;16(2 Pt 2): 2003;6(3 Spec No):

2005;45(3 Suppl A): 2004;5(4 Pt A): 2003;2(1 Spec No 2):

2005 Mar;87(4 Suppl 1): 2004 Dec;24(1 Pt A): 2003 Jan;10(2 Spec No):
2005;3(2 Suppl Dementia):

Further divisions to an issue


semicolon and the issue number in parentheses
1995;(4):

location (pagination) and extent of the article
2003;61:[program 4, 45 min.].
location (pagination) and extent of the article
2005 Jan:Side 3 [presentation 2; 14 min.].
992 Citing Medicine

Location (Pagination) for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats

(required)
For articles on videocassette
Begin location for articles on videocassette with a word and accompanying number
or letter indicating the location of the article on the cassette
Use whatever wording is supplied, often "segment", "program" or "article", such as
segment 5; if no wording is supplied, use "presentation"
Follow the word and number or letter indicating the location with a comma and the
total length of the article, usually expressed in minutes or hours, abbreviated to
min. and hr., such as 45 min.
Place location information in square brackets
End location information with a period placed outside the closing bracket
For articles on audiocassette

Begin location for articles on audiocassette with an indication of which side of the
cassette the article appears
Use the word "Side" and follow it with the number or letter provided, such as Side 1
or Side A
Use arabic numbers only. For example: convert II or Two to 2.
Follow information on the side with a space and a beginning square bracket
Give the word and accompanying number or letter indicating the location of the
article on the cassette
Use whatever wording is supplied, often "segment", "program" or "article", such as
segment 5; if no wording is supplied, use "presentation"
Follow the word and number or letter indicating the location with a comma, a
space, and the total length of the article, usually expressed in minutes or hours,
abbreviated to min. and hr., such as 10 min.
End location information with a closing bracket and a period placed outside the
closing bracket
See Chapter 19 for articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk and Chapter 23 for articles
on the Internet

Article comprises the entire issue/cassette
Audiocassette article appears on more than one side
Box 43. Article comprises the entire issue/cassette.

Location in a citation to an article on videocassette usually begins with an
indication of the placement of the article in the cassette, such as program 2 or
segment 3
Location in a citation to an article on audiocassette begins with an indication of the
side or sides of the cassette on which the article resides, such as Side A or Side 1,
followed by placement information, such as program 2 or segment 3
Use arabic numbers only, so that Program One or Side I become Program 1 and
Side 1
If the entire issue of the journal is devoted to a single article, omit placement
information and enclose in square brackets the total run time of the cassette in
minutes or hours
Examples:
Hawkins RJ, Fowler PJ, Steadman JR. Anterior cruciate ligament
reconstruction: bone-tendon-bone or hamstring. Issue Orthop
[videocassette]. 1999;9:[2 hrs.]. 2 videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Belvedere PC. Cosmetic placement, indirect inlays, and resin reinforced
bridges. Video J Dent [videocassette]. 1997;6(4):[90 min.]. 1 videocassette:
Dunlevy C, Fix KN, Siegel AM, Hardin JC Jr, Kreisberg RE. Nicotine
intervention in the hospital setting: reviews. Clin Adv Cardiorespir Care
[audiocassette]:1994 Nov;6(2):Side 1-2 [42 min.].
Box 44. Audiocassette article appears on more than one side.

Location in a citation to an article on audiocassette begins with an indication of the
side or sides of the cassette on which the article resides, such as Side A or Side 1,
followed by placement information, such as program 2 or segment 3
When an article appears on more than one side of an audiocassette, give the letters
or numbers of both sides, separated by a hyphen, such as Side A-B and Side 1-2. Use
arabic numbers only, so that Side II or Side Two becomes Side 2.
Examples:
994 Citing Medicine
Olsen RC. Irritable bowel syndrome. Audio Dig Fam Pract [audiocassette].
1995 Oct 2;43(37):Side A-B [presentation 2, 34 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8
ips.
Dunlevy C, Fix KN, Siegel AM, Hardin JC Jr, Kreisberg RE. Nicotine
intervention in the hospital setting: reviews. Clin Adv Cardiorespir Care
[audiocassette]:1994 Nov;6(2):Side 1-2 [42 min.].
Examples Rules for Location (Pagination)

18. Article in audiovisual format with standard location
19. Article in audiovisual format comprising the entire issue/cassette
20. Article in audiocassette format appearing on more than one side
21. Article in audiovisual format with run time omitted
Physical Description for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats (optional)

Give information on the physical characteristics of the cassette. For example: 1


When a journal volume or issue is published on videocassette or audiocassette, follow the
location with information on the physical characteristics of the cassette. Physical
description is optional in a reference, but it may be included to provide useful
information. For example, the size of an audiovisual indicates what equipment is needed
to view it. Note that the words used in description are taken from ISO 832:1994 - Rules for
the abbreviation of bibliographic terms and reflect standard library practice. See Appendix
C for a list of commonly used English words and their abbreviations.
Describe videocassettes using terms for the number of cassettes, whether or not it
has sound or is silent, is filmed in color or black and white, and its size in inches
Describe audiocassettes in terms of the number of inches per second (ips). The
standard audiocassette is 2 in. x 4 in. and 1 7/8 ips. While audiocassettes are
produced in a number of sizes, the standard size is used for scientific journals. Thus
size is usually omitted from description of audiocassettes unless it deviates from the
standard.
Follow the number and type of cassette with a colon and a space. Separate other
types of information by commas. End with a period.
Typical words used to describe videocassettes include:
sound
silent
color
black & white
Examples of complete physical description statements for videocassettes:
1 videocassette: sound, color with black & white, 1/2 in.
2 videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
1 videocassette: silent, black & white, 3/4 in.
Typical words used to describe audiocassettes include:
1 7/8 ips. (standard audiocassette speed)
15/16 ips. (standard speed for microcassettes)
Examples of complete physical description statements for audiocassettes:
1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
2 audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips.

996 Citing Medicine
Language for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats (required)



If an article is written in English as well as other languages:
Indicate all languages of publication after the location (pagination), separated
by commas
Example: English, French, Spanish.
Indicate all languages of publication after the location (pagination), separated
by commas
Example: Spanish, Italian.
Give all titles in the order in which they are presented
Indicate the languages after the location (pagination), separated by a comma
Example:
Prise en charge des thrombocytopenies induites par l'heparine =
Management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.

9. Article in audiovisual format with article title in a language other than English
Notes for Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats (optional)

itself
Be brief

Article accompanied by a booklet or other type of material
Box 47. Article accompanied by a booklet or other type of material.

If an audiovisual journal article has supplemental material accompanying it in the
form of a booklet, syllabus, pre- or post-test, or other material, begin by citing the
article. Add the phrase "Accompanied by: " followed by a description of the
material.
Reeder JD. MRI of osseous neoplasm. MRI Updates Musculoskelet MRI
[videocassette]. 2003;16(5):[presentation 3, 35 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound,
color, 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 syllabus.
Olsen RC. Irritable bowel syndrome. Audio Dig Fam Pract [audiocassette].
1995 Oct 2;43(37):Side A-B [presentation 2, 34 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8
ips. Accompanied by: booklet with post-test.

reference feels is useful. For example:
If the audiovisual article was sponsored by or prepared for a particular organization
Baim DS, Sketch MH Sr. Four to six year outcome of Palmaz-Schatz stenting.
ACCEL [audiocassette]. 1996 Jun;28(6):Side 3 [presentation 2]. 1
audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips. ACCEL is published by the American College of
Cardiology.
998 Citing Medicine
If the journal being cited is not a common one, the name of a library or other
archive where it may be found, including any finding number. Begin with the
phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space
CAPOTEN: captopril. Drugs Devices [videocassette]. 1984 May;2(3):
[presentation 4, 16 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 3/4 in. Located at:
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W1 DR892EG.
If the audiovisual article contains material of particular interest to the audience that
may not be apparent from the title
Wolf JE Jr. Effect of low-fat diet on skin cancer. Dialogues Dermatol
[audiocassette]. 1995 Dec;37(3):Side 2 [16 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
Accompanied by: booklet with learning objectives, quiz, and bibliography.
Interviewed by Stewart M. Brown.
Examples for Notes

22. Article in audiovisual format accompanied by a booklet or other material
23. Article in audiovisual format with supplemental note
Examples of Citations to Journal Articles in Audiovisual Formats

Vassar GJ, Harris JM, Teichman JM. Techniques in percutaneous nephrolithotomy using
the Holmium:Yag laser. Videourol Times [videocassette]. 1998;11(2):[presentation 6, 10
min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Kalloo AN. Nonsurgical management of gallstones. Johns Hopkins Med Grand Rounds
[audiocassette]. 1993 Jun;19(5):Side E [presentation 4, 22 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
2. Article in audiovisual format with optional full first names for authors
Centurion, Virgilio; Caballero, Jean Carlos. Hyperopic shift after phacoemulsification in
eyes with previous radial keratotomy. Video J Cataract Refract Surg [videocassette].
2005;21(3):[presentation 3, 23 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Matsen, Frederick A. 3rd; Lazarus, Mark D. Pegged glenoid components in total shoulder
arthroplasty. Video J Orthop [videocassette]. 2002 Sep;17(3):[presentation 1, 21 min.]. 1
3. Article in audiovisual format with author having designation of family

rank
Ball WC Jr. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia. Johns Hopkins Med Grand
Rounds [audiocassette]. 1990 May;16(5):Side G [presentation 5, 13 min.]. 1 audiocassette:
1 7/8 ips.
Baim DS, Sketch MH Sr. Four to six year outcome of Palmaz-Schatz stenting. ACCEL
[audiocassette]. 1996 Jun;28(6):Side 3 [presentation 2]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
Parrish RK 2nd. Cataract and argon laser trabeculoplasty in glaucoma. Audio Dig
Ophthalmol [audiocassette]. 1994 Mar 17;32(6):Side A-B [60 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8
ips.
Slade SG, Chayet AS, Wachler BS, Soloway BD, Chotiner B, Milne HL 3rd, Tooma T,
Vukich J. Update in refractive surgery: techniques and technologies. Video J Cataract
Refract Surg [videocassette]. 2005;21(3):[presentation 1, 173 min.]. 1 videocassette:
4. Article in audiovisual format with author having prefix or particle

Van der Werf F. Cobalt. Eur Video J Cardiol [videocassette]. 1996;4(6):[presentation 1, 20
Van Meter QL. Constitutional short stature: the diagnosis of exclusion. Audio Dig Pediatr
[audiocassette]. 1995 Oct 24;41(20):Side A [presentation 1, 38 min.] 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8
ips.
Schwarten DE, van Breda A. New intervention devices. RSNA Today [videocassette].
1993;7(2):[presentation 3, 21 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
McAninch JW, Dixon CM, Kaula NF. Free skin graft urethroplasty of complex stricture.
Videourology [videocassette]. 1999;12(4):[presentation 5, 11:30 min.]. 1 videocassette:
DeSalvo J, Preston CA, Riopelle J, Heaton JF. Rapid-sequence intubation: case
presentations/panel discussion. Audio Dig Emerg Med [audiocassette]. 1995 Oct
16;12(20):Side B [presentation 2, 19 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
5. Article in audiovisual format with author having compound last name

South-Paul JE. Common gynecologic complaints. Audio Dig Fam Pract [audiocassette].
1995 Dec 4;43(45):Side A [presentation 1, 28 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
de Vere White RW. Early detection of prostate cancer. Audio Dig Intern Med
[audiocassette]. 1991 Oct 23;38(20):Side A-B [presentation 3, 10 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1
7/8 ips.
1000 Citing Medicine
6. Article in audiovisual format with editors instead of authors

Sanger JM, Sanger JW, editors. Cell motility and the cytoskeleton. Cell Motil Cytoskelet
Video Suppl [videocassette]. 1998;(5):[60 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color with black &
white, 1/2 in.
7. Article in audiovisual format with no author found

OPO certification. Transpl Video J [videocassette]. 2000 Fall;(12):[presentation 2, 8 min.].
8. Article in audiovisual format with author affiliation included

Nakada SY (University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI), Moon TD (University of Wisconsin,
Madison, WI), Wolf JS Jr (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI). Hand-assisted
laparoscopic renal surgery. Videourol Times [videocassette]. 1998;11(2):[presentation 1,
12 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Ezekowitz MD (Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, PA). Antithrombotic agents
in cardiothoracic surgery. VJCTS [videocassette]. 2001 4th Quarter;16(4):[segment 2, 13
9. Article in audiovisual format with article title in a language other than

English
Baraldini M, Ventrucci M, Cipolla A, Conci T, Calliv R, Roda A, Roda E. [A new, safe and
simple breath test for the diagnosis of impaired digestion]. Video Riv Ital Med Chir
[videocassette]. 1993 Sep-Dec;6(3):[article 2, 16 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2
in. Italian.
with original language added
Baraldini M, Ventrucci M, Cipolla A, Conci T, Calliv R, Roda A, Roda E. Un nuovo,
sicuro e semplice breath test per la diagnosi di maldigestione [A new, safe and simple
breath test for the diagnosis of impaired digestion]. Video Riv Ital Med Chir
[videocassette]. 1993 Sep-Dec;6(3):[article 2, 16 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2
in. Italian.
10. Article in audiovisual format with article title constructed

Ruddle CJ, McKinley B, Taylor P, Schilder H, Morrison RS, Pederson DL. [Endodontics].
Dent Technol [videocassette]. 1993;1(2):[30 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
[US transplant games]. Transpl Video J [videocassette]. 2000;Suppl:[11 min.]. 1

Connell E, Tatum H, Grimes D. Contraceptive science: a status report. First Image (OB
GYN Ed) [videocassette]. 1986 May-Jun;1(6):[presentation 2, 17 min.]. 1 videocassette:
12. Article in audiovisual format with date showing month or other

subdivision
Kalloo AN. Nonsurgical management of gallstones. Johns Hopkins Med Grand Rounds
[audiocassette]. 1993 Jun;19(5):Side E [presentation 4, 22 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
Ezekowitz MD (Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, PA). Antithrombotic agents
in cardiothoracic surgery. VJCTS [videocassette]. 2001 4th Quarter;16(4):[segment 2, 13
13. Article in audiovisual format with date showing multiple months of

publication
Connell E, Tatum H, Grimes D. Contraceptive science: a status report. First Image (OB
GYN Ed) [videocassette]. 1986 May-Jun;1(6):[presentation 2, 17 min.]. 1 videocassette:
14. Article in audiovisual format with supplement to a date


Bradley WG Jr. MR of degenerative disc disease. MRI Updates Musculoskelet MRI
[videocassette]. 2003;16(5):[presentation 1, 41 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Wolf JE Jr. Effect of low-fat diet on skin cancer. Dialogues Dermatol [audiocassette]. 1995
Dec ;37(3) :Side 2 [16 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.

Hawkins RJ, Fowler PJ, Steadman JR. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: bone-
tendon-bone or hamstring. Issue Orthop [videocassette]. 1999;9:[2 hrs.]. 2 videocassettes:

18. Article in audiovisual format with standard location

Pohost GM. NMR spectroscopy and imaging of the heart. Video J Cardiol [videocassette].
1990;5(3):[article 1, 17 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Wilson JH, Singhoffer JH. Paradoxical embolus in evolution: report of a case. Dyn
Cardiovasc Imaging [videocassette]. 1990;3(1):[presentation 2, 4 min.]. 1 videocassette:
Demeure MJ. Strategies for parathyroid reoperation. VJGS [videocassette]. 1996 4th
Quarter;5(4):[segment 3, 25 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Dec ;37(3) :Side 2 [16 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
Sachs MI. Allergy testing: a dying dinosaur? Audio Dig Pediatr [audiocassette]. 1995 Dec
5;41(23):Side B [presentation 2, 22 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
19. Article in audiovisual format comprising the entire issue/cassette

Hawkins RJ, Fowler PJ, Steadman JR. Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: bone-
tendon-bone or hamstring. Issue Orthop [videocassette]. 1999;9:[2 hrs.]. 2 videocassettes:
Belvedere PC. Cosmetic placement, indirect inlays, and resin reinforced bridges. Video J
Dent [videocassette]. 1997;6(4):[90 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Oleska JM. Lessons learned from the AIDs epidemic. Audio Dig Pediatr [audiocassette].
1995 Sep 5;41(17):Side A-B [60 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips. Accompanied by: booklet
with pre- and post-test questions.
Dunlevy C, Fix KN, Siegel AM, Hardin JC Jr, Kreisberg RE. Nicotine intervention in the
hospital setting: reviews. Clin Adv Cardiorespir Care [audiocassette]:1994 Nov;6(2):Side
1-2 [42 min.].
20. Article in audiocassette format appearing on more than one side

Olsen RC. Irritable bowel syndrome. Audio Dig Fam Pract [audiocassette]. 1995 Oct
2;43(37):Side A-B [presentation 2, 34 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips. Accompanied by:
booklet with post-test.
21. Article in audiovisual format with run time omitted

[audiocassette]. 1996 Jun;28(6):Side 3 [presentation 2]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
22. Article in audiovisual format accompanied by a booklet or other

material
Reeder JD. MRI of osseous neoplasm. MRI Updates Musculoskelet MRI [videocassette].
2003;16(5):[presentation 3, 35 min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 1/2 in. Accompanied
by: 1 syllabus.
Olsen RC. Irritable bowel syndrome. Audio Dig Fam Pract [audiocassette]. 1995 Oct
2;43(37):Side A-B [presentation 2, 34 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips. Accompanied by:
booklet with post-test.
23. Article in audiovisual format with supplemental note

Dec ;37(3) :Side 2 [16 min.]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips. Accompanied by: booklet with
learning objectives, quiz, and bibliography. Interviewed by Stewart M. Brown.
CAPOTEN: captopril. Drugs Devices [videocassette]. 1984 May;2(3):[presentation 4, 16
min.]. 1 videocassette: sound, color, 3/4 in. Located at: National Library of Medicine,
Bethesda, MD; W1 DR892EG.
[audiocassette]. 1996 Jun;28(6):Side 3 [presentation 2]. 1 audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips. ACCEL
is published by the American College of Cardiology.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Journal Titles in

Audiovisual Formats
Reference to an entire journal may be made in a reference list. The general format for a
reference to a journal title in audiovisual format, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats

example two, separate the beginning and ending volume and date information with a
hyphen with a space on either side. Because examples of journal titles published on
videocassette or audiocassette are few in number compared to journal titles in print
format, see also Chapter 1C Entire Journal Titles for additional examples of the specific
parts of a citation.
Journal titles in audiovisual format are usually found in videocassette or audiocassette
form. With the advent of CD-ROM and the Internet, many of these titles either ceased to
exist or migrated to the newer formats, but a few continue to be published and older titles
continue to be cited. Cite titles in audiovisual format using the standard format for print
journal titles (see Chapter 1C), but because special equipment is needed to view these
materials, add the appropriate type of medium, i.e., [videocassette] or [audiocassette],
after the title.
The physical description of an audiovisual is optional in a reference but may be included
to provide useful information. For example, a journal on videocassette may be provided in
either 1/2 in. or 3/4 in. formats, and different equipment is needed to view them. Other
information that also may be provided in the physical description is whether or not the
journal is displayed in color or black and white, or has sound. See Physical Description in
the next section for details.
version. If you wish to cite all volumes for a journal that has changed title, provide a
General Surgery [audiocassette]. Glendale (CA): Audio-Digest Foundation. Vol. 37,
No. 1, Jan 10, 1990 - . Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips. Continues: Audio-digest. Surgery.
Audio-digest. Surgery [audiocassette]. Glendale (CA): Audio-Digest Foundation.
Vol. 1, Jan 29, 1954 - Vol. 36, Dec 20, 1989. Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips. Continued by:
General Surgery.
It is not correct to cite this title as:
General Surgery [audiocassette]. Glendale (CA): Audio-Digest Foundation. Vol. 1,
Jan 29, 1954 - . Audiocassette: 1 7/8 ips.
Authoritative information on a journal in an audiovisual format, in order of preference,
may be found on: (1) the opening screens or wording, (2) the case containing the
audiovisual, and (3) any accompanying printed material.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats.
Citation Rules with Examples for Journal Titles in Audiovisual

Formats
it is optional.
Publisher (R) | Volume Number (R) | Issue Number (R) | Date of Publication (R) |
Title for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats (required)


Use whatever capitalization and punctuation are found within the title
Follow a non-English title with a translation whenever possible; place the


Spanish, Italian, etc.), provide the name in the original language
Video-Revista de Cirugia [videocassette].
Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean, or in a character-based language (Chinese,
Japanese)
Nervnaia Perevozka [videocassette].
Momaku Fukuijutsu [videocassette].
character-based languages.]
Retinal Surgery [videocassette].
For a journal appearing in two equal languages, as often occurs with Canadian
journals:
Begin with the title in the language appearing first in the publication
Include an equals sign with a space on either side
End with the title in the second language
publications.

treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Video Rivista Italiana di Gastroenterologia (Edizione Endoscopia Digestiva)
[Italian Video Review of Gastroenterology (Digestive Endoscopy Edition)]
[videocassette].

For a journal appearing in two equal languages, as often occurs with Canadian
journals:
opening screens of the issue, on the carrying case, or on accompanying
printed material
End with the title in the second language followed by a space and the type of
medium, placed in square brackets
List all languages after the date of publication (and Physical Description, if
found). Separate the languages by commas; end the list with a period.
Example:
Canadian Family Physician = Medecin de Famille Canadien
[videocassette].
Give the title in the first language found, in order of preference: on the
printed material
List all languages of publication after the date of publication (and Physical
Description, if found). Separate the languages by commas; end the list with a
period.
Example:
Video-Revista de Cirugia [videocassette]. Barcelona: Asociacion
Europea de Video-Cirugia. Vol. 1, 1984 - . Videocassettes: sound, color,
1/2 in. Spanish, English, French, Italian.

Separate the edition from the title proper by a space and place it in parentheses
End all title information with the medium of the journal, placed in square brackets,
Examples:
[videocassette].
First Image: the Video Journal of Medicine (OB/GYN Edition) [videocassette].
Examples for Title

1. Standard audiovisual journal title that is still being published
2. Standard audiovisual journal title that has ceased publication
4. Audiovisual journal title with edition
5. Audiovisual journal title not in English

6. Audiovisual journal title not in English, with optional translation
7. Audiovisual journal title published in multiple languages
Edition for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

Indicate the edition/version being cited after the title, if a journal is published in


parentheses
End all the title information with the medium of the journal, placed in square
brackets, followed by a period
Example:
Video Rivista Italiana di Gastroenterologia. Edizione Endoscopia
Digestiva.
becomes
Video Rivista Italiana di Gastroenterologia (Edizione Endoscopia
Digestiva) [videocassette].
For an edition statement written in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean or in a
authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables
parentheses
End all title information with the medium of the journal, placed in square
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Danish Oplag n.a.
Dutch Uitgave Uitg
Editie Ed
Finnish Julkaisu Julk
French Edition Ed


German Ausgabe Ausg
Greek Ekdosis Ekd
Italian Edizione Ed
Norwegian Publikasjon Pub
Portuguese Edicao Ed
Russian Izdanie Izd
Spanish Edicion Ed
Swedish Upplaga n.a.

Type of Medium for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

Indicate the type of medium (audiocassette, videocassette, etc.) following the title
(and edition, if present)
Place the name of the medium in square brackets, such as "[videocassette]"
End medium information with a period, placed outside the closing bracket
See Chapter 19B for journal titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk; see Chapter 23B for
journals on the Internet

Editor for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats (optional)

Enter the name of the editor in natural order. For example: John A. Jones.

Names not in English
Box 53. Names not in English.

publication
Iu. A. Iakontov
G. Th. Tsakalos
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor
Place of Publication for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats (required)


Non-US cities

Use the anglicized form for the name of a city, e.g., Rome for Roma and Moscow for
Moskva
province
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
name, follow the city with name of the country, either written out or as the two-
e.g., Spain for Espana. Place the country name or code in parentheses.
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but

If a journal has changed publishers over the years or if the publisher has changed its
As an option, if one place is a US city and the others are not, use the US one

If no place of publication can be found or inferred, use the words "place unknown"
in square brackets
Drugs & Devices [videocassette]. [place unknown]: International Therapeutics
Update Ltd. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1983 - Vol. 2, No. 4, 1984. Videocassettes: sound,
color, 3/4 in.

8. Audiovisual journal title with well-known place of publication
9. Audiovisual journal title with lesser-known place of publication
10. Audiovisual journal title with unknown place of publication
Publisher for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats (required)


Multiple publishers
Joint publication
Box 57a. Abbreviated words in publisher names.

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College

Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society

Romanize names presented in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, and
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
As an option, you may translate all publisher names not in English
Aarhus (Denmark): Aarhus University Press.
publisher.
include distributor information as a note.
European Video Journal of Cardiology [videocassette]. [place unknown]: ESC.
Vol. 1, No. 1, 1992 - Vol. 4, No. 6, 1996. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Distributed by Kluwer Academic Publishers, Hingham, MA.

If a journal has changed publishers over the years, give the name of the current (or
last) publisher
one set in the largest type or set in bold
the reference list, e.g., an American publisher for a US audience and a London
name provided first as the publisher and include the name of the second as a note, if
desired, such as "Jointly published by the Canadian Pharmacists Association".

For publications with joint or co-publishers, use the name provided first as the
publisher
Include the name of the second publisher as a note, if desired

square brackets

11. Audiovisual journal title with well-known publisher
12. Audiovisual journal title with publisher having subsidiary part
Volume Number for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

by the journal


ek

Perspectives: the Joint Commission Television Journal [videocassette].
Chicago: New Year Productions. No. 1, 1987 - No. 4, 1988. Videocassettes:
Health Plans, HIPAA, and COBRA Update: Current ERISA, Tax, and Other
Issues for Attorneys, Administrators, Insurers, and Consultants
[videocassette]. Philadelphia: American Law Institute-American Bar
Association Committee on Continuing Professional Education. 1998 - .

Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
AMT video digest [videocassette]. Chicago: American Medical Association.
Aug 1991-Sep 1992. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.

13. Audiovisual journal title with volume and issue number
14. Audiovisual journal title with issue number, but no volume
15. Audiovisual journal title without volume or issue numbers
Issue Number for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

used by the journal

Options for issues


If no volume number is present, follow the publisher with the issue number:
Perspectives: the Joint Commission Television Journal [videocassette].
Chicago: New Year Productions. No. 1, 1987 - No. 4, 1988. Videocassettes:

Waltham forum video for small animal practitioners [videocassette].
Lawrenceville (NJ): Veterinary Learning Systems Co. Vol. 1, 1991 - .

number:
Gastroenterology [audiocassette]. Glendale (CA): Audio-Digest Foundation.
Vol. 1, No. 1, Apr 30, 1987 - . Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips.
or
Vol. 1, Apr 30, 1987 - . Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips.

Date of Publication for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats (required)

May 2004
Jan
End beginning date information with a hyphen, three spaces, and a period if the
journal is still being published
End beginning date information with a hyphen with a space on either side, if the
journal ceased publication. Enter closing volume and issue information followed by
a comma and the closing month and year. End closing date information with a
period.

Options for dates

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
Oct 1999-Mar 2000
Dec 7, 2002-Jan 9, 2003
hyphen
Mar-Apr 2005
Dec 1999-Jan 2000
Feb 1-7, 2005
Jan 25-31, 2001
Spring-Summer 1994 - Fall-Winter 1995.
Spring 1987 - Fall-Winter 1990.

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
Examples:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

months or seasons:
Practical Reviews in Dermatology [audiocassette]. Birmingham (AL):
Educational Reviews, Inc. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1989 - Vol. 7, No. 6, Nov-Dec
1995. Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips.
or
Educational Reviews, Inc. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1989 - Vol. 7, No. 6, 1995.
Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips.

16. Audiovisual journal title with multiple month(s) in date
17. Audiovisual journal title with days of the month included in date
18. Audiovisual journal title with season in date
Physical Description for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats (optional)

Enter the medium on which the audiovisual title is issued, in plural form, followed
by a colon and a space. Example: Videocassettes:
Give information on the physical characteristics of an audiovisual, such as color and

size


Physical description of a journal in audiovisual format is optional in a reference but may
be included to provide useful information to the reader. For example, the size of an
audiovisual indicates what equipment is needed to view it.
Note that the words used in description are taken from ISO 832 and reflect standard
library practice. See Appendix C for a list of commonly used English words and their
abbreviations.
Give the type of medium on which the audiovisual journal appears, in plural form,
followed by a colon and a space. Examples: "Videocassettes:" and "Audiocassettes:"
Include physical characteristics, such as color and size. For example, videocassettes
are usually either 1/2 in. or 3/4 in. in size. The standard audiocassette is 2 in. x 4 in.
Audiocassettes are produced in a number of other sizes, but the standard size is
used for scientific journals. Size is usually omitted from the description of
audiocassettes unless it deviates from the standard. The speed of the audiocassette,
provided in terms of inches per second, is used in the description instead.
Abbreviate common words for measurement, such as in. for inches and ips. for
inches per second
sound
silent
color
black & white
1 7/8 ips. (standard speed for compact audiocassettes)
2 x 2 in. (standard slide size)

2 3/4 x 4 in. (non-standard slide size)
Videocassettes: sound, color with black & white, 1/2 in.
Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips.
Slides: color, 2 x 2 in.

Language for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats (required)



opening screens of the issue, on the carrying case, or on accompanying print
material
Indicate all languages of publication after the date(s) of publication (and
Physical Description if provided)
Example:
Video-Revista de Cirugia [videocassette]. Barcelona: Asociacion Europea de

Video-Cirugia. Vol. 1, 1984 - . Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Spanish,
English, French, Italian.
If a journal is published in two equal languages, as often occurs with Canadian
journals:
Begin with the title in the language appearing first in the publication
Enter the title in the second language
End all title information with the medium of the journal, placed in square
brackets, and a period
Give all languages of publication after the date(s) of publication (and Physical
Description if provided), separated by commas. End language information
with a period.

Notes for Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats (optional)

Notes is a collective term for any useful information about the journal itself
If the journal was published under another title, provide the name preceded by
"Continues: ". For example, Continues: Audio-digest. Surgery.
If the journal continues under another title, provide the name preceded by
"Continued by: ". For example, Continued by: General Surgery.


The name under which a journal was previously published, preceded by.
"Continues: "
Clinical Advances in Cardio-respiratory Care [audiocassette]. Birmingham
(AL): Educational Reviews. Vol. 5, No. 5, 1994 - Vol. 6, No. 3, 1994.
Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips. Continues: In Service Reviews in Respiratory

Therapy.
VideoUrology Times [videorcassette]. New York: VideoUrology Times. Vol. 4,
No. 1, 1991 - Vol. 12, No. 4, 1999. Videocassettes: sound, color with black &
white, 1/2 in. Continues: VideoUrology.
The name under which a journal continues to be published, preceded with
"Continued by: "
Dynamic Cardiovascular Imaging [videocassette]. Silver Spring (MD):
Dynamedia, Inc. Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring 1987 - Vol. 3, No. 4, Oct 1990.
Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Continued by: Video Journal of
Echocardiography.
VideoUrology [videocassette]. New York: P.C. Communications, Inc. Vol. 1,
No. 1, 1988 - Vol. 3, No. 4, 1990. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Continued by: VideoUrology Times.
If a journal is also available in another format:
General Surgery [audiocassette]. Glendale (CA): Audio-Digest Foundation.
Vol. 37, 1990 - . Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips. Continues: Audio-digest. Surgery.
Also available on CD-ROM.
The sponsorship of the journal if the sponsor is not also the publisher:
Educational Reviews, Inc. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1989 - Vol. 7, No. 6, Nov-Dec
1995. Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips. Sponsored by the Albert Einstein College of
Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center.
Frequency of publication of the journal:
Video Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery [videocassette]. St. Louis (MO):
Medical Video Productions. Vol. 10, No. 1, Jan 1996 - Vol. 15, No. 4, 2001.
Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Bimonthly.
The International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) of the journal:
Video Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery [videocassette]. St. Louis (MO):
Medical Video Productions. Vol. 10, No. 1, 1996 - Vol. 15, No. 4, 2001.
Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. ISSN: 1086-6841.
be found, preceded by the words "Located at: "
Leadership in Hospital Governance [videocassette]. Chicago: American

Hospital Association. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1992 - Vol. 1, No. 6, 1992. Videocassettes:
sound, color, 1/2 in. Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD;
W1 LE11M.
If the journal is usually accompanied by printed or other material, provide this
information preceded by the words "Accompanied by: "
Pulse: Emergency Medical Update [videocassette]. Easton (PA): Radiological
Society of North America. Vol. 1, 1996 - . Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Accompanied by: Training objective/instructors guide.
Vol. 1, No. 1, Apr 30, 1987 - . Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips. Accompanied by:
Study guide and post test.
Any other information that would be useful:
European Video Journal of Cardiology [videocassette]. [place unknown]: ESC.
Vol. 1, No. 1, 1992 - Vol. 4, No. 6, 1996. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
ESC is the European Society of Cardiology.
Examples for Notes

19. Audiovisual journal title previously published under another name
20. Audiovisual journal title continuing to be published under another name
21. Audiovisual journal title with sponsorship note
22. Audiovisual journal title with frequency of publication note
23. Audiovisual journal title with ISSN note
24. Audiovisual journal title with note on a library where it may be located
25. Audiovisual journal title with distributor note
26. Audiovisual journal title accompanied by other types of material
27. Audiovisual journal title with examples of other notes
Examples of Citations to Journal Titles in Audiovisual Formats

Pulse: Emergency Medical Update [videocassette]. Easton (PA): Radiological Society of
North America. Vol. 1, 1996 - . Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
General Surgery [audiocassette]. Glendale (CA): Audio-Digest Foundation. Vol. 37, No. 1,
Jan 10, 1990 - . Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips.

Leadership in Hospital Governance [videocassette]. Chicago: American Hospital
Association. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1992 - Vol. 1, No. 6, 1992. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Reflections on Cardiac Surgery [audiocassette]. Rancho Mirage (CA): Desert Heart
Institute Foundation. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1989 - Vol. 6, No. 5, 1989. Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips.
Illustrated Case Reports in Gastroenterology [slide]. London: Chapman & Hall. Vol. 1,
No. 1, Nov 1994 - Vol. 4, No. 3-4, Sep-Dec 1997. Slides: color, 2 x 2 in.
3. Audiovisual journal title with subtitle

RSNA Today: the Video Digest of Imaging Science, Technology and News [videocassette].
Easton (PA): Radiological Society of North America. Vol. 1, 1987 - Vol. 7, 1993.

[videocassette]. Rome: Video Intermedical Book. Vol. 1, 1988 - Vol. 7, 1994.
Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Italian.
First Image: the Video Journal of Medicine (OB/GYN Edition) [videocassette].
Englewood (CO): First Image Corp. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jun 1984 - Vol. 1, No. 7, May 1987.

[videocassette]. Rome: Video Intermedical Book. Vol. 1, 1988 - Vol. 7, 1994.
Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Italian.

Video Rivista Italiana di Gastroenterologia (Edizione Endoscopia Digestiva) [Italian
Video Review of Gastroenterology (Digestive Endoscopy Edition)] [videocassette]. Rome:
Video Intermedical Book. Vol. 1, 1988 - Vol. 7, 1994. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Italian.

Video-Revista de Cirugia [videocassette]. Barcelona: Asociacion Europea de Video-
Cirugia. Vol. 1, 1984 - . Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Spanish, English, French,
Italian.
8. Audiovisual journal title with well-known place of publication

Audio Journal of Oncology [audiocassette]. London: Audio Medica. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1993 -
Vol. 3, No. 4, 1995. Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips.
9. Audiovisual journal title with lesser-known place of publication

Medical Outlook for Infertility Specialists [audiocassette]. Ossining (NY): Cortlandt
Group Inc. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1989 - . Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips.
Waltham Forum Video for Small Animal Practitioners [videocassette]. Lawrenceville
(NJ): Veterinary Learning Systems Co. Vol. 1, 1991 - . Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2
in.
10. Audiovisual journal title with unknown place of publication

European Video Journal of Cardiology [videocassette]. [place unknown]: ESC. Vol. 1, No.
1, 1992 - Vol. 4, No. 6, 1996. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Drugs & Devices [videocassette]. [place unknown]: International Therapeutics Update
Ltd. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1983 - Vol. 2, No. 4, 1984. Videocassettes: sound, color, 3/4 in.
11. Audiovisual journal title with well-known publisher

Equine Video Journal [videocassette]. Rahway (NJ): Merck. Vol. 1, No. 1, Summer 1988 -
. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
12. Audiovisual journal title with publisher having subsidiary part

Resource: a Monthly Audio Digest of Current Issues in Health Care Risk Management
[audiocassette]. Cambridge (MA): Harvard Medical Institutions Inc., Risk Management
Foundation. Aug 1985-Feb 1994. Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips.

Video Journal of General Surgery [videocassette]. St. Louis (MO): Medical Video
Productions. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1992 - Vol. 5, No. 4, 1996. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Clinical Advances in Cardio-respiratory Care [audiocassette]. Birmingham (AL):
Educational Reviews. Vol. 5, No. 5, 1994 - Vol. 6, No. 3, 1994. Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips.

Perspectives: the Joint Commission Television Journal [videocassette]. Chicago: New Year
Productions. No. 1, 1987 - No. 4, 1988. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.

Health Plans, HIPAA, and COBRA Update: Current ERISA, Tax, and Other Issues for
Attorneys, Administrators, Insurers, and Consultants [videocassette]. Philadelphia:
American Law Institute-American Bar Association Committee on Continuing
Professional Education. 1998 - . Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
AMT Video Digest [videocassette]. Chicago: American Medical Association. Aug 1991-
Sep 1992. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
16. Audiovisual journal title with multiple month(s) in date

Practical Reviews in Dermatology [audiocassette]. Birmingham (AL): Educational
Reviews, Inc. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1989 - Vol. 7, No. 6, Nov-Dec 1995. Audiocassettes: 1
7/8 ips.
17. Audiovisual journal title with days of the month included in date
Gastroenterology [audiocassette]. Glendale (CA): Audio-Digest Foundation. Vol. 1, No. 1,
Apr 30, 1987 - . Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips.
18. Audiovisual journal title with season in date

Equine Video Journal [videocassette]. Rahway (NJ): Merck. Vol. 1, No. 1, Summer 1988 -
. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
19. Audiovisual journal title previously published under another name

Clinical Advances in Cardio-respiratory Care [audiocassette]. Birmingham (AL):
Educational Reviews. Vol. 5, No. 5, 1994 - Vol. 6, No. 3, 1994. Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips.
Continues: In Service Reviews in Respiratory Therapy.
VideoUrology Times [videocassette]. New York: VideoUrology Times. Vol. 4, No. 1, 1991
- Vol. 12, No. 4, 1999. Videocassettes: sound, color with black & white, 1/2 in. Continues:
VideoUrology.
20. Audiovisual journal title continuing to be published under another

name
Dynamic Cardiovascular Imaging [videocassette]. Silver Spring (MD): Dynamedia, Inc.
Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring 1987 - Vol. 3, No. 4, Oct 1990. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in.
Continued by: Video Journal of Echocardiography.
VideoUrology [videocassette]. New York: P.C. Communications, Inc. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1988 -
Vol. 3, No. 4, 1990. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Continued by: VideoUrology
Times.
21. Audiovisual journal title with sponsorship note

Audio Journal of Oncology [audiocassette]. London: Audio Medica. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1993 -
Vol. 3, No. 4, 1995. Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips. Sponsored by the British Oncological
Association.
Practical Reviews in Dermatology [audiocassette]. Birmingham (AL): Educational
Reviews, Inc. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1989 - Vol. 7, No. 6, Nov-Dec 1995. Audiocassettes: 1
7/8 ips. Sponsored by the Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical
Center.
22. Audiovisual journal title with frequency of publication note

Waltham Forum Video for Small Animal Practitioners [videocassette]. Lawrenceville
(NJ): Veterinary Learning Systems Co. Vol. 1, 1991 - . Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2
in. Quarterly.
Video Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery [videocassette]. St. Louis (MO): Medical Video
Productions. Vol. 10, No. 1, 1996 - Vol. 15, No. 4, 2001. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2
in. Bimonthly.
General Surgery [audiocassette]. Glendale (CA): Audio-Digest Foundation. Vol. 37, No. 1,
Jan 10, 1990 - . Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips. 24 issues per year. Continues: Audio-digest.
Surgery.
Medical Outlook for Infertility Specialists [audiocassette]. Ossining (NY): Cortlandt
Group Inc. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1989 - . Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips. Irregular.
23. Audiovisual journal title with ISSN note

Video Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery [videocassette]. St. Louis (MO): Medical Video
Productions. Vol. 10, No. 1, 1996 - Vol. 15, No. 4, 2001. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2
in. ISSN: 1086-6841.
24. Audiovisual journal title with note on a library where it may be

located
Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W1 LE11M.
25. Audiovisual journal title with distributor note

1, 1992 - Vol. 4, No. 6, 1996. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Distributed by Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Hingham, MA.
26. Audiovisual journal title accompanied by other types of material

Pulse: Emergency Medical Update [videocassette]. Easton (PA): Radiological Society of
North America. Vol. 1, 1996 - . Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. Accompanied by:
Training objective/instructors guide.
Gastroenterology [audiocassette]. Glendale (CA): Audio-Digest Foundation. Vol. 1, No. 1,
Apr 30, 1987 - . Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips. Accompanied by: Study guide and post test.
27. Audiovisual journal title with examples of other notes

1, 1992 - Vol. 4, No. 6, 1996. Videocassettes: sound, color, 1/2 in. ESC is the European
Society of Cardiology.
General Surgery [audiocassette]. Glendale (CA): Audio-Digest Foundation. Vol. 37, 1990
- . Audiocassettes: 1 7/8 ips. Continues: Audio-digest. Surgery. Also available on CD-
ROM.
1035
Chapter 17. Prints and Photographs

A. Individual Prints and Photographs

Examples
B. Collections of Prints and Photographs
Examples
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Individual Prints

and Photographs
The general format for a reference to a print or photograph, including punctuation:
- author and title provided:
- no author named and title constructed:
Examples of Citations to Individual Prints and Photographs

Prints and photographs usually include portraits, photographs or scenes (of people,
institutions, and places), caricatures, posters, and graphic art (illustrations and diagrams).
A print is a copy of a picture made by any printing process. The print may be an original
drawing, woodcut, etching, engraving, lithograph, or photograph transferred to the print
medium from a plate cut by an artist or engraver.
Prints and photographs often contain little information to use in constructing a citation.
A formal title may be absent and publishing facts unclear. Therefore, include in a citation,
whenever, possible the name of a library or other public archive where the item may be
found, along with any order or catalog number available. See Notes below.
Edition has a different meaning for prints than that used for books and all other formats.
For prints, edition refers to the total number of impressions or copies made from the
original. Thus a print with 50 copies is said to have an edition of 50. Edition is often found
at the bottom left or bottom right side of a print, expressed as a fraction. For example,
10/200 means that this print is the tenth impression of a total of 200 impressions made.
See Edition below.
This chapter covers citing prints and photographs that are published as separate entities,
not as illustrations in journal articles or books. See Chapter 1B Parts of Journal Articles
and Chapter 2C Parts of Books for information on citing the latter. Paintings, sculptures,
and other works of art are included only when a print or photograph of them has been
made. See NISO standard Z39.29 for information on citing the actual works of art.
Prints and photographs may be cited as individual items and as collections. See Chapter
17B Collections of Prints and Photographs for information on citing collections.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Prints and Photographs.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Individual Prints and Photographs.
Citation Rules with Examples for Individual Prints and

Photographs
it is optional.
Author (artist or photographer) (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Type of Medium
(R) | Edition (O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) |
Physical Description (O) | Series (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author (artist or photographer) for Individual Prints and Photographs

(required)
General Rules for Author (artist or photographer)
Prints and Photographs 1037
Separate multiple author names from each other by a comma and a space
End author information with a period unless the author role is included (see the
Author role included below)
Box 8. Author role included.

Supply the role played by the author, such as artist, engraver, or photographer,
following the author name, if desired. Note that a printer is not considered an
author.
Separate the name from the role by a comma and a space
Examples:
Ridley W, engraver. Harvey [print]. London: [publisher unknown]; 1796. 1
print: black & white.
Vedin A, Maliutina O, artists. Prichina-alkogol [poster]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo
Plakat; c1990. 1 poster: color, 66 x 48 cm. Russian.
If there are multiple authors with differing roles, separate each author name and
role with a semicolon and a space
Sokolov IS, author; Ivanov KK, artist. Stydno, diadia! [For shame, uncle!]
[poster]. Moscow: Ministerstvo Zdravookhraneniia SSSR, Institut Sanitarnogo
Prosveshcheniia; 1964. 1 poster: color, 56 x 43 cm. Russian.
Translate the word found for author, artist, engraver, photographer, or other role
into English, if possible. However, the wording found on the publication may
always be used.
To assist in identifying author roles in other languages, below is a brief list of non-
English words for them:
Word for Word for Word for Word for Word for
Language Author Artist Photographer Engraver Illustrator
French auteur artiste photographe graveur illustrateur
graphiste photograveur
German Verfasser Artist Fotograf Graveur Illustrator
Kunstler Kupferstecher

Grafiker Ziseleur
Italian autore artista fotografa incisore disegnatore
graphico fotografo intagliatore
fotoincisore
Latin auctor pinx fecit
conditor
scriptor
Spanish autor artista fotografo grabador ilustrador
pintor fotografa
pintora
Russian avtor khudozhnik fotograf graver konstruktor
sostavitel
Specific Rules for Author (artist or photographer)

Other surname rules
Author role included

Estelle Palmer-Canton; becomes Palmer-Canton E
Ahmed El-Assmy; becomes El-Assmy A
Alan D. O'Brien; becomes O'Brien AD

James O. L'Esperance; becomes L'Esperance JO
U. S'adeh; becomes S'adeh U
Charles A. St. James; becomes St James CA

Lama Al Bassit; becomes Al Bassit L
Jiddeke M. van de Kamp; becomes van de Kamp JM
Gerard de Pouvourville; becomes de Pouvourville G
Sergio Lopez Moreno; becomes Lopez Moreno S
Jaime Mier y Teran; becomes Mier y Teran J
Virginie Halley des Fontaines; becomes Halley des Fontaines V
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Jean-Louis Lagrot; becomes Lagrot JL
D'Arcy Hart; becomes Hart D
W. St. John Patterson; becomes Patterson WS
De la Broquerie Fortier; becomes Fortier D
Craig McC. Brooks; becomes Brooks CM
Ch. Wunderly; becomes Wunderly C
C. Fr. Erdman; becomes Erdman CF
letter
Iu. A. Iakontov; becomes Iakontov IuA
G. Th. Tsakalos; becomes Tsakalos GTh

James A. Reed, M.D., F.R.C.S.; becomes Reed JA
Kristine Schmidt, Ph.D.; becomes Schmidt K
Robert V. Lang, Major, US Army; becomes Lang RV

Sir Frances Hildebrand; becomes Hildebrand F
Dr. Jane Eberhard; becomes Eberhard J
Captain R.C. Williams; becomes Williams RC

Examples:
Vincent T. DeVita, Jr.; becomes DeVita VT Jr
James G. Jones II; becomes Jones JG 2nd
John A. Adams III; becomes Adams JA 3rd
Henry B. Cooper IV; becomes Cooper HB 4th

Hebrew, or Korean, or character-based languages, such as Chinese and Japanese
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

The American Cancer Society; becomes American Cancer Society

If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear as authors, use the
names of the individuals as the author and give the organization at the end of the
reference as a note
appear on the publication. Whenever possible follow a non-English name
brackets.
or
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

If no person or organization can be identified as the author, begin the reference
with the title of the print or photograph. Do not use anonymous.

It is not NLM practice for citing authors of prints and photographs, but the full
names of authors may be given.
Takagi, Yasushi.
Mann, Frederick D.
Examples for Author (artist or photographer)

1. Standard citation for a print or photograph
2. Print or photograph author with optional full first name
3. Print or photograph author with optional role provided

4. Print or photograph author with only last name provided
5. Print or photograph with multiple authors
6. Print or photograph authors with different roles
7. Print or photograph with organization as author
8. Print or photograph with no author found
9. Print or photograph with author affiliation
Author Affiliation for Individual Prints and Photographs (optional)

Follow the affiliation with a comma placed outside the parentheses, unless the
affiliation is for the last author, then use a period


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College

Div. for Division
Soc. for Society

a space
Example:
Patrias K (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda MD. [email protected]).

France).
Milano, Milan, Italy).
Romania).
Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia).
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

Title for Individual Prints and Photographs (required)

Enter the title of the print or photograph as it appears on the original document, in
the original language
and initialisms
already present
in square brackets
End a title with a space unless a question mark or exclamation point already ends it


Swedish, etc.)
Le sida se transmet aussi de cette facon [poster].
Drug vodki--vrag profsoiuza [poster].
Hashika yakubyoyoke [print].
or
[Protector against measles] [print].
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Methoden der perioperativen Eigenbluttransfusion [poster].
Trezvost', zakon dorog [Sobriety, law of the road] [poster].
Hashika yakubyoyoke [Protector against measles] [print].

If a title is presented in two or more languages, give the titles in the order they are
found in the text, with an equals sign between them. Indicate the languages,
separated by commas, after the date (and physical description, if given).
Boillard J, artist; Booth T, sculptor. Assemblee des vieux garcons = The
assembly of old batchelors [print]. London: Bowles & Carver; [date
unknown]. 1 print: color, 16 x 22 cm. French, English.
Girardet E. La consultation = Die consultation [print]. Paris: Lemercier; [date
unknown]. 1 print: color, 28 x 24 cm. French, German.
Morris, artist. Tobacco or health: choose health = Le tabac ou la sante:
choisissez la sante = Tabaco o salud: elija la salud [poster]. Geneva: World
Health Organization; 1988. 1 poster: color, 42 x 30 cm. English, French,
Spanish.
Padey G, Auberson G. Parlons sante = Let's talk health! = Hablemos de la
salud! = Falemos da saude! [poster]. Geneva: World Health Organization;
[date unknown]. 1 poster: color, 42 x 60 cm. French, English, Spanish,
Portuguese.
character.
1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin [print].
von Willebrand disease incidence [print].
becomes omega.
Enantioselective synthesis of -amino acids [print].
may become
Enantioselective synthesis of beta-amino acids [print].
TiO2 nanoparticles [print].
may become
TiO(2) nanoparticles [print].

Most titles end in a period. Place [print], [photograph], [poster], etc., inside the
period.
Day J. Dying before their time: early death & AIDS [poster]. Farmington
(CT): University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Section of Medical Arts
& Letters; 1988. 1 poster: color, 21 x 14 in.
[print], [photograph], [poster], etc., with a period
AIDS is over, right? [poster]. New York: Visual AIDS; 1998. 1 poster: color, 24
x 35 in.
Gillray J. The cow pock-or-the wonderful effects of the new inoculation!
[print]. London: H. Humphrey; 1802 Jun 12. 1 print: etching, color, 9 x 14 in.
Prosveshcheniia; 1964. 1 poster: color, 56 x 43 cm. Russian.

A print or a photograph often will have no title, either on the face of the item or on its
reverse.
Construct a title that describes the image shown
Examples:
[Interior view of the ear] [poster].
[Floor plans for laboratory] [print].
Examples for Title

10. Print or photograph title with subtitle
11. Print or photograph title ending in punctuation other than a period
12. Print or photograph with constructed title
13. Print or photograph title in a language other than English
14. Print or photograph title with parallel text in two or more languages
15. Print or photograph title for a conference
Type of Medium for Individual Prints and Photographs (required)

Indicate the specific type of medium (print, photograph, poster, etc.) following the
title
"[photograph]."
Description


Most titles end in a period. Place [print], [photograph], [poster], etc., inside the
period.
[print], [photograph], [poster], etc., with a period
Gillray J. The cow pock-or-the wonderful effects of the new inoculation!
[print]. London: H. Humphrey; 1802 Jun 12. 1 print: etching, color, 9 x 14 in.
If a translation of a title is provided, place the specific name for the type of medium
in square brackets following the translation
Prosveshcheniia; 1964. 1 poster: color, 56 x 43 cm. Russian. Shows man
smoking in front of a young boy.

If a translation of a title is provided, place the name for the type of medium in
square brackets following the translation
Prosveshcheniia; 1964. 1 poster: color, 56 x 43 cm. Russian. Shows man
smoking in front of a young boy.


16. Print or photograph with edition
17. Print or photograph with well known place of publication
18. Print or photograph with lesser known place of publication
19. Print or photograph with place of publication inferred
20. Print or photograph with no place of publication found
21. Print or photograph publisher with subsidiary department/division named
22. Print or photograph with government agency as publisher
23. Print or photograph with no publisher found
24. Print or photograph with no place of publication or publisher found
25. Print or photograph date with month and day included
26. Print or photograph with date of copyright instead of date of publication
27. Print or photograph with date estimated
28. Print or photograph with no date of publication found
29. Print or photograph with no place, publisher, or date of publication found
30. Print or photograph with physical description
31. Print or photograph with a series
32. Print or photograph with the name of library or other archive included
33. Print or photograph with supplemental note included
Edition for Individual Prints and Photographs (optional)

Prints are made in a varying number of impressions or copies, called an edition, such as
an edition of 20 or an edition of 100.
Begin with the word Edition followed by a colon, a space, and the total number of
impressions. For example: Edition: 50.
Express numbers representing editions in arabic numbers. For example: XXX;
becomes 30.


Translate all words used for edition into English
To help identify words used in other languages, below is a brief list of Non-English
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.


publicacion publ.

Place of Publication for Individual Prints and Photographs (required)

Place is defined as the city where the print or photograph was published

Non-US cities

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but
Canada

If no place of publication can be found on the print or photograph, but one can be
reasonably inferred (e.g., Chicago as the place for a publication of the American
Medical Association), place the city in square brackets, such as [Chicago].
Kennedy RA. [Christian B. Anfinsen] [photograph]. [Bethesda (MD)]:
National Institutes of Health (US), Photographic Research Section; [1952?]. 1
Blossom D. Tufts University School of Medicine [photograph]. [place
unknown]: E.R. Squibb & Sons; c1966. 1 photograph: color, 11 x 14 in.

Publisher for Individual Prints and Photographs (required)

Division.


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society
See Appendix C for more abbreviations of commonly used English words


Institute];
transliterating Chinese publisher names only the first word and proper nouns are
capitalized.]
publisher information, give the names in hierarchical order from highest to lowest.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
publication.
publisher.
National Technical Information Service (NTIS). Designate the agency or other
organization that issued the print or photograph as the publisher and include
distributor information as a note, preceded by "Available from: ".
Tips to protect children from environmental risks [poster]. Washington:
Environmental Protection Agency (US); [2002?]. 1 poster: color, 5.75 x 9.75
in. Available from: US Government Printing Office; EP 1.48:T 49/CHART.

Spellman DD. [Hugo A. Freund] [photograph]. Detroit: [publisher unknown];
c1948. 1 photograph: black & white.

21. Print or photograph publisher with subsidiary department/division named
Date of Publication for Individual Prints and Photographs (required)

Jan


Capitalize them
For example:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Some publications have both a year of publication and a year of copyright. A copyright
Use only the year of publication unless three or more years separates the two dates
In the above situation, use both dates, beginning with the year of publication
Separate the dates by a comma and a space. For example, 2002, c1997.
This convention alerts a user that the information in the publication is older than the year

example c2005.
& Letters; c1988. 1 poster: color, 21 x 14 in.

be estimated because of material contained on the item itself or on accompanying
in square brackets
Kennedy RA. [Christian B. Anfinsen] [photograph]. [Bethesda (MD):
National Institutes of Health (US), Photographic Research Section; [1952?]. 1
If a specific year cannot be estimated, but an approximate date or range of years can
be reasonably inferred, precede the date or date range with the word "circa" and
place date information in square brackets. For example, circa 1800 and circa 1950s.
First aid packet: first aid help for wounds [print]. [place unknown: publisher
unknown; circa 1900]. Located at: Prints and Photographs Collection,
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; Order No.: A022483.
[Martin Freligh][print]. Philadelphia: Galaxy Pub. Co.; [date unknown]. 1

The date of publication may follow the author names (or title if there is no author) in the
list of references when the name-year system of in-text references is used
Place the year after the last named author (or title and type of medium if there is no
NLM citation:
The world's debt to Pasteur [poster]. Edition: 1000. Philadelphia: Wistar
Institute; c1984. 1 poster: color, 9 x 13 in.
Observation of bacterial growths in medium to study their effects on teeth
[photograph]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Institute of Dental Research (US);
[date unknown]. 1 photograph: black & white, 8 x 10 in.
Day J. 1988. Dying before their time: early death & AIDS [poster]. Farmington
& Letters. 1 poster: color, 14 x 21 in.
The world's debt to Pasteur [poster]. c1984. Edition: 1000. Philadelphia:
Wistar Institute. 1 poster: color, 9 x 13 in.
Observation of bacterial growths in medium to study their effects on teeth
[photograph]. [date unknown]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Institute of Dental
Research (US). 1 photograph: black & white, 8 x 10 in.

26. Print or photograph with date of copyright instead of date of publication
Physical Description for Individual Prints and Photographs (optional)

Give the physical characteristics of the print, photograph, etc., such as 1
photograph: black & white, 8 x 10 in.


colon and a space
1 photograph:
3 posters:
common words for measurement, such as in. for inches and cm. for centimeters.
color
black & white
8 x 10 in. (size)
21 x 26 cm. (size)
1 print: color, 9 x 14 in.
1 poster: color, 51 x 76 cm.
1 poster: black & white with color, 12 x 19 in.
1 photograph: color, 11 x 14 in.
1 photograph: black & white, 8 x 10 in.

Series for Individual Prints and Photographs (optional)

Examples for Series

Language for Individual Prints and Photographs (required)

Give the language of the print, photograph, etc., if not English

Titles appearing in more than one language
Box 35. Titles appearing in more than one language.

If a print or photograph has titles appearing in two or more equal languages, give
the titles in the order they are presented in the text, with an equals sign between
them
Indicate the particular languages, separated by a comma, after the physical
description
Examples:
Boillard J, artist; Booth T, sculptor. Assemblee des vieux garcons = The
assembly of old batchelors [print]. London: Bowles & Carver; [date
unknown]. 1 print: color, 16 x 22 cm. French, English.
Padey G, Auberson G. Parlons sante! = Let's talk health! = Hablemos de la
salud! = Falemos da saude! [poster]. Geneva: World Health Organization;
[date unknown]. 1 poster: color, 42 x 60 cm. French, English, Spanish,
Portuguese.

Notes for Individual Prints and Photographs (optional)

Be brief

Information on the location of the print or photograph
Box 36. Information on the location of the print or photograph.

If the print or photograph is unusual, give the name of a library or other archive
where it may be found, including the city, the state/province/country, and any
catalog or other finding number
Begin with the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space
End with a period
Example:
Lamsvelt J. Johan Freyer [print]. [place, publisher, date unknown]. 1 print:
black & white. Located at: Prints and Photographs Collection, National
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; Order No. B012357.

reference feels is useful to the reader. Begin by citing the print or photograph, then
add the note. Some examples of notes are:
The name of the printer
Nunney, artist. Learning to be doctors in Fiji [poster]. New York: British
Information Services; [date unknown]. 1 poster: color, 51 x 76 cm.
Printed by Alf Cooke Ltd.
If the print or photograph was sponsored by or prepared for a particular
organization, give the name
Baron DA, photographer. Would you be more careful if it was you that
got pregnant? [poster]. California: Pharmacists Planning Service, Inc.;
c1986. 1 poster: halftone, 11 x 17 in. Sponsored by Clinica de la Raza,
Oakland, California.
If the print or photograph contains material of particular interest to the
audience that may not be apparent from the title, describe it
Spellman DD. [Hugo A. Freund] [photograph]. Detroit: [publisher

unknown]; c1948. 1 photograph: black & white. Autographed; letter
attached.
[Floor plans for laboratory] [print]. [Washington]: Army (US), Office of
the Surgeon-General; [date unknown]. 1 print: black & white, 7 x 9 in.
G12 surgical building for 2000 bed hospital.
Jenner E. [The hand Jenner used as a source for his vaccine] [print].
Milan (Italy): Lier; 1923. 1 print: black & white. Facsimile of 1798
edition.
Examples for Notes

32. Print or photograph with the name of library or other archive included
Examples of Citations to Individual Prints and Photographs

Day J. Dying before their time: early death & AIDS [poster]. Farmington (CT): University
of Connecticut School of Medicine, Section of Medical Arts & Letters; 1988. 1 poster:
color, 14 x 21 in.

Netter, Frank H. [Interior view of the ear] [poster]. Summit (NJ): Ciba; [date unknown]. 1
poster: color, 39 x 27 in.

Nunney, artist. Learning to be doctors in Fiji [poster]. New York: British Information
Services; [date unknown]. 1 poster: color, 51 x 76 cm.
Vedin A, Maliutina O, artists. Prichina-alkogol' [poster]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Plakat;
c1990. 1 poster: color, 66 x 48 cm. Russian.
Ridley W, engraver. Harvey [print]. London: [publisher unknown]; 1796 May 7. 1 print:
black & white, 3 x 5 in.
Baron DA, photographer. Would you be more careful if it was you that got pregnant?
[poster]. California: Pharmacists Planning Service, Inc.; c1986. 1 poster: halftone, 11 x 17
in.

Walter, engraver. John F. Frazer, A.M. [print]. Philadelphia: Harrison; [date unknown]. 1
print: black & white, 7 x 10 in.
Nunney, artist. Learning to be doctors in Fiji [poster]. New York: British Information
Services; [date unknown]. 1 poster: color, 51 x 76 cm.

Vedin A, Maliutina O. Prichina-alkogol' [poster]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Plakat; c1990. 1
poster: color, 66 x 48 cm. Russian.
Padey G, Auberson G. Parlons sante! = Let's talk health! = !Hablemos de la salud! =
Falemos da saude! [poster]. Geneva: World Health Organization; [date unknown]. 1
poster: color, 42 x 60 cm. French, English, Spanish, Portuguese.

Sokolov IS, author; Ivanov KK, artist. Stydno, diadia! [For shame, uncle!] [poster].
Moscow: Ministerstvo Zdravookhraneniia SSSR, Institut Sanitarnogo Prosveshcheniia;
1964. 1 poster: color, 56 x 43 cm. Russian.

College des Ondes. Le sida se transmet aussi de cette facon [AIDS is transmitted by this
behavior] [poster]. [Mauritius]: Mauritius Ministere de la Sante, Health Education Unit;
[date unknown]. 1 poster: color, 12 x 19 in. French.

Observation of bacterial growths in medium to study their effects on teeth [photograph].
[Bethesda (MD)]: National Institute of Dental Research (US); [date unknown]. 1
[Floor plans for laboratory] [print]. [Washington]: Army (US), Office of the Surgeon-
General; [date unknown]. 1 print: black & white, 7 x 9 in.

Joseph N (Smart + Strong, New York, NY). Let's talk [poster]. [Washington]: Pan
American Health Organization; 1999. 1 poster: color, 18 x 24 in.

Help wanted: set your own hours [poster]. Bethesda (MD): National Cancer Institute
(US); [date unknown]. 1 poster: color, 17 x 22 in.

AIDS is over, right? [poster]. New York: Visual AIDS; 1998. 1 poster: color, 24 x 35 in.
Gillray J. The cow pock-or-the wonderful effects of the new inoculation! [print]. London:
H. Humphrey; 1802 Jun 12. 1 print: color, 9 x 14 in.
Sokolov IS, author; Ivanov KK, artist. Stydno, diadia! [For shame, uncle!] [poster].
Moscow: Ministerstvo Zdravookhraneniia SSSR, Institut Sanitarnogo Prosveshcheniia;
1964. 1 poster: color, 56 x 43 cm. Russian.

Kennedy RA. [Christian B. Anfinsen] [photograph]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Institutes
of Health (US), Photographic Research Section; [1952?]. 1 print: black & white, 10 x 8 in.
[Portrait of five African American female nurses in uniform, circa 1920] [photograph].
[New York]: National League for Nursing Press; c1991. 1 photograph: black & white, 8 x
10 in.

Le soleil peut etre dangereux: travail ou loisirs, protegez-vous [poster]. Paris: Ligue
Nationale Contre le Cancer; 1992. 1 poster: color, 12 x 16 in. French.
Diesen H. Rus fri [poster]. Norway: Statens Edruskapsdirektorat; [date unknown]. 1
poster: color, 60 x 42 cm. Norwegian.
Drug vodki--vrag profsoiuza [print]. Moscow: Narkomzdrava R.S.F.S.R.; 1926. 1 poster:
color, 71 x 105 cm. Russian.
with translation
Le soleil peut etre dangereux: travail ou loisirs, protegez-vous [The sun can be dangerous:
at work or play, protect yourself] [poster]. Paris: Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer; 1992.
1 poster: color, 12 x 16 in. French.
Diesen H. Rus fri [Intoxication free] [poster]. Norway: Statens Edruskapsdirektorat; [date
unknown]. 1 poster: color, 60 x 42 cm. Norwegian.
Drug vodki--vrag profsoiuza [Friend of vodka--enemy of the trade union] [print].
Moscow: Narkomzdrava R.S.F.S.R.; 1926. 1 poster: color, 71 x 105 cm. Russian.
Boillard J, artist. Assemblee des vieux garcons = The assembly of old batchelors [print].
London: Bowles & Carver; [date unknown]. 1 print: color, 16 x 22 cm. French, English.
Girardet E. La consultation = Die consultation [print]. Paris: Lemercier; [date unknown].
1 print: color, 28 x 24 cm. French, German.
Padey G, Auberson G. Parlons sante! = Let's talk health! = !Hablemos de la salud! =

Falemos da saude! [poster]. Geneva: World Health Organization; [date unknown]. 1
poster: color, 42 x 60 cm. French, English, Spanish, Portuguese.
Morris, artist. Tobacco or health: choose health = Le tabac ou la sante: choisissez la sante
= Tabaco o salud: elija la salud [poster]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1988. 1
poster: color, 42 x 30 cm. English, French, Spanish.

Geriatric assessment methods for clinical decisionmaking [poster]. Consensus
Development Conference on Geriatric Assessment Methods; 1987 Oct 19-21; Bethesda,
MD. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US), Medical Arts and Photography
Branch; 1987. 1 poster: color, 27 x 32 in.
Congreso Nacional y Primera Conferencia Internacional de Salud Oral [National
Congress and 1st International Conference on Oral Health] [poster]. Lima (Peru): Colegio
Odontologico del Peru; 1971. 1 poster: color, 21 x 27 in. Spanish.

The world's debt to Pasteur [poster]. Edition: 1000. Philadelphia: Wistar Institute; c1984. 1
poster: color, 9 x 13 in.

The heifer from which the vaccine matter is taken [print]. New York: Harper & Brothers;
1870. 1 print: black & white, 10 x 8 in.
Le soleil peut etre dangereux: travail ou loisirs, protegez-vous [The sun can be dangerous:
at work or play, protect yourself] [poster]. Paris: Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer; 1992.
1 poster: color, 12 x 16 in. French.

Stoepman F. From witchdoctor to MD: a review of more than 20 centuries of medical
skill--of the scholars, the diseases and the sick--of the world around them [poster].
Haarlem (Netherlands): The Halls; 1972. 1 poster: color, 21 x 31 in.
color, 14 x 21 in.

10 in.


Blossom D. Tufts University School of Medicine [photograph]. [place unknown]: E.R.
Squibb & Sons; c1966. 1 photograph: color, 11 x 14 in.
Thom RA. Pharmacy in Ancient China (about 2000 B.C.) [print]. [place unknown]: Parke
Davis & Company; 1951. 1 print: color, 8 1/2 x 11 in.
21. Print or photograph publisher with subsidiary department/division

named
color, 14 x 21 in.
Marasmus baby [poster]. Lilongwe (Malawi): Malawi Ministry of Health, Health
Education Section; 1988. 1 poster: black & white, 11 x 23 in.

[Floor plans for laboratory] [print]. [Washington]: Army (US), Office of the Surgeon-
General; [date unknown]. 1 print: black & white, 7 x 9 in.

Spellman DD. [Hugo A. Freund] [photograph]. Detroit: [publisher unknown]; 1948 Feb. 1

Kyllingstad H. Indian hospital [photograph]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 1951.
Eareckson CN. [Dr. Harry Friedenwald] [photograph]. [place unknown: publisher
unknown]; 1928. 1 photograph: black & white, 5 x 8 in.

Ridley W, engraver. Harvey [print]. London: [publisher unknown]; 1796 May 7. 1 print:
black & white, 3 x 5 in.
26. Print or photograph with date of copyright instead of date of

publication
10 in.
Vedin A, Maliutina O. Prichina-alkogol [poster]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Plakat; c1990. 1

Kennedy RA. [Christian B. Anfinsen] [photograph]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Institutes
of Health (US), Photographic Research Section; [1952?]. 1 print: black & white, 10 x 8 in.
First aid packet: first aid help for wounds [photograph]. [place unknown: publisher
unknown; circa 1900]. 1 photograph: black & white, 5 x 6 in. Located at: Prints and
Photographs Collection, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; Order No.:
A022483.

Darbois D. [A young boy in Japan with polio] [photograph]. [Geneva]: World Health
Organization; [date unknown]. 1 photograph: black & white, 7 x 10 in.
M Freligh [print]. Philadelphia: Galaxy Pub. Co.; [date unknown]. 1 print: black & white,
6 x 9 in. Portrait of Martin Freligh.
29. Print or photograph with no place, publisher, or date of publication

found
Johan Freyer [print]. [place, publisher, date unknown]. 1 print: black & white, 6 x 7 in.
Located at: Prints and Photographs Collection, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda,
MD; Order No. B012357.
Berry T, engraver. John Gerarde: master in chirurgerie [print]. [place, publisher, date
unknown]. 1 print: black & white, 6 x 8 in. Located at: Prints and Photographs Collection,
National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; Order No. B012807.

[Men in uniform] [print]. New York: G.W. Averell; 1875. 1 print: sepia, 10 x 12 in.
Vedin A, Maliutina O. Prichina-alkogol' [poster]. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Plakat; c1990. 1

Davis & Company; 1951. 1 print: color, 8 1/2 x 11 in. (A history of pharmacy in pictures;
3).
32. Print or photograph with the name of library or other archive

included
Johan Freyer [print]. [place, publisher, date unknown]. 1 print: black & white. Located at:
Prints and Photographs Collection, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; Order
No. B012357.

Riley J, artist. [John Freke] [print]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 1718. 1 print:
black & white, 6 x 9 in. From a sculpture by Vertue.
Davis & Company; 1951. 1 print: color, 8 1/2 x 11 in. (A history of pharmacy in pictures;
3). Shows Shen Nung, a Chinese emperor, examining herbs.
1 photograph: black & white, 7 x 9 in. Taken at the Santa Fe Indian Hospital, New Mexico.
Baron DA, photographer. Would you be more careful if it was you that got pregnant?
[poster]. California: Pharmacists Planning Service, Inc.; c1986. 1 poster: halftone, 11 x 17
in. Sponsored by Clinica de la Raza, Oakland, California.
Spellman DD. [Hugo A. Freund] [photograph]. Detroit: [publisher unknown]; 1948 Feb. 1
photograph: black & white, 8 x 11 in. Autographed; letter attached.
[The hand Jenner used as a source for his vaccine] [print]. Milan (Italy): Lier; 1923. 1
print: black & white. Facsimile of 1798 drawing by Jenner.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Collections of

Prints and Photographs
The general format for a reference to a collection of prints and photographs, including
punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Collections of Prints and Photographs

Prints and photographs may be cited as individual items or as collections. In the rules
section below, information on citing collections is placed after the rules for citing an
individual print or photograph.
Titles for collections are unusual in that they are assigned by the library or other archive
housing the collection. Although collection titles are constructed, they are not placed
within square brackets as are constructed titles for an individual print or photograph.
Other areas of difference include:
Range of dates for the collection is provided instead of a single date of publication.
Place of publication and publisher information is absent.
Name of the library or archive housing the collection is required in the citation.
Note that most example citations in this chapter are from the Prints and Photographs
Collection of the National Library of Medicine. Since the Collection is housed
organizationally within the Library's History of Medicine Division, many items are
historical in nature. However, the rules provided are applicable to contemporary material.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Collections of Prints and Photographs
Continue to Examples of Citations to Collections of Prints and Photographs
Citation Rules with Examples for Collections of Prints and

Photographs
it is optional.
Author (artist or photographer) (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Type of Medium
(R) | Secondary Author (O) | Date of Publication (R) | Physical Description (O) | Library
or Other Archive Where Located (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author (artist or photographer) for Collections (required)

General Rules for Author (artist or photographer)
End author information with a period unless the author role is included (see
Author role included below)
Box 45. Author role included.

Supply the role played by the author, such as artist, engraver, or photographer,
following the author name, if desired. Note that a printer is not considered an
author.
Separate the name from the role by a comma and a space
Examples:
Tabor M, photographer.
Riley J, artist.
If there are multiple authors with differing roles, separate each author name and
role with a semicolon and a space
Sokolov IS, author; Ivanov KK, artist.
Translate the word found for author, artist, engraver, photographer, or other role
into English whenever possible. However, the wording found on the publication
may always be used.
To assist in identifying author roles in other languages, below is a brief list of non-
English words for them:
French auteur artiste photographe graveur illustrateur
graphiste photograveur
German Verfasser Artist Fotograf Graveur Illustrator
Kunstler Kupferstecher

Grafiker Ziseleur
Italian autore artista fotografa incisore disegnatore
graphico fotografo Intagliatore
fotoincisore
Latin auctor pinx fecit
conditor
scriptor
Spanish autor artista fotografo grabador ilustrador
pintor fotografa
pintora
Russian avtor khudozhnik fotograf graver konstruktor
sostavitel
Specific Rules for Author (artist or photographer)

Other surname rules
Author role included
Compiler instead of an author

Estelle Palmer-Canton; becomes Palmer-Canton E
Ahmed El-Assmy; becomes El-Assmy A
Alan D. O'Brien; becomes O'Brien AD

James O. L'Esperance; becomes L'Esperance JO
U. S'adeh; becomes S'adeh U
Charles A. St. James; becomes St James CA

Lama Al Bassit; becomes Al Bassit L
Jiddeke M. van de Kamp; becomes van de Kamp JM
Gerard de Pouvourville; becomes de Pouvourville G
Sergio Lopez Moreno; becomes Lopez Moreno S
Jaime Mier y Teran; becomes Mier y Teran J
Virginie Halley des Fontaines; becomes Halley des Fontaines V
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Jean-Louis Lagrot; becomes Lagrot JL
D'Arcy Hart; becomes Hart D
W. St. John Patterson; becomes Patterson WS
De la Broquerie Fortier; becomes Fortier D
Craig McC. Brooks; becomes Brooks CM
Ch. Wunderly; becomes Wunderly C
C. Fr. Erdman; becomes Erdman CF
letter
James A. Reed, M.D., F.R.C.S.; becomes Reed JA
Kristine Schmidt, Ph.D.; becomes Schmidt K
Robert V. Lang, Major, US Army; becomes Lang RV

Sir Frances Hildebrand; becomes Hildebrand F
Dr. Jane Eberhard; becomes Eberhard J
Captain R.C. Williams; becomes Williams RC

Examples:
Vincent T. DeVita, Jr.; becomes DeVita VT Jr
James G. Jones II; becomes Jones JG 2nd
John A. Adams III; becomes Adams JA 3rd
Henry B. Cooper IV; becomes Cooper HB 4th
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

The American Cancer Society; becomes American Cancer Society

If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear as authors, use the
names of the individuals as the author and give the organization at the end of the
reference as a note
appear on the publication. Whenever possible follow a non-English name
brackets.
or
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Box 46. Compiler instead of an author.

A compiler is someone who collects and organizes the work of others.
Place the name of a compiler in the author position when the collection consists of
the works of various individuals or organizations
Follow the same rules as used for author names
Separate the names of multiple compilers with a comma
Follow the name of a single compiler or the last named compiler with a comma and
the word compiler or compilers
End compiler information with a period
Example:
Kase G, compiler. Mt. Airy Forest collection [prints + slides]. 1928-1954. 549
prints: black & white, 9 x 15 cm.; 64 slides: color, 2 x 2 in. Located at:
Cincinnati Historical Society Library, Cincinnati, OH.
If there are both an author and a compiler, place the compiler in the secondary
author position, following the title and type of medium

with the title of the print or photograph. Do not use anonymous.

The following format is not NLM practice for citing authors of collections, but the
full names of authors may be given
Takagi, Yasushi.
Mann, Frederick D.
Examples for Author (artist or photographer)

1. Print and photograph collections
Author Affiliation for Collections (optional)



Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society

a space
Example:
Patrias K (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda MD. [email protected]).

France).
Romania).
Medical Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia).
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

Title for Collections (required)

Enter the title of the collection as assigned by the holder of the collection
and initialisms
already present


Because the title of a collection is assigned by the library or other archive housing the
collection, the title will be in the language of the country where the library or archive is
located, regardless of the language of the materials contained in the collection.
To cite a collection in a non-English speaking country:
Swedish, etc.)
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
character.
von Willebrand disease as depicted in the early twentieth century [prints].
becomes omega.
Synthesis of -amino acids at the Karolinska Institute [photographs].
may become
Synthesis of beta-amino acids at the Karolinska Institute [photographs].
TiO2 coatings developed at the California Institute of Technology [prints].
may become
TiO(2) coatings developed at the California Institute of Technology [prints].
Examples for Title

Type of Medium for Collections (required)

Indicate the specific type of medium (prints, photographs, posters, etc.) of the items
in the collection following the title
"[photographs]."
Description for Collections


Collections may contain more than one type of medium.
Place the types in square brackets after the title
Separate the types by a plus sign (+) between spaces
Example:
Visual materials from the Blackwell family papers [slides + prints]. 1840-circa
1935. 171 items: 28 x 23 cm. or smaller. Located at: Prints & Photographs
Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC; LOT 13267. Collection
contains chiefly lantern slides and photographic prints.

Secondary Author for Collections (optional)

A secondary author modifies the work of the author, such as the compiler of a
collection
Place the names of secondary authors after the title, following the type of medium
Use the same rules for the format of names presented in Author (artist or
photographer) for Collections above
Follow the last named compiler with a comma and the word compiler or compilers


Translate the word found for compiler, editor, translator, or other secondary author
into English whenever possible. However, the wording found on the print,
photograph, or accompanying material may always be used.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
To assist in identifying secondary authors, below is a brief list of non-English
words for them
Word for Word for Word for Word for
Language Compiler Editor Translator Illustrator
French compilateur redacteur traducteur illustrateur
editeur
German zusammensteller redakteur ubersetzer illustrator
Italian compilatore redattore traduttore disegnatore
curatore

Word for Word for Word for Word for

Language Compiler Editor Translator Illustrator
editore
Spanish recopilador redactor traductor ilustrador
compilador editor
Russian sostavitel' redaktor perevodchik konstruktor
izdatel
Date of Publication for Collections (required)

Give the date range of the items in the collection
Enter the earliest date of publication, a hyphen, and the latest date of publication.
For example: 2000-2005.
Follow the last year with a period

Date estimated
Box 57. Date estimated.

If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found for items in a
collection, but dates can be estimated because of material contained on the items
themselves or on accompanying material, place a question mark after the estimated
date
1942-1945?
If a specific year cannot be estimated, but an approximate date or range of years can
be reasonably inferred, precede the date or date range with the word "circa", such as
circa 1800 and circa 1950s
circa 1900-1920
circa 1960s
Example:
Examples for Date

Physical Description for Collections (optional)

Give information on the total number and physical characteristics of the prints,
photographs, etc., in the collection, such as 16 photographs: black & white, 8 x 10
in. or smaller.


colon and a space
325 photographs:
32 posters:
common words for measurement, such as in. for inches and cm. for centimeters.
color
black & white
8 x 10 in. (size)
21 x 26 cm. (size)
155 photographs: black & white.
420 prints: black & white and color, 13 x 17 in. or smaller.
51 posters: color, 27 x 32 in.

Collections may contain more than one type of medium.
Place the types in square brackets after the title
Separate the types by a plus sign (+) between spaces
Example:

Library or Other Archive Where Located for Collections (required)

General Rules for Library or Other Archive
Give the name of the library or archive, preceded by any subsidiary division, and
followed by a comma and a space. For example: Prints and Photographs Collection,
National Library of Medicine.
US state or Canadian province; add the country if not the US or Canada, either
written out or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D)
Enter a semicolon and any identifying number for the collection
Specific Rules for Library or Other Archive


Provide the name in the original language for non-English names found in the
Bibliotheque Nationale de France
Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) names in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew,
or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables.
Biblioteka, Academia de Stiinte Medicale
Romanize or translate names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese).
Place translated names in square brackets.
Kokuritsu Kobunshokan
or
[National Archives]
Provide an English translation after the original language name if possible; place
Biblioteka, Academia de Stiinte Medicale [Library, Academy of Medical
Sciences]
Kokuritsu Kobunshokan [National Archives]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

always be used.
Montreal, QC
Ottawa, ON
Vancouver, BC
Examples for Library or Other Archive

Language for Collections (required)

Give the language of the collection, if not English

Collections with items appearing in more than one language
Box 60. Collections with items appearing in more than one language.
If the items in a print or photograph collection have text in two or more languages,
indicate the languages in the order they are presented, separated by a comma, after
date range (and the physical description, if present)
Example:
Spanish Civil War poster collection [posters]. 1936-1939. 123 posters: color,
161 x 213 cm. or smaller. Located at: Prints and Photographs Division, Library
of Congress, Washington, DC; Card No. 2001697400. Spanish, English,
Esperanto, French. Many artists are represented. Among the more notable or
frequently represented artists are: Jose Bardasano, Carles Fontsere, Aleix
Hinsberger, and Ramon Puyol.

Notes for Collections (optional)

Be brief

Types of material to include in notes
Box 63. Types of material to include in notes.

reference feels is useful to the reader
Begin by citing the print or photograph collection, then add the note
End with a period
Some examples of notes for collections are:
Details on the type of prints or other media
Collection contains engravings, etchings, lithographs.
Subject content if not evident from the title
Photographs depict contemporary health care professionals at work.

Unusual or special aspects of the collection
Many artists are represented. Among the more notable or frequently
represented artists are: Jose Bardasano, Carles Fontsere, Aleix
Hinsberger, and Ramon Puyol.
Any restrictions on viewing the collection placed on it by the library or
archive
Available by appointment only.
Examples for Notes

Examples of Citations to Collections of Prints and Photographs

Tabor M. Martha Tabor collection [photographs]. 1985-2006. 155 photographs: black &
white. Located at: Prints and Photographs Collection, National Library of Medicine,
Bethesda, MD. Photographs depict contemporary health care professionals at work.
Spanish Civil War poster collection [posters]. 1936-1939. 123 posters: color, 213 x 161 cm.
or smaller. Located at: Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress,
Washington, DC; Card No. 2001697400. Spanish, English, Esperanto, French. Many artists
are represented. Among the more notable or frequently represented artists are: Jose
Bardasano, Carles Fontsere, Aleix Hinsberger, and Ramon Puyol.
Patent medicine labels and advertisements [prints]. 1830-1985. 420 prints: black & white
and color, 13 x 17 in. or smaller. Located at: Prints & Photographs Division, Library of
Congress, Washington, DC; LOT 10632. Collection contains engravings, etchings,
lithographs.
Visual materials from the Blackwell family papers [slides + prints]. 1840-circa 1935. 171
items: 28 x 23 cm. or smaller. Located at: Prints & Photographs Division, Library of
Congress, Washington, DC; LOT 13267. Collection contains chiefly lantern slides and
photographic prints.
Kase G, compiler (Board of Park Commissioners, Cincinnati, OH). Mt. Airy Forest
collection [prints + slides]. 1928-1954. 549 prints: black & white, 9 x 15 cm.; 64 slides:
color, 2 x 2 in. Located at: Cincinnati Historical Society Library, Cincinnati, OH.
1101
Citing Material on CD-

ROM, DVD, or Disk
1103
Chapter 18. Books and Other Individual Titles on

CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

Examples
See also:
Chapter 2 Books
Chapter 22 Books and Other Individual Titles on the Internet
Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Entire Books and

Other Individual Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk
The general format for a reference to an entire book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk,
Examples of Citations to Books and Other Individual Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk
A book or other type of monograph on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk is cited in a way similar
to such books appearing in print, with these exceptions:
Because special equipment is needed to view these materials, the type of medium
(CD-ROM, DVD, disk) is placed in square brackets after the title.
If the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk has been updated or revised since the initial date of
publication, the date of update/revision is added in square brackets after the date of
publication.
Extent (pagination) is given in terms of the number and type of physical pieces,
such as 1 DVD or 2 CD-ROMs.
Physical description such as color and size may be added after the extent.
System requirements such as the names and versions of any required software may
be included as a note.
The authoritative source for information to use in a citation for a book is, in order of
preference: the opening screen(s); the face of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk; the jewel case
(carrying case); and accompanying print documentation.
While all books have elements in common for citation purposes (such as author, title,
publisher information, and date), specific types of monographs have additional elements.
For example, technical report citations should include report and contract numbers and
bibliography citations should include the time period covered and the number of
references included. Citation examples for such specific types of books are included below,
but refer to the chapters covering these publications for more detail.
Parts and Contributions to Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk
This chapter includes citation rules for entire books on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk. For
citing parts or contributions to these books, combine the guidelines presented in this
chapter with those in Chapter 2B Individual Volumes of Books (Chapter 2B(1) Volumes
With a Separate Title but Without Separate Authors/Editors or Chapter 2B(2) Volumes
With a Separate Title and Separate Authors/Editors), Chapter 2C Parts of Books, and
Chapter 2D Contributions to Books. See also examples 44-45 below.
the intellectual content of a publication:
Begin a reference to a part of a book with information about the book; follow it
with the information about the part
followed by the word "In:" and information about the book itself.
As when citing parts and contributions to print books, provide the length of the part or
contribution to a book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk whenever possible. If traditional page
numbers are not present, calculate the extent of the part or contribution using the best
means possible, i.e., number of paragraphs, screens, pages if printed out, or minutes if an
oral presentation. Since screen size and print fonts vary, precede the estimated number of
screens and pages with the word about and place extent information in square brackets,
such as [about 3 screens]. For parts and contributions that contain hyperlinks, however,
such as the last sample citation in example 44, it will not be possible to provide the length.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Books and Other Individual Titles on CD-
ROM, DVD, or Disk.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Books and Other Individual Titles on CD-ROM,
DVD, or Disk.
Books and Other Individual Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk 1105
Citation Rules with Examples for Books and Other Individual

Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk
it is optional.
(R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of Update/Revision (R) | Extent
(Pagination) (O) | Physical Description (O) | Series (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author/Editor for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

List names in the order they appear on the opening screens, the jewel case (carrying
case), or in accompanying material

Other surname rules


[If you cannot determine from the opening screens whether a surname is
compound or a combination of a middle name and a surname, look elsewhere
in the text or in any accompanying material for clarification. For example,
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

letter


Examples:

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor


a book as authors, use the names of the individuals as the author and give the
organization at the end of the reference as a note, if desired
languages, such as French, Italian, Spanish, German, etc.) as they appear in
the publication. Whenever possible follow a non-English name with a
translation. Place all translations in square brackets.
brackets.
or
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

translators are given, begin the reference with the title. Do not use anonymous.
Typhoid Mary, the most dangerous woman in America [DVD]. Nancy Porter
Productions, Inc., producer. Boston: WGBH Educational Foundation; c2005. 1
DVD: 60 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.


1. Standard citation to a book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk
2. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk showing authors with optional full first names
3. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with author/editor name including designations
of rank within a family
4. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with authors/editors having particles or prefixes
in their names
5. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with authors/editors having compound last
names
6. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with secondary authors when there is no author
7. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with author(s) and secondary authors
8. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with organization as author/editor
9. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with organization as author, with subsidiary
department/division named
10. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with multiple organizations as author
11. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no authors or editors
Author Affiliation for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)



Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society

a space
Example:

German, Spanish, Italian, etc.)
Spain).

Kubo A, Ishida T.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

12. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with author affiliation included
Title for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

Enter the book title as it appears on the opening screens, in the original language
and initialisms
already present
in square brackets

Book titles in more than one language
Translated book titles ending in punctuation other than a period
Book titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character
No book title can be found

Give the title in the original language for non-English titles found in the roman
etc.)
Lopez Pinero JM, Jerez Moliner F. Atlas historico de la ilustracion anatomica:
desde el Renacimiento al Siglo XX [CD-ROM]. Valencia (Spain): Faximil
Edicions Digitales; c2003. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Spanish.
Pruvodce Zdravotnickym muzeem v Praze s obrazovou galerii sbirek [CD-
ROM]. Prague: Koniasch Latin Press; 1999. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Czech.
Zhongguo sheng wu yi xue wen xian shu ju ku [CD-ROM]. Beijing: Zhongguo
yi xue ke xue yuan, Yi xue xin xi yan jiu suo; [1993?]. 1 CD-ROM: sound,
color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese.
or
[Chinese biomedical disk] [CD-ROM]. Beijing: Zhongguo yi xue ke xue yuan,
Yi xue xin xi yan jiu suo; [1993?]. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Hager H. Ophthalmodynamographie: eine neue augenarztliche Methode zur
Beurteilung des Gehirnkrei slaufes [DVD]. Tubingen (Germany): Eberhard-
Karls-Universitat; 1968. 1 DVD: 16 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in. German.
desde el Renacimiento al Siglo XX [Historical atlas of medical illustration:
from the Renaissance to the 20th century] [CD-ROM]. Valencia (Spain):
Faximil Edicions Digitales; c2003. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Spanish.
Box 16. Book titles in more than one language.

List all languages of publication after the extent (pagination) and any physical
description
Example:
WHO medicines bookshelf [CD-ROM]. Version 4.0. Geneva: World
Health Organization; c2004. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. English, French,
Spanish.
If a book title is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in
Give all titles in the order in which they are given in the text
Place an equals sign with a space on each side between each title
List the particular languages, separated by commas, after the extent
(pagination) and any physical description
Example:
Rached T. Medecins de coeur = Doctors with hearts [DVD]. [Montreal
(QC)]: National Film Board of Canada; c2006. 1 DVD: 112 min., sound,
color, 4 3/4 in. French, English.
Box 17. Translated book titles ending in punctuation other than a period.
square brackets. Place the closing period after the type of medium.
Place it within the square brackets for the translation and end title information with
a period.
Une epidemie de l'obesite? [An epidemic of obesity?] [DVD].
Box 18. Book titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special
character.
capitalized
von Willebrand factor and the mechanisms of platelet function
becomes omega.
Synthesis of -amino acids
may become
TiO2 nanoparticles
may become
TiO(2) nanoparticles
Box 19. No book title can be found.

Occasionally a publication does not appear to have any title; the book or other document
simply begins with the text. In this circumstance:
Examples for Book Title

13. Book title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with subtitle
14. Book title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk ending in punctuation other than a period
15. Book title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in a language other than English
16. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk published with equal text in two languages
40. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk that is a conference proceedings
Content Type for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

dissertation, master's thesis, bibliography, or map
Place [dissertation], [master's thesis], [bibliography], or [map] after the book title
Follow the bracketed content type with a space
See Chapter 5 Dissertations and Theses, Chapter 6 Bibliographies, and Chapter 9
Maps for more detail

41. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk that is a bibliography
42. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk that is a dissertation
Type of Medium for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

Indicate the type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, disc, etc.) following the title (and
content type, if present)
"[DVD]."
Description below
See Chapter 15 for books in audiovisual formats and Chapter 22 for books on the
Internet

Both a content type and medium
Book in more than one type of medium
Book titles ending in punctuation other than a period
Box 20. Both a content type and a medium.

If a dissertation, master's thesis, bibliography, or map is on a CD-ROM, DVD, or
disk, give the content type and the word "on" before the type of medium.
Voigts LE, Kurtz PD, compilers. Scientific and medical writings in Old and
Middle English: an electronic reference [bibliography on CD-ROM].
Windows version. Ann Arbor (MI): University of Michigan Press; c2000. 1
CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Okroi M. Der blutgruppenforscher Fritz Schiff (1889-1940): Leben, Werk und
Wirkung eines judischen Deutschen [dissertation on CD-ROM]. [Lubeck
(Germany)]: Universitat zu Lubeck; 2004. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. German.
Box 21. Book in more than one type of medium.

If a book is presented in more than one type of medium, give both
Separate the two types by a plus sign with a space on either side
Place both in square brackets
Examples:
Haney H, Leibsohn J. Basic counseling responses in groups: a multimedia

learning system for the helping professions [CD-ROM + videocassette].
Pacific Grove (CA): Brooks/Cole/Wadsworth; c2001. 1 CD-ROM: sound,
color, 4 3/4 in.; 1 videocassette: 38 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.
Keyboard microbiology series [CD-ROM + disk]. Blue Bell (PA): Keyboard
Pub.; 1995. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.; 5 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
Box 22. Book titles ending in punctuation other than a period.

Most book titles end in a period. Place [CD-ROM], [DVD], or [disk] inside the
period.
Schwid HA, O'Donnell DF. Sedation simulator [CD-ROM]. Version 1.0.
Issaquah (WA): Anesoft Corporation; c1998. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4
in.
[CD-ROM], [DVD], or [disk] with a period
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Public Health; Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (US). The epidemic of obesity: personal
choice or environmental consequence? [DVD]. [place, publisher, date
unknown]. 1 DVD: 4 3/4 in.

If a translation of a title is provided, place the type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD,
disk) within square brackets after the translation.

14. Book title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk ending in punctuation other than a period
16. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk published with equal text in two languages
36. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in more than one medium

Edition for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

Indicate the edition/version being cited after the title and type of medium when a
book is published in more than one edition or version
adjectives

Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.
translated

period
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.

First editions

For non-English edition statements using the roman alphabet (French, German,
familiar one
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
period
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
familiar one

period
Examples:
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
For an edition statement in a character-based language such as Chinese and
Japanese:
Examples:
becomes o
becomes u

Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-pàn.
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.


publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

edition
Use 1st ed. only when you know that subsequent editions were published and you
wish to cite the earlier one

If a CD-ROM, DVD, or disk provides information for both an edition and a version:
Examples:
Clinical teaching slides on CD-ROM: 16 chapters of teaching images in
gastroenterology & liver disease [CD-ROM]. 2nd ed.; Version 2.0. Timonium
(MD): Milner-Fenwick; c2001. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Netter FH. Interactive atlas of human anatomy [CD-ROM]. Version 3.0;
Student ed. Teterboro (NJ): Icon Learning Systems; c2003. 1 CD-ROM: sound,
color, 4 3/4 in.

18. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition or version
19. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition or version in a language other
than English
20. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition and a version
Editor and other Secondary Authors for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or

Disk (optional)
producers, translators, and illustrators.
Place the names of secondary authors after the title, following any content type,
type of medium, or edition statement
Use the same rules for the format of names given in Author/Editor above

Organization as editor or other secondary author

Examples:
illustrators.


Example:

English if possible. However, the wording found on the publication may always be
used.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Below is a brief list of non-English words for secondary authors to assist in
identifying them:
Language Word for Editor Producer Translator Illustrator
French redacteur producteur traducteur illustrateur


editeur
German redakteur produzent ubersetzer illustrator
herausgeber produzentin dolmetscher
Italian redattore produttore traduttore disegnatore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor rezhisser perevodchik konstruktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor productor traductor ilustrador
editor productora
Box 31. Organization as editor or other secondary author.

An organization may be listed as an editor or other secondary author.
Place a comma, space, and the word editor, producer, or other role after the
organizational name
editor.
Separate multiple organizations by a semicolon
Brocheriou C, Baglin AC, Wassef M. Stomatology - ENT = Stomatologie -
ORL [CD-ROM]. Got C, editor; ADICAP; ICG Memoire Directe, producers.
Heidelberg (Germany): Springer Electronic Media; [1998?]. 1 CD-ROM: color,
4 3/4 in. English, French.

6. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with secondary authors when there is no author
Place of Publication for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)


Non-US cities
Joint publication

always be used.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but
Canada

Use the city of the first organization found on the opening screens (or on the face of
the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, or on the jewel case or in accompanying material if no
publisher information appears on the opening screens), as the place of publication
desired
Spitzer M, Jones HW 3rd, Runowicz CD, Waggoner SE. Advanced colposcopy
[CD-ROM]. Washington: American College of Obstetricians and
Gynecologists; c2002. 1 CD-COM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Joint publication of
the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology.


If no place of publication can be found on the opening screens (or on the face of the
CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, or on the jewel case or in accompanying material), but
one can be found elsewhere in the publication or can be reasonably inferred (e.g.,
Lewis D, Christensen D. War hospital [DVD]. [Montreal (QC)]: National Film
Board of Canada; 2005. 1 DVD: 89 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Thant M. ECG primer [disk]. [place unknown]: Information Systems for
Medicine; c1987. 4 computer disks: sound, color, 5 1/4 in.

21. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with well-known place of publication
22. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with geographic qualifier added to place of
publication for clarity
23. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with place of publication inferred
24. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no place of publication found

29. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no place of publication or publisher
found
34. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no place, publisher, or date of publication
found
Publisher for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

Give the name of the publisher as it appears in the publication, using whatever
Division.

Joint publication
Multiple publishers

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division

Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society

Give publisher names appearing in the roman alphabet (French, Spanish, German,
Italian, etc.) in their original language
Institute];
[Note that the concept of capitalization does not exist in Chinese. In
transliterating Chinese publisher names, capitalize only the first word and
proper nouns]

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
publication.
publisher.
publisher and include distributor information as a note, preceded by "Available
from: ".
Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; HE
20.4050:B 53/2000.

Use the first organization appearing on the opening screens (or on the face of the
CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, or on the jewel case or in accompanying material if no
publisher information appears on the opening screens)
desired
Example:
Gynecologists; c2002. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Joint publication of

Association".
Example:
Gynecologists; c2002. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Joint publication of

Leung CW. Diagnostic picture tests in paediatric infectious diseases [CD-
ROM]. Princess Margaret Hospital; Our Lady of Maryknoll Hospital,
producers. Hong Kong: [publisher unknown]: 2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4
in.

25. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with publisher having a subsidiary
department/division
26. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with government agency or other national
body as publisher
27. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with joint publishers
28. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no publisher found
29. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no place of publication or publisher
found
found
Date of Publication for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

such as Jan
End date of publication information with a period unless a Date of Update/Revision
is included, then use a space


2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan

names of seasons.

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Use only the date of publication unless three or more years separate it from the
copyright date

example c2005.
Hillman SK. Interactive functional anatomy [DVD]. London: Primal Pictures
Ltd.; c2003. 1 DVD: color, 4 3/4 in.

be estimated because of material in the book or in accompanying material, place a
question mark after the estimated date and put date information in square brackets
Brussels (Belgium): Nauwelaerts; [date unknown].

It is not NLM policy, but the date of publication may follow the author names in the list of
Place the year after the last named author (or after the title and type of medium if
there is no author), followed by a period
Keep any date of update/revision in it's usual location
NLM citation:
Subbarao M. Tough cases in carotid stenting [DVD]. Woodbury (CT): Cine-

Med, Inc.; 2003. 1 DVD: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Subbarao M. 2003. Tough cases in carotid stenting [DVD]. Woodbury (CT):
Cine-Med, Inc. 1 DVD: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.

30. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with month included in date of publication
31. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date range
32. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date of copyright instead of date of
publication
33. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with update date
found
Date of Update/Revision for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

General Rules for Date of Update/Revision
A book may be updated or otherwise revised after the date of publication
Use whatever wording for update/revision is found, such as updated, revised, or
modified
Enter date information in the format year month day, such as updated 2006 Oct 2
such as Jan
Place all update/revision information in square brackets, such as [updated 2006 Oct
2]
End date of update/revision with a period outside the closing bracket
Specific Rules for Date of Update/Revision

Both a date of update and a date of revision


Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring
Box 51. Both a date of update and a date of revision.

Place a date of update or revision in square brackets following the date of
publication
Rubenstein E, editor. Scientific American medicine consult [CD-ROM]
Version 2.5a. New York: Scientific American, Inc.; 1990 [updated 1990 Sep]. 1
If both a date of update and a date of revision are provided, give both in ascending
date order
[revised 2006 Dec 4; updated 2007 Feb 12].
[updated 2005 May 6; modified 2006 Mar 10].
Put both dates in one set of square brackets, separated by a semicolon
Example:
New York: Elsevier; 2000 [revised 2001 Sep; updated 2003 Oct].
Examples for Date of Update/Revision

Extent (Pagination) for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

General Rules for Extent (Pagination)
Give the total number of physical pieces on which the book appears
Follow the number with the name of the medium, such as 2 CD-ROMs or 4
computer disks
End extent information with a period unless physical description is included, then
use a colon
Specific Rules for Extent (Pagination)


If a book is presented in more than one type of medium, provide the extent for both
Separate extent for the two types by a semicolon
End extent information with a period
Examples:
Pub.; 1995. 1 CD-ROM; 5 computer disks.
Pacific Grove (CA): Brooks/Cole/Wadsworth; c2001. 1 CD-ROM; 1
videocassette.
Examples for Extent (Pagination)

35. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with extent and physical description
Physical Description for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

Give information on the physical characteristics of the book, such as 1 CD-ROM:
color, 4 3/4 in.


When a book is published on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk:
colon and a space
1 DVD:
2 CD-ROMs:
4 computer disks:
common words for measurement, such as in. for inches.
sound
color
black & white
4 3/4 in. (standard CD-ROM and DVD size)
3 1/2 in. (standard computer disk size)
5 1/4 in. (older computer disk size)
1 DVD: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
2 CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.
5 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.

If a book is presented in more than one type of medium, give the physical
description for both, separated by a semicolon
Examples:
Pub.; 1995. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.; 5 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
Pacific Grove (CA): Brooks/Cole/Wadsworth; c2001. 1 CD-ROM: sound,
color, 4 3/4 in.; 1 videocassette: 38 min., sound, color, 1/2 in.

Series for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)


Multiple series

information.
Give surname first
example, vol. 3 and no. 12.
Example:
(Jones L, editor. Medicine on CD-ROM; no. 5).

A book may be part of more than one series. Include information on all series if desired.
last series
Example:
(Atlas of anatomy; no. 13); (Medicine on CD-ROM education series).
Examples for Series

37. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with a series
Language for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)



description
Example:
WHO medicines bookshelf [CD-ROM]. Version 4.0. Geneva: World
Health Organization; c2004. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. English, French,
Spanish.
publications:
List the languages after the extent (pagination) and any physical description,
separated by a comma
Example:
Rached T. Medecins de coeur = Doctors with hearts [DVD]. [Montreal
(QC)]: National Film Board of Canada; c2006. 1 DVD: 112 min., sound,
color, 4 3/4 in. French, English.

19. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition or version in a language other
than English
21. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with well-known place of publication
Notes for Books on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

Notes is a collective term for any useful information given after the citation
Be brief

System requirements
Box 58. System requirements.

The system requirements necessary to run the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk helps by
describing the particular software and hardware needed to view the book.
Begin with the phrase "System Requirements" followed by a colon and a space
Use the wording supplied by the publisher; no standardization is needed
Separate the types of information with a semicolon
End requirement information with a period
Examples:
Rosenberg AG. The arthritic knee [CD-ROM]. 2nd ed. Rosemont (IL):
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; c2002. 1 CD-ROM: sound, 4
3/4 in. System Requirements: 586 Class Chip (e.g., K6, Pentium), 200 MHz or
better; 32 MB RAM, 2MB or more of video RAM; Windows 95 or Windows
98; CD-ROM (8x or faster) or DVD drive (4x or faster); Sound Blaster-
compatible sound card; modem compliant with standard V.90. (56 Kpbs);
mouse.
Young MJ. Introductory genetics [disk]. Pelham (NY): E.M.E. Corp.; c1983. 1
computer disk: 5 1/4 in. System Requirements: Apple II, Apple II Plus, or
Apple IIe.

reference feels is useful to the reader. Begin by citing the book, then add the note. Some
If the book is accompanied by additional material, describe it. Begin with the
phrase "Accompanied by" followed by a colon and a space.
Giardino AP. Child maltreatment: training modules and slide sets [CD-ROM].
St. Louis (MO): G.W. Medical Pub.; c2000. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
Accompanied by: 3 vol. of instructional modules and 3 vol. of workbooks.
If the book is not a common one, give the name of a library or other archive where
it may be found, including any finding number. Begin with the phrase "Located at"
followed by a colon and a space.
Sherman RA. Pain assessment & intervention from a psychophysiological
perspective [CD-ROM]. [place, publisher, date unknown]. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4
in. Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; WL 704 CDR no.
8 2003.
If the book title contains initialisms or acronyms, explain them
Miller C, Wildman S, Elgiadi S. The I.C.N.E. computer assisted instruction for
intravenous medications: calculation problems [disk]. Spokane (WA):
I.C.N.E.; c1990. 1 computer disk: 5 1/4 in. ICNE is the Intercollegiate Center
for Nursing Education.
name
Mold in the building environment [DVD]. Atlanta (GA): American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, c2005. 1 DVD: 180
min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Sponsored by ASHRAE's Chapter Technology
Transfer Committee.
If the book was assigned an International Standard Book Number (ISBN), give the
number preceded by "ISBN: "
Kacmarek RM. Advanced respiratory care [CD-ROM]. Version 3.0.
Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2000. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color,
4 3/4 in. ISBN: 9780683404890.
Examples for Notes

38. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with optional system requirements
39. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with supplemental note included
43. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk that is a technical report
Examples of Citations to Books and Other Individual Titles on

CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk
1. Standard citation to a book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk
Kacmarek RM. Advanced respiratory care [CD-ROM]. Version 3.0. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2000. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Subbarao M. Tough cases in carotid stenting [DVD]. Woodbury (CT): Cine-Med, Inc.;
2003. 1 DVD: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
intravenous medications: calculation problems [disk]. Spokane (WA): I.C.N.E.; c1990. 1
computer disk: 5 1/4 in.
2. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk showing authors with optional full

first names
Anderson, Shauna C.; Poulsen, Keila B. Anderson's electronic atlas of hematology [CD-
ROM]. 2nd version. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2002. 1 CD-ROM:
color, 4 3/4 in.
3. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with author/editor name including

designations of rank within a family
Rosser J Jr. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: patient education program [CD-ROM]. New
York: Springer-Verlag New York; c1998. 2 CD-ROMs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Dalley AF 2nd, Gould DJ. Dynamic human anatomy: student version [CD-ROM].
Version 1.0 for Windows. [Baltimore (MD)]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2004. 1
Spitzer M, Jones HW 3rd, Runowicz CD, Waggoner SE. Advanced colposcopy [CD-
ROM]. Washington: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; c2002. 1 CD-
ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
4. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with authors/editors having particles

or prefixes in their names
McBryde AM Jr, Haddad SL, Marks RM, McCluskey LC, editors. Selective exposures in
orthopaedic surgery: the ankle [CD-ROM]. Rosemont (IL): American Academy of
Orthopaedic Surgeons; c2002. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Cody RP, Just SB, de la Motte CL. Understanding biostatistics [disk]. Chapel Hill (NC):
Health Sciences Consortium; [1990?]. 4 computer disks: color, 5 1/4 in.
De Simone R, Paolella G. Interactive atlas of transesophageal color doppler

echocardiography [CD-ROM]. Heidelberg (Germany): Springer Electronic Media; c1997.
1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Van Ost L. Goniometry: an interactive tutorial [CD-ROM]. Thorofare (NJ): SLACK;
c2000. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
White SC, Wagner IV, van der Stelt PF. DS X-Ray: decision support for interpretation of
radiographic lesions and clinical management [CD-ROM]. Berlin: Quintessenz Verlag;
Schwid HA, O'Donnell DF. Sedation simulator [CD-ROM]. Version 1.0. Issaquah (WA):
Anesoft Corporation; c1998. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
5. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with authors/editors having

compound last names
Bush-Joseph CA, editor. Selective exposures in orthopaedic surgery: the knee [CD-ROM].
Rosemont (IL): American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; c2002. 1 CD-ROM: sound,
color, 4 3/4 in.
Martinez de Castillo SL, Werner-McCullough M. Calculating drug dosages: an interactive
approach to learning nursing math [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis; c2002. 1 CD-
ROM: 4 3/4 in.
6. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with secondary authors when there is

no author
Got C, editor. Urological pathology = Pathologie urologique [CD-ROM]. ADICAP; ICG
Memoire Directe, producers. Heidelberg (Germany): Springer Electronic Media; [1998?].
1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. (Atlas of pathology; 5). English, French.
Hawkins RJ, Pearl ML, editors. The athlete's shoulder [DVD]. Rosemont (IL): American
Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; c2002. 1 DVD: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Arrhythmias case studies [CD-ROM]. Version 5.0 for Windows. Massachusetts General
Hospital, Laboratory of Computer Science; Harvard Medical School, producers. Boston:
Massachusetts General Hospital; c1998. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Mentoring: the experience of a lifetime [DVD]. Envision, Inc., producers. Brooklyn (NY):
National Student Nurses' Association; c2005. 1 DVD: 25 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Origins of human aggression: the other story [DVD]. Maher JP, director. [Montreal
(QC)]: National Film Board of Canada; 2005. 1 DVD: 50 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.

Bradshaw S. The Millennium goals: dream or reality? [DVD]. Richards J, editor. London:
TVE; c2004. 1 DVD: 27 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Brocheriou C, Baglin AC, Wassef. Stomatology - ENT = Stomatologie - ORL [CD-ROM].

Got C, editor; ADICAP; ICG Memoire Directe, producers. Heidelberg (Germany):
Springer Electronic Media; [1998?]. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. English, French.
Wenger NS, Lieberman JR. Ethical issues in orthopaedic surgery [DVD]. American
Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; Academic Orthopaedic Society; American
Orthopaedic Association, producers. Rosemont (IL): American Academy of Orthopaedic
Surgeons; c2003. 1 DVD: 21 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
8. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with organization as author/editor

John Sabella & Associates Incorporated. Onboard first aid: immediate actions [DVD].
South Tom's River (NJ): Shipboard Video Express; c2005. 1 DVD: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Texas Heart Institute. Aortic valve replacement [CD-ROM]. West Hartford (CT): ORlive;
9. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with organization as author, with

subsidiary department/division named
Yale University School of Medicine, Center for Advanced Instructional Media. Atlas of
myocardial perfusion imaging [CD-ROM]. Macintosh ed. 1.0. St. Louis (MO): Mosby-
Year Book; c1996. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
10. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with multiple organizations as

author
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Public Health; Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (US). The epidemic of obesity: personal choice or environmental
consequence? [DVD]. [place, publisher, date unknown]. 1 DVD: 4 3/4 in.
11. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no authors or editors

Typhoid Mary, the most dangerous woman in America [DVD]. Nancy Porter
Productions, Inc., producer. Boston: WGBH Educational Foundation; c2005. 1 DVD: 60
min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Acid-base disorders [CD-ROM]. London: Association of Clinical Biochemists; c1996. 1
CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
12. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with author affiliation included

Wertheimer D (School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD). Pressure
sores: tips for the GNA [DVD]. Baltimore (MD): Video Press; 2005. 1 DVD: 20 min.,
sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
13. Book title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with subtitle

Alpert EJ. Domestic violence: the role of the proactive physician [DVD]. Secaucus (NJ):
Network for Continuing Medical Education; c2004. 1 DVD: 60 min., sound, color, 4 3/4
in.
14. Book title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk ending in punctuation other

than a period
TVE; c2004. 1 DVD: 27 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Public Health; Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (US). The epidemic of obesity: personal choice or environmental
consequence? [DVD]. [place, publisher, date unknown]. 1 DVD: 4 3/4 in.
15. Book title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in a language other than

English
Hager H. Ophthalmodynamographie: eine neue augenarztliche Methode zur Beurteilung
des Gehirnkrei slaufes [DVD]. Tubingen (Germany): Eberhard-Karls-Universitat; 1968. 1
DVD: 16 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in. German.
Fischer D. Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin (1744-1774): das Schicksal eines deutschen Arztes in
Russland im Jahrhundert der Aufklarung [CD-ROM]. Lubeck (Germany): Universitat zu
Lubeck, Institut fur Medizin- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte; 2005. 1 CD-ROM: sound,
color, 4 3/4 in. German.
Lopez Pinero JM, Jerez Moliner F. Atlas historico de la ilustracion anatomica: desde el
Renacimiento al Siglo XX [CD-ROM]. Valencia (Spain): Faximil Edicions Digitales;
c2003. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Spanish.
Lopez Pinero JM, Jerez Moliner F. Atlas historico de la ilustracion anatomica: desde el
Renacimiento al Siglo XX [Historical atlas of medical illustration: from the Renaissance to
the 20th century] [CD-ROM]. Valencia (Spain): Faximil Edicions Digitales; c2003. 1 CD-
ROM: 4 3/4 in. Spanish.
16. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk published with equal text in two
languages
1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. English, French.
Rached T. Medecins de coeur = Doctors with hearts [DVD]. [Montreal (QC)]: National
Film Board of Canada; c2006. 1 DVD: 112 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in. French, English.
17. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk published with text in multiple

languages
WHO medicines bookshelf [CD-ROM]. Version 4.0. Geneva: World Health Organization;
c2004. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. English, French, Spanish.
18. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition or version

Whelan GP. Acute head injury [CD-ROM]. Windows version 1.0. Chapel Hill (NC):
Health Sciences Consortium; [1997?]. 4 CD-ROMs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Adult health nursing concepts & skills [CD-ROM]. Version 2.0 for Windows 3.1/95/98.
Chapel Hill (NC): Professional Development Software; c1999. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4
3/4 in.
Anderson SC, Poulsen KB. Anderson's electronic atlas of hematology [CD-ROM]. 2nd
version. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2002. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Anatomical landmarks in dental radiology [CD-ROM]. Release 1.0. Houten
(Netherlands): BSL Publishers; c1997. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Atlas SW. MRI of the brain and spine [CD-ROM]. 3rd ed. on CD-ROM. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Patient education on CD-ROM: health care advice for children, teens, and their parents
[CD-ROM]. 2nd ed. Elk Grove (IL): American Academy of Pediatrics; c2001. 1 CD-ROM:
color, 4 3/4 in. English, Spanish.
19. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition or version in a

language other than English
OECD health data: comparative analysis of health systems = Eco-sante OCDE: analyse
comparative des systemes de sante [disk]. 3.6 version. Paris: CREDES; 1995. 2 computer
disks: 3 1/2 in. English, French.
Plantas medicinales de Mexico: usos y remedios tradicionales = Medicinal plants of
Mexico: traditional uses and remedies [CD-ROM]. Ed. bilingue espanol-ingles.
Xochimilco (Mexico): Centro de Technologia Electronica e Informatica; c1995. 1 CD-
ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Spanish, English.
20. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition and a version

Colditz JC, McGrouther DA, Harris JM. Interactive hand [CD-ROM]. Therapy ed.;
Version 1.1. London: Primal Pictures Ltd.; 2001. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Clinical teaching slides on CD-ROM: 16 chapters of teaching images in gastroenterology
& liver disease [CD-ROM]. 2nd ed.; Version 2.0. Timonium (MD): Milner-Fenwick;
c2001. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Netter FH. Interactive atlas of human anatomy [CD-ROM]. Version 3.0; Student ed.
Teterboro (NJ): Icon Learning Systems; c2003. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
21. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with well-known place of

publication
Age of AIDS [DVD]. New York: PBS; 2006. 1 DVD: 240 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Kohlbach W. Dental explorer [CD-ROM]. Deutschen TV, producer. Berlin: Quintessenz
Verlag; 1999. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. English, French, German, Italian,
Spanish.
22. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with geographic qualifier added to

place of publication for clarity
Jeffrey RB Jr. Abdominal and pelvic ultrasound with CT and MR correlation [CD-ROM].
Lafayette (CA): Medical Interactive; 1995. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Anatomical landmarks in dental radiology [CD-ROM]. Release 1.0. Houten
(Netherlands): BSL Publishers; c1997. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Wounds that won't heal: the adverse childhood experiences study [DVD]. Nevada City
(CA): Cavalcade Productions; c2005. 1 DVD: 30 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Fischer D. Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin (1744-1774): das Schicksal eines deutschen Arztes in
Russland im Jahrhundert der Aufklarung [CD-ROM]. Lubeck (Germany): Universitat zu
Lubeck, Institut fur Medizin- und Wissenschaftsgeschichte; 2005. 1 CD-ROM: sound,
color, 4 3/4 in. German.
23. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with place of publication inferred

Lewis D, Christensen D. War hospital [DVD]. [Montreal (QC)]: National Film Board of
Canada; 2005. 1 DVD: 89 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
ER: the complete first season [DVD]. Constant C Productions; Amblin Entertainment,
producers. [Burbank (CA)]: Warner Home Video; 2003. 4 DVDs: 1179 min., sound, color,
4 3/4 in.
24. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no place of publication found

Hooked: illegal drugs and how they got that way [DVD]. Tera Media, producer. [place
unknown]: A & E Television Networks; c2004. 2 DVDs: 200 min., sound, color with black
& white sequences, 4 3/4 in.
Thant M. ECG primer [disk]. [place unknown]: Information Systems for Medicine; c1987.
4 computer disks: sound, color, 5 1/4 in.
Baker S. The sexually abused child: a protocol for criminal justice [DVD]. [place
unknown]: Profile Films; c1978. 1 DVD: 25 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
25. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with publisher having a subsidiary

department/division
Gausche-Hill M, Goodrich SM, Poore PD, editors. Pediatric airway management [CD-
ROM]. Torrance (CA): Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Emergency
Medicine; [2001?]. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
26. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with government agency or other

national body as publisher
NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards and other databases [CD-ROM]. Cincinnati
(OH): National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (US); 2002. 1 CD-ROM:
color, 4 3/4 in.
ATSDR toxprofiles 2004: including ToxFAQs [CD-ROM]. Atlanta: Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry (US), Division of Toxicology; 2004. 2 CD-ROMs: 4 3/4
in. English, Spanish.
The complete library of NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology [CD-ROM].
Rockledge (PA): National Comprehensive Cancer Network (US); 2003 Mar. 1 CD-ROM: 4
3/4 in.
Parker RR, Phillip CB. Rocky Mountain spotted fever vaccine [DVD]. [Washington]:
Public Health Service (US); 1941.1 DVD: 20 min., silent, color, 4 3/4 in.
27. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with joint publishers

Spitzer M, Jones HW 3rd, Runowicz CD, Waggoner SE. Advanced colposcopy [CD-
ROM]. Washington: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; c2002. 1 CD-
ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Joint publication of the American Society for Colposcopy
and Cervical Pathology.
28. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no publisher found

Leung CW. Diagnostic picture tests in paediatric infectious diseases [CD-ROM]. Princess
Margaret Hospital; Our Lady of Maryknoll Hospital, producers. Hong Kong: [publisher
unknown]: 2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
29. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no place of publication or

publisher found
Hear the difference: early identification, early intervention, outcomes for children who are
deaf or hard of hearing [DVD]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 2006. 1 DVD: 9
Akhter J, Sahhar HS. Pediatric pulmonology, immunology & allergy: teaching CD [CD-
ROM]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]; 2003. 1 CD-ROM: sound, 4 3/4 in.
Sherman RA. Pain assessment & intervention from a psychophysiological perspective

[CD-ROM]. [place unknown: publisher unknown; 2003?]. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
30. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with month included in date of

publication
The complete library of NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology [CD-ROM].
Rockledge (PA): National Comprehensive Cancer Network (US); 2003 Mar. 1 CD-ROM: 4
3/4 in.
31. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date range

National Library of Medicine's asthma exhibit hits the road: the traveling exhibit you can
fit in your pocket [DVD]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2002-2004.
32. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date of copyright instead of

date of publication
Schlegel W, Mahr A. 3D conformal radiation therapy: multimedia introduction to
methods and techniques [CD-ROM]. New York: Springer Verlag; c2002. 1 CD-ROM:
color, 4 3/4 in.
Hillman SK. Interactive functional anatomy [DVD]. London: Primal Pictures Ltd.; c2003.
1 DVD: color, 4 3/4 in.
Cowen PS, Van Hoozer HL. Child abuse and the nurse's role [disk]. Chapel Hill (NC):
Health Sciences Consortium; c1993. 3 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.

Rubenstein E, editor. Scientific American medicine consult [CD-ROM]. Version 2.5a.
New York: Scientific American, Inc.; 1990 [updated 1990 Sep]. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
34. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no place, publisher, or date of

publication found
[CD-ROM]. [place, publisher, date unknown]. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
Hinman D. Body of evidence: from the case files of Dayle Hinman [DVD]. Falldorf S,
Toth R, Garofalo A, producers. Thousand Oaks (CA): Goldhil Video; c2004. 2 DVDs: 325
Eden D. Energy medicine with Donna Eden [DVD]. Lon Gibby Productions, producer.
Ashland (OR): Innersource; c2005. 3 DVDs: 6 hr., sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Parker RR, Phillip CB. Rocky Mountain spotted fever vaccine [DVD]. [Washington]:
Public Health Service (US); 1941.1 DVD: 20 min., silent, color, 4 3/4 in.
OECD health data: comparative analysis of health systems = Eco-sante OCDE: analyse
comparative des systemes de sante [disk]. 3.6 version. Paris: CREDES; 1995. 2 computer
disks: 3 1/2 in. English, French.

Haney H, Leibsohn J. Basic counseling responses in groups: a multimedia learning system
for the helping professions [CD-ROM + videocassette]. Pacific Grove (CA): Brooks/Cole/
Wadsworth; c2001. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.; 1 videocassette: 38 min., sound,
color, 1/2 in.
Keyboard microbiology series [CD-ROM + disk]. Blue Bell (PA): Keyboard Pub.; 1995. 1
CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.; 5 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
37. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with a series

1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. (Atlas of pathology; 5). English, French.
NIOSH pocket guide to chemical hazards and other databases [CD-ROM]. Cincinnati
(OH): National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (US); 2002. 1 CD-ROM:
color, 4 3/4 in. (DHHS (NIOSH) publication; no. 2002-140).
New directions [DVD]. Sherborn (MA): Aquarius Health Care Videos; 2005. 1 DVD: 60
min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in. (Cancer Story series).
TVE; c2004. 1 DVD: 27 min., sound, color, 4 3/4 in. (Life 4; no. 1).
Alpert EJ. Domestic violence: the role of the proactive physician [DVD]. Secaucus (NJ):
Network for Continuing Medical Education; c2004. 1 DVD: 60 min., sound, color, 4 3/4
in. (NCME DVD; no. 844).
38. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with optional system requirements

Rosenberg AG. The arthritic knee [CD-ROM]. 2nd ed. Rosemont (IL): American
Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; c2002. 1 CD-ROM: sound, 4 3/4 in. System
Requirements: 586 Class Chip (e.g., K6, Pentium), 200 MHz or better; 32 MB RAM, 2MB
or more of video RAM; Windows 95 or Windows 98; CD-ROM (8x or faster) or DVD
drive (4x or faster); Sound Blaster-compatible sound card; modem compliant with
standard V.90. (56 Kpbs); mouse.
Young MJ. Introductory genetics [disk]. Pelham (NY): E.M.E. Corp.; c1983. 1 computer
disk: 5 1/4 in. System Requirements: Apple II, Apple II Plus, or Apple IIe.
39. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with supplemental note included

Giardino AP. Child maltreatment: training modules and slide sets [CD-ROM]. St. Louis
(MO): G.W. Medical Pub.; c2000. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 3 vol. of
instructional modules and 3 vol. of workbooks.
[CD-ROM]. [place, publisher, date unknown]. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Located at: National
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; WL 704 CDR no.8 2003.
The clinician administered post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) scale [CAPS]: an
independent study [CD-ROM]. Washington: Department of Veterans Affairs (US),
Employee Education System; [2002?]. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Developed in cooperation
with VA Northwest Network Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center and
VA National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.
Mold in the building environment [DVD]. Atlanta (GA): American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, c2005. 1 DVD: 180 min., sound, color, 4
3/4 in. Sponsored by ASHRAE's Chapter Technology Transfer Committee.
computer disk: 5 1/4 in. ICNE is the Intercollegiate Center for Nursing Education.
Kacmarek RM. Advanced respiratory care [CD-ROM]. Version 3.0. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2000. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. ISBN:
9780683404890.
40. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk that is a conference proceedings

Colon and rectal surgery [CD-ROM]. 90th Annual Clinical Congress of the American
College of Surgeons; 2004 Oct 10-14; New Orleans, LA. Woodbury (CT): Cine-Med;
c2004. 2 CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
7th International Medical Workforce Collaborative Conference [CD-ROM]; 2003 Sep;
Oxford, UK. New South Wales (Australia): Commonwealth Department of Health and
Aged Care, Australian Medical Workforce Advisory Committee; 2003. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4
in.

Voigts LE, Kurtz PD, compilers. Scientific and medical writings in Old and Middle
English: an electronic reference [bibliography on CD-ROM]. Windows version. Ann
Arbor (MI): University of Michigan Press; c2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.

Okroi M. Der blutgruppenforscher Fritz Schiff (1889-1940): Leben, Werk und Wirkung
eines judischen Deutschen [dissertation on CD-ROM]. [Lubeck (Germany)]: Universitat
zu Lubeck; 2004. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. German.
43. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk that is a technical report

Souza K, Hogan R, Ballard R, Etheridge G, editors. Callahan PX. Life into space: space life
sciences experiments; Ames Research Center 1965-1990 [CD-ROM]. Moffett Field (CA):
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Ames Research Center; 2000. 1
CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Report No.: NASA 00026329.
44. Part of a Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk

Barun J. The children show [DVD]. Derry (NH): Chip Taylor Communications; 2004.
Chapter 3, Ethical considerations; [25 min.]. 1 DVD: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Dalley AF 2nd, Gould DJ. Dynamic human anatomy: student version [CD-ROM].
Version 1.0 for Windows. [Baltimore (MD)]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2004.
Chapter 6.13, Structures of the axilla, anterior view; [1 screen]. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4
in.
Drake RE. Robert E. Drake on treating co-occurring disorders [DVD]. Center City (MN):
Hazelden Foundation; c2006. Figure 5.6, Motivation strategies; [1 screen]. 1 DVD: sound,
color, 4 3/4 in.
Haile-Mariam T. Challenger infectious diseases: complete primary and acute care
presentations of infections diseases [CD-ROM]. Stack LB, editor. Memphis (TN):
Challenger Corp.; 2004 May. Head and neck infections. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4
in.
45. Contribution to a Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk

Bekowitz RL. Litigation and the American obstetrician. In: 2005 advances in obstetrics,
gynecology & ultrasonography [DVD]. Program 1. Tampa (FL): Educational Symposia;
2005 Aug 1. Lecture 2; [21 min.]. 1 DVD: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
1165
Chapter 19. Journals on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

A. Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

Examples
B. Journal Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk
Examples
See also:
Chapter 1 Journals
Chapter 11A Forthcoming Journal Articles

on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk
The general format for a reference to a journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk,
Examples of Citations to Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

A journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk is cited similar to articles in print, but with
these exceptions:
Place the type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, disk) in square brackets after the
journal title.
While traditional page numbers are present on some journals, they are often absent.
Calculate the extent of the article using the best means possible, i.e., number of
paragraphs, screens, pages if printed out, or minutes if an oral presentation. Since
screen size and print fonts vary, precede the estimated extent with the word about
and place extent information in square brackets, such as [about 3 screens].
Add physical description such as size of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk on which the
article is found after the location (pagination) if desired.
Include system requirements such as the names and versions of any required
software as a note if desired.
Cite the version you saw. If you viewed an article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, do
not cite it as if it were a print article.
The source for authoritative information for articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk is, in the
following order: the opening screens; the face of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk; the jewel
case (carrying case); and any accompanying text.
Many journal titles published on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk either ceased publication with
the increasing popularity of the Internet or converted to Internet format, although some
Internet titles produce an annual accumulation on CD-ROM or DVD. The examples
below focus on the parts of a citation specific to the media represented. See Chapter 1A
Journal Articles for further details of parts of a citation.
This chapter includes citation rules for entire journal articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk.
For citing parts of these articles, combine the guidelines presented in this chapter with
those in Chapter 1B Parts of Journal Articles. See also example 18 below.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or
Disk.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk.
Citation Rules with Examples for Journal Articles on CD-ROM,

DVD, or Disk
it is optional.
| Edition (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Volume Number (R) | Issue
Number (R) | Location (Pagination) (R) | Physical Description (O) | Language (R) | Notes
(O)
Journals on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk 1167
Author for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

case), or in accompanying text

Other surname rules

Keep hyphens within surnames.
Keep particles, such as O', D', and L'.
Omit all other punctuation within surnames.

Keep compound surnames even if no hyphen appears.
or a combination of a middle name and a surname, look to the table of
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

prefix, a preposition, or another particle
one letter

Captain R. C. Williams becomes Willaims RC

Examples:

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

a nationality is not part of the name, place the country within parentheses after the

semicolon
with a translation, placed in square brackets.
a non-English name with a translation, placed in square brackets.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

are given, begin the reference with the names of the editors or translators. Follow
anonymous.

authors, the individuals may be given as the author and the organization listed at
the end of the reference as a note
Team.
Examples for Author

1. Standard journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk
2. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with optional full names for authors
Author Affiliation for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(optional)
Place parentheses around the affiliation, such as (Department of Psychology,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA)



Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
in all references.

a space
Example:
Enders D (Institut fur Organische Chemie, Technische Hochschule Aachen,
Aachen, Germany. [email protected]), Gielen H, Breuer K.
Immobilized triazolium salts as precursors to chiral carbenes: rhodium-
catalyzed asymmetric hydrosilylation as a first test reaction. Mol Online (CD-
ROM Ed) [CD-ROM]. 1998;2(7):105-8.

For non-English organizational names found in the roman alphabet (primarily
European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.),
provide the name in the original language
Spain).
[email protected]).

Kubo A, Ishida T.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna


3. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with author affiliation
Article Title for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

Enter the title of an article as it appears on the opening screens, the jewel case
(carrying case), or in accompanying text
and initialisms
already present


Translate article titles not in English. Place all translated titles within square
brackets. Indicate the particular language after the pagination.
Conti MB, Marchesi MC, Rueca F, Fabi T. [Gastric tumors in dogs: personal
reports]. Atti Soc Ital Sci Vet [CD-ROM]. 2004;58:[about 4 screens]. Italian.
translation
Conti MB, Marchesi MC, Rueca F, Fabi T. Tumori gastrici nel cane:
osservazioni personali [Gastric tumors in dogs: personal reports]. Atti
Soc Ital Sci Vet [CD-ROM]. 2004;58:[about 4 screens]. Italian.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
place it in square brackets, with the closing period outside the right bracket.
osservazioni personali [Gastric tumors in dogs: personal reports]. Atti Soc Ital
Sci Vet [CD-ROM]. 2004;58:[about 4 screens]. Italian.

punctuation. Place it in square brackets and end title information with a period.
Minvielle E. [Quality criteria in medicine: which limits?].
or
Minvielle E. Les criteres de qualite en medecine: jusqu' ou aller? [Quality
criteria in medicine: which limits?].

If an article is written in English as well as other languages, give the English
language version of the article title and list all languages of publication after the
pagination, separated by commas
If an article is written in more than one language and none of them is English,
translate the title into English and place the translation in square brackets. List all
languages of publication after the pagination and separate them by commas.
As an option, if an article title is presented in two or more languages, as often
occurs in Canadian publications, give all titles in the order they are given in the
text, with an equals sign between them. List the particular languages, separated by
commas, after the pagination.
Prise en charge des thrombocytopenies induites par l'heparine = Management
of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
character.
capitalized
von Willebrand factor standards for plasma and concentrate testing.
p53 and its downstream proteins as molecular targets of cancer.
1,3-dimethylisoguanine.
becomes omega.
Influence of seed extract of Syzygium Cumini (Jamun) on mice exposed to

different doses of -radiation.
May become
Influence of seed extract of Syzygium Cumini (Jamun) on mice exposed to
different doses of gamma-radiation.
Vincenzetti S, Polidori P, Salimei E, Mariani PL, Allegri S, Cammertoni N,
Vita A. [Purification and identification of s1- and - caseins from ass's milk].
Atti Soc Ital Sci Vet [CD-ROM]. 2004;58:[about 4 screens]. Italian.
May become
Vincenzetti S, Polidori P, Salimei E, Mariani PL, Allegri S, Cammertoni N,
Vita A. [Purification and identification of alpha(s1)- and beta- caseins from
ass's milk]. Atti Soc Ital Sci Vet [CD-ROM]. 2004;58:[about 4 screens]. Italian.

study) at the top of the page or screen to indicate a section of the issue. Do not
include a header as part of the article title unless the table of contents for the journal
issue indicates that it is.

Occasionally a publication does not appear to have any title; the article or other
short document simply begins with the text. In this circumstance, create a title from
the first few words of the text and place it in square brackets. Use enough words to
make the constructed title meaningful.

4. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk not in English
5. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with Greek letters or other special
characters in the title
Article Type for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

Follow the bracketed article type with a period, placed outside the closing bracket
See exceptions for Article Type in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE/PubMed


Most journal article titles end in a period. If there is an article type, place [letter] or
[abstract] inside the period.
Increased cardiac Connexin45 results in uncoupling and spontaneous
ventricular arrhythmias in mice [abstract].
Eosinophilic pneumonia and arthritis [letter].
Bravo pH monitoring: should we exclude the first 6 hours? [abstract].
Moles, weights and potencies: freedom of expression! [letter].

title is used as the title, place it in square brackets. If there is an article type, put
(letter) or (abstract) within the square brackets.
[Study of nasal permeability in patients with operated unilateral clefts (letter)].
punctuation. Place (letter) or (abstract) within the square brackets and end title
[Eat less, exercise more! (letter)].
When the original language and a translation are provided, place [letter] or
[abstract] after the translation and end title information with a period
Etude de la permeabilite nasale dans les fentes unilaterales operees [Study of
nasal permeability in patients with operated unilateral clefts] [letter].
Journal Title for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)


The Journal of Bacteriology becomes J Bacteriol
Atti della Societa Italiana delle Scienze Veterinarie becomes Atti Soc Ital Sci
Vet
the PubMed Journals Database
Molecules remains Molecules
Kansenshogaku Zasshi. remains Kansenshogaku Zasshi
Action Against Infection: a Newsletter for WHO and its
Partners becomes Action Infect
Omit any punctuation found within a title
Bio-psychiatry CD-ROM becomes Biopsychiatry CDROM

Faulkner & Gray's Practice Guidelines becomes Faulkner Gray Pract Guidel
name of the city where the journal is published distinguishes the various titles. The
city is usually shown in abbreviated format following the same rules used for words
in journal titles, as Phila for Philadelphia in the example above. If you use a
bibliography or database such as PubMed to verify your reference and a place name
is included, you may keep it if you wish.


Italian, etc.), provide the name in the original language. Abbreviate it according to
the Abbreviation rules for journal titles and capitalize all remaining title words,
including abbreviation
Indicate the language of the article after the pagination.
osservazioni personali [Gastric tumors in dogs: personal reports]. Atti Soc Ital
Sci Vet [CD-ROM]. 2004;58:[about 4 screens]. Italian.
Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) the title if it is in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic,
Hebrew, or Korean. Abbreviate it according to the Abbreviation rules for journal
titles and capitalize all remaining title words, including abbreviations. Indicate the
language of the article after the pagination.
Romanize titles in a character-based language (Chinese, Japanese). Do not

abbreviate any of the words or omit any words; use the capitalization system
of the particular language. Indicate the language of the article after the
pagination.
[It is not NLM practice, but you may translate journal titles in character-
based languages. If you do, abbreviate the title according to the Abbreviation
rules for journal titles and indicate the language of the article after the
pagination.]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Molecules remains Molecules

after the title
Separate the edition from the title by a space and place it by parentheses
End edition information with a space, followed by the type of medium in square
brackets and a period.
Example:
Nucleic Acids Research. Electronic Edition. becomes Nucleic Acids Res
(Electron Ed) [CD-ROM].

options:
Adv Common Jt Probl may become Adv. Common Jt. Probl.
Advances in Common Joint Problems.

Because an edition is considered a part of the title in journals, use the same rules for
abbreviating the words in an edition statement as for the words in journal titles
the PubMed Journals Database
End edition information with a space, followed by the type of medium in square
brackets and a period
Example:
Nucleic Acids Research. Electronic Edition. becomes Nucleic Acids Res
(Electron Ed) [CD-ROM].

6. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with edition
Edition for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)



[Sources for word abbreviations are: the List of Journals Indexed for
MEDLINE; the PubMed Journals Database; and Appendix B for non-NLM
sources.]
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Example:
Farmaco. Edizione Practica becomes Farmaco (Ed Pract)
L'.

parentheses
Example:
(Epistem Ekd)
Japanese:
Examples:
becomes o
becomes u
parentheses
End all the title information with a period
Example:
Shi Jian (Zhong Wen Ban)
journal titles.
J Jinan Univ (Nat Sci Med Ed)
Danish oplag n.a.
Dutch uitgave Uitg
editie Ed
French edition Ed
German Ausgabe Ausg
Greek ekdosis Ekd
Italian edizione Ed
Russian izdanie Izd
Spanish edicion Ed

Type of Medium for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(required)
Indicate the type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, or disk) following the journal title
(and edition, if present)
Place the name of the medium in square brackets and end with a period. For
example: [DVD].
Description below
See Chapter 16A for journal articles in audiovisual formats and Chapter 23A for
articles on the Internet


edition, then the type of medium.
Werner M, Uhlenbeck OC. The effect of base mismatches in the substrate
recognition helices of hammerhead ribozymes on binding and catalysis. Nucl
Acids Res (Electron Ed) [CD-ROM]. 1995;23(12):2092-6.

Date of Publication for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(required)
May 5.
such as Jan
volume or issue following the date below), then use a colon
Box 34. No volume or issue following the date.

If no volume or issue can be found in a journal, follow the year (and month or
season if present) with a colon and the pagination.
2000:146-9.
2004 Jan:[about 10 p.].
2005 Winter:[about 6 screens].


No volume or issue following the date
Options for dates

Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
French Supplement nombre speciale partie
annexe part
Beilage
Erganzung
Zusatz
Russian Prilozenie specialnaja cast'
dopolnenie
suplemento
anejo
Follow words with any number or letter found

Suppl 2
Pt A
B.
semicolon
End with a colon
Examples:
2005;Suppl: 2005;(Pt 3): 2005;Spec No:
2005;Suppl A: 2005;(Pt A): 2005;Spec No 2:
2005 Jan;Suppl:
2005;Abstr Suppl:

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec 7-2003 Jan 9
hyphen
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan

2005 Feb 1-7
2004 Jan 25-31
seasons.

Capitalize them
For example:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

It is not NLM practice, but the following are acceptable options:
issue number.
Preusse S, Schmitt O. Quantification and comparison of signal amplification
and non-amplificated immunohistochemical reactions of the rat brain by
means of image analysis. EJPathol [disk]. 1999;5(3):[about 15 p.].
The date of publication may follow the author names in the list of references when
the name-year system of in-text references is used
Enter the year after the last named author (or the title and type of medium if
there are no authors), followed by a period
Place the volume number after the type of medium
NLM citation:
Preusse S, Schmitt O. Quantification and comparison of signal
amplification and non-amplificated immunohistochemical reactions of
the rat brain by means of image analysis. EJPathol [disk]. 1999 Jul-Sep;
5(3):[about 15 p.].
Preusse S, Schmitt O. 1999. Quantification and comparison of signal
amplification and non-amplificated immunohistochemical reactions of
the rat brain by means of image analysis. EJPathol [disk]. 5(3):[about 15
p.].

7. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with month(s) included in date of
publication
Volume Number for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(required)

Further divisions to volume other than issue
Box 36. Further divisions to a volume other than issue.

A volume will occasionally have a subdivision such as a supplement, part, or special
number.
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
annexe part
Beilage
Erganzung
Zusatz
dopolnenie
suplemento
anejo
Place them after the volume number. For example:

- volume with supplement
2005;15 Suppl:
2005 Mar;87 Suppl:
- volume with part
2004;66(Pt 2):
2004 Dec;124(Pt A):
- volume with special number
2003;6 Spec No:
Infrequently, supplements are given a name rather than a letter or number.
and prepositions
See Chapter 1A Journal Articles for further detail

To help locate volumes, see the following list of non-English words and
abbreviations for volume in a variety of languages:
ek

A volume number usually follows the date of publication. Occasionally a journal will
publish a series of issues without volumes or will publish a supplement, part, or special
number to a date of publication rather than to a volume or issue.
semicolon and the issue number. Place the issue number in parentheses.
Teyssandier MJ. Cervical rotatory manipulation: 2nd technique. Adv
Common Jt Probl [disk]. 1996 Aug;(2):[about 5 p.].
rather than to a volume or issue, follow the date of publication with a semicolon,
the abbreviation for supplement, part, or special number, and any accompanying
letter or number found. End supplement, part, or special number information with
a colon.
2004;Suppl:
2004;Suppl 2:
2004;Suppl A:
2004 Winter;Suppl:
- date with a part
2005;(Pt 3):
2005 Sep;(Pt 2):
2003;Spec No:
2003;Spec No 2:
2003 Jun;Spec No:
If no volume numbers, issue numbers, supplements, parts, or special numbers are
given, follow the date of publication with a colon and the location (pagination) of
the article
2004:34-7.
2005 Jun:[about 6 screens].
2001 Summer:[about 10 p.].

8. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with volume but no issue
9. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with issue but no volume
Issue Number for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)


An issue will occasionally have a subdivision such as a supplement, part, or special
number.
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
Place them after the issue, within the parentheses. For example:
- issue with supplement
2005;15(1 Suppl):
2005;(12 Suppl A):
2005 Mar;87(3 Suppl):
- issue with part
2004;66(1 Pt 2):
2004 Dec;124(Pt A):
- issue with special number

2003;6(2 Spec No):
annexe part
Beilage
Erganzung
Zusatz
dopolnenie
suplemento
anejo

and prepositions

Options for issues
Box 40. Non-English names for issues.

and abbreviations used for issue (usually variations on the word number):

semicolon and the issue number, placed in parentheses.
Teyssandier MJ. Cervical rotatory manipulation: 2nd technique. Adv
Common Jt Probl [disk]. 1996 Aug;(2):[about 5 p.].

61:155-88.
3:[about 7 p.].
2005 Jan:26-8.
2004:[about 6 screens].

It is not NLM practice, but an issue number may be omitted if the journal is
continuously paginated throughout the volume. Note, however, that many libraries
such as the NLM require issue numbers for retrieval from their collections and for
interlibrary loan.
Enders D, Gielen H, Breuer K. Immobilized triazolium salts as precursors to
chiral carbenes: rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrosilylation as a first test
reaction. Mol Online (CD-ROM Ed) [CD-ROM]. 1998;2:105-8.

Location (Pagination) for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(required)
Give the inclusive page numbers on which the article appears
If there are no page numbers, calculate the extent of the article in the best means
possible, i.e., number of paragraphs, screens, pages (see No numbers appear on the
pages of the article below)
See Chapter 23 for articles on the Internet

If only the item to be cited has no page numbers, try to identify the location in
relation to numbered pages. For example: preceding p. 1 or following p. 503. Place
such phrases in square brackets.
115(33):[preceding p. 55].
11(4):[following p. 54].
When page numbers are absent, as often occurs with journal articles in electronic
format, calculate the extent of the article using the best means possible and place it
in square brackets, such as "[10 paragraphs]", "[about 6 screens]", and "[about 5 p.]".
Of course screen size, font used, and printers vary greatly, but the purpose is to give
the user of the citation an indication of the length of the item. Note that when the
number is approximated, the word "about" is used before the length indicator. End
location information or extent with a period.
Examples:
Fourman S. The office eye exam in family medicine. FPR [CD-ROM]. 1996
Feb;18(2):[about 9 screens].
Preusse S, Schmitt O. Quantification and comparison of signal amplification

and non-amplificated immunohistochemical reactions of the rat brain by
means of image analysis. EJPathol [disk]. 1999 Jul-Sep;5(3):[about 15 p.].
Frytak S, Mokri B. Back pain in the cancer patient: a potential impending
disaster. Prime Pract [CD-ROM]. 1996;2(3):[12 paragraphs].
Buchler MW, Knaebel HP. Partial pancreaticoduodenectomy with superior
mesenteric vein reconstruction. Real Surg [DVD]. 2004 May;1(5):[35 min.].


:345-6, 348-9, 352.
:15, 17, 19-21.
:345-346, 348-349, 352, 355-357, 360, 362. becomes :345-6, 348-9, 352
passim.
Begin with the location (pagination) of the article. Follow it by a semicolon and a
space, then the name of the additional material and its pagination.
:145-54; discussion 155-6.
:[about 5 screens]; author reply [about 1 screen].

10. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with location expressed as standard
page numbers
11. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with location/extent expressed as

screens
estimated number of pages
paragraphs
14. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with location/extent expressed as a
file name
15. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with article occupying the entire issue
Physical Description for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(optional)
Give information on the physical characteristics of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disc on
which the article is found. For example: 1 DVD: color, 4 3/4 in.


Follow the pagination with information on the number of physical pieces and the
type of medium on which the article resides, such as 1 CD-ROM
Enter a colon and a space, then enter information on the physical characteristics,
such as color and size
sound
color
black & white


1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in.

16. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with physical description
Language for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)



List all languages of publication after the pagination, separated by commas
List all languages of publication after the pagination, separated by commas
Separate them with an equals sign
List the languages after the pagination, separated by commas

Notes for Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

Notes is a term for any type of information given after the citation itself
Be brief

System requirements

Indicate system requirements needed to run the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk by describing
the software and hardware needed to view the article.
Example:
Bianco A, Brufani M, Ciabatti R, Melchioni C, Pasquali V. Neuraminic acid
derivatives as anti-influenza drugs. Mol Online (CD-ROM Ed) [CD-ROM].
1998;2(10-11):129-36. System Requirements: IBM PC or 100% compatible
486SX; 8 MB RAM; VGA (640 x 480 pixels) video card set to 256 colors;
double speed CD-ROM drive or faster; Windows 3.1 or higher.

reference feels is useful.
If the journal being cited is not a common one, give the name of a library or other
archive where it may be found. Begin with the phrase "Located at" followed by a
colon and a space. Include any finding number supplied by the library or archive.
Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W1 PR523C.
If the journal article includes a printed guide or other handout, indicate this
following the phrase "Accompanied by: "
Accompanied by: 1 workbook.
If the article contains a review of the literature and this is not indicated in the title,
provide the information
Review of the literature.
Examples for Notes

17. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with note
Examples of Citations to Journal Articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or

Disk
Kauffman CA, Bonilla HF. Trends in antibiotic resistance with emphasis on VRE. FPR
[CD-ROM]. 1998 Oct;20(10):[about 5 screens].
Buchler MW, Knaebel HP. Partial pancreaticoduodenectomy with superior mesenteric
vein reconstruction. Real Surg [DVD]. 2004 May;1(5):[35 min.].
Preusse S, Schmitt O. Quantification and comparison of signal amplification and non-
amplificated immunohistochemical reactions of the rat brain by means of image analysis.
EJPathol [disk]. 1999 Jul-Sep;5(3):[about 15 p.].
2. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with optional full names for
authors
Kauffman, Carol A.; Bonilla, Hector F. Trends in antibiotic resistance with emphasis on
VRE. FPR [CD-ROM]. 1998 Oct;20(10):[about 5 screens].
3. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with author affiliation

Kauffman CA (Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI), Bonilla HF (Louisiana
State University, Boga Lusa, LA). Trends in antibiotic resistance with emphasis on VRE.
FPR [CD-ROM]. 1998 Oct;20(10):[about 5 screens].
Enders D (Institut fur Organische Chemie, Technische Hochschule Aachen, Aachen,
Germany. [email protected]), Gielen H, Breuer K. Immobilized triazolium salts
as precursors to chiral carbenes: rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrosilylation as a first
test reaction. Mol Online (CD-ROM Ed) [CD-ROM]. 1998;2(7):105-8.

Conti MB, Marchesi MC, Rueca F, Fabi T. [Gastric tumors in dogs: personal reports]. Atti
with optional original language included

Conti MB, Marchesi MC, Rueca F, Fabi T. Tumori gastrici nel cane: osservazioni personali
[Gastric tumors in dogs: personal reports]. Atti Soc Ital Sci Vet [CD-ROM]. 2004;58:
[about 4 screens]. Italian.
5. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with Greek letters or other

special characters in the title
Vincenzetti S, Polidori P, Salimei E, Mariani PL, Allegri S, Cammertoni N, Vita A.
[Purification and identification of s1- and - caseins from ass's milk]. Atti Soc Ital Sci Vet
[CD-ROM]. 2004;58:[about 4 screens]. Italian.
may become
Vincenzetti S, Polidori P, Salimei E, Mariani PL, Allegri S, Cammertoni N, Vita A.
[Purification and identification of alpha(s1)- and beta- caseins from ass's milk]. Atti Soc
Ital Sci Vet [CD-ROM]. 2004;58:[about 4 screens]. Italian.

Werner M, Uhlenbeck OC. The effect of base mismatches in the substrate recognition
helices of hammerhead ribozymes on binding and catalysis. Nucl Acids Res (Electron Ed)
[CD-ROM]. 1995;23(12):2092-6.
7. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with month(s) included in

date of publication
vein reconstruction. Real Surg [DVD]. 2004 May;1(5):[35 min.].

Conti MB, Marchesi MC, Rueca F, Fabi T. [Gastric tumors in dogs: personal reports]. Atti

Teyssandier MJ. Cervical rotatory manipulation: 2nd technique. Adv Common Jt Probl
[disk]. 1996 Aug;(2):[about 5 p.].
10. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with location expressed as

standard page numbers
Sforcin JM, Novelli EL, Funari SR. Seasonal effect of Brazilian protocols on seric
biochemical variations. J Venom Anim Toxins [CD-ROM]. 2002;8(2):244-54.
11. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with location/extent

expressed as screens
Fourman S. The office eye exam in family medicine. FPR [CD-ROM]. 1996 Feb;18(2):
[about 9 screens].

expressed as estimated number of pages

expressed as paragraphs
Frytak S, Mokri B. Back pain in the cancer patient: a potential impending disaster. Prime
Pract [CD-ROM]. 1996;2(3):[12 paragraphs].

expressed as a file name
Pick A, Chiuso L, Cavallo GP, Margarita E. Prognostic value of AgNORs in tumor
pathology. EJPathol [disk]. 1997 Mar;3(1):[971-06.txt]. 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in.
15. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with article occupying the
entire issue
Heald B, Moran B. Total mesorectal excision for low rectal cancer. Real Surg [DVD].
2004;1(6):[1 DVD].
16. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with physical description

Sforcin JM, Novelli EL, Funari SR. Seasonal effect of Brazilian protocols on seric
biochemical variations. J Venom Anim Toxins [CD-ROM]. 2002;8(2):244-54. 1 CD-ROM:
color, 4 3/4 in.
EJPathol [disk]. 1999 Jul-Sep;5(3):[about 15 p.]. 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in.
17. Journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with note

Bianco A, Brufani M, Ciabatti R, Melchioni C, Pasquali V. Neuraminic acid derivatives as
anti-influenza drugs. Mol Online (CD-ROM Ed) [CD-ROM]. 1998;2(10-11):129-36.
System Requirements: IBM PC or 100% compatible 486SX; 8 MB RAM; VGA (640 x 480
pixels) video card set to 256 colors; double speed CD-ROM drive or faster; Windows 3.1
or higher.
Frytak S, Mokri B. Back pain in the cancer patient: a potential impending disaster. Prime
Pract [CD-ROM]. 1996;2(3):[12 paragraphs]. Located at: National Library of Medicine,
Bethesda, MD; W1 PR523C.
18. Part of a journal article on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk

Kauffman CA, Bonilla HF. Trends in antibiotic resistance with emphasis on VRE. FPR
[CD-ROM]. 1998 Oct;20(10):[about 5 screens]. Table 1, Risk factors for VRE colonization
and infection; [1 screen].
Werner M, Uhlenbeck OC. The effect of base mismatches in the substrate recognition
helices of hammerhead ribozymes on binding and catalysis. Nucl Acids Res (Electron Ed)
[CD-ROM]. 1995;23(12):2092-6. Table 2, Rates of substrate dissociation (k-1) for different
substrates of HH; p. 2095.
vein reconstruction. Real Surg [DVD]. 2004 May;1(5):[35 min.]. [Scene 3], Posterior
mobilization of the pancreatic head; [7 min.].
Fourman S. The office eye exam in family medicine. FPR [CD-ROM]. 1996 Feb;18(2):
[about 9 screens]. Figure 9, Important ophthalmoscopic findings in the patient with
diabetic retinopathy are retinal hemorrhage and pallor of the optic nerve and retina;
[about 1 screen].
EJPathol [disk]. 1999 Jul-Sep;5(3):[about 15 p.]. [Figure], Summary of contrast
measurments of all immunohistochemical methods; [993-031.pcx].
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Entire Journal

Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk
The general format for a reference to an entire journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk,
- for a journal continuing to be published:
- for a journal that has ceased publication:
Examples of Citations to Entire Journal Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

Although electronic journals differ radically in physical form from print journals, the
basic rules for citing them are the same. The major difference is the required addition of
the type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, or disk) in square brackets following the journal
title. Use the opening screen(s), the face of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, the jewel case
(carrying case), and accompanying documentation, in that order, for authoritative
information to use in citation.
information with a hyphen and three spaces. If a journal ceased publication, as in example
two, separate beginning and ending volume and date information with a hyphen with a
space.
The authoritative source for information to use in a citation for a journal title is, in order
of preference: the opening screen(s); the face of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk; the jewel
case (carrying case); and accompanying print documentation.
It is important to cite the journal name that was used at the time of publication. For
example, EJPathol changed title to Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology in 2000.
EJPathol [disk]. Munich: VaW Verlag fur Angewandte Wissenschaften. Vol. 1, No. 1,
Mar 1995 - Vol. 5, No. 4, Oct-Dec 1999. Continued by: Electronic Journal of
Pathology and Histology.
Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology [CD-ROM]. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
Vol. 6, Mar 2000 -- .. Continues: EJPathol.
It is not correct to cite this journal as:
Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology [CD-ROM]. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
Vol. 1, No., Mar 1995 - .
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Journal Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or
Disk.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Entire Journal Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk.
Citation Rules with Examples for Journal Titles on CD-ROM,

DVD, or Disk
it is optional.
Journal Title (R) | Edition (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Editor (O) | Place of Publication (R)
| Publisher (R) | Volume Number (R) | Issue Number (R) | Date of Publication (R) |
Journal Title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk (required)

Use the capitalization and punctuation found in the title
Follow a non-English title with a translation whenever possible; place the


Italian, etc.), give the name in the original language
Atti della Societa Italiana delle Scienze Veterinarie [CD-ROM].
Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean, or in a character-based language (Chinese,
Japanese)
Novosti Lucevoj Diagnostiki [CD-ROM].
Nihon Hokan Daitai Iryo Gakkai shi [disk].
character-based languages.]
Japanese Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine [disk].
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Atti della Societa Italiana delle Scienze Veterinarie [Acts of the Italian Society
for Veterinary Science] [CD-ROM].

For a journal title appearing in two or more equal languages, as often occurs with
Canadian journals:
Begin with the title in the first language found, in order of preference: the
opening screens of the issue; the face of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk; the
carrying case; or accompanying printed material
List all languages, separated by commas, after the date of publication (and
Example:
Brinkman's Cumulatieve Catalogus op CD-ROM: Nationale Bibliografie
van Nederland = Brinkman's Cumulative Catalogue on CD-ROM:
Dutch National Bibliography [CD-ROM]. Munich (Germany): K.G.
Saur. 1995 - . Dutch, English.
printed material
publication (and Physical Description, if found)
Example:
Action Against Infection: a Newsletter for WHO and its Partners [CD-
ROM]. Geneva: World Health Organization, CDS Information
Resource Centre. Vol. 1, No. 1, Dec 1999 - Vol. 4, No. 5, 2004. English,
French, Spanish.

Capitalize all significant words in the edition statement
Place the edition statement in parentheses
Separate the edition statement from the title proper by a space
End all title information with the type of medium of the journal, placed in square
Example:
Nucleic Acids Research (Electronic Edition) [CD-ROM]. Oxford (UK):
Oxford University Press. Vol. 21, No. 1, Jan 1993 - .

1. Standard citation to a journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk that is still being
published
2. Standard citation to a journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk that ceased
publication
3. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with subtitle
4. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk not in English
5. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk not in English with optional translation
6. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk published in two equal languages
7. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk published in multiple languages
Edition for Journal Title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk (required)




Give the edition statement in the original language
End title and edition information with a space
Example:
Farmaco. Edizione Pratica. becomes Farmaco (Edizione Pratica)
For an edition statement in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, or in a
End title and edition information with a space
Examples:
Pharmakeutikon Deltion. Epistemonike
Ekdosis. becomes Pharmakeutikon Deltion (Epistemonike Ekdosis)
Shi Jian (Zhong Wen Ban)
Journal of Jinan University (Natural Science and Medicine Edition)
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Danish Oplag n.a.
Dutch Uitgave Uitg
Editie Ed
French Edition Ed
German Ausgabe Ausg
Greek Ekdosis Ekd
Italian Edizione Ed


Russian Izdanie Izd
Spanish Edicion Ed

Type of Medium for Journal Title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk (required)

Indicate the type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, or disk) following the title (and
edition, if present)
Place the name of the medium in square brackets, such as [DVD]
End medium information with a period, placed outside the closing bracket
See Chapter 16B for journal titles in audiovisual formats and Chapter 23B for titles
on the Internet

1. Standard citation to a journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk that is still being
published
2. Standard citation to a journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk that ceased
publication
Editor for Journal Title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk (optional)

Enter the name of the editor in natural order. For example: John A. Jones.


publication
Iu. A. Iakontov
G. Th. Tsakalos
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor
Examples for Editor

9. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with editor named
Place of Publication for Journal Title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk (required)

province to avoid confusion when citing lesser known cities or when cities in
different locations have same name, such as Palm Springs (CA) and Palm Springs
(FL)
cities or when cities in different locations have the same name, such London (ON)
and London (England)

Non-US cities

Use the anglicized form for the name of a city, e.g., Rome for Roma and Moscow for
Moskva, when possible
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
name, follow the city with the name of the country, either written out or as the two-
e.g., Spain for Espana. Place the country name or code in parentheses.
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but

If a journal has changed publishers over the years or if the publisher has changed its

If no place of publication can be found or inferred, use the words "place unknown"
in square brackets

10. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with well-known place of publication
11. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with lesser-known place of publication
Publisher for Journal Title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk (required)

Give the name of the publisher as it appears in the journal, using the capitalization
and punctuation found there

Multiple publishers
Joint publication

original language
Romanize names presented in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, and
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
publisher names within square brackets.
publication.
publisher.

include distributor information as a note. Begin with the phrase "Available from"
followed by a colon and a space. Add the name of the distributor, the city and state,
and the accession or order number.
20.3013/2-4.

If a journal has changed publishers over the years, give the name of the current (or
last) publisher
one set in the largest type or set in bold
the reference list, e.g., an American publisher for a US audience and a London
use the name provided first as the publisher and include the name of the second as a
note, if desired, as "Jointly published by the Canadian Pharmacists Association".

For those publications with joint or co-publishers, use the name provided first as
the publisher
Include the name of the second publisher as a note, if desired, as "Jointly published
by the Canadian Pharmacists Association"

If no publisher can be determined, use the words "publisher unknown" in square
brackets
Advances in Common Joint Problems [disk]. Udine (Italy): [publisher
unknown]. No. 1, 1996 - No. 3, 1997. English, Italian.

12. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with publisher including subsidiary part
13. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with unknown publisher
Volume Number for Journal Title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk (required)

by the journal
Follow a volume number with a comma


ek

If no volume number is present, follow the publisher with the issue number,
preceded by No.
Ophthalmology on CD: the Journal of the American Academy of
Ophthalmology [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott. 1994 - .
Californian Journal of Health Promotion [CD-ROM]. Chico (CA): California
State University, Department of Health and Community Services. Mar 2003 -
.
Romulus [CD-ROM]. Ottawa (ON): National Library of Canada. 1992 - 1998.
English, French.

14. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with volume and number
15. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with volume, but no number
16. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with number, but no volume
17. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk without volume or number
Issue Number for Journal Title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk (required)

used by the journal

Options for issues


If no volume number is present, follow the publisher with the issue number,
preceded by No.
.
Romulus [CD-ROM]. Ottawa (ON): National Library of Canada. 1992-1998.
English, French.

Molecules: a Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry
[CD-ROM]. Basel (Switzerland): Molecular Diversity Preservation
International. Vol. 1, 1996 - .
.
Romulus [CD-ROM]. Ottawa (ON): National Library of Canada. 1992-1998.
English, French.

number
Reality Surgery [DVD]. Dublin (Ireland): Reality Surgery Ltd. Vol. 1, No. 1,
Jan 2004 - .
or
Reality Surgery [DVD]. Dublin (Ireland): Reality Surgery Ltd. Vol. 1, Jan 2004
- .

Date of Publication for Journal Title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk (required)

Include the month and year the journal began publishing, such as May 2004
Jan
If the journal is still being published-

End beginning date information with a hyphen, three spaces, and a period
If the journal ceased publication -
End beginning date information with a space, a hyphen and a space
Enter closing volume and issue information followed by a comma and the closing
month and year
End closing date information with a period

Options for dates

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
Oct 1999-Mar 2000
Dec 7, 2002-Jan 9, 2003
hyphen
Mar-Apr 2005
Dec 1999-Jan 2000
Feb 1-7, 2005
Jan 25-31, 2001


Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
Examples:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

months or seasons.
Jan 2004 - .
or
2004 - .

18. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with months in date
19. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with multiple months included in date
20. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with season in date
Physical Description for Journal Title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk

(optional)
Enter the medium on which the journal title is issued, in plural form, followed by a
colon and a space. Example: DVDs:
Give the physical characteristics of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disc, such as color and
size. For example: DVDs: color, 4 3/4 in.


Physical description of a journal on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk is optional in a reference but
may be included to provide useful information. For example, the size of a disk indicates
what equipment is needed to view it.
Note that the words used in description are taken from ISO 832:1994 - Rules for the
abbreviation of bibliographic terms and reflect standard library practice. See Appendix C
for a list of commonly used English words and their abbreviations.
Give the type of medium on which the journal appears, in plural form, followed by
a colon and a space. Examples: CD-ROMs: and DVDs:
Include physical characteristics, such as color and size. Abbreviate common words
for measurement, such as in. for inches.

sound
color
black & white
DVDs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.
Computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
Computer disks: 5 1/4 in. and 3 1/2 in.

21. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with physical description
Language for Journal Title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk (required)



printed material
publication (and Physical Description, if found)
Example:
Action Against Infection: a Newsletter for WHO and its Partners [CD-
ROM]. Geneva: World Health Organization, CDS Information
Resource Centre. Vol. 1, No. 1, Dec 1999 - Vol. 4, No. 5, 2004. English,
French, Spanish.
Canadian journals:
Begin with the title in the first language found, in order of preference: the
opening screens of the issue; the face of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk; the
carrying case; or accompanying printed material
List all languages, separated by commas, after the date of publication (and
Example:
Brinkman's Cumulatieve Catalogus op CD-ROM: Nationale Bibliografie
van Nederland = Brinkman's Cumulative Catalogue on CD-ROM:
Dutch National Bibliography [CD-ROM]. Munich (Germany): K.G.
Saur. 1995 - . Dutch, English.

5. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk not in English with optional translation
6. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk published in two equal languages
7. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk published in multiple languages
Notes for Journal Title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk (optional)

Notes is a term for any type of information about the journal
If the journal was previously published under another title, provide the name
preceded by "Continues: ", such as Continues: EJPathol.
If the journal continues under another title, provide the name preceded by
"Continued by: ", such as Continued by: Electronic Journal of Pathology and
Histology.


The notes element may be used to provide any useful information. Begin by citing the
journal title, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:
The name under which a journal was previously published, preceded by "Continues:
"
Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology [CD-ROM]. Amsterdam: IOS
Press. Vol. 6, No. 1, Mar 2000 - . Continues: EJPathol.
"Continued by: "
EJPathol [disk]. Munich: VaW Verlag fur Angewandte Wissenschaften. Vol. 1,
No. 1, Mar 1995 - Vol. 5, No. 4, Oct-Dec 1999. Computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
Continued by: Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology.
The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins [disk]. Botucatu (Brazil):
Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1995 -
Vol. 8, 2002. Computer disks: 3 1/2 in. Continued by: Journal of Venomous
Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases.
The system requirements necessary to run the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk. Begin with
the phrase "System Requirements" followed by a colon and a space.
The AIDS Stack [disk]. Pleasant Hill (CA): Heizer Software. Oct 1987 - .
Computer disks: 3 1/2 in. System Requirements: 1 MB Macintosh with two
800K byte floppy disk drives or one hard disk drive; Excel, Works, HyperCard
or SuperCard software.
Another format in which a journal is also available
Health Indicators [CD-ROM]. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Institute for Health

Information. Vol. 2000, No. 1, Dec 2000 - . Also available on the Internet:
http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/82-221-XIE/free.htm
Advanced Clinical Problems on Disk [disk]. Baltimore (MD): Williams &
Wilkins. Disk 1, 1988 - Disk 9, 1991. Computer disks: 5 1/4 in. Sponsored by
the American College of Physicians and Massachusetts General Hospital.
RNdex Professional [CD-ROM]. Pasadena (CA): Information Resources
Group. Vol. 1, No, 1, 1996 - . 3 per year.
Computer Select [CD-ROM]. New York: Ziff Communications. Feb 1991 - .
ISSN: 1062-8509.
be found, preceded by the words "Located at: "
Cyberlog: the Quarterly of Applied Medical Software [disk]. Eden Prairie
(MN): Cardinal Health Systems, Inc. Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring 1985 - No. 20, 1991.
Computer disks: 5 1/4 in. Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda,
MD; W1 CY343.
Interactions: Programs in Clinical Decision Making [disk]. Hamilton (ON):
Decker Electronic Pub. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1988 - Vol. 8, No. 6, 1996. Also
called ACOG Interactions.
Examples for Notes

22. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with system requirements provided
23. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk previously published under another
name
24. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk continuing under another name
25. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with note on Internet availability
26. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with sponsorship note
27. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with frequency of publication note
28. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with ISSN note

29. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with note on a library where it may be
located
30. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with examples of other notes
Examples of Citations to Entire Journal Titles on CD-ROM, DVD,

or Disk
1. Standard citation to a journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk that is
still being published
Reality Surgery [DVD]. Dublin (Ireland): Reality Surgery Ltd. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan 2004 - .
AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings [CD-ROM]. Bethesda (MD): American Medical
Informatics Association. 2003 - .
2. Standard citation to a journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk that

ceased publication
PrimePractice: a CD-ROM quarterly for primary care physicians [CD-ROM].
Minneapolis (MN): IVI Pub. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1994 - Vol. 2, No. 4, 1996.
Discotest [disk]. New York: Scientific American Medicine. No. 47, 1985 - No. 152, 1997.
Health Care Cost Analyzer [disk]. Lexington (MA): DRI/McGraw-Hill. 1987-1992.
3. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with subtitle

Molecules: a Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry [CD-ROM].
Basel (Switzerland): Molecular Diversity Preservation International. Vol. 1, 1996 - .

Atti della Societa Italiana delle Scienze Veterinarie [CD-ROM]. Grado (Italy): Societa
Italiana delle Scienze Veterinarie. Vol. 58, 2004 - . Italian.
5. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk not in English with optional

translation
Atti della Societa Italiana delle Scienze Veterinarie [Acts of the Italian Society for
Veterinary Science] [CD-ROM]. Grado (Italy): Societa Italiana delle Scienze Veterinarie.
Vol. 58, 2004 - . Italian.
6. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk published in two equal

languages
Brinkman's Cumulatieve Catalogus op CD-ROM: Nationale Bibliografie van Nederland =
Brinkman's Cumulative Catalogue on CD-ROM: Dutch National Bibliography [CD-
ROM]. Munich (Germany): K.G. Saur. 1995 - . Dutch, English.
7. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk published in multiple

languages
Action Against Infection: a Newsletter for WHO and its Partners [CD-ROM]. Geneva:
World Health Organization, CDS Information Resource Centre. Vol. 1, No. 1, Dec 1999 -
Vol. 4, No. 5, 2004. English, French, Spanish.
Romulus [CD-ROM]. Ottawa (ON): National Library of Canada. 1992-1998. English,
French.

Nucleic Acids Research (Electronic Edition) [CD-ROM]. Oxford (UK): Oxford University
Press. Vol. 21, No. 1, Jan 1993 - .
9. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with editor named

Molecules Online (CD-ROM Edition) [CD-ROM]. Stephen Hanessian, editor. Berlin:
Springer-Verlag. Vol. 1, 1996 - Vol. 3, 1999.
10. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with well-known place of

publication
Journal of Bacteriology [CD-ROM]. Washington: American Society for Microbiology. Vol.
174, 1992 - .
11. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with lesser-known place of

publication
The AIDS Stack [disk]. Pleasant Hill (CA): Heizer Software. Oct 1987 - .
12. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with publisher including

subsidiary part
Californian Journal of Health Promotion [CD-ROM]. Chico (CA): California State
University, Department of Health and Community Services. Mar 2003 - .
13. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with unknown publisher

Advances in Common Joint Problems [disk]. Udine (Italy): [publisher unknown]. No. 1,
1996 - No. 3, 1997. English, Italian.
Primary Care Medicine on CD [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. Vol. 1, No. 1,
1997 - Vol. 3, No. 4, 1999.
Advances in Common Joint Problems [disk]. Udine (Italy): [publisher unknown]. No. 1,
1996 - No. 3, 1997. English, Italian.

Californian Journal of Health Promotion [CD-ROM]. Chico (CA): California State
University, Department of Health and Community Services. Mar 2003 - .
Ophthalmology on CD: the Journal of the American Academy of Ophthalmology [CD-
ROM]. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott. 1994 - .
Advanced Clinical Problems on Disk [disk]. Baltimore (MD): Williams & Wilkins. Disk 1,
1988 - Disk 9, 1991.
Clinical Pharmacology [CD-ROM]. Gainesville (FL): Gold Standard Multimedia. Version
1.1, 1994 - .
18. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with months in date

Ethics Index: an Interdisciplinary Resource of Journal and Essay Information in the Field
of Ethics [CD-ROM]. Evanston (IL): American Theological Library Association. Feb 1994
- .
19. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with multiple months included
in date
Interactions: Programs in Clinical Decision Making [disk]. Hamilton (ON): Decker
Electronic Pub. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1988 - Vol. 8, No. 6, 1996.
20. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with season in date

Cyberlog: the Quarterly of Applied Medical Software [disk]. Eden Prairie (MN): Cardinal
Health Systems, Inc. Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring 1985 - No. 20, 1991.
21. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with physical description

Primary Care Medicine on CD [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven. Vol. 1, No. 1,
1997 - Vol. 3, No. 4, 1999. CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Health Systems, Inc. Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring 1985 - No. 20, 1991. Computer disks: 5 1/4 in.
DVDs: color, 4 3/4 in.
22. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with system requirements

provided
The AIDS Stack [disk]. Pleasant Hill (CA): Heizer Software. Oct 1987 - . Computer disks:
3 1/2 in. System Requirements: 1 MB Macintosh with two 800K byte floppy disk drives or
one hard disk drive; Excel, Works, HyperCard or SuperCard software.
23. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk previously published under

another name
Electronic Journal of Pathology and Histology [CD-ROM]. Amsterdam: IOS Press. Vol. 6,
No. 1, Mar 2000 - . Continues: EJPathol.
24. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk continuing under another

name
EJPathol [disk]. Munich: VaW Verlag fur Angewandte Wissenschaften. Vol. 1, No. 1, Mar
1995 - Vol. 5, No. 4, Oct-Dec 1999. Computer disks: 3 1/2 in. Continued by: Electronic
Journal of Pathology and Histology.
The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins [disk]. Botucatu (Brazil): Center for the
Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1995 - Vol. 8, 2002. Computer
disks: 3 1/2 in. Continued by: Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including
Tropical Diseases.
25. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with note on Internet

availability
Health Indicators [CD-ROM]. Ottawa (ON): Canadian Institute for Health Information.
Vol. 2000, No. 1, Dec 2000 - . Also available on the Internet: http://www.statcan.ca/
english/freepub/82-221-XIE/free.htm
26. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with sponsorship note

Advanced Clinical Problems on Disk [disk]. Baltimore (MD): Williams & Wilkins. Disk 1,
1988 - Disk 9, 1991. Computer disks: 5 1/4 in. Sponsored by the American College of
Physicians and Massachusetts General Hospital.
Electronic Pub. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1988 - Vol. 8, No. 6, 1996. Sponsored by the
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Also called ACOG Interactions.
27. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with frequency of publication

note
RNdex Professional [CD-ROM]. Pasadena (CA): Information Resources Group. Vol. 1,
No, 1, 1996 - . 3 per year.
Journal of Bacteriology [CD-ROM]. Washington: American Society for Microbiology. Vol.
174, 1992 - . Annual.
28. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with ISSN note

Computer Select [CD-ROM]. New York: Ziff Communications. Feb 1991 - . ISSN:
1062-8509.
29. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with note on a library where
it may be located
Health Systems, Inc. Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring 1985 - No. 20, 1991. Computer disks: 5 1/4 in.
Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; W1 CY343.
30. Journal title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with examples of other notes
Electronic Pub. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan-Feb 1988 - Vol. 8, No. 6, 1996. Also called ACOG
Interactions.
1241
Chapter 20. Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or

Disk

Examples
See also:
Chapter 24 Databases/Retrieval Systems on the Internet
Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Databases on CD-

ROM, DVD, or Disk
The general format for a reference to a database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, including
punctuation:
- for a serial database that is open:
- for a serial database that is closed:
- for a single database:

Examples of Citations to Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

A database is a collection of individual records that are most often standardized in both
format and content. Database records are usually related by a common denominator such
as subject matter or the source of the material in them. Text-oriented databases are
generally bibliographic or full-text, where each record has a bibliographic citation to a
publication or the complete text of a document. Number-oriented databases cover many
types, including statistical, time series, and transactional.
There are two broad categories of databases found on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk: serial and
single. Their publication pattern differentiates them.
Serial databases contain records or other entries that have been collected over a period of
time, with new or updated versions issued at stated intervals. Serial databases are either
open or closed. Open databases continue to have new records added to them or to have
existing records updated; in closed databases no records are being added or updated.
To cite an open serial database, give the beginning date of the database followed by
a hyphen, 3 spaces, and a period.
To cite a closed serial database, give the beginning and ending dates, separated by a
hyphen. End date information with a period.
The second broad category is single databases. These are collections of records published
only once, usually with no intention of updating or adding records at a future date,
although minor corrections/changes may be made.
To cite a single database, give the one date of publication as you would for a
standard book.
If you are unsure whether a database is a serial or single one, cite it as a single.
Databases frequently change titles and publishers over time. When citing a database,
always provide information on the latest title and publisher unless you are citing an earlier
version. If you wish to cite all years for a database that has changed title, provide a
Veterinary librarian [disk]. Littleton (CO): First Move. 1990 - 2002. Computer disks:
5 1/4 in. Continued by: Veterinary Journal Index.
Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk 1243
Veterinary journal index [CD-ROM]. Littleton (CO): First Move. 2003 - . CD-
ROMs: 4 3/4 in. Continues: Veterinary Librarian.
Do not cite this database as:
Veterinary journal index [CD-ROM]. Littleton (CO): First Move. 1990 - . CD-
ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Use the opening screen(s), the label of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, the jewel case
(carrying case), and accompanying documentation, in that order, for authoritative
information to use in citing a database.
Parts of Databases and Contributions to Databases
This chapter includes citation rules for entire databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk. For
citing a part of these databases, such as an individual record, combine the guidelines
presented in this chapter with those in Chapter 24B Parts of Databases on the Internet
and Chapter 2C Parts of Books. See also example 34 below.
For citing a contribution to a database, which occurs when an author(s) submits text or
data to a database, combine the guidelines presented in this chapter with those in Chapter
24C Contributions to Databases on the Internet and Chapter 2D Contributions to Books.
See also example 35 below. Note, however, that entries for the books and journal articles
in a bibliographic database should not be cited as a contribution; the original item should
be sought when possible.
When citing a part of a database, begin with the citation to the database, then add
information on the part. Do the opposite when citing a contribution. Because a reference
should start with the individual or organization responsible for the intellectual content of
the publication, begin a reference to a contribution with the author and title of the
contribution, followed by the word "In:" and the citation for the entire database.
As when citing parts and contributions to books, provide the length of the part or
contribution to a database whenever possible. If traditional page numbers are not present,
calculate the extent of the part or contribution using the best means possible, i.e., number
of paragraphs, screens, or pages if printed out. Since screen size and print fonts vary,
precede the estimated number of screens and pages with the word, "about", and place
extent information in square brackets, such as [about 3 screens]. For parts and
contributions that contain hyperlinks, however, such as the second sample citation in
example 35, it will not be possible to provide the length.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk.
Citation Rules with Examples for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD,

or Disk
it is optional.
Author/Editor for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

List names in the order they appear on the opening screens
assumption that the author approved the form used. For example: Van Der Horn or
van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.

Other surname rules


publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

letter


Examples:

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor


If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on the opening
screens of a database as authors, use the names of the individuals as the author.
Give the organization at the end of the reference as a note, if desired.
Bowers L, Klesius SE. Physical activity for all! Adapted physical education for
students with disabilities grades K-12 [DVD]. Cicero (NY): Program
Development Associates; 2001. 1 DVD: color, 4 3/4 in. Prepared under the
auspices of the University of South Florida School of Physical Education.
brackets.
or
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

and the specific role, that is, editor(s) or translator(s).
Jorgensen LA, Jorgensen SE, Nielsen SN, editors. ECOTOX: ecological
modelling and ecotoxicology [CD-ROM]. New York: Elsevier Science; c2000.
1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
translators are given, begin the reference with the title of the database. Do not use
anonymous.
Properties of organic solvents [CD-ROM]. Version 2.0. Boca Raton (FL): CRC
Press; c1996. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.


1. Standard citation to an open serial database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk
2. Standard citation to a closed serial database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk
3. Standard citation to a single database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk
4. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an individual(s) as author
5. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with optional full names for author
6. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an organization as author
7. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with editors where there is no author
8. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no authors or editors
16. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with authors and editors or other
secondary authors
Author Affiliation for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)




Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society

a space
Example:

Spain).

Kubo A, Ishida T.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe


Wien becomes Vienna

9. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with author affiliation
Title for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

Enter the title of a database as it appears on the opening screens, in the original
language
and initialisms
already present
in square brackets


Swedish, etc.)
Zeitschriftendatenbank [CD-ROM + disk]. Berlin: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin,
Preussischer Kulturbesitz. 1994 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.; Computer disk: 3 1/2
in. German.
Slovenska bibliografija [CD-ROM]. Ljubljana (Slovenia): Narodna in
Univerzitetna Knjiznica. 1989 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in. Slovenian.
Zhong yi yao jie du wen xian zi liao ku [CD-ROM]. [Hong Kong]: Hong Kong
Baptist University; 2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese, English.
or
[Database on Chinese medicine for drug addiction] [CD-ROM]. [Hong
Kong]: Hong Kong Baptist University; 2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Chinese, English.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Zeitschriftendatenbank [Journals databank] [CD-ROM + disk]. Berlin:
Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz. 1994 - . CD-ROMs: 4
3/4 in.; Computer disks: 3 1/2 in. German.

If a database title is written in several languages:
description
Example:
Zhong yi yao jie du wen xian zi liao ku [CD-ROM]. [Hong Kong]: Hong
Kong Baptist University; 2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese,
English.
If a database title is found in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in
Give all titles in the order in which they are found on the opening screens
Example:
Demirjian A, Cheng R, Tanguay R. Electronic encyclopedia on maxillo-
facial, dental & skeletal development = Encyclopedie electronique du
developpement maxillo-faciale, dentaire et sqelettique [CD-ROM +

disk]. [Montreal]: Demirjian; c1996. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.; 1
computer disk: 3 1/2 in. English, French.

Most titles end in a period. Place the closing period after the type of medium.
Physical education index [CD-ROM]. Cape Girardeau (MO): Softworks USA.
1990 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
of medium in square brackets after the title and end title information with a period.
Genusys: database of herbal remedies, aromatherapy, essential oils, vitamins,
amino acids, and more! [CD-ROM]. Version 1.4. Solebury (PA): Genusys
Laboratories; 1996. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
character.
Capitalize the first word of a database title unless the title begins with a Greek letter,
capitalized
12-Lead ECG interpretation
von Willebrand disease database
Retain special characters in titles when possible
Pharm-line
becomes omega.
Database of -amino acids
may become
Database of beta-amino acids
TiO2 nanoparticles
may become

Under rare circumstances a database does not appear to have any title; the database
simply begins with the records in it. In this circumstance:
Construct a title based on the content of the records
Examples for Title

10. Database title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with subtitle
11. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with title ending in other than a period
12. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in a language other than English
13. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk published with two equal languages
Content Type for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

database
Begin type information with a left square bracket
Enter the words "database on"
End the content type with space


Most titles end in a period. Place the closing period after the content type and type
of medium.
Physical education index [database on CD-ROM]. Cape Girardeau (MO):
Softworks USA. 1990 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation. Place the
content type and type of medium in square brackets after the title and end title
Bowers L, Klesius SE. Physical activity for all! [database on DVD]. Cicero
(NY): Program Development Associates; 2001. 1 DVD: color, 4 3/4 in.

If a translation of a title is provided, place it in square brackets following the
original language title
Put the content type and type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, disk) in square brackets
following the translation
End title information with a period
Example:
Zhong yi yao jie du wen xian zi liao ku [Database on Chinese medicine for
drug addiction] [database on CD-ROM]. [Hong Kong]: Hong Kong Baptist
University; 2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese, English.

Type of Medium for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

Indicate the type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, disk) following the title (and
Content Type, if present)
"[DVD]."
Description below
See Chapter 24 for databases on the Internet

Database in more than one type of medium

Place the content type (database) and the word "on" before the type of medium
within one set of square brackets
The Cochrane library [database on CD-ROM]. Chichester (UK): John Wiley
& Sons, Ltd..1996 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Box 23. Database in more than one type of medium.

If a database is presented in more than one type of medium, give both
Separate the two types by a plus sign surrounded by a space
Place both in square brackets
Examples:
VETCD [CD-ROM + disk]. [Wallingford (UK)]: CAB International. 1990 - .
CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
Zeitschriftendatenbank [Journals databank] [CD-ROM + disk]. Berlin:
Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz. 1994 - . CD-ROMs: 4
3/4 in.; Computer disks: 3 1/2 in. German.

Most titles end in a period. Place the closing period after the type of medium.
Physical education index [CD-ROM]. Cape Girardeau (MO): Softworks USA.
1990 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
of medium in square brackets after the title and end title information with a period.
Bowers L, Klesius SE. Physical activity for all! [DVD]. Cicero (NY): Program
Development Associates; 2001. 1 DVD: color, 4 3/4 in.

Place the type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, disk) in square brackets following the
translation
End with a period
Example:
drug addiction] [CD-ROM]. [Hong Kong]: Hong Kong Baptist University;
2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese, English.

11. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with title ending in other than a period
Edition for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

Indicate the edition/version being cited after the Type of Medium when a database
is published in more than one edition or version
adjectives

Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.
translated
period
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.

First editions

familiar one
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

period
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
familiar one
period
Examples:
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
Japanese:
Examples:
becomes o
becomes u
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.

Che 6-pàn.
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
Portuguese edicao Ed.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

If a database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk provides information for both an edition and a
version:
Separate the two statements with a semicolon and a space
Examples:
2nd ed.; Version 2.0.
Version 3.0; Student ed.

If a database does not carry any statement of edition, assume it is the first or only
edition

15. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition or version
Editor and other Secondary Authors for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or

Disk (optional)
Place the names of secondary authors after the Type of Medium and any Edition
statement
Follow the last named editor with a comma and a space and the word editor or
editors; the last named illustrator with a comma and a space and the word
illustrator or illustrators, etc.


A database may have several types of secondary author.
List all of them in the order they are given on: the opening screens; the label of the
CD-ROM, DVD, or disk; the jewel case (carrying case); or accompanying
documentation
Examples:
illustrators.

Example:
Jones AB, editor and producer.

Translate the word found for editor, translator, producer, or other secondary author
into English if possible. However, the wording found on the publication may always
be used.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Language Word for Editor Translator Producer Illustrator
French redacteur traducteur producteur illustrateur
editeur
German redakteur ubersetzer produzent illustrator
herausgeber dolmetscher produzentin
Italian redattore traduttore produttore disegnatore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor perevodchik rezhisser konstruktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor traductor productor ilustrador
editor productora

organizational name
editor.
ADICAP; ICG Memoire Directe, producers.

7. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with editors where there is no author
16. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with authors and editors or other
secondary authors
Place of Publication for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

Place is defined as the city where the database is published

Non-US cities
Joint publication

always be used.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but
Canada

Two or more organizations may co-publish a database.
Use the city of the first organization found on the opening screens (or on the label,
jewel case, or in accompanying material if no place information appears on the
opening screens), as the place of publication
Put the name of the other organization(s) as a note at the end of the citation, if
desired
Joint publication of the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical
Pathology.


If no place of publication can be found on the opening screens (or on the label,
jewel case, or in accompanying material) but one can be found elsewhere in the
publication or can be reasonably inferred (e.g., Chicago as the place for a
publication of the American Medical Association), place the city in square brackets,
such as "[Chicago]".
The pathology atlas [CD-ROM]. Version 1.0. [Princeton (NJ)]: Films for the
Humanities and Sciences. c1998 - . CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.
Certified clinical microbiology database [disk]. [place unknown]: Datachem
Software/Lewis Publishers; [1992?]. 4 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.

17. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with well known place of publication
18. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with geographic qualifier added to place of
19. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with place of publication inferred
20. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with unknown place of publication
Publisher for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

A publisher is defined as the individual or organization issuing the database
Record the name of the publisher as it appears on the title page or opening screens,
using whatever capitalization and punctuation is found there
Division.
End publisher information with a period for serial databases and a semicolon for
single databases

Joint publication
Multiple publishers

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society


Institute];
are capitalized.]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
publication.
publisher.
the database as the publisher and include distributor information as a note. Begin
with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and a space. Add the name of
the distributor, the city and state, and the accession or order number.
20.4050:B 53/2000.

Two or more organizations may co-publish a database.
Use the first organization appearing as publisher on the opening screens (or on the
label, jewel case, or in accompanying material if no publisher information appears
on the opening screens)
desired
Joint publication of the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology.

If more than one publisher is found on the opening screens (or on the label, jewel
case, or in accompanying material if no publisher information appears on the
opening screens), use the first one given or the one set in the largest type or bold
type
use the name given first as the publisher and include the name(s) of the other(s) as
a note if desired. For example, "Jointly published by the Canadian Pharmacists
Association".


21. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with publisher having subsidiary division
22. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with government agency or other national
body as publisher
Date of Publication for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

Always give the year
Include the month, if desired, after the year, such as 2004 May
such as Jan
For an open serial database, give the beginning date of the database followed by a
hyphen and 3 spaces
For a closed serial database, give the beginning and ending dates, separated by a
hyphen with a space before and after
For a single database, provide the one date of publication as you would for a
standard book
End date information for all types with a period unless a Date of Update/Revision is
found, then use a space


For multiple years of publication, separate the first and last years of publication by a
2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan
names of seasons.

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring


preceding the date. If no date of publication can be found, but the database contains
a date of copyright, use the date of copyright preceded by the letter "c"; for example
c2005.
Clydesdale FM, editor. Food additives: toxicology, regulation, and properties
[CD-ROM]. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; c1997. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4
3/4 in.

If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found, but the date of
the earliest (and latest if closed) records in the database can be determined, place
date information in square brackets
IBEDOCS: IBE Bibliographic Catalogue [CD-ROM]. Geneva: UNESCO,
International Bureau of Education. [1971] - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found, but the date
can be estimated because of information found on accompanying material or
elsewhere, follow the date(s) with a question mark and place date information in
square brackets
Certified clinical microbiology database [disk]. [place unknown]: Datachem
Software/Lewis Publishers; [1992?]. 4 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
date be determined or estimated, use [date unknown]

It is not NLM policy, but the date of publication may follow the author names (or type of
medium if there are no authors) in the list of references when the name-year system of in-
text references is used.
Use only the year of publication (omitting months and days) or of copyright if there
is no publication date
Keep the hyphen following the date when the database is open
Include both the beginning and ending years if a database is closed
Keep any square brackets surrounding a date
Use [date unknown] if no date can be determined

Place the year(s) or [date unknown] after the last named author (or after the type of
medium if there is no author)
End the publisher name with a period
Leave any date of update/revision in its usual location
NLM citation:
Houston R, Conrad P, Boyce W, Hayes R. ParasitoLog: an interactive database
of veterinary parasites [CD-ROM]. Davis (CA): University of California,
School of Veterinary Medicine; 1997. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology, with evaluated MEDLINE [CD-
ROM]. Cambridge (MA): Electronic Press, Inc. 1995 Nov - . CD-ROMs: 4
3/4 in.
Plunkett's health care industry almanac [CD-ROM]. Houston (TX): Plunkett
Research, Ltd. 1999-2000 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Clydesdale FM, editor. Food additives: toxicology, regulation, and properties
[CD-ROM]. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; c1997. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4
3/4 in.
IBEDOCS: IBE Bibliographic Catalogue [CD-ROM]. Geneva: UNESCO,
International Bureau of Education. [1971] - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Compact library: AIDS [CD-ROM + disk]. Version 1.55a. Boston:
Massachusetts Medical Society, Medical Publishing Group. 1980 - 1990
[updated 1990 Oct]. CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: color, 5 1/2
in.
Houston R, Conrad P, Boyce W, Hayes R. 1997. ParasitoLog: an interactive
database of veterinary parasites [CD-ROM]. Davis (CA): University of
California, School of Veterinary Medicine. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology, with evaluated MEDLINE [CD-
ROM]. 1995 - . Cambridge (MA): Electronic Press, Inc. CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Plunkett's health care industry almanac [CD-ROM]. 1999-2000 - . Houston
(TX): Plunkett Research, Ltd. CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Clydesdale FM, editor. c1997. Food additives: toxicology, regulation, and

properties [CD-ROM]. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. 1 CD-ROM: sound,
color, 4 3/4 in.
IBEDOCS: IBE Bibliographic Catalogue [CD-ROM]. [1971] - . Geneva:
UNESCO, International Bureau of Education. CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Compact library: AIDS [CD-ROM + disk]. 1980 - 1990. Version 1.55a.
Boston: Massachusetts Medical Society, Medical Publishing Group. [updated
1990 Oct]. CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: color, 5 1/2 in.

23. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with month(s) included in date of
publication
24. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with season included in date of publication
25. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with multiple years
26. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date of copyright instead of date of
publication
27. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date obtained from earliest material
in it
28. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date estimated
29. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with update date
Date of Update/Revision for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(required)
Databases may be updated or revised between editions or versions
Use whatever word for update or revision is provided, such as updated and
modified
Always give the year of update/revision
Include the month and day of update/revision, if provided, after the year, such as
2006 May 5
such as Jan
Place update/revision information in square brackets
End update/revision information with a period placed outside the closing bracket


Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Various words are used to show that the content of a database has been changed. Among
them are: updated, modified, revised, reviewed.
Use the wording supplied in the database/retrieval system
Give all words expressing update/revision with the dates provided, in ascending
date order
Enter dates in the format year month day

Separate words with their dates by a semicolon and a space
updated 2006 May; modified 2006 Dec
revised 2005 Dec 5; updated 2006 Mar 30
Place update/revision information in square brackets
End date information with a period placed outside the closing bracket
Example:

Extent (Pagination) for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

For serial databases-
Give the name of the medium on which the database is issued, such as CD-ROMs
or Computer disks
End extent information with a period unless Physical Description is included, then
use a colon
For single databases-
Give the total number of physical pieces on which the database appears
computer disks
End extent information with a period unless Physical Description is included, then
use a colon


If a database is presented in more than one type of medium, provide the extent for
both
Separate extent for the two types by a semicolon and a space

Examples:
in.

30. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with extent and physical description
Physical Description for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

Give information on the physical characteristics, such as color and size


For serial databases, begin with the type of medium on which the database is (or
was) issued, followed by a colon and a space
DVDs:
CD-ROMs:
Computer disks:
For single databases, begin with information on the number and type of physical
pieces, followed by a colon and a space
1 DVD:
2 CD-ROMs:
4 computer disks:
sound
color
black & white
CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.

If a database is presented in more than one type of medium, give the physical
description for both, separated by a semicolon and a space.
Examples:
in.

30. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with extent and physical description
Series for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)


Multiple series

information.
Give surname first

Example:
(Gottlieb C, editor. Cancer pathology; no. 5).

If a database is a part of more than one series, include information on all series if desired.
last series
Example:
(NNA database; no. 3); (Nursing education series).
Examples for Series

31. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with a series
Language for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)


Databases appearing in more than one language
Box 59. Databases appearing in more than one language.

If a database appears in several languages:
description

Example:
Vieillefond A, Bastien H, Billerey C, Berger N, Bouvier R, Cochand-
Priollet B, Dauge-Geffroy MC, Fontaniere B. Urological pathology: a
reference image database coded with SNOMED, ICD 10, and ADICAP
[CD-ROM]. Got C, editor. Heidelberg (Germany): Springer Electronic
Media; 1998. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. English, French.
If a database is in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian
publications:
Give all titles in the order they are presented on the opening screens
description
Example:
Demirjian A, Cheng R, Tanguay R. Electronic encyclopedia on maxillo-
facial, dental & skeletal development = Encyclopedie electronique du
developpement maxillo-faciale, dentaire et sqelettique [CD-ROM +
disk]. [Montreal]: Demirjian; c1996. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.; 1
computer disk: 3 1/2 in. English, French.
drug addiction] [CD-ROM]. [Hong Kong]: Hong Kong Baptist University;
2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese, English.

Notes for Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

itself
Be brief

System requirements

System requirements describe the particular software and hardware needed to view the
database.
Use the publisher's wording; no standardization is needed
Separate the types of information with a semicolon and a space
Examples:
CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: 3 1/2 in. System Requirements: IBM-
compatible PC; 640 K of RAM; 10 megabyte hard disk drive; MS-DOS or PC-
DOS 3.1 or higher; MS-DOS CD-ROM Extensions 2.0 or higher; ISO 9660-
compatible CD-ROM drive; standard monitor; floppy drive; parallel port for
printer.
Daims M. Companion to canine & feline practice [CD-ROM]. Version 6.0.
Guelph (ON): Lifelearn; 2001. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. System
Requirements: Pentium 90 MHz or better; 16 MB RAM; Windows 3.1 or
95/98; 640x480 monitor or higher; CD-ROM drive (8x or higher
recommended).
Early American manual therapy [CD-ROM]. Version 3.0. Virginia Beach
(VA): Lifeline Press; 2003. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. System Requirements: PCs or
Macs; Internet browser (such as Microsoft Explorer); CD drive; Windows (for
setup program to install this database to a hard drive).

The notes element may be used to provide any information useful to the reader. Begin by
citing the database, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:
Information on database content
Veterinary librarian [disk]. Littleton (CO): First Move. 1990 - 2002. Computer
disks: 5 1/4 in. Covered 28 journals.
Description of material accompanying the database. Begin with the phrase
"Accompanied by" followed by a colon and a space.
CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 manual
and 1 quick reference card.
The name of a library or other archive where an uncommon database may be
found. Begin with the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space. Include
any finding number for the item.
PDF-4/organics: relational database [CD-ROM]. Newtown Square (PA):
International Centre for Diffraction Data. 2002 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Located at: Library of Congress, Washington, DC; QE369.X2.
Explanations of initialisms or acronyms used in the database title
ASH slide bank database for Heme CD [disk]. MS-Windows version 2.1.
Seattle: University of Washington, Health Sciences Center for Educational
Resources; c1996. 3 disks: color, 4 3/4 in. ASH is the American Society of
hematology.
The name of the organization sponsoring the database or for which it was prepared
Bowers L, Klesius SE. Physical activity for all! Adapted physical education for
students with disabilities grades K-12 [DVD]. Cicero (NY): Program
Development Associates; 2001. 1 DVD color, 4 3/4 in. Prepared under the
auspices of the University of South Florida School of Physical Education.
Examples for Notes

32. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with optional system requirements
33. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with supplemental note included
Examples of Citations to Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

1. Standard citation to an open serial database on CD-ROM, DVD, or
disk
The Cochrane library [CD-ROM]. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1996 - .
CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Physical education index [CD-ROM]. Cape Girardeau (MO): Softworks USA. 1990 - .
CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Science watch. Hot papers database [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: Thompson Scientific. 1996
- . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Chicano database [CD-ROM]. Berkeley (CA): University of California, Chicano Studies
Library Publications. 1990 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
with optional content type
The Cochrane library [database on CD-ROM]. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1996 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Physical education index [database on CD-ROM]. Cape Girardeau (MO): Softworks USA.
1990 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
2. Standard citation to a closed serial database on CD-ROM, DVD, or

disk
Health and psychosocial instruments [CD-ROM]. Pittsburgh (PA): Behavioral
Measurement Database Services. 1992 - 2003. CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.
Veterinary librarian [disk]. Littleton (CO): First Move. 1990 - 2002. Computer disks: 5 1/4
in.
Health and psychosocial instruments [database on CD-ROM]. Pittsburgh (PA):
Behavioral Measurement Database Services. 1992 - 2003. CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.
Veterinary librarian [database on disk]. Littleton (CO): First Move. 1990 - 2002.
Computer disks: 5 1/4 in.

The animal motion show: a visual reference for artists [DVD]. Burbank (CA): Rhino
House; 2003. 2 DVDs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Properties of organic solvents [CD-ROM]. Version 2.0. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press;
c1996. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
Houston R, Conrad P, Boyce W, Hayes R. ParasitoLog: an interactive database of

veterinary parasites [CD-ROM]. Davis (CA): University of California, School of
Veterinary Medicine; 1997. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Comprehensive occupational health nursing preparation database [disk]. Version 1.0.
[Westboro (MA)]: Datachem Software; c1991. 2 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
Anesthesia & critical care drug database [disk]. Version 3.1. Redondo Beach (CA): Med-
Pharm Information Systems; c1996. 2 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
The animal motion show: a visual reference for artists [database on DVD]. Burbank (CA):
Rhino House; 2003. 2 DVDs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Properties of organic solvents [database on CD-ROM]. Version 2.0. Boca Raton (FL):
CRC Press; c1996. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
4. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an individual(s) as author

Walker MM, Keith LH. EPA's Clean Air Act air toxics database [disk]. Boca Raton (FL):
Lewis Publishers; c1992-1993. 4 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
Winter RM, Baraitser M. London dysmorphology database [CD-ROM]. IBM PC version
2.0. Oxford (England): Oxford University Press; c1996. 2 CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
5. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with optional full names for

author
Daims, Mark. Companion to canine & feline practice [CD-ROM]. Version 6.0. Guelph
(ON): Lifelearn; 2001. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Walker, Mary M.; Keith, Lawrence H. EPA's Clean Air Act air toxics database [disk]. Boca
Raton (FL): Lewis Publishers; c1992-1993. 4 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
6. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an organization as author

Federation of State Boards of Physical Therapy. Physical Therapy Practice Act/Rules
database [disk]. Orem (UT): Infobusiness, Inc. 1994 - . Computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
7. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with editors where there is no

author
Jorgensen LA, Jorgensen SE, Nielsen SN, editors. ECOTOX: ecological modelling and
ecotoxicology [CD-ROM]. New York: Elsevier Science; c2000. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
Dollery C, editor. Therapeutic drugs [CD-ROM]. Release 1.0. Edinburgh (Scotland):
Churchill Livingstone; c1999. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.

Dictionary of commonly cited compounds [CD-ROM]. CD-ROM ed. Boca Raton (FL):
Chapman & Hall/CRC. 2001 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
9. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with author affiliation

Ronco C (Department of Nephrology, St. Bortolo Hospital, Venice, Italy), Ghezzi PM
(Department of Nephrology, St. Croce & Carle Hospital, Cuneo, Italy), Hoenich NA
(Department of Nephrology, School of Clinical Medical Sciences, University of Newcastle,
Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK), Delfino P (Department of Informatics, St. Croce & Carle
Hospital, Cuneo, Italy). Membranes and filters for hemodialysis database 2001 [CD-
ROM]. Basel (Switzerland): S. Karger Publishers; c2001. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Pickup JC (Guy's, King's, and St. Thomas' School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London,
UK), Williams G, editors. Slide atlas of diabetes [CD-ROM]. [Oxford (UK)]: Blackwell
Publishing; c2004. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
10. Database title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with subtitle

CBAISS: chemical and biological agents information support system [CD-ROM]. Version
1.0 for Windows. Columbus (OH): Battelle Memorial Institute; c2001. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4
in.
11. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with title ending in other than a
period
Genusys: database of herbal remedies, aromatherapy, essential oils, vitamins, amino acids,
and more! [CD-ROM]. Version 1.4. Solebury (PA): Genusys Laboratories; 1996. 1 CD-
12. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in a language other than

English
Zeitschriftendatenbank [CD-ROM + disk]. Berlin: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin, Preussischer
Kulturbesitz. 1994 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: 3 1/2 in. German.
Slovenska bibliografija [CD-ROM]. Ljubljana (Slovenia): Narodna in Univerzitetna
Knjiznica. 1989 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in. Slovenian.
Cserey L. Magyar allatorvosi bibliografia, 1990-1996 [CD-ROM]. [Budapest]: University
of Veterinary Science Central Library; 1997. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Hungarian.
Zhong yi yao jie du wen xian zi liao ku [CD-ROM]. [Hong Kong]: Hong Kong Baptist
University; 2000. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese, English.
Zeitschriftendatenbank [Journals databank] [CD-ROM + disk]. Berlin: Staatsbibliothek

zu Berlin, Preussischer Kulturbesitz. 1994 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: 3 1/2
in. German.
Zhong yi yao jie du wen xian zi liao ku [Database on Chinese medicine for drug
addiction] [CD-ROM]. [Hong Kong]: Hong Kong Baptist University; 2000. 1 CD-ROM:
color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese, English.
13. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk published with two equal

languages
Demirjian A, Cheng R, Tanguay R. Electronic encyclopedia on maxillo-facial, dental &
skeletal development = Encyclopedie electronique du developpement maxillo-faciale,
dentaire et sqelettique [CD-ROM + disk]. [Montreal]: Demirjian; c1996. 1 CD-ROM:
color, 4 3/4 in.; 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in. English, French.
14. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with more than one type of
medium
Demirjian A, Cheng R, Tanguay R. Electronic encyclopedia on maxillo-facial, dental &
skeletal development = Encyclopedie electronique du developpement maxillo-faciale,
dentaire et sqelettique [CD-ROM + disk]. [Montreal]: Demirjian; c1996. 1 CD-ROM:
color, 4 3/4 in.; 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in. English, French.
15. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition or version

Early American manual therapy [CD-ROM]. Version 3.0. Virginia Beach (VA): Lifeline
Press; c2003. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
Therapeutic drugs [CD-ROM]. Release 1.0. London: Harcourt Brace & Co.; c1999. 1 CD-
ROM: 4 3/4 in.
TSCA chemical inventory [CD-ROM]. Version T-PRO. Sanford (FL): Solutions Software
Corp.; c1995. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Rao Z, Chen F. Zhu jian bo shu zi liao ku [CD-ROM]. Di 2 ban. Xianggang (China):
Xianggang Zhong wen da xue Zhongguo. 1999 - . CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in. Chinese.
UMLS knowledge sources [dataset on DVD]. Release 2011AA. Bethesda (MD): National
Library of Medicine (US); 2011 May. 1 DVD: 4 3/4 in.
16. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with authors and editors or

other secondary authors
Vieillefond A, Bastien H, Billerey C, Berger N, Bouvier R, Cochand-Priollet B, Dauge-
Geffroy MC, Fontaniere B. Urological pathology: a reference image database coded with
SNOMED, ICD 10, and ADICAP [CD-ROM]. Got C, editor. Heidelberg (Germany):
Springer Electronic Media; 1998. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. English, French.
17. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with well known place of

publication
Wistat: women's indicators and statistics database [CD-ROM]. Version 4. New York:
United Nations Publications; c1999. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Science watch. Hot papers database [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: Thompson Scientific. 1996
- . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Therapeutic drugs [CD-ROM]. Release 1.0. London: Harcourt Brace & Co.; c1999. 1 CD-
ROM: 4 3/4 in.
18. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with geographic qualifier

added to place of publication for clarity
and more! [CD-ROM]. Version 1.4. Solebury (PA): Genusys Laboratories; 1996. 1 CD-
Contemporary women's issues [CD-ROM]. Beachwood (OH): Responsive Database
Services. 1992 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
OSSREA on CD: research publications and official documents. Version 1. Addis Ababa
(Ethiopia): OSSREA. 1980 - 2000. CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.
19. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with place of publication

inferred
The pathology atlas [CD-ROM]. Version 1.0. [Princeton (NJ)]: Films for the Humanities
and Sciences. c1998 - . CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.
20. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with unknown place of

publication
Certified clinical microbiology database [disk]. [place unknown]: Datachem Software/
Lewis Publishers; [1992?]. 4 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
21. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with publisher having

subsidiary division
ASH slide bank database for Heme CD [disk]. MS-Windows version 2.1. Seattle:
University of Washington, Health Sciences Center for Educational Resources; c1996. 3
computer disks: 3 1/2 in.
CRISP: biomedical research information [CD-ROM]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes
of Health (US), Office of Extramural Research. 1993 - 1998. CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
22. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with government agency or

other national body as publisher
CDP file [CD-ROM]. Atlanta: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and
Health Promotion (US). 1991 Oct - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Marriage and divorce data [CD-ROM]. Hyattsville (MD): National Center for Health
Statistics (US). 1989 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
CRISP: biomedical research information [CD-ROM]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes
of Health (US), Office of Extramural Research. 1993 - 1998. CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
23. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with month(s) included in date

of publication
Current opinion in obstetrics & gynecology, with evaluated MEDLINE [CD-ROM].
Cambridge (MA): Electronic Press, Inc. 1995 Nov - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
Computer library [CD-ROM]. New York: Ziff Communications. 1988 Sep - . CD-ROMs:
4 3/4 in.
EMBASE CD. Drugs & pharmacology [CD-ROM]. [Norwood (MA)]: SilverPlatter
Information. 1994 Jan-Jun - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
European veterinary dissertations [CD-ROM]. Bilthoven (Netherlands): Euroscience.
2003 Jun - 2003. CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
24. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with season included in date of

publication
Scientific American surgery CD-ROM [CD-ROM]. New York: Scientific American. 1995
Fall - 2001 Summer. CD-ROMs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
25. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with multiple years

Plunkett's health care industry almanac [CD-ROM]. Houston (TX): Plunkett Research,
Ltd. 1999-2000 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
World resources [CD-ROM]. Washington: World Resources Institute. 1998-1999 - . CD-

ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
26. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date of copyright instead

of date of publication
Clydesdale FM, editor. Food additives: toxicology, regulation, and properties [CD-ROM].
Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press; c1997. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
27. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date obtained from

earliest material in it
IBEDOCS: IBE Bibliographic Catalogue [CD-ROM]. Geneva: UNESCO, International
Bureau of Education. [1971] - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in.
28. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date estimated

Certified clinical microbiology database [disk]. [place unknown]: Datachem Software/
Lewis Publishers; [1992?]. 4 computer disks: 3 1/2 in.

Compact library: AIDS [CD-ROM + disk]. Version 1.55a. Boston: Massachusetts Medical
Society, Medical Publishing Group. 1980 - 1990 [updated 1990 Oct]. CD-ROMs: color, 4
3/4 in.; Computer disks: color, 5 1/2 in.
30. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with extent and physical

description
Daims M. Companion to canine & feline practice [CD-ROM]. Version 6.0. Guelph (ON):
Lifelearn; 2001. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
31. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with a series

CI5VII: electronic database of cancer incidence in five continents [disk]. Lyon (France):
International Agency for Research on Cancer; c1997. 2 computer disks: 3 1/2 in. (IARC
cancerbase; no. 2).
Vieillefond A, Bastien H, Billerey C, Berger N, Bouvier R, Cochand-Priollet B, Dauge-

Geffroy MC, Fontaniere B. Urological pathology: a reference image database coded with
SNOMED, ICD 10, and ADICAP [CD-ROM]. Got C, editor. Heidelberg (Germany):
Springer Electronic Media; 1998. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. (Atlas of pathology; 5).
English, French.
32. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with optional system

requirements
Pickup JC, Williams G, editors. Slide atlas of diabetes [CD-ROM]. [Oxford (UK)]:
Blackwell Publishing; c2004. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. System Requirements: Pentium
II or higher; Windows 98, ME, NT4, 2000, XP; Screen resolution of 800 x 600 or higher;
12x CD-ROM drive or higher.
VETCD [CD-ROM + disk]. [Wallingford (UK)]: CAB International. 1990 - . CD-ROMs:
4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: 3 1/2 in. System Requirements: IBM-compatible PC; 640 K of
RAM; 10 megabyte hard disk drive; MS-DOS or PC-DOS 3.1 or higher; MS-DOS CD-
ROM Extensions 2.0 or higher; ISO 9660-compatible CD-ROM drive; standard monitor;
floppy drive; parallel port for printer.
Daims M. Companion to canine & feline practice [CD-ROM]. Version 6.0. Guelph (ON):
Lifelearn; 2001. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. System Requirements: Pentium 90
MHz or better; 16 MB RAM; Windows 3.1 or 95/98; 640x480 monitor or higher; CD-
ROM drive (8x or higher recommended).
Early American manual therapy [CD-ROM]. Version 3.0. Virginia Beach (VA): Lifeline
Press; 2003. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. System Requirements: PCs or Macs; Internet browser
(such as Microsoft Explorer); CD drive; Windows (for setup program to install this
database to a hard drive).
33. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with supplemental note

included
The Cochrane library [CD-ROM]. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1996 - .
CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in. Quarterly.
Scientific American surgery CD-ROM [CD-ROM]. New York: Scientific American. 1995
Fall - 2001 Summer. CD-ROMs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Continued by: ACS Surgery CD.
Properties of organic solvents [CD-ROM]. Version 2.0. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press;
c1996. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Database of information on almost 600 organic solvents used
in industry, academic research, and general commerce.
Veterinary librarian [disk]. Littleton (CO): First Move. 1990 - 2002. Computer disks: 5 1/4
in. Continued by: Veterinary Journal Index. Covered 28 journals.
Veterinary journal index [CD-ROM]. Littleton (CO): First Move. 2003 - . CD-ROMs: 4
3/4 in. Continues: Veterinary Librarian.
ASH slide bank database for Heme CD [disk]. MS-Windows version 2.1. Seattle:
University of Washington, Health Sciences Center for Educational Resources; c1996. 3
computer disks: 3 1/2 in. System Requirements: IBM PC or compatible; Windows. ASH is
the American Society of hematology.
RNdex professional [CD-ROM]. Pasadena (CA): Information Resources Group. 1996 - .
CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in. System Requirements: 80386sx IBM-compatible PC or better; 4+MB
memory; MS Windows 3.1 or higher; 7MB hard disk space; CD-ROM drive. Three per
year. Published in cooperation with American Journal of Nursing Company.
CDP file [CD-ROM]. Atlanta: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and
Health Promotion (US). 1991 Oct - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in. Quarterly. Also called Chronic
Disease Prevention File.
PDF-4/organics: relational database [CD-ROM]. Newtown Square (PA): International
Centre for Diffraction Data. 2002 - . CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in. Located at: Library of
Congress, Washington, DC; QE369.X2.
VETCD [CD-ROM + disk]. [Wallingford (UK)]: CAB International. 1990 - . CD-ROMs:
4 3/4 in.; Computer disks: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 manual and 1 quick reference card.
34. Part of a database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk

with item numbers
Wistat: women's indicators and statistics database [CD-ROM]. Version 4. New York:
United Nations Publications; c1999. Topic 1.1, Estimated and projected population by age
and sex, 1970-2010; [about 6 screens]. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
without item numbers
Pickup JC, Williams G, editors. Slide atlas of diabetes [CD-ROM]. [Oxford (UK)]:
Blackwell Publishing; c2004. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: clinical patterns; [about 1
screen]. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
and more! [CD-ROM]. Version 1.4. Solebury (PA): Genusys Laboratories; 1996. Ginkgo
biloba preparations; [about 1 screen]. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
35. Contribution to a database on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk

with acquisition numbers
Jacobs I, Finn J. Adrenaline and vasopressin for cardiac arrest. 2001 Jul 23. In: The
Cochrane Library [CD-ROM]. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1996 - . [about
8 screens]. 4 CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in. Article No.: CD0003179.
without acquisition numbers
Denis M (Universite de Paris-Sud, Orsay, France). The place and role of psychology in
cognitive science: an international survey. In: Stevens MJ, Wedding D, editors.
Psychology: IUPsyS global resource [CD-ROM]. Edition 2006. East Sussex (UK):
Psychology Press Ltd; c2006. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
with separate date for the contribution
Jacobs I, Finn J. Adrenaline and vasopressin for cardiac arrest. 2001 Jul 23. In: The
Cochrane Library [CD-ROM]. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 1996 - . [about
8 screens]. 4 CD-ROMs: 4 3/4 in. Article No.: CD0003179.
1305
Chapter 21. Computer Programs on CD-ROM,

DVD, or Disk

Examples
Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Computer Programs

on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk
The general format for a reference to a computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk,
Examples of Citations to Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

A computer program, also known as software, is a collection or organized list of
instructions for a computer to enable it to process data, perform tasks, and/or solve
problems. In medicine, computer programs are often used to instruct on techniques and
to assist in performing a variety of tasks, such as organizing patient data.
A computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk is cited in a way similar to a book, but
with these exceptions:
The type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, disk) is placed in square brackets after the
title because special equipment is needed to view/use programs.
Extent (pagination) is given in terms of the number and type of physical pieces,
such as 1 DVD or 2 CD-ROMs.
Physical description such as color and size may be added after the extent.
System requirements such as the names and versions of any required software and
hardware may be included as a note.
The authoritative source for information to use in a citation for a computer program is, in
order of preference: the opening screen(s); the face of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk; the
jewel case (carrying case); and accompanying print documentation.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD,
or Disk.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Computer Programs (Software) on the Internet.
Citation Rules with Examples for Computer Programs on CD-

ROM, DVD, or Disk
it is optional.
Author/Editor for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(required)
case), or in accompanying material
the word editor or editors; see Editor and other Secondary Authors below if there

Other surname rules
Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk 1307


Keep particles in surnames, such as O', D', and L'

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe


letter


Examples:


publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Translate the word found for editor into English when possible. However, the
French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor


a program as authors, use the names of the individuals as the author. Give the
languages, such as French, Italian, Spanish, German, etc.) as they appear in
the publication. Follow a non-English name with a translation when possible.
Place all translations in square brackets.
brackets.
or
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Pearl ML, Steinmann SP, Hawkins RJ, editors. The athlete's shoulder [DVD].
Rosemont (IL): American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2004. 2 DVDs:
translators are given, begin the reference with the title. Do not use anonymous.
Sport care [CD-ROM]. Release 1.0. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; c2001.
1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 user manual.


1. Standard citation to a computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk
2. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with many authors
3. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with optional limit to the number
of authors
4. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk showing authors/editors with
optional full first names
5. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with editor(s) when there is no
author
6. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with organization as author/
editor
7. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no authors or editors
Author Affiliation for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(optional)



Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society

a space
Example:

Spanish, Italian, etc.)
Spain).

Kubo A, Ishida T.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe


Wien becomes Vienna

8. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with author affiliation included
Title for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

Enter the program title as it appears on the opening screens, in the original
language
and initialisms
already present
in square brackets


Give the title in the original language for non-English titles in the roman alphabet
(primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, etc.)
Leridon H. Pyramides animees: un programme de projections
demographiques [disk]. Paris: Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques;
1997. 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide. French.
Zastosowanie modelu LIPRO do prognozowania ludnosci Polski do roku 2050
[CD-ROM].
Zhongguo sheng wu yi xue wen xian shu ju ku [disk].
or
[Chinese biomedical disk] [disk].
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Nachreiner F, Grzech-Sukalo H, Hanecke K, Qin L, Dieckmann P, Eden J,

Lochmann R. Arbeitszeit ergonomisch gestalten: eine Software zur Erstellung
von Schichtplanen [CD-ROM]. 2. aktualisierte Aufl. Dortmund (Germany):
Bundesanstalt fur Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin; 2000. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4
in. Accompanied by: 1 handbook. German.
demographiques [Animated population pyramids: a program of population
projections] [disk]. Paris: Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques; 1997. 1
computer disk: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide. French.

If a program title is presented with equal text in two or more languages, as often
Give all titles in the order in which they are given in the text
Example:
SUMA: the supply management system = SUMA: el sistema para la
gestion de suministros [CD-ROM]. Version 5.2a. FUNDESUMA,
producer. Washington: Pan American Health Organization, Regional
Office of the WHO; 2004 Feb. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. English,
Spanish.
If a program title is written in several languages:
description

Most program titles end in a period. Place the closing period after the type of
medium.
DiagnosisPro: the ultimate differential diagnosis assistant [CD-ROM].
If a title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and end the
type of medium with a period
Critical care simulator: improve your response to emergencies! [CD-ROM].
character.
Capitalize the first word of a program title unless the title begins with a Greek letter,
capitalized
von Willebrand disease diagnosis
becomes omega.
Techniques for synthesis of -amino acids
may become
Techniques for synthesis of beta-amino acids
TiO2 nanoparticles
may become

Occasionally a program does not appear to have any title; the program simply begins with
the text. In this circumstance:

Examples for Title

9. Computer program title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with subtitle
10. Computer program title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with special characters
11. Computer program title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in a language other than
English
12. Computer program title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in two equal languages
Content Type for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(optional)
computer program
Begin content type information with a left square bracket
Enter the words "computer program on"
End content type with space and the Type of Medium (below)

Type of Medium for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(required)
Indicate the type of medium (CD-ROM, DVD, disc, etc.) following the title (and
Content Type, if present)
"[DVD]."
Description below

Both a content type and type of medium

As an option, place the content type "computer program" before the type of
medium
Follow the content type with the word "on" and the type of medium
Examples:
Pearl ML, Steinmann SP, Hawkins RJ, editors. The athlete's shoulder
[computer program on DVD]. Rosemont (IL): American Academy of
Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2004. 2 DVDs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Meader CR, Pribor HC. DiagnosisPro: the ultimate differential diagnosis
assistant [computer program on CD-ROM]. Version 6.0. Los Angeles:
MedTech USA; 2002. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Nelson KN. Comprehensive body composition software [computer program
on disk]. Release 1.0 for DOS. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, c1997. 1
computer disk: color, 3 1/2 in.

If a program is presented in more than one type of medium, give both
Separate the two types by a plus sign with a space before and after
Place both in one set of square brackets
Example:
Signal 18 EMT-basic study helper [CD-ROM + disk]. New version 4.0.
Middlebury (CT): Knightlite Software; 2005. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4
in.; 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 user's guide.

Most program titles end in a period. Place [CD-ROM], [DVD], or [disk] inside the
period.
DiagnosisPro: the ultimate differential diagnosis assistant [CD-ROM].
[CD-ROM], [DVD], or [disk] with a period
Critical care simulator: improve your response to emergencies! [CD-ROM].

If a translation of a program title is provided, place the type of medium (CD-ROM,
DVD, disk) in square brackets after the translation.
demographiques [Animated population pyramids: a program of population
projections] [disk]. Paris: Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques; 1997. 1
computer disk: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide. French.

13. Computer program title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in more than one medium
Edition for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

Indicate the edition/version being cited when a program is published in more than
one edition or version
adjectives

Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.

Word Abbreviation
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.
translated
period
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.

First editions

familiar one
2. aktualisierte Aufl.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
period
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
familiar one
period
Examples:
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
Japanese:

Examples:
becomes o
becomes u
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-pàn.
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave


Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

If a program does not carry any statement of edition, assume it is the first or only
edition
Use 1st ed. only when you know that subsequent editions were published and you
wish to cite the earlier one

If a CD-ROM, DVD, or disk provides information for both an edition and a version:
Example:
MD-challenger: clinical reference & educational software for pediatric acute &
emergent care [disk]. Pediatrics ed.; DOS version 2.1. Memphis (TN):
Challenger Corporation; c1994. 2 computer disks: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1
guide.

14. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition or version
15. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition and a version
Editor and other Secondary Authors for Computer Programs on CD-

ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)
producers, translators, and illustrators.
Place the names of secondary authors after the title, following any Content Type or
Type of Medium
Use the same rules for the format of names given in Author above


A program may have several types of secondary author.
Examples:
illustrators.

List all roles in the order they are given in the publication
Example:

English if possible. However, the wording found on the publication may always be
used.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Below is a brief list of non-English words for secondary authors to assist in
identifying them:
editeur
German redakteur Produzent ubersetzer illustrator
curatore
editore
izdatel
editor productora

An organization may be an editor or other secondary author.
organization name
editor.
ADICAP, Inc.; Multimedia Interactive, producers.

4. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk showing authors/editors with
optional full first names
5. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with editor(s) when there is no
author
7. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no authors or editors
16. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with secondary author(s)
Place of Publication for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(required)
Place is defined as the city where the program was published

Non-US cities
Joint publication

be used.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but

Canada

Two organizations may co-publish a program.
Use the city of the first organization found on the opening screens (or on the face of
the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, on the jewel case, or in accompanying material if no
publisher information appears on the opening screens) as the place of publication
desired
Fire safety [disk]. Version 1 for Windows. Oakbrook Terrace (IL): Joint
Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations; c1997. 10
computer disks: color, 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 manual. Joint publication
of the Florida Hospital Association Information Services.
McCall RE, Tankersley CM, Behrens JA, Piper KE, Albay D, Chiang S,
Matheson L, Davis D, Gratzer M, Orkand A, Astion M. PhlebotomyTUTOR:
medical educational software [CD-ROM]. Version 1.0. Hagerstown (MD):
Lippincott; c1998. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Joint publication of the
Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington Medical
Center.


If no place of publication can be found on the opening screens (or on the face of the
CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, on the jewel case, or in accompanying material), but one
the city in square brackets, such as [Chicago]
Green chemistry expert system [CD-ROM]. Version 0.99. [Washington]:
Environmental Protection Agency (US), Office of Pollution Prevention and
Toxics; 1998 Nov. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
Physician's fee schedule software [CD-ROM]. Version 5.1. [place unknown]:
Family Care Medical Centers; 2004. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.

17. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with well-known place of
publication
18. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with geographic qualifier added
to place of publication for clarity
19. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with place of publication
inferred
20. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no place of publication
found
Publisher for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)

Give the name of the publisher as it appears in the publication, using whatever
capitalization and punctuation is found
Division.


Joint publication
Multiple publishers

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society

Give publisher names in the roman alphabet (French, Spanish, German, Italian,

Institute];
[Note that the concept of capitalization does not exist in Chinese. In
transliterating Chinese publisher names, capitalize only the first word and
proper nouns]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
publication.
publisher.
Toxics; 1998 Nov. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Available from: US Government
Printing Office, Washington, DC; EP 1.104:C 42/CD.

Two organizations may co-publish a program.
Use as publisher the first organization appearing on the opening screens (or on the
face of the CD-ROM, DVD, or disk, on the jewel case, or in accompanying material
if no publisher information appears on the opening screens)
desired
Example:
Center.

note if desired.
Example:
Center.


21. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk showing publisher with
subsidiary department/division
22. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with government agency or
23. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with joint publishers
Date of Publication for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(required)
such as Jan
End date of publication information with a period unless a Date of Update/Revision
is included, then use a space


2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan
names of seasons.

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Use only the date of publication unless three or more years separate it from the
copyright date

example c2005.
Law M, King G, Russell D, Stewart D, Hurley P, Bosch E. All about outcomes:
an educational program to help you understand, evaluate, and choose adult
outcome measures [CD-ROM]. Thorofare (NJ): SLACK Incorporated; c2001.

be estimated because of material in the program or in accompanying material,
brackets
Brussels (Belgium): Nauwelaerts; [date unknown].

It is not NLM policy, but the date of publication may follow the author names in the list of

Place the year after the last named author (or after the title and type of medium if
there is no author), followed by a period
Keep any date of update/revision in it's usual location
NLM citation:
Pearl ML, Steinmann SP, Hawkins RJ, editors. The athlete's shoulder [DVD].
Rosemont (IL): American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2004. 2 DVDs:
Law M, King G, Russell D, Stewart D, Hurley P, Bosch E. All about outcomes:
an educational program to help you understand, evaluate, and choose adult
outcome measures [CD-ROM]. Thorofare (NJ): SLACK Incorporated; c2001.
Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. The total heart: the
ultimate interactive guide to heart health [CD-ROM]. PC 1.1a version. Eagan
(MN): IVI Pub.; 1993. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1
manual.
Sport care [CD-ROM]. Release 1.0. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; c2001.
Pearl ML, Steinmann SP, Hawkins RJ, editors. 2004. The athlete's shoulder
[DVD]. Rosemont (IL): American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2
DVDs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Law M, King G, Russell D, Stewart D, Hurley P, Bosch E. c2001. All about
outcomes: an educational program to help you understand, evaluate, and
choose adult outcome measures [CD-ROM]. Thorofare (NJ): SLACK
Incorporated. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 1993. The total heart:
the ultimate interactive guide to heart health [CD-ROM]. PC 1.1a version.
Eagan (MN): IVI Pub. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1
manual.
Sport care [CD-ROM]. c2001. Release 1.0. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics.

24. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with standard date of
publication
25. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with month included in date of
publication
26. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date range
27. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date of copyright instead of
date of publication
Date of Update/Revision for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or

Disk (required)
A program may be updated or otherwise revised after the date of publication
Use whatever wording for update/revision is found, such as updated, revised, or
modified
Enter date information in the format year month day, such as updated 2006 Oct 2
such as Jan
Place all update/revision information in square brackets, such as [updated 2006 Oct
2]
End date of update/revision with a period placed outside the closing bracket


Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Place a date of update or revision in square brackets following the date of
publication
New York: Scientific American, Inc.; 2002 [updated 2004 Sep]. 1 CD-ROM:
color, 4 3/4 in.
If both a date of update and a date of revision are provided, give both in ascending
date order
[revised 2006 Dec 4; updated 2007 Feb 12].
[updated 2005 May 6; modified 2006 Mar 10].
Put both dates in one set of square brackets, separated by a semicolon and a space
Example:
Extent (Pagination) for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(optional)
Give the total number of physical pieces on which the program appears
computer disks
End extent information with a period unless physical description is included, then
use a colon


If a program is presented in more than one type of medium, provide the extent for
both
Separate extent for the two types by a semicolon and a space
Examples:
National Toxicology Program (US). National Toxicology Program's GlovES+:
an expert system for selecting protective clothing against hazardous chemicals
[disk]. Boca Raton (FL): Lewis Publishers; 1992. 1 computer disk: 3 1/2; 1

28. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with extent and physical
description
Physical Description for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk

(optional)
Give information on the physical characteristics of the program, such as 1 CD-
ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.


When a program is published on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk:
colon and a space
1 DVD:
2 CD-ROMs:
4 computer disks:
sound
color
black & white
2 CD-ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in.

If a program is presented in more than one type of medium, give the physical
description for both, separated by a semicolon and a space
National Toxicology Program (US). National Toxicology Program's GlovES+:
an expert system for selecting protective clothing against hazardous chemicals
[disk]. Boca Raton (FL): Lewis Publishers; 1992. 1 computer disk: 3 1/2; 1

28. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with extent and physical
description
Series for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)


Multiple series

information.
Give surname first
Example:
(Jones L, editor. Medicine on CD-ROM; no. 5).

A program may be part of more than one series. Include information on all series if
desired.
last series
Example:
(Anatomy software; no. 13); (Medicine on CD-ROM education series).
Examples for Series

29. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with a series
Language for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (required)


Programs appearing in more than one language
Box 57. Programs appearing in more than one language.

If a program is written with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in
Separate them with an equals sign with a space before and after
List the languages, separated by commas, after the extent (pagination) and
any physical description
Example:
SUMA: the supply management system = SUMA: el sistema para la
gestion de suministros [CD-ROM]. Version 5.2a. FUNDESUMA,
producer. Washington: Pan American Health Organization, Regional
Office of the WHO; 2004 Feb. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. English,
Spanish.
If a program is written in several languages:
description
If none of the languages is English, follow the title with a translation when possible.

11. Computer program title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in a language other than
English
12. Computer program title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in two equal languages
Notes for Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk (optional)

Notes is a collective term for any further information given after the citation
Be brief

System requirements

The system requirements describe the software and hardware necessary to run the CD-
ROM, DVD, or disk.
Examples:
Physician's fee schedule software [CD-ROM]. Version 5.1. [place unknown]:
Family Care Medical Centers; 2004. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. System
Requirements: Pentium level computer with Microsoft Windows 98 or newer;
Microsoft Excel 2000 or newer or Lotus 1-2-3 release 9/millennium edition or
newer; CD drive.
Meader CR, Pribor HC. DiagnosisPro: the ultimate differential diagnosis
assistant [CD-ROM]. Version 6.0. Los Angeles: MedTech USA; 2002. 1 CD-
ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 user's manual. System Requirements:
IBM-compatible PC (Pentium or higher); Windows 95, 98, NT, 2000, and XP;
CD-ROM drive; 256 color or greater display monitor; 50 MB hard drive space.

The notes element may be used to provide any further useful information after the
citation. Begin by citing the program, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:
If the program is accompanied by additional material, describe it. Begin with the
phrase "Accompanied by" followed by a colon and a space.
DxR clinician problem-based learning software [CD-ROM]. Carbondale (IL):
DxR Development Group; 2001. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Accompanied by: 1 student user manual and 1 quick reference sheet.
If the program is not a common one, give the name of a library or other archive
where it may be found, including the city and state and any finding number. Begin
with the phrase "Located at" followed by a colon and a space.
SUMA: the supply management system = SUMA: el sistema para la gestion de
suministros [CD-ROM]. Version 5.2a. FUNDESUMA, producer. Washington:
Pan American Health Organization, Regional Office of the WHO; 2004 Feb. 1
CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. English, Spanish. Located at: National Library of
Medicine, Bethesda, MD; 2006 AV-0611.
If the program is available from a distributor rather than the publisher, give the
name of the distributor, including the city and state and any finding number. Begin
with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and a space.
Toxics; 1998 Nov. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Available from: US Government
Printing Office, Washington, DC; EP 1.104:C 42/CD.
If the program was assigned an International Standard Book Number (ISBN), give
the number preceded by "ISBN:" and a space
Reeder MM. Gamuts in radiology: an expert system for radiologists [CD-
ROM]. Medical Interactive, producer. New York: Springer-Verlag; c1997. 1
CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide. ISBN: 0-387-14228-2.
If the program has information that may not be apparent from the title, describe it
A*L*S paramedic study helper [CD-ROM]. Version 2.0. Middlebury (CT):
Knightlite Software; 2002. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied
by: 1 user guide. Software for fire fighters, EMTs, and paramedics.
Examples for Notes

30. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with optional system
requirements
31. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with supplemental note included
Examples of Citations to Computer Programs on CD-ROM,

DVD, or Disk
Pearl ML, Steinmann SP, Hawkins RJ, editors. The athlete's shoulder [DVD]. Rosemont
(IL): American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2004. 2 DVDs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Meader CR, Pribor HC. DiagnosisPro: the ultimate differential diagnosis assistant [CD-
ROM]. Version 6.0. Los Angeles: MedTech USA; 2002. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Nelson KN. Comprehensive body composition software [disk]. Release 1.0 for DOS.
Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, c1997. 1 computer disk: color, 3 1/2 in.

Pearl ML, Steinmann SP, Hawkins RJ, editors. The athlete's shoulder [computer program
on DVD]. Rosemont (IL): American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2004. 2 DVDs:
Meader CR, Pribor HC. DiagnosisPro: the ultimate differential diagnosis assistant
[computer program on CD-ROM]. Version 6.0. Los Angeles: MedTech USA; 2002. 1 CD-
ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Nelson KN. Comprehensive body composition software [computer program on disk].
Release 1.0 for DOS. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, c1997. 1 computer disk: color, 3
1/2 in.
2. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with many authors

McCall RE, Tankersley CM, Behrens JA, Piper KE, Albay D, Chiang S, Matheson L, Davis
D, Gratzer M, Orkand A, Astion M. PhlebotomyTUTOR: medical educational software
[CD-ROM]. Version 1.0. Hagerstown (MD): Lippincott; c1998. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4
in.
3. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with optional limit to

the number of authors
McCall RE, Tankersley CM, Behrens JA, et al. PhlebotomyTUTOR: medical educational
software [CD-ROM]. Version 1.0. Hagerstown (MD): Lippincott; c1998. 1 CD-ROM:
color, 4 3/4 in.
or
McCall RE, Tankersley CM, Behrens JA, and others. PhlebotomyTUTOR: medical
educational software [CD-ROM]. Version 1.0. Hagerstown (MD): Lippincott; c1998. 1
4. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk showing authors/

editors with optional full first names
Schwid, Howard A. Critical care simulator 2001: improve your response to anesthetic
emergencies [CD-ROM]. Issaquah (WA): Anesoft Corporation; c1995-2001. 1 CD-ROM:
color, 4 3/4 in.
Pearl, Michael L.; Steinmann, Scott P.; Hawkins, Richard J., editors. The athlete's shoulder
[DVD]. Rosemont (IL): American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2004. 2 DVDs:
5. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with editor(s) when

there is no author
Pearl ML, Steinmann SP, Hawkins RJ, editors. The athlete's shoulder [DVD]. Rosemont
(IL): American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 2004. 2 DVDs: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
6. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with organization as

author/editor
Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. The total heart: the ultimate
interactive guide to heart health [CD-ROM]. PC 1.1a version. Eagan (MN): IVI Pub.;
1993. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 manual.
National Toxicology Program (US). National Toxicology Program's GlovES+: an expert
system for selecting protective clothing against hazardous chemicals [disk]. Boca Raton
(FL): Lewis Publishers; 1992. 1 computer disk: 3 1/2; 1 computer disk: 5 1/2 in.
7. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no authors or

editors
Bloodborne pathogens: a sharper image [DVD]. Virginia Beach (VA): Coastal Training
Technologies Corp.; 2005. 1 DVD: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Sport care [CD-ROM]. Release 1.0. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; c2001. 1 CD-ROM:
sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 user manual.
8. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with author affiliation

included
Argyle B (Cottonwood Hospital Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT). Chest pain simulator
[disk]. Version 2.3. Alpine (UT): Mad Scientist Software; 1997. 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in.
Accompanied by: 1 guide.
9. Computer program title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with subtitle

Dreher MA, Caputi L. ChartSmart II: mastering patient documentation [CD-ROM].
Windows release. Glen Ellyn (IL): College of DuPage, Multimedia Center; c1998. 6 CD-
ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 manual.
10. Computer program title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with special

characters
A*L*S paramedic study helper [CD-ROM]. Version 2.0. Middlebury (CT): Knightlite
Software; 2002. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 user guide.

11. Computer program title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in a language

other than English
Leridon H. Pyramides animees: un programme de projections demographiques [disk].
Paris: Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques; 1997. 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in.
Accompanied by: 1 guide. French.
Nachreiner F, Grzech-Sukalo H, Hanecke K, Qin L, Dieckmann P, Eden J, Lochmann R.
Arbeitszeit ergonomisch gestalten: eine Software zur Erstellung von Schichtplanen [CD-
ROM]. 2. aktualisierte Aufl. Dortmund (Germany): Bundesanstalt fur Arbeitsschutz und
Arbeitsmedizin; 2000. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 handbook. German.
Schwid HA, O'Donnell D. Simulador de terapia intensiva y medicina de urgencia [disk].
Version 1.0. [Mexico City]: Cientifica Medica Latinoamericana; 1996. 4 computer disks:
sound, color, 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide. Spanish.
Leridon H. Pyramides animees: un programme de projections demographiques
[Animated population pyramids: a program of population projections] [disk]. Paris:
Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques; 1997. 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in.
12. Computer program title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in two equal

languages
SUMA: the supply management system = SUMA: el sistema para la gestion de suministros
[CD-ROM]. Version 5.2a. FUNDESUMA, producer. Washington: Pan American Health
Organization, Regional Office of the WHO; 2004 Feb. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. English,
Spanish.
13. Computer program title on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in more than one
medium
Signal 18 EMT-basic study helper [CD-ROM + disk]. New version 4.0. Middlebury (CT):
Knightlite Software; 2005. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.; 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in.
Accompanied by: 1 user's guide.
14. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition or

version
Physician's fee schedule software [CD-ROM]. Version 5.1. [place unknown]: Family Care
Medical Centers; 2004. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
Iliad 4.5: diagnostic and reference tool for physicians and medical professionals [CD-
ROM]. Version 4.5 for Windows. Salt Lake City (UT): Applied Medical Informatics; 1996.
1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide.
Dreher MA, Caputi L. ChartSmart II: mastering patient documentation [CD-ROM].
Windows release. Glen Ellyn (IL): College of DuPage, Multimedia Center; c1998. 6 CD-
ROMs: color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 manual.
Fire safety [disk]. Version 1 for Windows. Oakbrook Terrace (IL): Joint Commission on
Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations; c1997. 10 computer disks: color, 3 1/2 in.
Accompanied by: 1 manual.
Green chemistry expert system [CD-ROM]. Version 0.99. [Washington]: Environmental
Protection Agency (US), Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; 1998 Nov. 1 CD-
ROM: 4 3/4 in.
Sport care [CD-ROM]. Release 1.0. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics; c2001. 1 CD-ROM:
sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 user manual.
Nelson KN. Comprehensive body composition software [disk]. Release 1.0 for DOS.
Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics, c1997. 1 computer disk: color, 3 1/2 in. Accompanied
by: 1 guide.
15. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with an edition and a

version
MD-challenger: clinical reference & educational software for pediatric acute & emergent
care [disk]. Pediatrics ed.; DOS version 2.1. Memphis (TN): Challenger Corporation;
c1994. 2 computer disks: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide.
16. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with secondary

author(s)
Reeder MM. Gamuts in radiology: an expert system for radiologists [CD-ROM]. Medical
Interactive, producer. New York: Springer-Verlag; c1997. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Accompanied by: 1 guide.
Organization, Regional Office of the WHO; 2004. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in. English,
Spanish.
17. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with well-known

place of publication
A-ware: multilingual simulation software for anaesthesiology [CD-ROM]. New York:
Springer-Verlag; 2000. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
18. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with geographic

qualifier added to place of publication for clarity
Argyle B. Chest pain simulator [disk]. Version 2.3. Alpine (UT): Mad Scientist Software;
1997. 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide.
19. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with place of

publication inferred
ROM: 4 3/4 in.
Schwid HA, O'Donnell D. Simulador de terapia intensiva y medicina de urgencia [disk].
Version 1.0. [Mexico City]: Cientifica Medica Latinoamericana; 1996. 4 computer disks:
sound, color, 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide. Spanish.
20. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with no place of

publication found
Medical Centers; 2004. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
Bergeron BP. Heartlab: clinical cardiology ausculatory simulation [disk]. [place
unknown]: B.P. Bergeron; c1988. 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by: 1 guide.
21. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk showing publisher

with subsidiary department/division
Medical statistics [disk]. Kansas City (MO): University of Missouri-Kansas City School of
Medicine, Evaluation Resource Center; 1988. 4 computer disks: 3 1/2 in. Accompanied by:
1 manual.

ROM: 4 3/4 in.
22. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with government

agency or other national body as publisher
HAZUS-MH: FEMA's software program for estimating potential losses from disasters
[DVD]. Version 1.1. [Washington]: Federal Emergency Management Agency (US); 2005.
7 DVDs: color, 4 3/4 in.
ASISTS 2001: Automated Safety Incident Surveillance Tracking System; computer based
training [CD-ROM]. [Washington]: Department of Veterans Affairs (US), OI National
Training & Education Office; 2001. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in.
ROM: 4 3/4 in.
23. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with joint publishers

Accompanied by: 1 manual. Joint publication of the Florida Hospital Association
Information Services.
McCall RE, Tankersley CM, Behrens JA, Piper KE, Albay D, Chiang S, Matheson L, Davis
D, Gratzer M, Orkand A, Astion M. PhlebotomyTUTOR: medical educational software
[CD-ROM]. Version 1.0. Hagerstown (MD): Lippincott; c1998. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4
in. Joint publication of the Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington
Medical Center.
24. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with standard date of

publication
Accompanied by: 1 user's manual.
25. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with month included

in date of publication
Spanish.

ROM: 4 3/4 in.
26. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date range

Starkey C. ALFIE: injury reporting system [disk]. Version 3.00. Gardner (KS): Cramer
Products, Inc.; 1985-1987. 2 computer disks: 5 1/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 manual.
Schwid HA. Critical care simulator 2001: improve your response to anesthetic
emergencies [CD-ROM]. Issaquah (WA): Anesoft Corporation; c1995-2001. 1 CD-ROM:
color, 4 3/4 in.
27. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with date of copyright

instead of date of publication
Law M, King G, Russell D, Stewart D, Hurley P, Bosch E. All about outcomes: an
educational program to help you understand, evaluate, and choose adult outcome
measures [CD-ROM]. Thorofare (NJ): SLACK Incorporated; c2001. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4
3/4 in.
28. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with extent and

physical description
A-ware: multilingual simulation software for anaesthesiology [CD-ROM]. New York:
Springer-Verlag; 2000. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.
Starkey C. ALFIE: injury reporting system [disk]. Version 3.00. Gardner (KS): Cramer
Products, Inc.; 1985-1987. 2 computer disks: 5 1/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 manual.
Signal 18 EMT-basic study helper [CD-ROM + disk]. New version 4.0. Middlebury (CT):
Knightlite Software; 2005. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in.; 1 computer disk: 3 1/2 in.
Accompanied by: 1 user's guide.
29. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with a series

Medical statistics [disk]. Kansas City (MO): University of Missouri-Kansas City School of
Medicine, Evaluation Resource Center; 1988. 4 computer disks: 3 1/2 in. (UMKC software
series). Accompanied by: 1 manual.

(Methodes et savoirs; no. 1). Accompanied by: 1 guide. French.
30. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with optional system

requirements
Medical Centers; 2004. 1 CD-ROM: 4 3/4 in. System Requirements: Pentium level
computer with Microsoft Windows 98 or newer; Microsoft Excel 2000 or newer or Lotus
1-2-3 release 9/millennium edition or newer; CD drive.
Accompanied by: 1 user's manual. System Requirements: IBM-compatible PC (Pentium
or higher); Windows 95, 98, NT, 2000, and XP; CD-ROM drive; 256 color or greater
display monitor; 50 MB hard drive space.
31. Computer program on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk with supplemental

note included
DxR clinician problem-based learning software [CD-ROM]. Carbondale (IL): DxR
Development Group; 2001. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 student
user manual and 1 quick reference sheet.
ROM: 4 3/4 in. Available from: US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC; EP
1.104:C 42/CD.
Spanish. Located at: National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD; 2006 AV-0611.
Reeder MM. Gamuts in radiology: an expert system for radiologists [CD-ROM]. Medical
Interactive, producer. New York: Springer-Verlag; c1997. 1 CD-ROM: color, 4 3/4 in.
Accompanied by: 1 guide. ISBN: 0-387-14228-2.
A*L*S paramedic study helper [CD-ROM]. Version 2.0. Middlebury (CT): Knightlite
Software; 2002. 1 CD-ROM: sound, color, 4 3/4 in. Accompanied by: 1 user guide.
Software for fire fighters, EMTs, and paramedics.
1363
Citing Material on the

Internet (Online)
1365
Chapter 22. Books and Other Individual Titles on

the Internet
A. Entire Books and Other Individual Titles on the Internet

Examples
B. Parts of Books on the Internet
Examples
C. Contributions to Books on the Internet
Examples
See also:
Chapter 2 Books
Chapter 18 Books and Other Individual Titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Entire Books and

Other Individual Titles on the Internet
The general format for a reference to an entire Internet book, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Entire Books and Other Individual Titles on the Internet
A monograph, commonly called a book, is any work complete in one volume or in a finite
number of volumes. Online books are often electronic versions of large printed texts, such
as textbooks, manuals, or technical reports, but may also be smaller works such as a
brochure, single-page fact sheet, or brief treatise. Size is not relevant to the definition.
Increasingly books are written directly for the Internet to enable hyperlinking, to include
complex graphics, and to run multimedia such as film clips and sound. An Internet book
may be static, that is fixed in time and unchanged since publication, or may be updated or
otherwise revised over time. Some producers of Internet books permit or otherwise
welcome comments or expert opinion from readers and incorporate these comments into
the text. Major revisions may be announced as new editions, but more minor additions
and changes such as those to add comments, to correct typographical errors, or to update
hypertext links may not be noted.
Although Internet books differ radically in physical form from the usual print book, the
basic rules for citing them do not differ markedly from what is required for print. There is
still an author or organization with responsibility for the item, a title, a place of
"publication", a publisher, a date of publication, and the extent of the item (i.e., number of
pages or the equivalent). Anyone citing an Internet document should try to locate all of
these elements. Simply adding a Uniform Resource Locator (URL), DOI, or other
electronic address to a title is not sufficient. Internet sites disappear with great frequency,
and users of a citation must be given some other identifying information if they are to
locate books on them.
Some elements, however, are more difficult to locate when citing Internet books. For
example, some poorly constructed sites do not contain dates, and authorship or
publishing responsibility may be unclear or absent. It also may be difficult to discern the
title from the collage of graphics presented. The person doing the citing can only work
with the information provided.
Do not confuse the publisher with the organization that maintains the Web site for the
publisher. If wording such as "this site is maintained by XYZ Corporation for ABC
Organization" appears, ABC Organization is considered the publisher and XYZ
Corporation the distributor. Publisher information is required in a citation; distributor
information may be included as a note if desired.
Some elements require expansion for an Internet citation to provide useful information to
the user. For example, the date of publication is required in any citation, but many
Internet items are updated or otherwise modified several times after the date of
publication. The latest date of update/revision should therefore be included along with the
date cited, i.e., the date the person doing the citing saw the item on the Internet. This is
necessary in the volatile Internet environment, where changes can be easily made and an
item seen one day may not be the same in crucial ways when viewed the next day.
Producing a print or other copy for future reference is strongly recommended.
Books and Other Individual Titles on the Internet 1367
An Internet book is cited the same way that a print book is cited, with these exceptions:
Use the word "Internet" in square brackets as the Type of Medium after the title.
Include any date of update/revision and a date of citation in square brackets
following the date of publication. Use the dates for the individual book being cited,
not the dates of the Internet site as a whole unless no dates can be found for the
individual item.
When the extent (pagination) of the book is not provided, as often occurs, calculate
it using the best means possible, e.g., in terms of print pages, screens, paragraphs, or
bytes. If a book is not linear, and has many hyperlinks, it will be impossible to
determine the length.
Provide the URL or other electronic address of the item.
It is important to cite the version you saw. If you viewed a book on the Internet, do not
cite it as if it were a print one. However, it may be useful to begin a citation to a book
found on the Internet by first locating all of the information needed to cite it as if it were a
print document, then add the Internet-specific items. For example:
Print information
Lefebvre P. Molecular and genetic maps of the nuclear genome. Durham (NC):
Duke University, Department of Biology; 2002.
Added Internet information (in bold)

Lefebvre P. Molecular and genetic maps of the nuclear genome [Internet]. Durham
(NC): Duke University, Department of Biology; 2002 [modified 2002 Dec 11; cited
2003 Sep 5]. Available from: http://www.biology.duke.edu/chlamy_genome/
nuclear_maps.html
If a book on the Internet does not have a formal title page, look to the opening screens,
the bottom or closing screens, links from the sidebar, and the source code (viewable
through the Web browser) to locate citation information.
While all monographs have certain elements in common for citation purposes, such as
author, title, publisher information, and date, specific types of monographs have
additional elements. For example, a citation to a technical report should include report
and contract numbers. Examples of citation to reports and other types of monographs are
included in this chapter, but see also the specific chapters about these types for more
detail. Refer also to Chapter 2 Books for more examples of book citations.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Books and Other Individual Titles
on the Internet.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Entire Books and Other Individual Titles on the
Internet.
Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Books and Other

Individual Titles on the Internet
it is optional.
(R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of Update/Revision (R) | Date of
Citation (R) | Extent (Pagination) (O) | Series (O) | Availability (R) | Language (R) | Notes
(O)
Author/Editor for Entire Books on the Internet (required)

List names in the order they appear on the title page or opening screens

Determining the author if there is no standard title page
Other surname rules
Box 1. Determining the author if there is no standard title page.

Some books on the Internet do not display a traditional title page that clearly states the
names of the authors. When there is no title page:
Look at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the bottom of the last
screen of the book
Do not assume that an individual named as Web master or contact person is the
author; he or she most probably is not, especially for sites produced by large
organizations
Some sites give a name in association with a copyright statement, such as "copyright
1997 by John A. Smith". Do not assume that this individual is the author, either.
If the only personal name given in a site is associated with a copyright statement,
use that individual's name as the publisher
Many sites will display an organization's name rather than a person's name. In such
cases when the organization appears to be serving as both author and publisher,
place the organization in the publisher position.



[If you cannot determine from the title page or opening or closing screens
whether a surname is compound or a combination of a middle name and a
surname, look at the table of contents, the copyright page, or elsewhere in the
text for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be interpreted
to be Parker ES or Scott Parker E.]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

For non-English names that are been romanized (written in the roman alphabet),
letter



Examples:

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

If not translated, ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
French redacteur


editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Spanish redactor
editor
Russian redaktor
izdatel


brackets.
or
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Oblinger DG, Oblinger JL, editors. Educating the net generation [Internet].
Boulder (CO): EDUCAUSE; c2005 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. 264 p. Available from:
http://www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/pub7101.pdf
anonymous.
Making a difference: state injury and violence prevention programs [Internet].
Atlanta (GA): State and Territorial Injury Prevention Directors Association;
c2006 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 120 p. Available from: http://www.stipda.org/associa
tions/5805/files/MakingADifference2006.pdf


1. Standard citation to a book on the Internet
2. Book on the Internet with optional full names for author(s)
3. Book on the Internet with optional limit to the number of authors/editors
4. Book on the Internet with author/editor surnames having a prefix or particle
5. Book on the Internet with author/editor surnames showing designations of family
rank
6. Book on the Internet with author having compound surnames
7. Book on the Internet with an organization(s) as author
8. Book on the Internet with an organization as author having subsidiary division
9. Book on the Internet with more than one organization as author
10. Book on the Internet with editors where there is no author
11. Book on the Internet with no authors or editors
21. Book on the Internet with authors and editors or other secondary authors
Author Affiliation for Entire Books on the Internet (optional)



Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society


a space
Example:

Spain).

Kubo A, Ishida T.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

12. Book on the Internet with author affiliation
Title for Entire Books on the Internet (required)

Enter the title of a book as it appears on the title page or opening screens, in the
original language
and initialisms
already present
in square brackets

Determining the title if there is no standard title page
Box 16. Determining the title if there is no standard title page.

While many books on the Internet display a traditional title page and clearly state the title,
some sites do not. When there is no title page:
Look for what is the most prominent (usually the largest) wording on the opening
screen
Look at the title bar of the Web browser (generally in the top left corner)
Look for the title in the source code of the document
If a title cannot be determined, construct a title by using the first series of words on
the screen; place the constructed title in square brackets
Example:
Tracey E, Lange R. [Podcast for week of November 6, 2006] [Internet].
Baltimore (MD): Johns Hopkins Medicine; 2006 Nov 6 [cited 2006 Nov 7].
Podcast: 10 min. Available from: http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/mediaII/
Podcasts.html
character.
capitalized
administrative occupational exposure limits [Internet].
von Willebrand factor and the mechanisms of platelet function [Internet].
Retain special characters in book titles when possible
EUP: European Copyright User Platform [Internet].
becomes omega.
Enantioselective synthesis of -amino acids [Internet].
may become
Enantioselective synthesis of beta-amino acids [Internet].
TiO2 nanoparticles [Internet].
may become
TiO(2) nanoparticles [Internet].

Swedish, etc.)
Harpes JP, Milmeister JC, editors. La recherche sur les embryons [Internet].
Luxembourg: Centre Universitaire de Luxembourg; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 3].
103 p. Available from: http://www.cne.public.lu/publications/avis/2002_2_200
2_3_2003_1.pdf#search=%22%22la%20recherche%20sur%20les%20embryons
%22%20%2Bcne%22 French.
zabolevanii: klinicheskie ocherki [Internet].
Anrakushi to keiho [Internet].
or
[Euthanasia and criminal law] [Internet].
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Zieger K. Die Bedeutung der deutschen Arztevereine fur das wissenschaftliche
Leben, die medizinische Versorgung und soziale Belange der Stadt St.
Petersburg von 1819-1914 [dissertation on the Internet]. Leipzig (Germany):
Universitat Leipzig, Karl-Sudhoff-Institut fur Geschichte der Medizin und der
Naturwissenschaften; 2000 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 123 p. Available from: http://
www.vifaost.de/w/pdf/zieger-aerzte.pdf German.
Harpes JP, Milmeister JC, editors. La recherche sur les embryons [Embryonic
research] [Internet]. Luxembourg: Centre Universitaire de Luxembourg; 2004
[cited 2006 Nov 3]. 103 p. Available from: http://www.cne.public.lu/publicatio
ns/avis/2002_2_2002_3_2003_1.pdf#search=%22%22la%20recherche%20sur
%20les%20 embryons%22%20%2Bcne%22French.
Abriendo un camino genetico: familias y cientificos se unen en la busqueda de
genes defectuosos que causan enfermedades [Blazing a genetic trial: families
and scientists join in seeking the flawed genes that cause disease] [Internet].
Chevy Chase (MD): Howard Hughes Medical Institute; c1991 [updated 2002;
cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.hhmi.org/genetictrail-esp/.
Spanish.

Give the title in the first language found on the title page or opening screens
List all languages of publication after the extent (pagination)
Example:
Principles of medical ethics relevant to the role of health personnel,
particularly physicians, in the protection of prisoners and detainees
against torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment [Internet]. Geneva: United nations, Office of the High
Commissioner for Human Rights; 1982 [cited 2006 Nov 6]. Available
from: http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_comp40.htm English,
French, Spanish.
If a book title is presented in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in
Give all titles in the order in which they are found on the title page or
opening screens
(pagination)
Example:
Settle TB, compiler. La storia e la filosofia della scienza, della tecnologia
e della medicina = The history and philosophy of science, technology
and medicine [Internet]. Florence (Italy): IMSS & Polytechnic
University; c1994-2006 [updated 2006 Aug 22; cited 2006 Nov 3].
[about 20 p.]. Available from: http://www.imss.fi.it/%7etsettle/
index.html Italian, English.

Most titles end in a period. Place [Internet] inside the period.
Richardson ML. Approaches to differential diagnosis in musculoskeletal

imaging [Internet]. Version 2.0. Seattle (WA): University of Washington
School of Medicine; c2000 [revised 2001 Oct 1; cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available
from: http://www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/index.html
[Internet] with a period
Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. Who needs Medicaid?
[Internet]. Washington: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2006 Apr [cited
2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.kff.org/medicaid/upload/7496.pdf

document simply begins with the text. When this occurs:
Example:
Podcasts.html
Examples for Title

13. Book on the Internet with title having a subtitle
14. Book on the Internet with special characters in the title
15. Book on the Internet with title ending in other than a period
16. Book on the Internet in a language other than English
17. Book on the Internet published with equal text in two or more languages
Content Type for Entire Books on the Internet (optional)

A content type describes the format of the Internet item being cited, such as a
monograph, dissertation, or bibliography

Enter the words "monograph on the", "dissertation on the", etc.
End content type with space


Most book titles end in a period. Place [monograph on the Internet], [dissertation
on the Internet], [master's thesis on the Internet], or [bibliography on the Internet]
inside the period.
imaging [monograph on the Internet]. Version 2.0. Seattle (WA): University of
Washington School of Medicine; c2000 [revised 2001 Oct 1; cited 2006 Nov 1].
Available from: http://www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/index.html
Toolkit of instruments to measure end of life [bibliography on the Internet].
Washington: George Washington University Medical Center, Center to
Improve Care of the Dying; [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://
www.gwu.edu/~cicd/toolkit/toolkit.htm
[monograph on the Internet], [dissertation on the Internet], [master's thesis on the
Internet], or [bibliography on the Internet] with a period
[monograph on the Internet]. Washington: Henry J. Kaiser Family
Foundation; 2006 Apr [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.kff.org/
medicaid/upload/7496.pdf

Place [monograph on the Internet], [dissertation on the Internet], [master's thesis
on the Internet], or [bibliography on the Internet] after the square brackets for the
translation
Example:
research] [monograph on the Internet]. Luxembourg: Centre Universitaire de
Luxembourg; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 103 p. Available from: http://www.cne.
public.lu/publications/avis/2002_2_2002_3_2003_1.pdf#search=%22%22la%2
0recherche%20sur%20les%20embryons%22%20%2Bcne%22 French.

18. Book on the Internet published with optional content type
46. Dictionary on the Internet
47. Encyclopedia on the Internet
48. Conference proceedings on the Internet
49. Technical report on the Internet
50. Dissertation on the Internet
51. Bibliography on the Internet
Type of Medium for Entire Books on the Internet (required)

Place the word Internet in square brackets following the title (and content type, if
present)
End with a period placed outside the closing bracket
Add location information (URL, etc) according to the instructions under
Availability below
See Chapter 18 for books on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk


If a dissertation, master's thesis, or bibliography is on the Internet, give the content
type before the type of medium separated by "on the"

Zieger K. Die Bedeutung der deutschen Arztevereine fur das wissenschaftliche
Leben, die medizinische Versorgung und soziale Belange der Stadt St.
Petersburg von 1819-1914 [dissertation on the Internet]. Leipzig (Germany):
Universitat Leipzig, Karl-Sudhoff-Institut fur Geschichte der Medizin und der
Naturwissenschaften; 2000 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 123 p. Available from: http://
www.vifaost.de/w/pdf/zieger-aerzte.pdf German.

School of Medicine; c2000 [revised 2001 Oct 1; cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available
from: http://www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/index.html
[Internet]. Washington: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2006 Apr [cited
2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.kff.org/medicaid/upload/7496.pdf

Place Internet in square brackets following the translation
End with a period
Example:
research] [Internet]. Luxembourg: Centre Universitaire de Luxembourg; 2004
[cited 2006 Nov 3]. 103 p. Available from: http://www.cne.public.lu/publicatio
ns/avis/2002_2_2002_3_2003_1.pdf#search=%22%22la%20recherche%20sur
%20les%20embryons%22%20%2Bcne%22French.

Edition for Entire Books on the Internet (required)

Indicate the edition/version being cited after the Type of Medium when a book is
published in more than one edition or version
adjectives

Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.

Word Abbreviation
translated
period
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.
Do not abbreviate the following words used in Internet editions:
version
release
update
level

First editions

familiar one
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
period
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
For an edition statement in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean
familiar one
period
Examples:
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
Japanese

Examples:
becomes o
becomes u
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-pàn.
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave


Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

If both an edition and a version are present, give both, in the order they are
presented, separated by a semicolon and a space
Beers MH, Fletcher AJ, Jones TV, Porter R, Berkwits R, Kaplan JL, editors. The
Merck manual of medical information [Internet]. 2nd home ed.; Online
version. Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck Research Laboratories; c2004-2006
[cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.merck.com/mmhe/index.html

edition

19. Book on the Internet with an edition or version
20. Book on the Internet with an edition and a version
Editor and other Secondary Authors for Entire Books on the Internet
(optional)
translators, and illustrators
Place the names of secondary authors after the Type of Medium and any edition
statement


Examples:
illustrators.

Example:

always be used.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

for them:
editeur
curatore
editore
izdatel
editor

Example:
editor.

21. Book on the Internet with authors and editors or other secondary authors
Place of Publication for Entire Books on the Internet (required)


Locating the place of publication if there is no standard title page
Non-US cities
Joint publication
Box 35. Locating the place of publication if there is no standard title page.
place of publication. When there is no title page:
screen of the book
If it is not in one of these locations, try to obtain it from a link within the site,
usually under a "contact us" or similar link
Look in the source code for the book if it is displayed by the Web browser
If the place cannot be determined from the site itself:
Place the name in square brackets if the city can be reasonably inferred. For
example, Chicago as the place of publication of a book issued by the
American Medical Association.
Temporary medicare-approved drug discount card: beneficiaries'
awareness and use of information resources [Internet]. [Washington]:
Department of Health and Human Services (US), Office of Inspector
General; 2005 Oct [cited Nov 17]. 42 p. Available from: http://
www.oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-05-04-00200.pdf
Put the words "place unknown" in square brackets if it is not possible to infer
or otherwise locate the city
Suber P. Unbinding knowledge: a proposal for providing open access to

past research articles, starting with the most important [Internet].
[place unknown]: Peter Suber; 2004 May 3 [revised 2005 Nov 16; cited
2006 Nov 3]. [about 11 p.]. Available from: http://www.earlham.edu/
~peters/writing/unbind.htm

Moskva, if possible. However, the name as found on the publication may always be
used.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but
Canada

Use the city of the first organization found on the title page or on the opening
screens as the place of publication
Put the name of the second organization as a note at the end of the citation, if
desired
American Academy of Pain Medicine; American Pain Society. The use of
opioids for the treatment of chronic pain: a consensus statement [Internet].
Glenview (IL): American Academy of Pain Medicine; c1997 [cited 2006 Nov
1]. 4 p. Available from: http://www.painmed.org/productpub/statements/pdfs/
opioids.pdf Jointly published by the American Pain Society.


If no place of publication can be found on the title page or on the opening screens,
but one can be found elsewhere on the site or can be reasonably inferred (e.g.,
Trends in tuberculosis morbidity and mortality [Internet]. [New York]:
American Lung Association, Research and Program Services, Epidemiology
and Statistics Unit; 2006 Jul [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 32 p. Available from: http://w
ww.lungusa.org/atf/cf/{7A8D42C2-FCCA-4604-8ADE-7F5D5E762256}/TB06
FINAL.PDF
Suber P. Unbinding knowledge: a proposal for providing open access to past
research articles, starting with the most important [Internet]. [place
unknown]: Peter Suber; 2004 May 3 [revised 2005 Nov 16; cited 2006 Nov 3].
[about 11 p.]. Available from: http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/
unbind.htm

22. Book on the Internet with well known place of publication
23. Book on the Internet with qualifier added to place of publication for clarity
24. Book on the Internet with place of publication inferred
25. Book on the Internet with unknown place of publication
Publisher for Entire Books on the Internet (required)

A publisher is defined as the individual or organization issuing the book
example, "John Wiley & Sons, Ltd." may become simply "Wiley"

Division.

Determining the publisher if there is no standard title page
Joint publication
Multiple publishers
Box 40. Determining the publisher if there is no standard title page.

name of the publisher. When there is no title page:
screen of the book
Look for the name after a copyright statement, e.g., copyright 2006 by the American
Chemical Society
Try to obtain it from a link within the site, usually under a "contact us" or similar
link
Look in the source code for the book if it is displayed by the Web browser
If wording such as "this site is maintained by XYZ Corporation for ABC
Organization" appears, consider ABC Organization the publisher and XYZ
Corporation the distributor. Publisher information is required in a citation;
distributor information may be included as a note.
If no publisher can be identified, use "publisher unknown" in square brackets

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College

Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society

original language
Institute];
are capitalized]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
publication.
publisher.
The most common distributors of US government agency publications are the US
(NTIS). Designate the agency that issued the publication as the publisher and
provide the URL of the distributor, preceded by "Available from:" and a space.
Jacobson WB. Safe from the start: taking action on children exposed to
violence; summary [Internet]. Washington: Department of Justice (US), Office
of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention;
2000 Nov [cited 2006 Nov 6]. 54 p. Available from: http://
purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS41638

Use the first organization appearing as publisher on the title page or the opening
screens
desired
Example:

Association".
Example:


26. Book on the Internet with publisher having subsidiary division
27. Book on the Internet with government agency or other national body as
publisher
28. Book on the Internet with joint publication
Date of Publication for Entire Books on the Internet (required)

such as Jan
End date information with a space

Locating the date of publication if there is no standard title page
Box 47. Locating the date of publication if there is no standard title page.
date of publication. When there is no title page:
Look for the date at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the bottom of
the last screen of the book
Look for the date accompanying a copyright statement. For example: copyright
2006 by the American Chemical Society, 2006 American Medical Association,
c2006 Medical College of Wisconsin
Look in the source code for the book if it can be displayed by the Web browser
be estimated because of material in the book or elsewhere in the site, insert a
question mark after the estimated date and place date information in square
brackets
Evaluation of health literacy work among libraries and community
organizations in the New York City area: report highlights [Internet]. New
York: Americans for Libraries Council; [2002?] [cited 2006 Nov 1]. 4 p.
Available from: http://www.lff.org/programs/hlconfeval.pdf
date be estimated, use the date of update/revision and/or the date cited
Bibliography of numeracy resources 1980-2005 [Internet]. Ottawa (OT):
Government of Canada, Human Resources and Social Development;
[modified 2006 Jan 1; cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://
www.hrsdc.gc.ca/en/hip/lld/nls/Resources/07_numbib.shtml
Toolkit of instruments to measure end of life [Internet]. Washington: George
Washington University Medical Center, Center to Improve Care of the Dying;
[cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.gwu.edu/~cicd/toolkit/
toolkit.htm

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan
names of seasons.

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring


example c2005.
Examples:
Griffiths AJ, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM. Introduction
to genetic analysis [Internet]. 7th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c2000
[cited 2006 Nov 6]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcg
i?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=iga.TOC
Beers MH, Fletcher AJ, Jones TV, Porter R, Berkwits R, Kaplan JL, editors. The
Merck manual of medical information [Internet]. 2nd home ed.; Online
version. Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck Research Laboratories; c2004-2006
[cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.merck.com/mmhe/index.html

be estimated because of material in the book or on accompanying material, insert a
question mark after the estimated date and place date information in square
brackets
Evaluation of health literacy work among libraries and community
organizations in the New York City area: report highlights [Internet]. New
York: Americans for Libraries Council; [2002?] [cited 2006 Nov 1]. 4 p.
Available from: http://www.lff.org/programs/hlconfeval.pdf
Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease [Internet]. Columbia (MD): Global Initiative
for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; [updated 2005; cited 2006 Nov 3]. 115
p. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.com/Guidelineitem.asp?
l1=2&l2=1&intId=989
Toolkit of instruments to measure end of life [Internet]. Washington: George
Washington University Medical Center, Center to Improve Care of the Dying;
[cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.gwu.edu/~cicd/toolkit/
toolkit.htm

The date of publication may follow the author names (or title if there is no author) in the
list of references when the name-year system of in-text references is used.
Use (1) the date of copyright, (2) the date of update/revision, or (3) the date of
citation, in that order, if there is no publication date
Place the date followed by a period after the last named author (or title if there is no
author)
Keep the date of update/revision and/or date of citation in their usual position
unless they are the only dates available to follow the author(s) (or title)
End the publisher name with a period if it is not followed by a date of update/
revision or date of citation
NLM citation:
Barnitz L. The health care response to pandemic influenza: a position paper of
the American College of Physicians [Internet]. Philadelphia: American
College of Physicians; 2006 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 21 p. Available from: http://
www.acponline.org/college/pressroom/as06/pandemic_policy.pdf
Griffiths AJ, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM. Introduction
to genetic analysis [Internet]. 7th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c2000
[cited 2006 Nov 6]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcg
i?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=iga.TOC
Bashook PG, Miller SH, Parboosingh J, Horowitz SD, editors. Credentialing
physician specialists: a world perspective [Internet]. Evanston (IL): American
Board of Medical Specialities, Research and Education Foundation; [cited
2006 Nov 3]. 221 p. Available from: http://www.abms.org/publications.asp
Barnitz L. 2006. The health care response to pandemic influenza: a position
paper of the American College of Physicians [Internet]. Philadelphia:
American College of Physicians; [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 21 p. Available from:
http://www.acponline.org/college/pressroom/as06/pandemic_policy.pdf
Griffiths AJ, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM. c2000.
Introduction to genetic analysis [Internet]. 7th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman
& Co.; [cited 2006 Nov 6]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books
/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=iga.TOC
Bashook PG, Miller SH, Parboosingh J, Horowitz SD, editors. [cited 2006 Nov
3]. Credentialing physician specialists: a world perspective [Internet].
Evanston (IL): American Board of Medical Specialities, Research and
Education Foundation. 221 p. Available from: http://www.abms.org/
publications.asp
Toolkit of instruments to measure end of life [Internet]. [cited 2006 Nov 1].
Improve Care of the Dying. Available from: http://www.gwu.edu/~cicd/
toolkit/toolkit.htm
Bibliography of numeracy resources 1980-2005 [Internet]. [modified 2006 Jan
1]. Ottawa (OT): Government of Canada, Human Resources and Social
Development; [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://

29. Book on the Internet with month(s)/day(s) included in date of publication
30. Book on the Internet with season included in date of publication
31. Book on the Internet with date of copyright instead of date of publication
32. Book on the Internet with multiple years of publication or copyright
35. Book on the Internet with no date of publication or copyright
Date of Update/Revision for Entire Books on the Internet (required)

Books may be updated or revised between editions or versions
Begin update/revision information with a left square bracket
modified
2006 May 5
such as Jan
End update/revision information with a semicolon and a space

Locating the date of update/revision
Box 55. Locating the date of update/revision.

Books on the Internet are often updated or revised after publication. Look for the date
accompanied by such words as updated, modified, revised, reviewed:
At the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the bottom of the last screen of
the book
In the source code for the book if it is displayed by the Web browser

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Various words are used to show that the content of a book has been changed. Among
Use the wording supplied in the book
date order
updated 2006 May; modified 2006 Dec;
revised 2005 Dec; updated 2006 Mar;
Add the date of citation and put all date information in square brackets
Are you worried about... cancer? [Internet]. London: Cancerbackup; c2003
[reviewed 2004 Sep 1; modified 2006 Aug 17; cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 5
screens]. Available from: http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Aboutcancer/Genet
ics/Areyouworriedabout/cancer

34. Book on the Internet with update/revision date
Date of Citation for Entire Books on the Internet (required)

General Rules for Date of Citation
Always include the date the book was seen on the Internet
Include the year month and day in that order, such as 2006 May 5
such as Jan
If a date of update/revision is given, place the date of citation after it and follow
both dates with a right square bracket
If no date of update/revision is given, place citation date information in square
brackets
Specific Rules for Date of Citation

Both a date of update/revision and a date of citation
Box 59. Both a date of update/revision and a date of citation.

Various words are used to show that the content of a book has been changed. Among
Begin with the date(s) of update/revision in the format year month day
Use the wording for update/revision supplied in the book
Give all words with the dates provided, in ascending date order
Separate words by a semicolon and a space
End the date(s) of update/revision with a semicolon and a space
Enter the date cited in the format year month day
Place all dates of update/revision and date of citation information in one set of
square brackets
Examples:
Rosenbaum EH, Piper BF, Dodd M, Dzubur K, Glover M, Kramer P, Kurshner
RA, Manuel F. Fatigue reduction and management for the primary side-effects
of cancer therapy [Internet]. [California]: Cancer Supportive Care; 1999 May
1 [updated 2004 Sep 9; cited 2006 Nov 1]. [about 9 p.]. Available from: http://
www.cancersupportivecare.com/fatigue.html
Are you worried about...cancer? [Internet]. London: Cancerbackup; c2003
[reviewed 2004 Sep 1; modified 2006 Aug 17; cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 5
screens]. Available from: http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Aboutcancer/Genet
ics/Areyouworriedabout/cancer
Examples for Date of Citation

Extent (Pagination) for Entire Books on the Internet (optional)

For books with standard page numbers such as those in PDF
Provide the total number of pages on which the text of the book appears
For books without page numbers

Give extent as the total number of screens, paragraphs, lines, or bytes, whichever is
most practical; precede the total with the word about and place it in square
brackets, as [about 15 screens]
If the book is printed out, precede the page total with the word about and place it in
square brackets, as [about 10 p.]

Books without page numbers
Books that are a video, videocast, or podcast

If all of the pages (not just the introductory pages) of a book in PDF (Portable Document
Format) have roman numerals instead of the usual arabic numbers:
Example: [20 p.].
Box 61. Books without page numbers.

If all of the pages (not just the introductory pages) of a book in PDF (Portable
Document Format) have no page numbers:
Count the total numbers of pages of the text
Follow the count total by "p."
Example: [20 p.].
If the book is in HTML, XML, or other unpaginated format:
Count the number of screens, paragraphs, lines, or bytes, whichever is most
practical, or print out the book and count the number of pages
Because screen size and type fonts vary, precede the total with the word
"about" for all except the number of paragraphs
Place the count total and the measure used in square brackets
Examples:
[about 6 screens].
[about 23 p.].
[10 paragraphs].
Box 62. Books that are videocasts or podcasts.

If the entire book (not just a portion of one) is available as a videocast or podcast:
Enter the word Videocast or Podcast followed by a colon and a space
Give extent as the number of minutes needed to view/listen
Abbreviate minutes to min.
Examples:
Alberts B. Spreading science throughout the world: how, why and when?
[Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US); 2003 [cited
2006 Nov 1]. Videocast: 65 min. Available from: http://videocast.nih.gov/
launch.asp?10488
Podcasts.html

36. Book on the Internet with standard page numbers
37. Book on the Internet with extent expressed other than page numbers
38. Book on the Internet with extent estimated
39. Book on the Internet that is a video, videocast, or podcast
Series for Entire Books on the Internet (optional)


Multiple series

information.
Give surname first
Example:
(Jones R, editor. Cancer medicine online; no. 4).

If a book is a part of more than one series, include information on all series if desired.
last series
Example:
Prescription drugs: abuse and addiction [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National
Institute on Drug Abuse (US); 2001 Jul [revised 2005 Aug; cited 2006 Nov 3].
12 p. (NIDA research report series); (NIH publication; no. 05-4881). Available
from: http://www.drugabuse.gov/PDF/RRPrescription.pdf
Examples for Series

40. Book on the Internet with a series
41. Book on the Internet with multiple series
Availability for Entire Books on the Internet (required)

Begin with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and a space
Insert the entire Uniform Resource Locator (URL); do not omit http://, www, or
other beginning components
End with a period only if the URL ends with a slash, otherwise end with no
punctuation

Breaking long URLs
URLs not directly addressable
Multiple URLs
Box 65. Breaking long URLs.

Some URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) are longer than one line.
Retain the entire string as found when possible
Break a URL at a slash if necessary
Do not insert a hyphen or a hard line break within a URL
Box 66. URLs not directly addressable.

The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve the book,
i.e., is not directly addressable.
Always check to see if the URL is directly addressable
If it is not, provide instructions for locating it from the closest addressable URL
Example:
Available from: http://www.genomic.unimelb.edu.au/mdi/ by using the
Relevant Publications link.
Box 67. Multiple URLs.

If more than one URL can be used to locate a book:
Give the URL you used in locating the book
As an option, give all known URLs, separated by a space, a semicolon, and a space
Example:
Available from:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t01.htm#bm1..1.3.1 ;
http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t05.htm#bm5..1.3.1

Language for Entire Books on the Internet (required)



Give the title in the first language found on the title page or opening screens
List all languages of publication after the Availability statement (URL)
Example:
Pan-European Conference on Food Safety and Quality [Internet].
Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations;
[2003?] [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://
www.foodsafetyforum.org/paneuropean/index_en.htm English, French,
Russian, Spanish.
publications:
Give all titles in the order in which they are presented on the title page or
opening screens
List the languages after the Availability statement (URL)
Example:
Settle TB, compiler. La storia e la filosofia della scienza, della tecnologia
e della medicina = The history and philosophy of science, technology
and medicine [Internet]. Florence (Italy): IMSS & Polytechnic
University; c1994-2006 [updated 2006 Aug 22; cited 2006 Nov 3].
[about 20 p.]. Available from: http://www.imss.fi.it/%7etsettle/
If each language version has its own URL, give the URL of the language you used.
As an option, give the URLs for all languages. Separate them by a space, a
semicolon, and a space.
Example:
Available from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/
y4962t01.htm#bm1..1.3.1 ; http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/
y4962t05.htm#bm5..1.3.1 English, French, Spanish.

17. Book on the Internet published with equal text in two or more languages
Notes for Entire Books on the Internet (optional)

itself
Be brief

DOIs
System requirements
Box 69. DOIs.

The DOI or Digital Object Identifier was developed by the International DOI Foundation
to provide for persistent identification of documents across networks. It does this using a
naming convention consisting of a prefix that contains the name of the particular DOI
directory and the content owner's identifier, and a suffix that is a numeric or
alphanumeric string supplied by the publisher.
Publishers register with the International DOI Foundation to obtain their owner's
identifier, then submit their suffix to a DOI registration agency along with the URL and
appropriate metadata for the particular document being registered.
Publishers are currently assigning DOIs at both the book and chapter level. Some assign
one DOI to a book regardless of changes in edition or format, while others give a unique
DOI to each version.
To find a book on the Internet using its DOI, add the prefix http://dx.doi.org/ to the
number.
To use a DOI in a citation:
Begin with doi followed by a colon and a space
Enter the number supplied by the publisher
Example:
Schiraldi GR. Post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: a guide to healing,
recovery, and growth [Internet]. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000 [cited 2006
Nov 6]. 446 p. Available from: http://books.mcgraw-hill.com/getbook.php?isb
n=0071393722&template=#toc doi: 10.1036/0737302658

book.
Separate the types of information by a semicolon and a space
Examples:
Cook N. AIDS in Africa [Internet]. Washington: Library of Congress,
Congressional Research Service; 2006 [updated 2006 Mar 9; cited 2006 Nov
3]. 16 p. Available from: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IB10050.pdf System
Requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader.
Airiani S, Braunstein RE, Chang S, editors. Digital reference of ophthalmology
[Internet]. New York: Columbia University, College of Physicians and
Surgeons, Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute; c2003 [cited 2006 Nov 3].
Available from: http://dro.hs.columbia.edu/. System Requirements: Browser
must be able to handle tables, javascript, and other advanced features;
Netscape Navigator (version 4.0 or greater) or Microsoft Internet Explorer
(version 4.0 or greater) is recommended.

The notes element may be used to provide any useful information. Begin by citing the
book, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:
name and any relevant numbers
Kahn CE Jr, editor. CHORUS: Collaborative Hypertext of Radiology
[Internet]. [Milwaukee]: Medical College of Wisconsin; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov
3]. Available from: http://chorus.rad.mcw.edu/. Supported in part by USPHS
grant G08 LM05705 from the National Library of Medicine.
If the book has an International Standard Book Number assigned, give the number
preceded by ISBN:
Sayers R. Principles of awareness-raising: information literacy, a case study
[Internet]. Bangkok (Thailand): UNESCO Bangkok; 2006 [cited 2006 Nov 1].
124 p. Available from: http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/22439/11510733461
Principles_of_Awareness_Raising_19th_April_06.pdf/ Principles%2Bof
%2BAwareness_Raising_19th%2BApril%2B06.pdf ISBN: 92-9223-082-4.
If the book has information that may not be apparent from the title, describe it
Podcasts.html Subscription to the podcast series available from the publisher.
If the book is available in another version, describe it
Reitz JM. ODLIS: online dictionary for library and information science
[Internet]. Westport (CT): Libraries Unlimited; c2004-2006 [updated 2006
Apr 3; cited 2006 Nov 6]. Available from: http://lu.com/odlis/odlis_c.cfm Also
available as a print book from the publisher.
Examples for Notes

42. Book on the Internet with DOI included
43. Book on the Internet with optional system requirements
44. Book on the Internet with supplemental note included
Examples of Citations to Entire Books and Other Individual Titles

on the Internet
Richardson ML. Approaches to differential diagnosis in musculoskeletal imaging
[Internet]. Version 2.0. Seattle (WA): University of Washington School of Medicine; c2000
[revised 2001 Oct 1; cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.rad.washington.edu/
mskbook/index.html
Collins SR, Kriss JL, Davis K, Doty MM, Holmgren AL. Squeezed: why rising exposure to
health care costs threatens the health and financial well-being of American families
[Internet]. New York: Commonwealth Fund; 2006 Sep [cited 2006 Nov 2]. 34 p. Available
from: http://www.cmwf.org/usr_doc/Collins_squeezedrisinghltcarecosts_953.pdf
Fact sheet: AIDS information resources [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of
Medicine (US); 2003 May 2 [updated 2005 Jul 14; cited 2006 Nov 15]. [about 3 screens].
Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
[monograph on the Internet]. Version 2.0. Seattle (WA): University of Washington School
of Medicine; c2000 [revised 2001 Oct 1; cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://
www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/index.html
[monograph on the Internet]. New York: Commonwealth Fund; 2006 Sep [cited 2006 Nov
2]. 34 p. Available from: http://www.cmwf.org/usr_doc/
Collins_squeezedrisinghltcarecosts_953.pdf
Fact sheet: AIDS information resources [monograph on the Internet]. Bethesda (MD):
National Library of Medicine (US); 2003 May 2 [updated 2005 Jul 14; cited 2006 Nov 15].
[about 3 screens]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/factsheets/aidsinfs.html
2. Book on the Internet with optional full names for author(s)

Collins, Sara R.; Kriss, Jennifer L.; Davis, Karen; Doty, Michelle M.; Holmgren, Alyssa L.
Squeezed: why rising exposure to health care costs threatens the health and financial well-
being of American families [Internet]. New York: Commonwealth Fund; 2006 Sep [cited
2006 Nov 2]. 34 p. Available from: http://www.cmwf.org/usr_doc/
Collins_squeezedrisinghltcarecosts_953.pdf
3. Book on the Internet with optional limit to the number of authors/

editors
Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, et al., editors. Harrison's online [Internet]. 16th ed.
Columbus (OH): McGraw-Hill Companies; c2006 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. Available from:
http://www.accessmedicine.com/resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=4
or
Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, and others, editors. Harrison's online [Internet]. 16th
ed. Columbus (OH): McGraw-Hill Companies; c2006 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. Available
from: http://www.accessmedicine.com/resourceTOC.aspx?resourceID=4
4. Book on the Internet with author/editor surnames having a prefix or

particle
Irwin RJ, van Mouwerik M, Stevens L, Seese MD, Basham W, compilers and editors.
Environmental contaminants encyclopedia [Internet]. Fort Collins (CO): National Park
Service (US), Water Resources Divisions, Water Operations Branch; 1998 Feb [updated
2003 Dec 11; cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.nature.nps.gov/toxic/
index.html
Zubrick SR, Lawrence D, de Maio J, Biddle N. Testing the reliability of a measure of
Aboriginal children's mental health: an analysis based on the Western Australian
Aboriginal child health survey [Internet]. Belconnen (Australia): Australian Bureau of
Statistics; c2006 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 65 p. Available from: http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/
Ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/B9B45094C93CD3ACCA25712400156C7C/$File/
1351055011_mar%202006.pdf
De Castro P, Salinetti S. Guidelines for the production of scientific and technical reports:
how to write and distribute grey literature [Internet]. Version 1.0. Rome (Italy): Grey
Literature International Steering Committee; 2006 Mar [cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 20 p.].
Available from: http://www.glisc.info/.
McCarthy D, Blumenthal D. Committed to safety: ten case studies on reducing harm to
patients [Internet]. [New York]: Commonwealth Fund; 2006 Apr [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 83 p.
Available from: http://www.cmwf.org/usr_doc/McCarthy_safetycasestudies_923.pdf
Noel Walker J, Del Rosso JM, Karyl Held A. Nutrition and physical activity field
assessment of children in rural America [Internet]. Westport (CT): Save the Children;
2005 Mar [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 37 p. Available from: http://www.savethechildren.org/
publications/technical-resources/us-programs/Final_Field_Assessment_2005.pdf
5. Book on the Internet with author/editor surnames showing

designations of family rank
Kahn CE Jr, editor. CHORUS: Collaborative Hypertext of Radiology [Internet].
[Milwaukee]: Medical College of Wisconsin; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from:
http://chorus.rad.mcw.edu/.
editors. Cancer medicine 6 [Internet]. Hamilton (ON): B.C. Decker Inc.; c2003 [cited
2006 Nov 1]. 2400 p. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?
call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=cmed6.TOC&depth=2
6. Book on the Internet with author having compound surnames

Afnan-Manns S, Dorr A. E-literate: promoting 21st century literacy skills [Internet]. Los
Angeles (CA): UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies; 2003 [cited
2006 Nov 1]. 8 p. Available from: http://www.newliteracies.gseis.ucla.edu/video/
E_literateSurveyReport.pdf
2005 Mar [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 37 p. Available from: http://www.savethechildren.org/
7. Book on the Internet with an organization(s) as author

Federal Communicators Network (US). Communicators guide for federal, state, regional,
and local communicators [Internet]. [Washington]: Department of Agriculture (US); 2000
Dec [revised 2001 Dec; cited 2006 Nov 1]. [about 75 p.]. Available from: http://
www.usda.gov/news/pubs/fcn/table.htm
Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. The uninsured and their access to
health care [Internet]. Washington: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2006 Oct [cited
2006 Nov 3]. 2 p. Available from: http://www.kff.org/uninsured/upload/The-Uninsured-
and-Their-Access-to-Health-Care-Oct-2004.pdf
National Center for Biotechnology Information (US). Genes and Disease [Internet].
Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology
Information; 1998 - [cited 2015 Mar 11]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
books/NBK22183/.
8. Book on the Internet with an organization as author having subsidiary

division
National Academy of Sciences (US), Institute of Medicine, Board on Health Sciences
Policy, Committee on Clinical Trial Registries. Developing a national registry of
pharmacologic and biologic clinical trials: workshop report [Internet]. Washington:
National Academies Press (US); 2006 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://
www.nap.edu/books/030910078X/html/.
9. Book on the Internet with more than one organization as author

American Academy of Pain Medicine; American Pain Society. The use of opioids for the
treatment of chronic pain: a consensus statement [Internet]. Glenview (IL): American
Academy of Pain Medicine; c1997 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. 4 p. Available from: http://
www.painmed.org/productpub/statements/pdfs/opioids.pdf

Beers MH, Jones TV, Berkwits M, Kaplan JL, Porter R, editors. The Merck manual of
health & aging [Internet]. Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck Research Laboratories; c2005
[cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_ha/
contents.html
Oblinger DG, Oblinger JL, editors. Educating the Net Generation [Internet]. Boulder
(CO): EDUCAUSE; c2005 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. 264 p. Available from: http://
www.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/pub7101.pdf ; http://www.educause.edu/
educatingthenetgen/.

Making a difference: state injury and violence prevention programs [Internet]. Atlanta
(GA): State and Territorial Injury Prevention Directors Association; c2006 [cited 2006
Nov 3]. 120 p. Available from: http://www.stipda.org/associations/5805/files/
MakingADifference2006.pdf
Temporary Medicare-approved drug discount card: beneficiaries' awareness and use of
information resources [Internet]. [Washington]: Department of Health and Human
Services (US), Office of Inspector General; 2005 Oct [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 42 p. Available
from: http://www.oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-05-04-00200.pdf
The "bad bug book" [Internet]. College Park (MD): Food and Drug Administration (US),
Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition; 1992 [updated 2006 Apr 25; cited 2006 Nov
1]. Available from: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/intro.html
12. Book on the Internet with author affiliation

Strasburger VC (Division of Adolescent Medicine, School of Medicine, University of New
Mexico, Albuquerque, NM). Children, adolescents, and the media: five crucial issues
[Internet]. Minneapolis (MN): University of Minnesota, Children Youth and Family
Consortium; 1993 [updated 2002 Apr 27; cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://
www.cyfc.umn.edu/adolescents/research/crissues.html
Fox MK (Abt Associates Inc., Bethesda, MD), Hamilton W (Abt Associates Inc., Bethesda,
MD), Lin BH (Economics Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Washington,
DC). Effects of food assistance and nutrition programs on nutrition and health. Vol. 4,
Executive summary of the literature review [Internet]. Washington: Department of
Agriculture (US), Economic Research Service, Food and Rural Economics Division; 2004
Nov [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 174 p. (Food assistance and nutrition research report; no. 19-4).
Available from: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/fanrr19-4/fanrr19-4.pdf
13. Book on the Internet with title having a subtitle

D'Alessandro DM, Takle TE. Virtual pediatric patients: a digital storytelling system for
teaching common pediatric problems [Internet]. Iowa City (IA): Virtual Pediatric
Hospital; 1996 Aug [revised 1997 Dec; cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://
www.virtualpediatrichospital.org/providers/VirtualPedsPatients/PedsVPHome.shtml
14. Book on the Internet with special characters in the title

(Wbopdia) [Internet]. Darien (CT): Jupitermedia Corporation; c2006 [cited 2006 Nov
16]. Available from: http://www.webopedia.com/.
15. Book on the Internet with title ending in other than a period
The "bad bug book" [Internet]. College Park (MD): Food and Drug Administration (US),
Center for Food Safety & Applied Nutrition; 1992 [updated 2006 Apr 25; cited 2006 Nov
1]. Available from: http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/intro.html
Kaiser Commission on Medicaid and the Uninsured. Who needs Medicaid? [Internet].
Washington: Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2006 Apr [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available
from: http://www.kff.org/medicaid/upload/7496.pdf

Harpes JP, Milmeister JC, editors. La recherche sur les embryons [Internet]. Luxembourg:
Centre Universitaire de Luxembourg; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 103 p. Available from:
http://www.cne.public.lu/publications/avis/2002_2_2002_3_2003_1.pdf#search=
%22%22la%20recherche%20sur%20les%20embryons%22%20%2Bcne%22 French.
Abriendo un camino genetico: familias y cientificos se unen en la busqueda de genes
defectuosos que causan enfermedades [Internet]. Chevy Chase (MD): Howard Hughes
Medical Institute; c1991 [updated 2002; cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://
www.hhmi.org/genetictrail-esp/. Spanish.
Le scandaleux docteur Doyen, ou, La tragedie solitaire d'un surdoue [Internet]. Paris:
Bibliotheque Interuniversitaire de Medecine et d'Odontologie; 2006 Jan [cited 2006 Nov
3]. [about 7 screens]. Available from: http://www.bium.univ-paris5.fr/histmed/medica/
doyen.htm French.
Harpes JP, Milmeister JC, editors. La recherche sur les embryons [Embryonic research]
[Internet]. Luxembourg: Centre Universitaire de Luxembourg; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 3].
103 p. Available from: http://www.cne.public.lu/publications/avis/
2002_2_2002_3_2003_1.pdf#search=%22%22la%20recherche%20sur%20les
%20embryons%22%20%2Bcne%22 French.
Abriendo un camino genetico: familias y cientificos se unen en la busqueda de genes
defectuosos que causan enfermedades [Blazing a genetic trial: families and scientists join
in seeking the flawed genes that cause disease] [Internet]. Chevy Chase (MD): Howard
Hughes Medical Institute; c1991 [updated 2002; cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://
www.hhmi.org/genetictrail-esp/. Spanish.
Le scandaleux docteur Doyen, ou, La tragedie solitaire d'un surdoue [The scandalous Dr.
Doyen, or, The solitary tragedy of a prodigy] [Internet]. Paris: Bibliotheque
Interuniversitaire de Medecine et d'Odontologie; 2006 Jan [cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 7
screens]. Available from: http://www.bium.univ-paris5.fr/histmed/medica/doyen.htm
French.
17. Book on the Internet published with equal text in two or more
languages
Settle TB, compiler. La storia e la filosofia della scienza, della tecnologia e della medicina =
The history and philosophy of science, technology and medicine [Internet]. Florence
(Italy): IMSS & Polytechnic University; c1994-2006 [updated 2006 Aug 22; cited 2006 Nov
3]. [about 20 p.]. Available from: http://www.imss.fi.it/%7etsettle/index.html Italian,
English.
Robinson A, compiler. Veterinary public health and control of zoonoses in developing
countries = Sante publique veterinaire et controle des zoonoses dans les pays en
developpement = Salud publica veterinaria y control de zoonosis en paises en desarrollo
[Internet]. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2003 [cited
2006 Nov 17]. [about 110 p.]. Available from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/
y4962t00.htm English, French, Spanish.

Zieger K. Die Bedeutung der deutschen Arztevereine fur das wissenschaftliche Leben, die
medizinische Versorgung und soziale Belange der Stadt St. Petersburg von 1819-1914
[dissertation on the Internet]. Leipzig (Germany): Universitat Leipzig, Karl-Sudhoff-
Institut fur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften; 2000 [cited 2006 Nov
3]. 123 p. Available from: http://www.vifaost.de/w/pdf/zieger-aerzte.pdf German.
Toolkit of instruments to measure end of life [bibliography on the Internet]. Washington:
George Washington University Medical Center, Center to Improve Care of the Dying;
[cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.gwu.edu/~cicd/toolkit/toolkit.htm

[monograph on the Internet]. Version 2.0. Seattle (WA): University of Washington School
of Medicine; c2000 [revised 2001 Oct 1; cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://
www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/index.html
19. Book on the Internet with an edition or version

Wilkinson R, Marmot M, editors. Social determinants of health: the solid facts [Internet].
2nd ed. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe; c2003
[cited 2006 Nov 3]. 31 p. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/document/e81384.pdf
Thomas RL. The eclectic practice of medicine [Internet]. Illus. 2nd ed. Cincinnati (OH):
Scudder Brothers Co.; 1907 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.swsbm.com/
EclecticMed/EclecticPractice.html
Breast cancer treatment guidelines for patients [Internet]. Version 7. Jenkintown (PA):
National Comprehensive Cancer Network (US); 2005 Aug [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available
from: http://www.nccn.org/patients/patient_gls/_english/_breast/contents.asp
Higgins JP, Green S, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions
[Internet]. Version 4.2.6. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2006 [updated 2006
Sep; cited 2006 Nov 3]. 257 p. Available from: http://www.cochrane.org/resources/
handbook/handbook.pdf
20. Book on the Internet with an edition and a version

Beers MH, Fletcher AJ, Jones TV, Porter R, Berkwits R, Kaplan JL, editors. The Merck
manual of medical information [Internet]. 2nd home ed.; Online version. Whitehouse
Station (NJ): Merck Research Laboratories; c2004-2006 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available
from: http://www.merck.com/mmhe/index.html
21. Book on the Internet with authors and editors or other secondary
authors
CENDI Copyright Working Group. Frequently asked questions about copyright: a
template for the promotion of awareness among CENDI agency staff [Internet]. Klein B,
Hodge G, editors. Oak Ridge (TN): CENDI Secretariat; 2004 Aug [modified 2006 Sep 2;
cited 2006 Nov 6]. Available from: http://cendi.dtic.mil/publications/04-8copyright.html
Hecker JF. The Black Death and the dancing mania [Internet]. Babington BG, translator.
Champaign (IL): Project Gutenberg; 1999 May 1 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from:
http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/1739
Baydar N, McCann M, Williams R, Vesper E (Battelle Centers for Public Health Research
and Evaluation, Seattle, WA). Final report. WIC infant feeding practices study [Internet].
Wieringa D, Sitchin K, editors. Alexandria (VA): Department of Agriculture (US), Food
and Consumer Service, Office of Analysis and Evaluation; 1997 Nov [cited 2006 Nov 3].
254 p. Contract No.: 53-3198-3-003. Available from: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/

LPS9308
Hippocrates. Aphorisms [Internet]. Adams F, translator. [place unknown]: D.C.
Stevenson, Web Atomics; c1994-2000 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://
classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/aphorisms.html
22. Book on the Internet with well known place of publication

Are you worried about...cancer? [Internet]. London: Cancerbackup; c2003 [reviewed 2004
Sep 1; modified 2006 Aug 17; cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 5 screens]. Available from: http://
www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Aboutcancer/Genetics/Areyouworriedabout/cancer
Barnitz L. The health care response to pandemic influenza: a position paper of the
American College of Physicians [Internet]. Philadelphia: American College of Physicians;
2006 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 21 p. Available from: http://www.acponline.org/college/
pressroom/as06/pandemic_policy.pdf
23. Book on the Internet with qualifier added to place of publication for
clarity
Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease [Internet]. Columbia (MD): Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive
Lung Disease; [updated 2005; cited 2006 Nov 3]. 115 p. Available from: http://
www.goldcopd.com/Guidelineitem.asp?l1=2&l2=1&intId=989 Based on April 1998
NHLBI/WHO workshop.
Matas D, Kilgour D. Report into allegations of organ harvesting of Falun Gong
practitioners in China [Internet]. Edmonton (AL): David Kilgour; 2006 Jul 6 [cited 2006
Nov 3]. 66 p. Available from: http://www.david-kilgour.com/2006/Kilgour-Matas-organ-
harvesting-rpt-July6-eng.pdf
Baade PD, Fritschi L, Aitken JF. Geographical differentials in cancer incidence and
survival in Queensland: 1996 to 2002 [Internet]. Brisbane (Australia): Queensland Cancer
Fund, Viertel Centre for Research in Cancer Control; 2005 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 72 p.
Available from: http://www.qldcancer.com.au/pdf/research/
Geographicalincidencereport.asp.pdf
PubMed tutorial [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2013 Oct
21 - [updated 2014 Feb 26; cited 2015 Apr 28]. Available from: http://
www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/disted/pubmedtutorial/.
24. Book on the Internet with place of publication inferred

Services (US), Office of Inspector General; 2005 Oct [cited Nov 17]. 42 p. Available from:
http://www.oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-05-04-00200.pdf
Trends in tuberculosis morbidity and mortality [Internet]. [New York]: American Lung
Association, Research and Program Services, Epidemiology and Statistics Unit; 2006 Jul
[cited 2006 Nov 3]. 32 p. Available from: http://www.lungusa.org/atf/cf/{7A8D42C2-
FCCA-4604-8ADE-7F5D5E762256}/TB06FINAL.PDF
Rosenbaum EH, Piper BF, Dodd M, Dzubur K, Glover M, Kramer P, Kurshner RA,
Manuel F. Fatigue reduction and management for the primary side-effects of cancer
therapy [Internet]. [California]: Cancer Supportive Care; 1999 May 1 [updated 2004 Sep
9; cited 2006 Nov 1]. [about 9 p.]. Available from: http://www.cancersupportivecare.com/
fatigue.html
25. Book on the Internet with unknown place of publication

Suber P. Unbinding knowledge: a proposal for providing open access to past research
articles, starting with the most important [Internet]. [place unknown]: Peter Suber; 2004
May 3 [revised 2005 Nov 16; cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 11 p.]. Available from: http://
www.earlham.edu/~peters/writing/unbind.htm
Hippocrates. Aphorisms [Internet]. Adams F, translator. [place unknown]: D.C.
Stevenson, Web Atomics; c1994-2000 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://
classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/aphorisms.html
26. Book on the Internet with publisher having subsidiary division

Wilkinson R, Marmot M, editors. Social determinants of health: the solid facts [Internet].
2nd ed. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe; c2003
[cited 2006 Nov 3]. 31 p. Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/document/e81384.pdf
The electronic health record in practice: why, how, and what next? Site visit report
[Internet]. Washington: George Washington University, National Health Policy Forum;
2006 Sep 26 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 22 p. Available from: http://www.nhpf.org/pdfs_sv/
SV_EHR_09-26-06.pdf
Consultations in Medicare: coding and reimbursement [Internet]. [Washington]:
Department of Health and Human Services (US), Office of Inspector General; 2006 Mar
[cited 2006 Nov 3]. 21 p. Available from: http://www.oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/
oei-09-02-00030.pdf
27. Book on the Internet with government agency or other national body
as publisher
Dec [revised 2001 Dec; cited 2006 Nov 1]. [about 75 p.]. Available from: http://
www.usda.gov/news/pubs/fcn/table.htm
28. Book on the Internet with joint publication

Academy of Pain Medicine; c1997 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. 4 p. Available from: http://
www.painmed.org/productpub/statements/pdfs/opioids.pdf Jointly published by the
American Pain Society.
29. Book on the Internet with month(s)/day(s) included in date of

publication
Summary investigative report on allegations of possible scientific misconduct on the part
of Gerald P. Schatten, Ph.D. [Internet]. Pittsburgh (PA): University of Pittsburgh Medical
Center; 2006 Feb 8 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 9 p. Available from: http://
newsbureau.upmc.com/PDF/Final%20Public%20Report%202.08.pdf
Trends in tuberculosis morbidity and mortality [Internet]. [New York]: American Lung
Association, Research and Program Services, Epidemiology and Statistics Unit; 2006 Jul
[cited 2006 Nov 3]. 32 p. Available from: http://www.lungusa.org/atf/cf/{7A8D42C2-
FCCA-4604-8ADE-7F5D5E762256}/TB06FINAL.PDF
30. Book on the Internet with season included in date of publication

Rideout VJ, Vandewater EA, Wartella E. Zero to six: electronic media in the lives of
infants, toddlers and preschoolers [Internet]. Menlo Park (CA): Kaiser Family
Foundation; 2003 Fall [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 36 p. Available from: http://www.kff.org/
entmedia/loader.cfm?url=/commonspot/security/getfile.cfm&PageID=22754
Bronheim S. Infusing cultural and linguistic competence into the multiple systems
encountered by families following the sudden, unexpected death of an infant [Internet].
Washington: Georgetown University Center for Child and Human Development, National
Center for Cultural Competence; 2003 Spring-Summer [cited 2006 Nov 6]. 12 p. Available
from: http://gucchd.georgetown.edu/nccc/documents/SIDS_ID_PB_Aug_03.pdf
31. Book on the Internet with date of copyright instead of date of

publication
A.D.A.M. medical encyclopedia [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): A.D.A.M., Inc.; c2005 [cited
2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
Griffiths AJ, Miller JH, Suzuki DT, Lewontin RC, Gelbart WM. Introduction to genetic
analysis [Internet]. 7th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c2000 [cited 2006 Nov 6].
Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?
call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=iga.TOC
32. Book on the Internet with multiple years of publication or copyright

American Phytopathological Society, Committee on Standardization of Common Names
for Plant Diseases. Common names of plant diseases [Internet]. St Paul (MN): The
Society; 1978-2005 [cited 2006 Nov 17]. Available from: http://www.apsnet.org/online/
common/.
Beers MH, Fletcher AJ, Jones TV, Porter R, Berkwits R, Kaplan JL, editors. The Merck
manual of medical information [Internet]. 2nd home ed.; Online version. Whitehouse
Station (NJ): Merck Research Laboratories; c2004-2006 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available
from: http://www.merck.com/mmhe/index.html
Drugge R, Dunn HA, editors. The electronic textbook of dermatology [Internet]. [place
unknown]: Internet Dermatology Society, Inc.; c1995-2000 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available
from: http://telemedicine.org/stamford.htm
33. Book on the Internet with date estimated

Evaluation of health literacy work among libraries and community organizations in the
New York City area: report highlights [Internet]. New York: Americans for Libraries
Council; [2002?] [cited 2006 Nov 1]. 4 p. Available from: http://www.lff.org/programs/
hlconfeval.pdf

Rosenbaum EH, Piper BF, Dodd M, Dzubur K, Glover M, Kramer P, Kurshner RA,
Manuel F. Fatigue reduction and management for the primary side-effects of cancer
therapy [Internet]. [California]: Cancer Supportive Care; 1999 May 1 [updated 2004 Sep
9; cited 2006 Nov 1]. [about 9 p.]. Available from: http://www.cancersupportivecare.com/
fatigue.html
[Internet]. Version 2.0. Seattle (WA): University of Washington School of Medicine; c2000
[revised 2001 Oct 1; cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.rad.washington.edu/
mskbook/index.html
Are you worried about...cancer? [Internet]. London: Cancerbackup; c2003 [reviewed 2004
Sep 1; modified 2006 Aug 17; cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 5 screens]. Available from: http://
www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Aboutcancer/Genetics/Areyouworriedabout/cancer
35. Book on the Internet with no date of publication or copyright

Atlases of the brain [Internet]. Salt Lake City (UT): University of Utah, Spencer S. Eccles
Health Sciences Library; [cited 2006 Nov 15]. Available from: http://
library.med.utah.edu/kw/brain_atlas/.
Bibliography of numeracy resources 1980-2005 [Internet]. Ottawa (OT): Government of
Canada, Human Resources and Social Development; [modified 2006 Jan 1; cited 2006
Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/en/hip/lld/nls/Resources/

07_numbib.shtml
Toolkit of instruments to measure end of life [Internet]. Washington: George Washington
University Medical Center, Center to Improve Care of the Dying; [cited 2006 Nov 1].
Available from: http://www.gwu.edu/~cicd/toolkit/toolkit.htm
36. Book on the Internet with standard page numbers

Sep; cited 2006 Nov 3]. 257 p. Available from: http://www.cochrane.org/resources/
37. Book on the Internet with extent expressed other than page numbers
Lewis M. Governance and corruption in public health care systems [Internet].
Washington: Center for Global Development; 2006 Jan [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 494 KB.
Available from: http://www.cgdev.org/content/publications/detail/5967
FAQ: pill identification [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US);
2000 Jan 1 [updated 2006 Mar 15; cited 2006 Nov 6]. 3 paragraphs. Available from: http://
www.nlm.nih.gov/services/drug_id.html
38. Book on the Internet with extent estimated

how to write and distribute grey literature [Internet]. Version 1.0. Rome (Italy): Grey
Literature International Steering Committee; 2006 Mar [cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 20 p.].
Available from: http://www.glisc.info/.
Le scandaleux docteur Doyen, ou, La tragedie solitaire d'un surdoue [The scandalous Dr.
Doyen, or, The solitary tragedy of a prodigy] [Internet]. Paris: Bibliotheque
Interuniversitaire de Medecine et d'Odontologie; 2006 Jan [cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 7
screens]. Available from: http://www.bium.univ-paris5.fr/histmed/medica/doyen.htm
French.
39. Book on the Internet that is a video, videocast, or podcast

Banja J. Discussing unanticipated outcomes and disclosing medical errors [Internet].
[place unknown]: Georgia Hospital Association; [2001?] [cited 2006 Nov 17]. Video: 55
min. Available from: http://www.gha.org/pha/video/index.asp
Alberts B. Spreading science throughout the world: how, why and when? [Internet].
Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US); 2003 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Videocast: 65
min. Available from: http://videocast.nih.gov/launch.asp?10488
Tracey E, Lange R. [Podcast for week of November 6, 2006] [Internet]. Baltimore (MD):
Johns Hopkins Medicine; 2006 Nov 6 [cited 2006 Nov 7]. Podcast: 10 min. Available from:
http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/mediaII/Podcasts.html
James and the peanut allergy [Internet]. Salt Lake City (UT): University of Utah, Spencer
S. Eccles Health Sciences Library; 2011 Mar 31 [cited 2011 Jul 11]. Video: 52 sec. Available
from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VoCAizDEKlM&feature=player_embedded
Produced in collaboration with the Biomedical Informatics Department.
My Bibliography: public access compliance [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National
Library of Medicine, National Center for Biotechnology Information; 2013 Apr [cited
2015 May 5]. Video: 3:26 min. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=JYODIOD_YYE
40. Book on the Internet with a series

Ziglio E, Barbosa R, Charpak Y, Turner S, editors. Health systems confront poverty
[Internet]. Copenhagen: World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe; 2003
[cited 2006 Nov 3]. (Public health case studies; no. 1). Available from: http://
www.euro.who.int/document/e80225.pdf
Alberts B. Spreading science throughout the world: how, why and when? [Internet].
Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US); 2003 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. Videocast: 65
min. (David E. Barmes global health lecture; 3). Available from: http://videocast.nih.gov/
launch.asp?10488
41. Book on the Internet with multiple series

Prescription drugs: abuse and addiction [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute on
Drug Abuse (US); 2001 Jul [revised 2005 Aug; cited 2006 Nov 3]. 12 p. (NIDA research
report series); (NIH publication; no. 05-4881). Available from: http://
www.drugabuse.gov/PDF/RRPrescription.pdf
42. Book on the Internet with DOI included

Schiraldi GR. Post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: a guide to healing, recovery, and
growth [Internet]. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2000 [cited 2006 Nov 6]. 446 p. Available
from: http://books.mcgraw-hill.com/getbook.php?isbn=0071393722&template=#toc doi:
10.1036/0737302658
43. Book on the Internet with optional system requirements

Cook N. AIDS in Africa [Internet]. Washington: Library of Congress (US), Congressional
Research Service; 2006 [updated 2006 Mar 9; cited 2006 Nov 3]. 16 p. Available from:
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IB10050.pdf System Requirements: Adobe Acrobat
Reader.
Airiani S, Braunstein RE, Chang S, editors. Digital reference of ophthalmology [Internet].

New York: Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Edward S. Harkness
Eye Institute; c2003 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://dro.hs.columbia.edu/.
System Requirements: Browser must be able to handle tables, javascript, and other
advanced features; Netscape Navigator (version 4.0 or greater) or Microsoft Internet
Explorer (version 4.0 or greater) is recommended.
Banja J. Discussing unanticipated outcomes and disclosing medical errors [Internet].
[place unknown]: Georgia Hospital Association; [2001?] [cited 2006 Nov 17]. Video: 55
min. Available from: http://www.gha.org/pha/video/index.asp System Requirements:
RealPlayer and a T1 line.
44. Book on the Internet with supplemental note included

Sayers R. Principles of awareness-raising: information literacy, a case study [Internet].
Bangkok (Thailand): UNESCO Bangkok; 2006 [cited 2006 Nov 1]. 124 p. Available from:
http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/
22439/11510733461Principles_of_Awareness_Raising_19th_April_06.pdf/Principles
%2Bof%2BAwareness_Raising_19th%2BApril%2B06.pdf ISBN: 92-9223-082-4.
Kahn CE Jr, editor. CHORUS: Collaborative Hypertext of Radiology [Internet].
[Milwaukee]: Medical College of Wisconsin; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from:
http://chorus.rad.mcw.edu/. Supported in part by USPHS grant G08 LM05705 from the
National Library of Medicine.
Thomas RL. The eclectic practice of medicine [Internet]. Illus. 2nd ed. Cincinnati (OH):
Scudder Brothers Co.; 1907 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.swsbm.com/
EclecticMed/EclecticPractice.html Internet version by the Southwest School of Botanical
Medicine, Bisbee, AZ.
Reitz JM. ODLIS: online dictionary for library and information science [Internet].
Westport (CT): Libraries Unlimited; c2004-2006 [cited 2006 Nov 6]. Available from:
http://lu.com/odlis/odlis_c.cfm Also available as a print book from the publisher.
45. One volume of a book on the Internet

Fox MK, Hamilton W, Lin BH. Effects of food assistance and nutrition programs on
nutrition and health. Vol. 4, Executive summary of the literature review [Internet].
Washington: Department of Agriculture (US), Economic Research Service, Food and
Rural Economics Division; 2004 Nov [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 174 p. Available from: http://
www.ers.usda.gov/publications/fanrr19-4/fanrr19-4.pdf
46. Dictionary on the Internet

Merriam-Webster medical dictionary [Internet]. Springfield (MA): Merriam-Webster
Incorporated; c2005 [cited 2006 Nov 16]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/
medlineplus/mplusdictionary.html
Cambridge dictionaries online [Internet]. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press;

c2006 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://dictionary.cambridge.org/.
Westport (CT): Libraries Unlimited; c2004-2006 [cited 2006 Nov 6]. Available from:
http://lu.com/odlis/odlis_c.cfm
47. Encyclopedia on the Internet

A.D.A.M. medical encyclopedia [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): A.D.A.M., Inc.; c2005 [cited
2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/encyclopedia.html
Irwin RJ, van Mouwerik M, Stevens L, Seese MD, Basham W, compilers and editors.
Environmental contaminants encyclopedia [Internet]. Fort Collins (CO): National Park
Service (US), Water Resources Divisions, Water Operations Branch; 1998 Feb [updated
2003 Dec 11; cited 2006 Nov 3]. Available from: http://www.nature.nps.gov/toxic/
index.html
48. Conference proceedings on the Internet

Include 2005 [Internet]. Proceedings of the International Conference on Inclusive Design;
2005 Apr 5-8; London. London: Royal College of Art, Helen Hamlyn Research Centre;
[cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 130 p.]. Available from: http://www.hhrc.rca.ac.uk/
programmes/include/2005/proceedings/index.html
Bashook PG, Miller SH, Parboosingh J, Horowitz SD, editors. Credentialing physician
specialists: a world perspective [Internet]. Proceedings; 2000 Jun 8-10; Chicago. Evanston
(IL): American Board of Medical Specialties, Research and Education Foundation; [cited
2006 Nov 3]. 221 p. Available from: http://www.abms.org/publications.asp
49. Technical report on the Internet

Arkes J, Pacula RL, Paddock S, Caulkins JP, Reuter P (RAND Drug Policy Research
Center, Santa Monica, CA). Technical report for the price and purity of illicit drugs: 1981
through the second quarter of 2003 [Internet]. Washington: Executive Office of the
President (US), Office of National Drug Control Policy; 2004 Nov [cited 2006 Nov 3]. 83
p. Contract No.: DHHS 282-00-0016. Report No.: NCJ 207769. Available from: http://
www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/price_purity_tech_rpt/
price_purity_tech_rpt.pdf
Baydar N, McCann M, Williams R, Vesper E (Battelle Centers for Public Health Research
and Evaluation, Seattle, WA). Final report. WIC infant feeding practices study [Internet].
Wieringa D, Sitchin K, editors. Alexandria (VA): Department of Agriculture (US), Food
and Consumer Service, Office of Analysis and Evaluation; 1997 Nov [cited 2006 Nov 3].
254 p. Contract No.: 53-3198-3-003. Available from: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/
LPS9308
50. Dissertation on the Internet

Institut fur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften; 2000 [cited 2006 Nov
3]. 123 p. Available from: http://www.vifaost.de/w/pdf/zieger-aerzte.pdf German.
51. Bibliography on the Internet

Zorn M, Ratzan S, compilers. Health risk communication [bibliography on the Internet].
Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2000 Oct [cited 2006 Nov 14]. 59 p.
(Current bibliographies in medicine; no. 2000-7). Available from: http://
www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/cbm/health_risk_communication.pdf 847 citations from January
1990 through October 2000, plus selected earlier citations.
Settle TB, compiler. La storia e la filosofia della scienza, della tecnologia e della medicina =
The history and philosophy of science, technology and medicine [bibliography on the
Internet]. Florence (Italy): IMSS & Polytechnic University; c1994-2006 [updated 2006 Aug
22; cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 20 p.]. Available from: http://www.imss.fi.it/%7etsettle/
Toolkit of instruments to measure end of life [bibliography on the Internet]. Washington:
George Washington University Medical Center, Center to Improve Care of the Dying;
[cited 2006 Nov 1]. Available from: http://www.gwu.edu/~cicd/toolkit/toolkit.htm
Bailey CW Jr, compiler. Scholarly electronic publishing bibliography [Internet]. Version
65. Houston (TX): Charles W. Bailey, Jr.; c1996-2006 [updated 2006 Nov 2; cited 2006 Nov
6]. Available from: http://www.digital-scholarship.com/sepb/sepb.html
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Parts of Books on

the Internet
The general format for a reference to part of an Internet book, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Parts of Books on the Internet

Separately identified portions of a book may be cited. Chapters, sections, tables, charts,
graphs, photographs, appendixes, and the like are considered parts of books when they
are written or compiled by the authors of the book. They are contributions when the book
has an overall editor or editors and the individual chapters or other components in the
book are written by various authors, usually called contributors.
and appendixes. However, other names may be found for parts, including section, chart,
graph, box, and photograph.
the intellectual content of the publication:
Begin a reference to a part of a book with information about the book; follow it
with the information about the part. See also Chapter 2C Parts of Books for
additional examples of parts to books in print or in microform (microfilm,
microfiche).
followed by the word "In:" and information about the book itself. See Chapter 22C
Contributions to Books on the Internet for details.
The primary difference between citing a part of a print book and an Internet book is in
expressing the location (pagination) of the part. Unless an Internet book is in PDF
(Portable Document Format), standard page numbers are not available. For non-PDF
books:
Give location as the total extent of the part.
Calculate extent by the best means possible, in terms of the number of print pages,
screens, paragraphs, or bytes, and place the total in square brackets. Screen size,
font used, and printers vary greatly, but the purpose is to give an indication of the
length of the part.
Use the word "about" before the length indicator when the number is calculated.
Medical texts frequently contain charts, figures, and other illustrative material reproduced
with permission from other sources. Do not cite these as parts using these instructions.
Consult the original publication and cite the particular item from there.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Parts Books on the Internet.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Parts of Books on the Internet.
Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Books on the Internet

it is optional.
Entire Book (R) | Name and Number/Letter (R) | Title (R) | Date of Update/Revision (R) |
Date of Citation (R) | Location (Pagination) (R) | Availability (R) | Language (R)
Entire Book on the Internet (required)

Cite the book according to Chapter 22A Entire Books on the Internet but omit the
Date of Citation, Extent (Pagination), and Availability (URL)
Name and Number/Letter for a Part of a Book on the Internet (required)

Enter the name of the part as it appears in the book
Capitalize the name, such as Chapter, Table, Figure, or Appendix

Part is a video clip, videocast, or podcast
No name appears

Swedish, etc.)
Tabelle 5.3,
Figura 10a,
Risunok 6,
Parartema 4,
Ichiran-hiyo 3, or [Table 3, ]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Convert words and roman numerals used for part numbers into arabic numbers, so
Provide an English translation, if possible, after the original language title; place
translated titles in square brackets
medical specialties];
Zusatz
Sezione
Otdel
Otdelenie
Parte

another name without following the name with a letter or number. In this case, give
whatever name is used for the part and follow it with a comma and the title.
Appendix, Timetable of human prenatal development 1 to 6 weeks;
Box 74. Part is a video clip, videocast, or podcast.

If a video clip, videocast, or podcast is part of a book, place the word Video,
Videocast, or Podcast in square brackets followed by a comma and a space
Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky LS, Matsudaira P, Baltimore D, Darnell J.
Molecular cell biology [Internet]. 4th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman; 2000.
[Video], Immunoblot and enzyme-linked assay; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; [3 min.].
Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bookres.fcgi/mcb/
ch3anim4.mov

If the part being cited is clearly a table, figure, appendix, or similar part but it is not
labeled as such, place the name in square brackets and follow it with any identifying
number or letter
[Figure], Protein binding and drug disposition;
Physiology from 1838 to 1841;
Data and calculations required for a life table;
Sialography;

3. Chapter in a book on the Internet
4. Table in a book on the Internet
5. Figure in a book on the Internet
6. Appendix in a book on the Internet
7. Photograph in a book on the Internet
11. Other named parts of books on the Internet
12. Other unnamed parts of books on the Internet
13. Parts of a book not in English
14. Parts of a book on the Internet with equal text in two or more languages
Title for a Part of a Book on the Internet (required)

and initialisms
already present
in square brackets

Titles for parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special
character
No title appears

Swedish, etc.)
Tabla 10, Etiologia de la esplenomegalia secundaria a procesos infecciosos;
Chapitre 4, Le virage de la jouissance;
Ukrainy v poslevoennyi period;
10 Shoyo, Anchi eijingu igaku;
[Figure 9, Annual progression of swine influenza in Seoul];
Tabelle 1, Verteilung der deutschsprachigen Bevolkerung auf die einzelnen
Stadtteile von St. Petersburg und die Gesamtentwicklung 1869-1910;
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Principal biological markers of nutritional state];
10 Shoyo, Anchi eijingu igaku [Chapter 10, Anti-aging medicine];

If a chapter, figure, or another part is presented in two or more equal languages, as often
Give all titles in the order in which they are found on the title page or opening
screens
List all languages, separated by commas, after the Availability (URL)

Example:
Robinson A, compiler. Veterinary public health and control of zoonoses in
developing countries = Sante publique veterinaire et controle des zoonoses
dans les pays en developpement = Salud publica veterinaria y control de
zoonosis en Paises en Desarrollo [Internet]. Rome: Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations; 2003. [Part] A, Veterinary public health
in the 21st century = La sante publique veterinaire au XXIeme siecle = Salud
publica veterinaria en el siglo XXI; [cited 2006 Nov 17]; [about 6 screens
each]. Available from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/
Box 78. Titles for parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or other special
character.
capitalized
hydrocarbon, Apiezonl L, CW-20M;
Chapter 3, EUP: European Copyright User Platform;
becomes omega.
exposed to different doses of -radiation;
may become
exposed to different doses of gamma-radiation;
Table 4, Glycoprotein mediated transport of NH3 into red blood cells;

may become
Table 4, Glycoprotein mediated transport of NH(3) into red blood cells;

Questions and Answers for Health Care Professionals"];
Examples for Title

8. Video clip in a book on the Internet
9. Dictionary entry on the Internet
10. Encyclopedia entry on the Internet
Date of Update/Revision for a Part of a Book on the Internet (required)

Parts of books may be updated or revised between editions or versions
modified
2006 May 5
such as Jan


Parts of books on the Internet are often updated or revised after publication. Look for the
date accompanied by such words as updated, modified, revised, reviewed:
At the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen for the part or the bottom of the
last screen of the part
In the source code for the part if it is displayed by the Web browser

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Various words are used to show that the content of a book part has been changed. Among
Use the wording supplied in the book
Example:
MedlinePlus health topics [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of
Medicine (US); [updated 2006 May 11]. Alzheimer's disease; [reviewed 2006
Oct 25; updated 2006 Dec 22; cited 2006 Dec 29]; [about 8 p.]. Available from:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/alzheimersdisease.html

15. Parts of a book on the Internet with date of update/revision
Date of Citation for a Part of a Book on the Internet (required)

Always include the date the part of a book was seen on the Internet
such as Jan
brackets
End date information with a semicolon placed outside the closing bracket


Various words are used to show that the content of a part of a book has been changed.
Among them are: updated, modified, revised, reviewed.
Place all dates of update/revision and date of citation information in square
brackets
End with a semicolon placed outside the closing bracket
Examples:
School of Medicine; c2000. [Figure], A patient with rather dysplastic fibulas
due to juvenile rheumatoid arthritis; [updated 2006 May 24; cited 2006 Nov
15]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.rad.washington.edu/
mskbook/dysplasia.html


Location (Pagination) for a Part of a Book on the Internet (required)

and p. 663-4.
End location with a period

Give location as the total number of screens, paragraphs, lines, or bytes of the part,
whichever is most practical; precede the total with the word about and place it in
square brackets, as [about 15 screens]
If the part is printed out, precede the page total with the word about and place it in


Unlike the practice with volume and issue numbers, keep roman numerals when
they are used as page numbers
Collins SR, Kriss JL, Davis K, Doty MM, Holmgren AL. Squeezed: why rising
exposure to health care costs threatens the health and financial well-being of
American families [Internet]. New York: Commonwealth Fund; 2006 Sep.
Figure ES-1, Individual market is not an affordable option for many people;
[cited 2006 Nov 15]; p. viii. Available from: http://www.cmwf.org/usr_doc/Col
lins_squeezedrisinghltcarecosts_953.pdf
Appendix 2, Common aquatic invertebrates; [cited 2006 Dec 15]; p. XXI-
XXII.
Table 8, Classification of lung adenocarcinoma; [cited 2006 Dec 13]; p. xv.
If the pagination for a part begins anew with page I or i, give the total number of
pages of the part in square brackets
Appendix, Questionnaire; [5 p.].

A part such as an appendix or a group of tables may be given its own pagination,
beginning anew with page one. When this occurs, give the total number of pages of
the part you are citing, placed in square brackets, such as [5 p.].
Appendix 3C, Description of model output tables and graphs; [cited 2006 Dec
15]; [7 p.].

If the part of a book in PDF (Portable Document Format) has no page numbers:
Example: [20 p.].
If the part of the book is in HTML, XML, or other unpaginated format:

practical, or print out the part and count the number of pages
"about" for all except the number of paragraphs
Examples:
[about 6 screens].
[about 23 p.].
[10 paragraphs].

If a video clip, videocast , or podcast is part of a book:
Place the word Video, Videocast, or Podcast in square brackets followed by a
comma and a space
Enter the title of the part, followed by a semicolon and a space
Give the date of update/revision (if known) and the date of citation in square
brackets, separated by a semicolon and a space
End date information with a semicolon and a space
Give extent as the number of minutes needed to view/listen, placed in square
brackets
Example:
Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky LS, Matsudaira P, Baltimore D, Darnell J.
Molecular cell biology [Internet]. 4th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman; 2000.
[Video], Immunoblot and enzyme-linked assay; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; [3 min.].
Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bookres.fcgi/mcb/
ch3anim4.mov

1. Standard citation to a part of a book on the Internet with traditional page
numbers for location
2. Part of a book on the Internet with extent calculated
Availability for a Part of a Book on the Internet (required)

Insert the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) for the part in its entirety; do not omit
http://, www, or other beginning components
Use the URL for the entire book if the part does not have its own URL
punctuation

Breaking long URLs
Multiple URLs


The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve the part of
the book, i.e., is not directly addressable.
Example:
Marcus M, Van Aken H. Prevention of local anaesthetic toxicity. In: Gatt SP,
Pybus A, editors. Hypertextbook of regional anaesthesia for obstetrics: an
international perspective [Internet]. [place unknown]: MANBIT
Technologies; [200?] [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 3 screens]. Available from:
http://www.manbit.com/oa/oaindex.htm by selecting Marcus from the Author
Index.

If more than one URL can be used to locate a part:
Give the URL you used in locating the part
Example:
Available from:

Language for a Part of a Book on the Internet (required)


Parts appearing in more than one language
Box 92. Parts appearing in more than one language.

If a part of a book is written in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in Canadian
publications:
Give all titles in the order in which they are presented on the title page or on the
opening screens of the part
Separate the titles with an equals sign with a space on either side
Example:
Robinson A, compiler. Veterinary public health and control of zoonoses in
developing countries = Sante publique veterinaire et controle des zoonoses
dans les pays en developpement = Salud publica veterinaria y control de
zoonosis en Paises en Desarrollo [Internet]. Rome: Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations; 2003. [Part] A, Veterinary public health
in the 21st century = La sante publique veterinaire au XXIeme siecle = Salud
publica veterinaria en el siglo XXI; [cited 2006 Nov 17]; [about 6 screens
each]. Available from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/

Examples of Citations to Parts of Books on the Internet

1. Standard citation to a part of a book on the Internet with traditional
page numbers for location
Sep]. Chapter 3, Guide to the contents of a protocol and review; [cited 2006 Nov 17]; p.
37-57. Available from: http://www.cochrane.org/resources/handbook/handbook.pdf
with optional content designator
[monograph on the Internet]. Version 4.2.6. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.;
2006 [updated 2006 Sep]. Chapter 3, Guide to the contents of a protocol and review;
[cited 2006 Nov 17]; p. 37-57. Available from: http://www.cochrane.org/resources/
with optional full names for authors/editors
Higgins, Julian P.; Green, Sally, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of
interventions [Internet]. Version 4.2.6. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.; 2006
[updated 2006 Sep]. Guide to the contents of a protocol and review; [cited 2006 Nov 17];
p. 37-57. Available from: http://www.cochrane.org/resources/handbook/handbook.pdf
2. Part of a book on the Internet with extent calculated

Berg JM, Tymoczco JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry [Internet]. 5th ed. New York: W.H.
Freeman and Company; c2002. Chapter 14.2.3, Stages in the extraction of energy from
foodstuffs; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; [4 paragraphs]. Available from: http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?
cmd=Search&db=books&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&term=krebs+AND+stryer%5Bbook
%5D+AND+216023%5Buid%5D&rid=stryer.section.1954#1961
Dec [revised 2001 Dec]. Chapter 4, The Internet; [cited 2006 Nov 1]; [about 6 p.].
Available from: http://www.usda.gov/news/pubs/fcn/chapter4.htm
Cooper GM. The cell: a molecular approach [Internet]. 2nd ed. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer
Associates, Inc.; c2000. Figure 8.28, Ribosome assembly; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; [about 1
screen]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?
cmd=Search&db=books&doptcmdl=GenBookHL&term=nucleolus+AND+cooper
%5Bbook%5D+AND+165606%5Buid%5D&rid=cooper.figgrp.1372

National Academies Press (US); 2006. Chapter 5, Implementation issues; [cited 2006 Nov
3]; p. 35-42. Available from: http://newton.nap.edu/books/030910078X/html/35.html
Dec [revised 2001 Dec]. Chapter 3, Writing communication plans; [cited 2006 Nov 7];
[about 12 p.]. Available from: http://www.usda.gov/news/pubs/fcn/chapter3.htm
The chemistry of health [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of General Medical
Sciences (US); 2000 Sep. Chapter 5, The healing power of chemistry; [cited 2006 Nov 17];
[about 10 screens]. (NIH publication; no. 00-4121). Available from: http://
publications.nigms.nih.gov/chemhealth/chapter5.html#

2005 Mar. Table 1, Prevalence of overweight among rural children in Save the Children
regions; [cited 2006 Nov 7]; p. 2. Available from: http://www.savethechildren.org/
National Academies Press (US); 2006. Table 4-1, Clinical trial registry data fields
discussed at IOM meetings; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://
newton.nap.edu/books/030910078X/html/26.html
Zubrick SR, Lawrence D, de Maio J, Biddle N. Testing the reliability of a measure of
Aboriginal children's mental health: an analysis based on the Western Australian
Aboriginal child health survey [Internet]. Belconnen (Australia): Australian Bureau of
Statistics; c2006. Table 3.5, SDQ items and variable names used in later modelling; [cited
2006 Nov 15]; p. 17. Available from: http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/
subscriber.nsf/0/B9B45094C93CD3ACCA25712400156C7C/$File/1351055011_mar
%202006.pdf
Making a difference: state injury and violence prevention programs [Internet]. Atlanta
(GA): State and Territorial Injury Prevention Directors Association; c2006. [Table], 10
leading causes of death by age group; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; p. 11. Available from: http://
www.stipda.org/associations/5805/files/MakingADifference2006.pdf

[Internet]. New York: Commonwealth Fund; 2006 Sep. Figure ES-1, Individual market is
not an affordable option for many people; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; p. viii. Available from:
http://www.cmwf.org/usr_doc/Collins_squeezedrisinghltcarecosts_953.pdf
[Internet]. Version 2.0. Seattle (WA): University of Washington School of Medicine;
c2000. [Figure], A patient with rather dysplastic fibulas due to juvenile rheumatoid
arthritis; [updated 2006 May 24; cited 2006 Nov 15]; [about 1 screen]. Available from:
http://www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/dysplasia.html

how to write and distribute grey literature [Internet]. Version 1.0. Rome: Grey Literature
International Steering Committee; 2006 Mar. Annex, List of institutions adopting the
Guidelines; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.glisc.info/
#Annex
health & aging [Internet]. Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck Research Laboratories; c2005.
Appendix 2, Resources for help and information; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; [about 22 p.].
Available from: http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_ha/appends/append2/intro.html
Services (US), Office of Inspector General; 2005 Oct. Appendix E, Beneficiary knowledge
of drug card program; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; p. 35-6. Available from: http://
www.oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-05-04-00200.pdf

The Urbana atlas of pathology [Internet]. Urbana (IL): University of Illinois College of
Medicine at Urbana-Champaign; c1994-1997. Image No. 034, Left ventricular
hypertrophy, heart; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://
www.med.uiuc.edu/PathAtlasf/CVAtlas034.html

Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky LS, Matsudaira P, Baltimore D, Darnell J. Molecular cell
biology [Internet]. 4th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman; 2000. [Video], Immunoblot and
enzyme-linked assay; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; [3 min.]. Available from http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bookres.fcgi/mcb/ch3anim4.mov

Merriam-Webster medical dictionary [Internet]. Springfield (MA): Merriam-Webster
Incorporated; c2005. Cloning; [cited 2006 Nov 16]; [about 1 screen]. Available from:
http://www2.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/mwmednlm?book=Medical&va=cloning
Westport (CT): Libraries Unlimited; c2004-2006. Digital Object Identifier (DOI); [cited
2006 Nov 15]; [2 paragraphs]. Available from: http://lu.com/odlis/odlis_d.cfm#doi

A.D.A.M. medical encyclopedia [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): A.D.A.M., Inc.; c2005. Ear
barotrauma; [updated 2006 Oct 20; cited 2006 Nov 16]; [about 4 screens]. Available from:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001064.htm
(Wbopdia) [Internet]. Darien (CT): Jupitermedia Corporation; c2006. Podcasting;
[cited 2006 Nov 15]; [2 paragraphs]. Available from: http://www.webopedia.com/.

patients [Internet]. [New York]: Commonwealth Fund; 2006 Apr. Case study 3, Promoting
high reliability surgery and perinatal care through improved teamwork and
communication at Kaiser Permanente; [cited 2006 Nov 7]; p. 18-26. Available from: http://
www.cmwf.org/usr_doc/McCarthy_safetycasestudies_923.pdf
health & aging [Internet]. Whitehouse Station (NJ): Merck Research Laboratories; c2005.
Section 2, Chapter 5, Maintaining good nutrition; [cited 2006 Nov 7]; [about 8 screens].
Available from: http://www.merck.com/pubs/mmanual_ha/sec2/ch05/ch05a.html
Academy of Pain Medicine; c1997. Part 4, Current information and experience suggest
that many commonly held assumptions need modification; [cited 2006 Nov 7]; p. 2.
Available from: http://www.painmed.org/productpub/statements/pdfs/opioids.pdf

Prescription drugs: abuse and addiction [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute on
Drug Abuse (US); 2001 Jul. Trends in prescription drug abuse; [cited 2006 Nov 7]; p. 5.
Available from: http://www.drugabuse.gov/PDF/RRPrescription.pdf

patients [Internet]. [New York]: Commonwealth Fund; 2006 Apr. Methods; [cited 2006
Nov 15]; p. 70. Available from: http://www.cmwf.org/usr_doc/
McCarthy_safetycasestudies_923.pdf
AHFS consumer medication Information [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): American Society of
Health-System Pharmacists, Inc.; 2008. Protriptyline; [revised 2007 Aug 1; reviewed
2007 Aug 1; cited 2008 Oct 2]; [about 5 p.]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/
medlineplus/druginfo/meds/a604025.html
PDR family guide to prescription drugs [Internet]. Montvale (NJ): Thomson Healthcare,
Inc.; 2007. Tetracycline; [2007 Jan 22; cited 2009 Apr 2]; [about 4 screens]. Available from:
http://www.acquirecontent.com/titles/pdr-family-guide-to-prescription-drugs Requires
license to access.

Harpes JP, Milmeister JC, editors. La recherche sur les embryons [Internet]. Luxembourg:
Centre Universitaire de Luxembourg; 2004. Partie 3.4, Le clonage therapeutique; [cited
2006 Nov 15]; p. 9. Available from: http://www.cne.public.lu/publications/avis/
2002_2_2002_3_2003_1.pdf#search=%22%22la%20recherche%20sur%20les
%20embryons%22%20%2Bcne%22 French.
Institut fur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften; 2000. Tabelle 1,
Verteilung der deutschsprachigen Bevolkerung auf die einzelnen Stadtteile von St.
Petersburg und die Gesamtentwicklung 1869-1910; [cited 2006 Nov 3]; p. 18. Available
from: http://www.vifaost.de/w/pdf/zieger-aerzte.pdf German.
with translation
Harpes JP, Milmeister JC, editors. La recherche sur les embryons [Embryonic research]
[Internet]. Luxembourg: Centre Universitaire de Luxembourg; 2004. Partie 3.4, Le clonage
therapeutique [Part 3.4, Therapeutic cloning]; [cited 2006 Nov 15]; p. 9. Available from:
http://www.cne.public.lu/publications/avis/2002_2_2002_3_2003_1.pdf#search=
%22%22la%20recherche%20sur%20les%20embryons%22%20%2Bcne%22 French.
14. Parts of a book on the Internet with equal text in two or more
languages
Robinson A, compiler. Veterinary public health and control of zoonoses in developing
countries = Sante publique veterinaire et controle des zoonoses dans les pays en
developpement = Salud publica veterinaria y control de zoonosis en Paises en Desarrollo
[Internet]. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2003. [Part]
A, Veterinary public health in the 21st century = La sante publique veterinaire au XXIeme
siecle = Salud publica veterinaria en el siglo XXI; [cited 2006 Nov 17]; [about 6 screens
each]. Available from: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t01.htm#bm1..1.3.1 ;
http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t03.htm#bm3..1.3.1 ; http://www.fao.org/
docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t05.htm#bm5..1.3.1 English, French, Spanish.

A.D.A.M. medical encyclopedia [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): A.D.A.M., Inc.; c2005. Ear
barotrauma; [updated 2006 Oct 20; cited 2006 Nov 16]; [about 4 screens]. Available from:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001064.htm
[Internet]. Version 2.0. Seattle (WA): University of Washington School of Medicine;
c2000. [Figure], A patient with rather dysplastic fibulas due to juvenile rheumatoid
arthritis; [updated 2006 May 24; cited 2006 Nov 15]; [about 1 screen]. Available from:
http://www.rad.washington.edu/mskbook/dysplasia.html
MedlinePlus health topics [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US);
[updated 2006 May 11]. Alzheimer's disease; [reviewed 2006 Oct 25; updated 2006 Dec
22; cited 2006 Dec 29]; [about 8 p.]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/
alzheimersdisease.html
C. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Contributions to

Books on the Internet
The general format for a contribution to a book on the Internet, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Contributions to Books on the Internet

Contributions are found when a book has an overall editor or editors and the individual
chapters or other components of the book are written by various authors, usually called
contributors. One or more of the editors may also be contributing authors. See also
Chapter 2D Contributions to Books for additional examples of contributors to books in

print or in microform (microfilm, microfiche).
Because a reference should start with the individual or organization responsible for the
intellectual content of the publication, begin a reference to a contribution with the author
and title of the contribution, followed by the word "In:" and information about the entire
book.
The primary difference between citing a contribution to a print book and one on the
Internet is in expressing the location (pagination) of the contribution. Unless an Internet
book is in PDF (Portable Document Format), standard page numbers are usually not
available. For non-PDF books:
Give location as the total extent of the contribution.
length of the part.
Medical texts frequently contain charts, figures, and other illustrative material reproduced
with permission from other sources. Do not cite these as contributions using the
instructions presented here. Consult the original publication and cite the chart or other
item from there.
Contributions to a part of a book on the Internet, such as a table or figure, may be cited as
individual items. See Chapter 22B Parts of Books on the Internet and Example 24 for
instructions.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Contributions to Books on the Internet.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Contributions to Books on the Internet.
Citation Rules with Examples for Contributions to Books on the

Internet
it is optional.
Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Connective Phrase (R) | Book Information
(R) | Date of Citation (R) | Location (Pagination) (R) | Availability (R) | Language (R) |
Notes (O)
Author of a Contribution to a Book on the Internet (required)


Other surname rules


whether a surname is compound or is a combination of a middle name and a
surname, look at the back of the title page (the copyright page) or elsewhere in
the text for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be
interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott Parker E.]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

letter


Examples:
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe


If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on the title page or
opening or closing screens of a contribution to a book as authors, use the names of
the individuals as the author. Give the organization at the end of the reference as a
note, if desired.
brackets.
or
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Examples for Author

1. Standard reference to a contributed chapter of an Internet book
2. Contribution to an Internet book with optional full first names for authors and
editors
3. Contribution to an Internet book with optional limit to the number of authors
4. Contribution to an Internet book with authors having a family designation of rank
5. Contribution to an Internet book with author names having a particle or prefix
(give as found in the publication)
6. Contribution to an Internet book with authors having compound last names
Author Affiliation for a Contribution to a Book on the Internet (optional)



Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College

Div. for Division
Soc. for Society

a space
Example:

Give the affiliations of all authors or only the first author.
and the country if non-US. Place the affiliation in parentheses.
Spain).
Kubo A, Ishida T.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
found on the publication may always be used.

Wien becomes Vienna

7. Contribution to an Internet book with author affiliation included
Title of a Contribution to a Book on the Internet (required)

Enter the title of the chapter or other contribution as it appears in the original
document, in the original language
and initialisms
already present
in square brackets
it


Swedish, etc.)
Ochoa S. Base molecular de la expresion del mensaje genetico.
Romanize or translate titles in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese).
Surround translated titles with square brackets.
or
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Schmitz M. Psychopharmaka: Grundlagen, Standardtherapien und neue
Konzepte.
basis of gene expression].
gastroenterologicheskikh zabolevanii: klinicheskie ocherki [Diagnosis and
complex treatment of basic gastrointestinal diseases: clinical studies].
Katsunori K. Anrakushi to keiho [Euthanasia and criminal law].

If a chapter or another contribution is presented in two or more equal languages, as often
screens
Example:
Le genome: avancees scientifiques et therapeutiques et consequences sociales

= The genome: scientific and therapeutic developments and social
consequences.
List all the languages, separated by a comma, after the pagination
If each language version has its own URL, give them all, separated by a space and a
semicolon
character.
Capitalize the first word of the title of a chapter or other contribution unless the title
Retain special characters in tites when possible
EUP: European Copyright User Platform [Internet].
becomes omega.
may become
may become
TiO2 nanoparticles.
may become
Examples for Title

8. Contribution to an Internet book with title having a subtitle
9. Contribution to an Internet book with title beginning with a lower-case letter or
containing a special symbol or character
10. Contribution to an Internet book with a non-English title
Connective Phrase for a Contribution to a Book on the Internet (required)

Place a space and the word "In" after the title of the contribution

Book Information for a Contribution to a Book on the Internet (required)

General Rule for Book Information
Cite the book in which the contribution appears according to Chapter 22A Entire
Books and Other Individual Titles on the Internet but omit the Extent (Pagination)
and the Availability (URL)
Specific Rule for Book Information

Contribution has a date of publication or date of update/revision that differs from
the book as a whole
Box 108. Contribution has a date of publication or date of update/revision that differs
from the book as a whole.
Contributions may be published with individual dates separate from the date of the book
as a whole or may be updated or otherwise revised separately from book as a whole.
When this occurs:
Give a separate date of publication and/or date of update/revision after the title for
the contribution
Place the date of citation after the above date(s), not after the date(s) of the book
Keep the date of publication and any dates of update/revision of the book in their
usual place
Example:
Smith J, Jones C. Endoscopic management of choledochocele. 2005 Dec
[updated 2007 Jan 15; cited 2007 Feb 23]. In:
Carter TY, Spence DT. Management of secondary hyperparathyroidism.
[revised 2006 Mar; cited 2007 Feb 23]. In:
Examples for Book Information

11. Contribution to an Internet book with an edition statement
12. Contribution to an Internet book with a government agency as publisher
13. Contribution to an Internet book with subordinate division to publisher
14. Contribution to an Internet book with date of update/revision
17. Contribution to an Internet book that is part of a series
20. Contribution to an Internet book with system requirements included
21. Contribution to an Internet book with a supplemental note
22. Contribution to an Internet book in one volume of a multivolume set
23. Contributed paper in a conference proceedings on the Internet
Date of Citation for a Contribution to a Book on the Internet (required)

Always include the date the contribution to a book was seen on the Internet
such as Jan
brackets


Various words are used to show that the content of a contribution a book has been
changed. Among them are: updated, modified, revised, reviewed.
brackets
Example:
; [revised 2005 Jan 3; updated 2005 Nov 4; cited 2006 Dec 13].

Location (Pagination) for a Contribution to a Book on the Internet

(required)
Enter the page number or numbers on which the contribution appears. Examples:
p. 438 and p. 663-4.

Give location as the total number of screens, paragraphs, lines, or bytes on which
the contribution resides, whichever is most practical; precede the total with the
word about and place it in square brackets, as [about 15 screens]
If the contribution is printed out, precede the page total with the word about and
place it in square brackets, as [about 10 p.]

Contribution paginated separately
No page numbers appear on the pages of the contribution
Optional chapter number for a contribution
Contribution is a video clip, videocast, or podcast

Examples:
p. ix-xxi.
p. XIV-XVIII.
Box 111. Contribution paginated separately.

A contribution may be given its own pagination and begin anew with page one.
When this occurs, give the total number of pages of the part you are to citing,
placed in square brackets, such as [5 p.].
Box 112. No page numbers appear on the pages of the contribution.

If the contribution to a book in PDF (Portable Document Format) has no page
numbers:

Example: [20 p.].
If the contribution to a book is in HTML, XML, or other unpaginated format has
no page numbers:
"about" for all except the number of paragraphs and bytes
Examples:
[about 6 screens].
[about 23 p.].
[10 paragraphs].
As an option, use the chapter number of a contribution in place of the number of
pages or screens
Chorba T, Tao G, Irwin KL. Sexually transmitted diseases. In: Litwin MS,
Saigal CS, editors. Urologic diseases in America [Internet]. Bethesda (MD):
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (US); 2004
[cited 2006 Nov 20]. Chapter 9. Available from: http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/
statistics/uda/UTI_STD.pdf#page=91
Box 113. Optional chapter number for a contribution.

As an option, use the chapter number of a contribution in place of the number of
pages or screens.
Chorba T, Tao G, Irwin KL. Sexually transmitted diseases. In: Litwin MS,
Saigal CS, editors. Urologic diseases in America [Internet]. Bethesda (MD):
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (US); 2004
[cited 2006 Nov 20]. Chapter 9. Available from: http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/
Box 114. Contribution is a video clip, videocast, or podcast.

If the entire contribution is a video clip, videocast, or podcast:
Enter the word Video, Videocast, or Podcast followed by a colon and a space
Place all information in square brackets
End with a period placed outside the square brackets
Examples:
[Video: 6 min.].
[Videocast: 11 min.].
[Podcast: 3 min.].

15. Contribution to an Internet book with location (pagination) expressed as
standard page numbers
16. Contribution to an Internet book with location (pagination) expressed as other
than standard page numbers
Availability for a Contribution to a Book on the Internet (required)

Insert the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) for the contribution in its entirety; no
not omit http://, www, or other beginning components
Use the URL for the entire book only if the contribution does not have its own URL
punctuation

Breaking long URLs
Multiple URLs


The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve a
contribution to a book, i.e., is not directly addressable.
Example:
Marcus M, Van Aken H. Prevention of local anaesthetic toxicity. In: Gatt SP,
Pybus A, editors. Hypertextbook of regional anaesthesia for obstetrics: an
international perspective [Internet]. [place unknown]: MANBIT
Technologies; [200?] [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 3 screens]. Available from:
http://www.manbit.com/oa/oaindex.htm by selecting Marcus from the Author
Index.

If more than one URL can be used to locate a contribution:
Give the URL you used in locating the contribution
Example:
Available from:

18. Contribution to an Internet book with a URL not directly addressable
Language for a Contribution to a Book on the Internet (required)

Give the language of contribution if not English

Contributions appearing in more than one language
Box 118. Contributions appearing in more than one language.

If a contribution to a book is written in two or more equal languages, as often occurs in
Give all titles in the order they are presented on the title page or on the opening
screens for the contribution
Example:
Available from:
http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y4962t/y4962t05.htm#bm5..1.3.1 English,
French, Spanish.

Notes for a Contribution to a Book on the Internet (optional)

itself
Be brief

DOIs
System requirements
Box 119. DOIs.

to provide for persistent identification of documents across networks. It uses a naming
convention consisting of a prefix, containing the name of the particular DOI directory
and the content owner's identifier, and a suffix, a numeric or alphanumeric string supplied
by the publisher.
Publishers currently assign DOIs at both the book and chapter level. Some assign one
DOI to a book regardless of changes in edition or format, while others give a unique DOI
to each version.
To find a book on the Internet from its DOI, add the prefix http://dx.doi.org/ to the
number.
Example:
Mouchawar J, Taplin S, Ichikawa L, Barlow WE, Geiger AM, Weinmann S,
Gilbert J, Manos MM, Ulcickas Yood M. Late-stage breast cancer among
women with recent negative screening mammography: do clinical encounters
offer opportunity for earlier detection? In: Vogt TM, Wagner EH, editors.
Health care systems as research platforms: the cancer research network
[Internet]. Bethesda (MD): Oxford University Press; 2005 [cited 2006 Nov 20].
p. 39-46. Available from: http://jncimono.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/
2005/35/39 doi: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgi036

contribution to the book.
Separate the types of information by a semicolon
Examples:
Levin B. Colorectal cancer. In: Dale DC, Antman K, Atkinson JP, Feldman M,
Gibbons RJ, Haynes RB, Henrich JB, Henrich WL, Holtzman MJ, Lebwohl
MG, Levinson W, Loriaux DL, Ruddy S, Wolinsky JS, editors. ACP medicine
[Internet]. New York: Web MD Inc.; c2005 [updated 2006 Jan]. [16 p.].
Available from: http://www.acpmedicine.com/acp_sampleChapters.htm
System Requirements: Netscape Navigator 7.0 (or later) or Microsoft Internet
Explorer 5.0 (or later); browser must be Java-enabled.

reference feels is useful. Begin by citing the contribution and the book, then add the
note. Some examples of notes are:
Neath SX. Anaphylaxis. In: Barkin RM, Rosen P, editors. Rosen & Barkin's 5-
minute emergency medicine consult [Internet]. 3rd ed. Philadelphia:
Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; c2007 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 8 screens].
Available from: http://gateway.ut.ovid.com/gw1/ovidweb.cgi Subscription
required to view.
Shrader-Frechette K. Ethical issues in environmental and occupational health.
In: Jennings B, Kahn J, Mastroianni A, Parker LS, editors. Ethics and public
health: model curriculum [Internet]. Washington: Association of Schools of
Public Health; 2003 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. p. 159-92. Available from: http://
www.asph.org/UserFiles/EthicsCurriculum.pdf This project was supported

under a cooperative agreement from the Health Resources and Services
Administration (HRSA) through grant number 1D-38AH10001-05.
Examples for Notes

19. Contributed chapter in a book with system requirements included
20. Contributed chapter in a book with a supplemental note
Examples of Citations to Contributions to Books on the Internet

Andreeff M, Goodrich DW, Pardee AB. Cell proliferation and differentiation. In: Kufe
DW, Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC Jr, Gansler TS, Holland JF, Frei E 3rd,
editors. Cancer medicine 6 [Internet]. Hamilton (ON): B.C. Decker Inc.; c2003 [cited
2006 Nov 7]. [about 41 p.]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?
rid=cmed6.chapter.590
Shrader-Frechette K. Ethical issues in environmental and occupational health. In:
Jennings B, Kahn J, Mastroianni A, Parker LS, editors. Ethics and public health: model
curriculum [Internet]. Washington: Association of Schools of Public Health; 2003 [cited
2006 Nov 20]. p. 159-92. Available from: http://www.asph.org/UserFiles/
EthicsCurriculum.pdf
Moore A, Moore J, Fowler S. Faculty development for the Net Generation. In: Oblinger
DG, Oblinger JL, editors. Educating the Net Generation [Internet]. Boulder (CO):
EDUCAUSE; c2005 [updated 2006 Jun 15; cited 2006 Nov 17]. [about 9 p.]. Available
from: http://www.educause.edu/FacultyDevelopmentfortheNetGeneration/6071
2. Contribution to an Internet book with optional full first names for

authors and editors
Andreeff, Michael; Goodrich, David W.; Pardee, Arthur B. Cell proliferation and
differentiation. In: Kufe, Donald W.; Pollock, Raphael E.; Weichselbaum, Ralph R.; Bast,
Robert C., Jr.; Gansler, Ted S.; Holland, James F.; Frei, Emil 3rd., editors. Cancer medicine
6 [Internet]. Hamilton (ON): B.C. Decker Inc.; c2003 [cited 2006 Nov 7]. [about 41 p.].
Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=cmed6.chapter.590
3. Contribution to an Internet book with optional limit to the number of

authors
Mouchawar J, Taplin S, Ichikawa L, et al. Late-stage breast cancer among women with
recent negative screening mammography: do clinical encounters offer opportunity for
earlier detection? In: Vogt TM, Wagner EH, editors. Health care systems as research
platforms: the cancer research network [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): Oxford University
Press; 2005 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. p. 39-46. Available from: http://
jncimono.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/2005/35/39
or
Mouchawar J, Taplin S, Ichikawa L, and others. Late-stage breast cancer among women
with recent negative screening mammography: do clinical encounters offer opportunity
for earlier detection? In: Vogt TM, Wagner EH, editors. Health care systems as research
4. Contribution to an Internet book with authors having a family

designation of rank
Schmeck H Jr. How genetic disorders are inherited. In: Blazing a genetic trail: families and
scientists join in seeking the flawed genes that cause disease [Internet]. Chevy Chase
(MD): Howard Hughes Medical Institute; c1991 [updated 2002 Spring; cited 2006 Nov
20]. [about 4 p.]. Available from: http://www.hhmi.org/genetictrail/e100.html
5. Contribution to an Internet book with author names having a particle

or prefix (give as found in the publication)
de Marcas J. Aspects of serials management in Israeli academic libraries. In: 66th IFLA
Council and General Conference [Internet]; 2000 Aug 13-18; Jerusalem, Israel. The Hague
(Netherlands): International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions; [revised
2000 Jul 10; cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 10 p.]. Available from: http://www.ifla.org/IV/
ifla66/papers/085-144e.htm
McGovern TW, Barkley TM. Botanical dermatology. In: Drugge R, Dunn HA, editors.
Electronic textbook of dermatology [Internet]. [place unknown]: International
Dermatology Society, Inc.; c1995-2000 [cited 2006 Nov 3]. [about 59 p.]. Available from:
http://telemedicine.org/stamford.htm
del Carmen Rios M, Morales JR. Family planning and pregnancy. In: Bartlett JG, Cheever
LW, Johnson MP, Paauw DS, editors. A guide to primary care of people with HIV/AIDS
[Internet]. 2004 ed. Rockville (MD): Department of Health and Human Services (US),
Health Resources and Services Administration, HIV/AIDS Bureau; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov
20]. p. 97-104. Available from: ftp://ftp.hrsa.gov/hab/PCARE04.pdf
Conley D, Barnes J, Lague R, O'Brien K, Nur A. Aged care and disability services. In:
Condon J, Warman G, Arnold L, editors. The health and welfare of Territorians [Internet].
Casuarina (AU): Northern Territory Government (AU), Department of Health and
Community Services, Territory Health Services, Epidemiology Branch; c2001 [cited 2006
Nov 20]. p. 171-8. Available from: http://www.nt.gov.au/health/health_gains/
epidemiology/welfare_territorians.pdf
Marcus M, Van Aken H. Prevention of local anaesthetic toxicity. In: Gatt SP, Pybus A,
editors. Hypertextbook of regional anaesthesia for obstetrics: an international perspective
[Internet]. [place unknown]: MANBIT Technologies; [2000?] [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about
3 screens]. Available from: http://www.manbit.com/oa/oaindex.htm by selecting Marcus
from the Author Index.
van Zyl G. Laboratory findings. In: Kamps BS, Hoffmann C, Preiser W, editors. Influenza
report 2006 [Internet]. [Paris]: Flying Publisher; c2006 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 12 p.].
Available from: http://www.influenzareport.com/ir/lab.htm
6. Contribution to an Internet book with authors having compound last

names
Mouchawar J, Taplin S, Ichikawa L, Barlow WE, Geiger AM, Weinmann S, Gilbert J,
Manos MM, Ulcickas Yood M. Late-stage breast cancer among women with recent
negative screening mammography: do clinical encounters offer opportunity for earlier
detection? In: Vogt TM, Wagner EH, editors. Health care systems as research platforms:
the cancer research network [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): Oxford University Press; 2005
[cited 2006 Nov 20]. p. 39-46. Available from: http://jncimono.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/
reprint/2005/35/39
7. Contribution to an Internet book with author affiliation included

for all authors
Huntley A (Department of Dermatology, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA),
Drugge R (New York University, New York, NY). Diabetes in skin disease. In: Drugge R,
Dunn HA, editors. The electronic textbook of dermatology [Internet]. [place unknown]:
Internet Dermatology Society, Inc.; c1995-2000 [cited 2006 Nov 17]. [about 27 screens].
Available from: http://telemedicine.org/stamford.htm
for only the first author
Mouchawar J (Colorado Clinical Research Unit, Kaiser Permanente, Boulder, CO.

[email protected]), Taplin S, Ichikawa L, Barlow WE, Geiger AM, Weinmann S,
Gilbert J, Manos MM, Ulcickas Yood M. Late-stage breast cancer among women with
recent negative screening mammography: do clinical encounters offer opportunity for
earlier detection? In: Vogt TM, Wagner EH, editors. Health care systems as research
8. Contribution to an Internet book with title having a subtitle

Mathios AD, Ippolito P. Health claims in food advertising and labeling: disseminating
nutrition information to consumers. In: Frazao E, editor. America's eating habits: changes
and consequences [Internet]. Washington: Department of Agriculture (US), Economic
Research Service, Food and Rural Economics Division; 1999 May [cited 2006 Nov 20].
[106 KB]. Available from: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib750/aib750k.pdf
9. Contribution to an Internet book with title beginning with a lower-case

letter or containing a special symbol or character
Anderson P, Kimble J. mRNA and translation. In: Riddle DL, Blumenthal T, Meyer BJ,
Priess JR, editors. C. elegans 2 [Internet]. Plainview (NY): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Press; c1997 [cited 2006 Nov 16]. [about 25 screens]. Available from: http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=ce2.chapter.266
Wortmann R. Defects in -oxidation. In: Koopman WJ, Moreland LW, editors. Arthritis &
allied conditions [Internet]. 15th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005
[cited 2006 Nov 20]. [2 paragraphs]. Available from: http://gateway.ut.ovid.com/gw1/
ovidweb.cgi Subscription required to view.
or
Wortmann R. Defects in beta-oxidation. In: Koopman WJ, Moreland LW, editors.
Arthritis & allied conditions [Internet]. 15th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins; 2005 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [2 paragraphs]. Available from: http://
gateway.ut.ovid.com/gw1/ovidweb.cgi Subscription required to view.

Cannavo G, Favati A, Mule D. Mobbing aspetti medico-legali. In: Il mobbing [Internet].
Pisa (Italy): Melchiorre Gioia; 2001 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 5 p.]. Available from:
http://www.melchiorregioia.it/2006/TAGETE_file/giurispr.%20mobbing.htm Italian.
with translation
Cannavo G, Favati A, Mule D. Mobbing aspetti medico-legali [Medical-legal aspects of
mobbing]. In: Il mobbing [Mobbing] [Internet]. Pisa (Italy): Melchiorre Gioia; 2001 [cited
2006 Nov 20]. [about 5 p.]. Available from: http://www.melchiorregioia.it/2006/

TAGETE_file/giurispr.%20mobbing.htm Italian.
11. Contribution to an Internet book with an edition statement

Neath SX. Anaphylaxis. In: Barkin RM, Rosen P, editors. Rosen & Barkin's 5-minute
emergency medicine consult [Internet]. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins; c2007 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 8 screens]. Available from: http://
Mullins M. Genetic methods: conventions for naming zebrafish genes. In: Westerfield M,
editor. The zebrafish book: a guide for the laboratory use of zebrafish Danio
(Brachydanio) rerio [Internet]. 4th ed. Eugene (OR): University of Oregon Press; 2000
[cited 2007 Feb 22]. [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://zfin.org/zf_info/zfbook/
cont.html#cont7
Hahn SM, Glatstein E. Principles of radiation therapy. In: Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci
AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Isselbacher KJ, editors. Harrison's online
[Internet]. 16th ed. Columbus (OH): McGraw-Hill Companies; c2006 [cited 2006 Nov
20]. [about 16 p.]. Available from: http://www.accessmedicine.com/content.aspx?
aID=61705
12. Contribution to an Internet book with a government agency as

publisher
[106 KB]. Available from: http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib750/aib750k.pdf
13. Contribution to an Internet book with subordinate division to

publisher
Boychuk RB. Case 10, Drooling, stridor, and a barking cough: croup?? In: Yamamoto LG,
Inaba AS, DiMauro RM, editors. Radiology cases in pediatric emergency medicine
[Internet]. Vol. 1. Honolulu (HI): University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine,
Department of Pediatrics; 1994 Nov [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 7 screens]. Available
from: http://www.hawaii.edu/medicine/pediatrics/pemxray/v1c10.html

Moore A, Moore J, Fowler S. Faculty development for the Net Generation. In: Oblinger
DG, Oblinger JL, editors. Educating the Net Generation [Internet]. Boulder (CO):
EDUCAUSE; c2005 [updated 2006 Jun 15; cited 2006 Nov 17]. [about 9 p.]. Available
from: http://www.educause.edu/FacultyDevelopmentfortheNetGeneration/6071
2000 May 30; cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 10 p.]. Available from: http://www.ifla.org/IV/
15. Contribution to an Internet book with location (pagination) expressed

as standard page numbers
16. Contribution to an Internet book with location (pagination) expressed

as other than standard page numbers
Wortmann R. Defects in -oxidation. In: Koopman WJ, Moreland LW, editors. Arthritis &
allied conditions [Internet]. 15th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005
[cited 2006 Nov 20]. [2 paragraphs]. Available from: http://gateway.ut.ovid.com/gw1/
ovidweb.cgi Subscription required to view.
Khan MK, Zhang J, Tian L. Protecting biometric data for personal identification. In:
Advances in biometric person authentication [Internet]. SINOBIOMETRICS 2004: 5th
Chinese Conference on Biometric Recognition; 2004 Dec 13-14; Guangzhou, China.
Berlin: Springer; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [245 KB]. Available from: http://
springerlink.metapress.com/content/mcu60u211xf6w90w/?
p=8031e82410a44d8d867641ae718de705&pi=71 Subscription required to view.
Chorba T, Tao G, Irwin KL. Sexually transmitted diseases. In: Litwin MS, Saigal CS,
editors. Urologic diseases in America [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of
Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (US); 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. Chapter 9.
Available from: http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/statistics/uda/UTI_STD.pdf#page=91
17. Contribution to an Internet book that is part of a series

[106 KB]. (Agriculture information bulletin; no. AIB750). Available from: http://
www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib750/aib750k.pdf
Chorba T, Tao G, Irwin KL. Sexually transmitted diseases. In: Litwin MS, Saigal CS,
editors. Urologic diseases in America [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of
Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (US); 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. Chapter 9.
(NIH publication; no. 04-5512). Available from: http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/
18. Contribution to an Internet book with a URL not directly addressable

19. Contribution to an Internet book with a Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

Mouchawar J, Taplin S, Ichikawa L, Barlow WE, Geiger AM, Weinmann S, Gilbert J,
Manos MM, Ulcickas Yood M. Late-stage breast cancer among women with recent
negative screening mammography: do clinical encounters offer opportunity for earlier
detection? In: Vogt TM, Wagner EH, editors. Health care systems as research platforms:
the cancer research network [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): Oxford University Press; 2005
[cited 2006 Nov 20]. p. 39-46. Available from: http://jncimono.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/
reprint/2005/35/39 doi: 10.1093/jncimonographs/lgi036
20. Contribution to an Internet book with system requirements included

Levin B. Colorectal cancer. In: Dale DC, Antman K, Atkinson JP, Feldman M, Gibbons RJ,
Haynes RB, Henrich JB, Henrich WL, Holtzman MJ, Lebwohl MG, Levinson W, Loriaux
DL, Ruddy S, Wolinsky JS, editors. ACP medicine [Internet]. New York: Web MD Inc.;
c2005 [updated 2006 Jan; cited 2006 Nov 20]. [16 p.]. Available from: http://
www.acpmedicine.com/acp_sampleChapters.htm System Requirements: Netscape
Navigator 7.0 (or later) or Microsoft Internet Explorer 5.0 (or later); browser must be
Java-enabled.
21. Contribution to an Internet book with a supplemental note

Neath SX. Anaphylaxis. In: Barkin RM, Rosen P, editors. Rosen & Barkin's 5-minute
emergency medicine consult [Internet]. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins; c2007 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 8 screens]. Available from: http://
EthicsCurriculum.pdf This project was supported under a cooperative agreement from
the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) through grant number
1D-38AH10001-05.
22. Contribution to an Internet book in one volume of a multivolume set

Boychuk RB. Case 10, Drooling, stridor, and a barking cough: croup?? In: Yamamoto LG,
Inaba AS, DiMauro RM, editors. Radiology cases in pediatric emergency medicine
[Internet]. Vol. 1. Honolulu (HI): University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine,
Department of Pediatrics; 1994 Nov [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 7 screens]. Available
from: http://www.hawaii.edu/medicine/pediatrics/pemxray/v1c10.html
23. Contributed paper in a conference proceedings on the Internet

Khan MK, Zhang J, Tian L. Protecting biometric data for personal identification. In:
Advances in biometric person authentication [Internet]. SINOBIOMETRICS 2004: 5th
Chinese Conference on Biometric Recognition; 2004 Dec 13-14; Guangzhou, China.
Berlin: Springer; 2004 [cited 2006 Nov 20]. [245 KB]. Available from: http://
springerlink.metapress.com/content/mcu60u211xf6w90w/?
p=8031e82410a44d8d867641ae718de705&pi=71
2000 May 30; cited 2006 Nov 20]. [about 10 p.]. Available from: http://www.ifla.org/IV/
24. Part of a contributed chapter on the Internet

Margolese RG, Hortobagyi GN, Buchholz TA. Neoplasms of the breast. In: Kufe DW,
Pollock RE, Weichselbaum RR, Bast RC Jr, Gansler TS, Holland JF, Frei E 3rd, editors.
Cancer medicine 6 [Internet]. Hamilton (ON): B.C. Decker Inc.; c2003. Figure 121-13,
Sinus histiocytosis; [cited 2006 Nov 7]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=cmed6.figgrp.30804
1501
Chapter 23. Journals on the Internet

Journals are a particular type of periodical. These same rules and examples can be used
for magazines and other types of periodicals.
A. Journal Articles on the Internet
Examples
B. Journal Titles on the Internet
Examples
See also:
Chapter 1B Parts of Journal Articles
Chapter 11A Forthcoming Journal Articles

on the Internet
The general format for a reference to an article from a journal published on the Internet,
Examples of Citations to Journal Articles on the Internet

Many online journals are identical to their print versions. Increasingly, however, journals
are written directly for the Internet to enable hyperlinking, to include complex graphics,
and to run multimedia such as film clips and sound.
An Internet journal may be static, fixed in time and unchanged since publication, or may
be updated or otherwise revised over time. Some Internet journal producers permit or
otherwise welcome comments or expert opinion from readers and incorporate these
comments into the text. Major revisions may be announced, but more minor additions
and changes such as adding comments, correcting typographical errors, or updating
hypertext links, may not be noted.
Although Internet journals differ radically in physical form from print journals, the basic
rules for citing them do not differ markedly. There is still an author or organization with
responsibility for the article, an article title, a journal title, a date of publication, and the
location of the item (page numbers or the equivalent). Anyone citing an Internet
document should try to locate all of these elements. Simply adding a Uniform Resource
Locator (URL), Digital Object Identifier (DOI), or another electronic address to a title is
not sufficient. Internet sites disappear with great frequency, and users of a citation must be
given some other identifying information if they are to locate articles.
What has changed most with Internet journals, particularly those without print
counterparts, is volume and issue information. Some publishers omit volume and issue
numbers, substituting an article numbering scheme or using the date the item was placed
on the Internet as an identifier. See examples 28 and 29. Many publishers also employ an
article numbering scheme in place of pagination. See example 36.
Cite an Internet journal article as you would a print article, but with these major
exceptions:
Use the word "Internet" in square brackets as the Type of Medium after the journal
title.
Include any date of update/revision and a date of citation in square brackets
following the date of publication. Use the dates for the individual journal article
being cited, not the dates of the journal issue as a whole unless no dates can be
found for the individual item.
When the location (pagination) of the article is not provided, as often occurs,
calculate the length of the article using the best means possible, e.g., in terms of
print pages, screens, paragraphs, or bytes. If an article is not linear, and has many
hyperlinks, it will be impossible to determine the length.
Provide the URL or other electronic address of the article.
It is important to cite the version you saw. If you viewed an article on the Internet, do not
cite it as if it were a print one. However, it may be useful to begin a citation to an Internet
article by first locating all of the information needed to cite it as if it were a print article,
then adding the Internet-specific items. For example:
Print information
Journals on the Internet 1503
Kaul S, Diamond GA. Good enough: a primer on the analysis and interpretation of
noninferiority trials. Ann Intern Med. 2006 Jul 4;145(1):62-9.
Kaul S, Diamond GA. Good enough: a primer on the analysis and interpretation of
noninferiority trials. Ann Intern Med [Internet]. 2006 Jul 4 [cited 2007 Jan 4];
145(1):62-9. Available from: http://www.annals.org/cgi/reprint/145/1/62.pdf
If a journal on the Internet lacks a formal title page or table of contents, look for citation
information on the opening screens, the bottom or closing screens, links from the sidebar,
and the source code (viewable through the Web browser).
Every effort is made in this chapter to provide a comprehensive list of examples for
journal articles on the Internet to illustrate the rules below. If needed, consult Chapter 1A
Journal Articles for more information on the individual components of a citation.
This chapter includes citation rules for entire journal articles on the Internet. For citing
parts of these articles, combine the guidelines presented in this chapter with those in
Chapter 1B Parts of Journal Articles. See also example 43 below.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Journal Articles on the Internet.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Journal Articles on the Internet.
Citation Rules with Examples for Journal Articles on the Internet

it is optional.
| Edition (R) | Content Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of
Update/Revision (R) | Date of Citation (R) | Volume Number (R) | Issue Number (R) |
Location (Pagination) (R) | Availability (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)


See exceptions for Author in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE /PubMed.

Other surname rules

Keep hyphens within surnames.
Keep particles, such as O', D', and L'.
Omit all other punctuation within surnames.

Keep compound surnames even if no hyphen appears.

or a combination of a middle name and a surname, look to the table of
contents of the issue or an index for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott
Parker may be interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott Parker E.]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

prefix, a preposition, or another particle

one letter

Captain R. C. Williams becomes Willaims RC

Examples:

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

If both individuals and an organization(s) are listed on the title page of an article as
semicolon

appear in the publication. When possible follow a non-English name with a
translation, placed in square brackets.
romanization is the ALA-LC Romanization Tables. When possible follow a
non-English name with a translation, placed in square brackets.
or
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

are given, begin the reference with the names of the editors or translators. Follow
anonymous.


author with a comma and "et al." or "and others."
If both individuals and an organization(s) are listed on the title page of an article as
authors, the individuals may be given as the author and the organization listed at
the end of the reference as a note
Team.
Examples for Author

1. Standard journal article on the Internet
2. Journal article on the Internet with optional full names for authors
3. Journal article on the Internet with many authors (give all)
4. Journal article on the Internet with optional limit to the number of authors
5. Journal article on the Internet with author surnames showing designations of
family rank
6. Journal article on the Internet with author surnames having a prefix, particle, or
preposition (give as found in the article)
7. Journal article on the Internet with compound author surnames
8. Journal article on the Internet with organization(s) as author
9. Journal article on the Internet with a governmental body as author
10. Journal article on the Internet with no author
Author Affiliation for Journal Articles on the Internet (optional)


Place parentheses around the affiliation, such as (Department of Psychology,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA)
See exceptions for Author Affiliation in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE /
PubMed


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society
in all references.

a space
Example:
Bratu S (Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York--
Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY. [email protected]), Landman D,
Gupta J, Trehan M, Panwar M, Quale J. A population-based study examining
the emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
aureus USA300 in New York City. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob [Internet].
2006 Nov 30 [cited 2007 Jan 10];5:Article 29 [6 p.]. Available from: http://
www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/pdf/1476-0711-5-29.pdf

For non-English organizational names found in the roman alphabet (primarily
European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.),
provide the name in the original language
Spain).

[email protected]).
Kubo A, Ishida T.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

11. Journal article on the Internet with author affiliation
Article Title for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)

Enter the title of an article as it appears on the title page or opening screens
and initialisms
already present
See exceptions for Article Title in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE /PubMed

Article titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special

character

Translate article titles not in English
Place all translated titles in square brackets
Indicate the language after the availability statement (URL), followed by a period
Example:
Terraza Nunez R, Vargas Lorenzo I, Vazquez Navarrete ML. [Coordination
among healthcare levels: systematization of tools and measures]. Gac Sanit
[Internet]. 2006 Nov-Dec [cited 2007 Jan 9];20(6):485-95. Available from: http
://db.doyma.es/cgi-bin/wdbcgi.exe/doyma/mrevista.pubmed_full?inctrl=05ZI
0108&rev=138&vol=20&num=6&pag=485 Spanish.
When possible, place the original language title or romanized title before the
translation
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
In PubMed, use the TT field in the MEDLINE display to locate these for most
article titles except those in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)
Example:
Terraza Nunez R, Vargas Lorenzo I, Vazquez Navarrete ML. La
coordinacion entre niveles asistenciales: una sistematizacion de sus
instrumentos y medidas [Coordination among healthcare levels:
systematization of tools and measures]. Gac Sanit [Internet]. 2006 Nov-
Dec [cited 2007 Jan 9];20(6):485-95. Available from: http://db.doyma.es/
cgi-bin/wdbcgi.exe/doyma/mrevista.pubmed_full?inctrl=05ZI0108&rev
=138&vol=20&num=6&pag=485 Spanish.
place it in square brackets, with the closing period outside the right bracket.
Kanoh T. [IgD (kappa) myeloma with unusual manifestations: an exceptional
form]. Tohoku J Exp Med [Internet]. 1987 Aug [cited 2007 Jan 10];152(4):
347-50. Available from: http://www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp/jnlpdf.php?cdjour
nal=tjem1920&cdvol=152&noissue=4&startpage=347&lang=en&from=jnlabs
tract German.
or
Kanoh T. IgD (Kappa)-Myelom mit Ungewohnlichen Manifestationen: Eine
Sonderform [IgD (kappa) myeloma with unusual manifestations: an
exceptional form]. Tohoku J Exp Med [Internet]. 1987 Aug [cited 2007 Jan
10];152(4):347-50. Available from: http://www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp/jnlpdf.p
hp?cdjournal=tjem1920&cdvol=152&noissue=4&startpage=347&lang=en&fr
om=jnlabstract German.
punctuation. Place it in square brackets and end title information with a period.
Kjeken R, Bogen B, Mathiesen I. [DNA--the future in vaccine technology?].

Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen [Internet]. 2006 Nov 16 [cited 2007 Jan 10];126(22):
2964-8. Available from: http://www.tidsskriftet.no/pls/lts/pa_lt.visSeksjon?vp_
SEKS_ID=1454252 Norwegian.
or
Kjeken R, Bogen B, Mathiesen I. DNA--fremtidens vaksine? [DNA--the future
in vaccine technology?]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen [Internet]. 2006 Nov 16
[cited 2007 Jan 10];126(22):2964-8. Available from: http://www.tidsskriftet.no/
pls/lts/pa_lt.visSeksjon?vp_SEKS_ID=1454252 Norwegian.

If an article is in English and other languages:
List all languages of publication, separated by commas, after the availability
statement (URL)
Example:
Monrobel A, Chicano M, Navarrese A, Martinez L, Zambrana JL.
Gastrointestinal affectation with cytomegalovirus in an
immunocompetent patient. Rev Esp Enferm Dig [Internet]. 2006 Nov
[cited 2007 Jan 10];98(11):881-882. Available from: http://www.grupoar
an.com/mrmUpdate/lecturaPDFfromXML.asp?IdArt=458458&TO=RV
N&Eng=0 English, Spanish.
List all languages of publication separated by commas, after the availability
statement (URL)
Example:
Thom R, Sermonit G. [Darwin after 100 years. 1983]. Riv Biol

[Internet]. 2002 Sep-Dec [cited 2007 Jan 10];95(3):345-52. Available
from: http://www.tilgher.it/(bh4t3u55bu1b3wv2wdwghimb)/googlefra
me.aspx?fle=%2fchrCorrelati%2fupload%2fdoc%2fEditeng953.pdf&lnk
=%2findex.aspx%3ftpr%3d4%26act%3dfscone%26id%3d French,
Italian.
opening screens
List the languages, separated by commas, after the availability statement
(URL)
Example:
National Advisory Committee on Immunization (CA). Update on the
recommendations for the routine use of pneumococcal conjugate
vaccine for infants. An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS) = Mise a
jour des recommandations relatives a l'utilisation courante du vaccin
conjugue contre le pneumocoque chez les enfants en bas age. Une
Declaration d'un Comite Consultatif (DCC). Can Commun Dis Rep.
2006 May 1;32(ACS-4):1-6. Available from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/
publicat/ccdr-rmtc/06vol32/acs-04/index.html English, French.
character.
capitalized
von Willebrand factor standards for plasma and concentrate testing.
1,3-dimethylisoguanine.
becomes omega.
Guan M, Chen Y. Aberrant expression of Np73 in benign and malignant
tumours of the prostate: correlation with Gleason score. J Clin Pathol
[Internet]. 2005 Nov [cited 2007 Jan 9];58(11):1175-9. Available from: http://
jcp.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/58/11/1175
may become
Guan M, Chen Y. Aberrant expression of DeltaNp73 in benign and malignant
tumours of the prostate: correlation with Gleason score. J Clin Pathol
[Internet]. 2005 Nov [cited 2007 Jan 9];58(11):1175-9. Available from: http://
jcp.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/58/11/1175
Langer R, Von Rahden BH, Nahrig J, Von Weyhern C, Reiter R, Feith M, Stein
HJ, Siewert JR, Hofler H, Sarbia M. Prognostic significance of expression
patterns of c-erbB-2, p53, p16INK4A, p27KIP1, cyclin D1 and epidermal
growth factor receptor in oesophageal adenocarcinoma: a tissue microarray
study. J Clin Pathol [Internet]. 2006 Jun [cited 2007 Jan 9];59(6):631-4.
Available from: http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/59/6/631
may become
Langer R, Von Rahden BH, Nahrig J, Von Weyhern C, Reiter R, Feith M, Stein
HJ, Siewert JR, Hofler H, Sarbia M. Prognostic significance of expression
patterns of c-erbB-2, p53, p16(INK4A), p27(KIP1), cyclin D1 and epidermal
growth factor receptor in oesophageal adenocarcinoma: a tissue microarray
study. J Clin Pathol [Internet]. 2006 Jun [cited 2007 Jan 9];59(6):631-4.
Available from: http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/59/6/631

study) at the top of the page or screen to indicate a section of the issue. Do not
include a header as part of the article title unless the table of contents for the journal
issue indicates that it is.

Occasionally a publication does not appear to have any title; the article or other
short document simply begins with the text. In this circumstance, create a title from
the first few words of the text and place it in square brackets. Use enough words to
make the constructed title meaningful.

12. Journal article on the Internet not in English
13. Journal article on the Internet with equal text in two or more languages
14. Journal article on the Internet with Greek letters or other special characters in
the title
15. Journal article on the Internet with optional article type
43. Part of a journal article on the Internet
Article Type for Journal Articles on the Internet (optional)

Follow the bracketed article type with a period, placed outside the closing bracket
See exceptions for Article Type in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE /PubMed


period.
Increased cardiac Connexin45 results in uncoupling and spontaneous
ventricular arrhythmias in mice [abstract].
Eosinophilic pneumonia and arthritis [letter].
Bravo pH monitoring: should we exclude the first 6 hours? [abstract].
Moles, weights and potencies: freedom of expression! [letter].

title is used as the title, place it in square brackets. Put (letter) or (abstract) inside
the brackets.
[Study of nasal permeability in patients with operated unilateral clefts (letter)].
punctuation. Place (letter) or (abstract) inside the square brackets and end title
[Eat less, exercise more! (letter)].
When the original language and a translation are provided, place [letter] or
[abstract] after the translation. End title information with a period outside the
closing bracket.
Etude de la permeabilite nasale dans les fentes unilaterales operees [Study of
nasal permeability in patients with operated unilateral clefts] [letter].

Journal Title for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)

See exceptions for Journal Title (Journal Title Abbreviation) in Appendix F: Notes for
Citing MEDLINE /PubMed

The Journal of Bacteriology becomes J Bacteriol
Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanita becomes Ann Ist Super Sanita
character-based language such as Chinese and Japanese.
Ophthalmology remains Ophthalmology
Nippon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi remains Nippon Hoshasen Gijutsu
Gakkai Zasshi
Adolescent Injury Prevention becomes Inj Prev
Omit any punctuation in a title
Journal of Neuro-Oncology becomes J Neurooncol
Some bibliographies and online databases give a place of publication after a journal
title, such as Clin Toxicol (Phila). This shows that two or more journal titles with
the same name reside in a library collection or database; the name of the city where
the journal is published distinguishes the various titles. The city is usually shown in
abbreviated format following the same rules used for words in journal titles, such as
Phila for Philadelphia in the example above. If you use a bibliography or database
such as PubMed to verify your reference and a place name is included, you may
keep it if you wish.


Journal titles appearing in more than one language

Do not abbreviate journal titles that consist of a single word, regardless of language
Ophthalmology remains Ophthalmology
Alergie remains Alergie

For a non-English journal title in the roman alphabet (French, German, Spanish,
Italian, etc.):
Provide the title in the original language
Indicate the language of the article after the availability statement (URL)
Example:
Terraza Nunez R, Vargas Lorenzo I, Vazquez Navarrete ML.
[Coordination among healthcare levels: systematization of tools and
measures]. Gac Sanit [Internet]. 2006 Nov-Dec [cited 2007 Jan 9];20(6):
485-95. Available from: http://db.doyma.es/cgi-bin/wdbcgi.exe/doyma/
mrevista.pubmed_full?inctrl=05ZI0108&rev=138&vol=20&num=6&pa
g=485 Spanish.
For a journal title in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean:
Example:
Petrenko VM, Cherenko SO, Tarasenko OR, Tsygankova LM,

Davidenko VV, Nedlinska NM. [Treatment and long-term results in
patients with first diagnosed multiresistant destructive lung
tuberculosis]. Ukr Himioter Z [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];(3-4):
5-8. Available from: http://www.ifp.kiev.ua/doc/journals/uhj/05/pdf05-
(3-4)/4.pdf Russian.
For a journal title in a character-based language (Chinese, Japanese):
Example:
Takayanagi R, Yokoyama H, Ozeki T, Sasatsu M, Yamada Y. [Survey of
the attitude of master course students of clinical pharmacy toward
clinical trials]. Yakugaku Zasshi [Internet]. 2006 Jul [cited 2007 Jan 10];
126(7):515-20. Available from: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/
yakushi/126/7/515/_pdf Chinese.
the Abbreviation rules for journal titles and indicate the language of the
article after the availability statement (URL).]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Box 25. Journal titles appearing in more than one language.

Use the title in the first language found, in order of preference: on the title page or
opening screen of the issue, the homepage for the journal, the first page of the
article.

after the title
Abbreviate and capitalize all significant words in the edition information and omit
other words, such as articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. For example: of, the,
at, in, and L'.
words in journal titles (see Abbreviation rules for journal titles)
End edition information with a space, followed by Internet in square brackets and a
period
Example:
Pattison MA, Webster TJ, Haberstroh KM. Select bladder smooth muscle cell
functions were enhanced on three-dimensional, nano-structured poly(ether
urethane) scaffolds. J Biomater Sci (Polym Ed) [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan
8];17(11):1317-32. Available from: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/vs

p/bsp/2006/00000017/00000011/art00008?token=0053155c75b2c2f653b2a2d3
a7c4e7247704f7e41225f406a532c6b67547d3f46627051fb9a634cc1dd

The following formats are not NLM practice for citing journal titles, but are acceptable
options:
J Health Commun [Internet]. may become J. Health Commun. [Internet].
Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences [Internet].

An edition is considered a part of the title in journals.
words in journal titles
articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. For example: of, the, at, in, and L'. See
End edition information with a space, followed by Internet in square brackets and a
period
Example:
Journal of Biomaterials Science. Polymer Edition. becomes J Biomater Sci

(Polym Ed) [Internet].

16. Journal article on the Internet with optional full journal title
17. Journal article on the Internet with journal title having an edition
Edition for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)

See exceptions for Edition in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE /PubMed


Give edition information in the original language
as articles, conjunctions, and prepositions. For example: de, der, y, les, and L'.
[Sources for word abbreviations are: the List of Journals Indexed for
MEDLINE; the PubMed Journals database; and Appendix B for non-NLM
sources.]
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
End edition information with a space, followed by Internet in square brackets
and a period
Example:
Farmaco. Edizione Practica becomes Farmaco (Ed Pract) [Internet].
L'.

parentheses
and a period
Example:
(Epistem Ekd) [Internet].
Japanese:
Examples:
becomes o
becomes u
parentheses
and a period
Example:
Shi Jian (Zhong Wen Ban) [Internet].
It is not NLM practice, but you may translate such journal titles and
their editions. If you do, abbreviate them according to the Abbreviation
rules for journal titles.
J Jinan Univ (Nat Sci Med Ed) [Internet].
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

Content Type for Journal Articles on the Internet (optional)

A content type describes the format of the Internet item being cited
Enter the words "serial on the"

18. Journal article on the Internet with optional content type
Type of Medium for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)

Place Internet in square brackets
End with a period
See Chapter 16A for journal articles in audiovisual formats and Chapter 19A for
articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk
See exceptions for Type of Medium in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE /
PubMed


Place a period outside the closing bracket for the medium
Example:
Bertino E, Milani S, Fabris C, De Curtis M. Neonatal anthropometric charts:
what they are, what they are not. Arch Dis Child (Fetal Neonatal Ed)
[Internet]. 2007 Jan [cited 2007 Jan 9];92(1):F7-10. Available from: http://
fn.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/92/1/F7

If a content type is used, place it before the type of medium and inside the square
brackets for the medium
Nomura K, Nakao M, Sato M, Yano E. Regular prescriptions for
benzodiazepines: a cross-sectional study of outpatients at a university hospital.
Intern Med [serial on the Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan 10];45(22):1279-83.
Available from: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/internalmedicine/
45/22/1279/_pdf

Date of Publication for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)

Include the year, month, and day of publication in that order, such as 2004 May 5
such as Jan
volume or issue follows the date below), then use a colon
Box 36. No volume or issue follows the date.

If a journal uses only an article numbering scheme instead of a volume and issue,
treat the number as location (pagination) and follow the instructions under Article
numbers used for location
Aoki TT, Grecu EO, Arcangeli MA, Meisenheimer R. Effect of intensive
insulin therapy on abnormal circadian blood pressure pattern in patients with
type I diabetes mellitus. Online J Curr Clin Trials [Internet]. 1995 Dec 15
[cited 2007 Jan 4]:Doc No 199 [about 10 screens]. Available from: http://
www.oclc.org/firstsearch/. Subscription required to view.
Cunningham PJ, May JH. Medicaid patients increasingly concentrated among
physicians. Tracking Reports [Internet]. 2006 Aug [cited 2007 Mar 20]:Report
16 [5 p.]. Available from: http://www.hschange.com/CONTENT/866/866.pdf
If no volume, issue, or article number can be found in a journal, follow the year
(and month or season if present) with any date of update/revision and the date of
citation. End with a colon and the location (pagination).
2000 [cited 2007 Jan 10]:146-9.
2004 Jan [updated 2005 May 3; cited 2007 Jan 10]:[about 10 p.].
Box 55. Article numbers used for location.

Some Internet journal publishers use an article numbering scheme rather than
pagination, or, in some cases, in place of volume, issue, and pagination.
Use the wording supplied by the publisher. This may be as simple as the letter "e" for
electronic before the number.
Provide the wording in the original language for non-English journals using
the roman alphabet; romanize (write in the roman alphabet) the name for
journals in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or in character-based languages
such as Chinese and Japanese
Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in wording
Use the capitalization found
Do not abbreviate words unless they are abbreviated in the journal, but "No"
may be used for Number
If no wording is supplied, only a number, precede the number with the word Article
Follow the wording used with the number and a space
Calculate the extent of the article by the best means possible, such as the number of
screens, paragraphs, or bytes, or the number of pages if printed out
Precede the total with the word "about" for all except the number of paragraphs,
bytes, or PDF pages because screen size and type fonts vary
Examples with volume/issue:
Cipriano Silva M, Ludwick R. Is the doctor of nursing practice ethical? Online
J Issues Nurs [Internet]. 2006 Mar 20 [cited 2007 Jan 10];11(2):Ethics 1 [about
8 p.]. Available from: http://nursingworld.org/ojin/ethicol/ethics_17.htm
Zozulya S, Echeverri F, Nguyen T. The human olfactory receptor repertoire.

Genome Biol [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2007 Jan 5];2(6):research0018.1-0018.12
[about 21 p.]. Available from: http://genomebiology.com/2001/2/6/research/
0018/.
Bernhardt JM, Felter EM. Online pediatric information seeking among
mothers of young children: results from a qualitative study using focus groups.
J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2004 Mar 1 [updated 2006 Dec 10; cited 2007
Jan 5];6(1):e7 [about 13 p.]. Available from: http://www.jmir.org/2004/1/e7/.
Boutin-Foster C. In spite of good intentions: patients' perspectives on
problematic social support interactions. Health Qual Life Outcomes
[Internet]. 2005 Sep 5 [cited 2007 Jan 5];3(1):Article 52 [about 12 screens].
Available from: http://www.hqlo.com/content/3/1/52
Ahmad F, Hogg-Johnson S, Skinner HA. Assessing patient attitudes to
computerized screening in primary care: psychometric properties of the
computerized lifestyle assessment scale. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2008
Apr 18 [cited 2008 Nov 17];10(2):e11 [about 14 p.]. Available from: http://
www.jmir.org/2008/2/e11/. Free full text article.
Lobb WB, Wilkin NE, McCaffrey DJ 3rd, Wilson MC, Bentley JP. The
predictive utility of nontraditional test scores for first-year pharmacy student
academic performance. Am J Pharm Educ [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan 5];
70(6):Article 128 [6 p.]. Available from: http://www.ajpe.org/aj7006/
aj7006128/aj7006128.pdf
Examples without volume/issue:

No volume or issue follows the date

Options for dates

Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
annexe part
Beilage
Erganzung
dopolnenie
suplemento
anejo
Follow words with any number or letter found

Suppl 2
Pt A
prepositions. Use the word abbreviations lists in Appendix A and Appendix B.

semicolon
Place only parts in parentheses
End with a colon
Examples:
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];Suppl:
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];Suppl 1:
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];Suppl A:
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];Abstr Suppl:
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];(Pt 3):
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];(Pt A):
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];Spec No:
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];Spec No 2:
2006 Jul [cited 2007 Jan 10];Suppl:
2006 Jul [cited 2007 Jan 10];(Pt 1):
2006 Jul [cited 2007 Jan 10];Spec No:
A journal may assign an article number to a date of publication rather than to a specific
volume or issue.
If a journal uses only an article numbering scheme instead of a volume or issue,
treat the number as location (pagination)
Use the instructions under Article numbers used for location
Examples:


2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec 7-2003 Jan 9
hyphen
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan
2005 Feb 1-7
2004 Jan 25-31
seasons.

Capitalize them
For example:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Is not NLM practice, but the following are acceptable options:
issue number.
demethylation. Nat Rev Genet [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2008 Feb 19];7(9):
715-27. Available from: http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v7/n9/full/
nrg1945.html
if also omitting the issue:
demethylation. Nat Rev Genet [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2008 Feb 19];7:715-27.
Available from: http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v7/n9/full/nrg1945.html
The date of publication may follow the author names (or article title if there is no
author) in the list of references when the name-year system of in-text references is
used
Enter the year after the last named author (or title if there is no author)
Follow the year with a period
Keep any date of update/revision and the date of citation in their usual
location
NLM citation:
Polgreen PM, Diekema DJ, Vandeberg J, Wiblin RT, Chen YY, David S,
Rasmus D, Gerdts N, Ross A, Katz L, Herwaldt LA. Risk factors for
groin wound infection after femoral artery catheterization: a case-
control study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol [Internet]. 2006 Jan [cited
2007 Jan 5];27(1):34-7. Available from: http://www.journals.uchicago.ed
u/ICHE/journal/issues/v27n1/2004069/2004069.web.pdf
Prevention strategies for asthma--secondary prevention. CMAJ
[Internet]. 2005 Sep 13 [cited 2007 Jan 5];173(6 Suppl):S25-7. Available
from: http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/173/6_suppl/S25
Polgreen PM, Diekema DJ, Vandeberg J, Wiblin RT, Chen YY, David S,
Rasmus D, Gerdts N, Ross A, Katz L, Herwaldt LA. 2006. Risk factors
for groin wound infection after femoral artery catheterization: a case-
control study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol [Internet]. [cited 2007 Jan
5];27(1):34-7. Available from: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/ICHE/j
ournal/issues/v27n1/2004069/2004069.web.pdf
Prevention strategies for asthma--secondary prevention. 2005. CMAJ
[Internet]. [cited 2007 Jan 5];173(6 Suppl):S25-7. Available from: http://
www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/173/6_suppl/S25

19. Journal article on the Internet with month(s)/day(s) included in date of
publication
20. Journal article on the Internet with season(s) included in date of publication
21. Journal article on the Internet updated/revised after publication
22. Journal article on the Internet with date having a supplement
Date of Update/Revision for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)

Journal articles may be updated or revised after initial publication
Use whatever word for update or revision is provided, such as updated or modified
2006 May 5
such as Jan


Articles on the Internet are often updated or revised after publication. Look for the date
accompanied by such words as updated, modified, revised, reviewed:
the article
In the source code for the article if it is displayed by the Web browser

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Various words are used to show that the content of an article has been changed. Among
Use the wording supplied with the article
Give all words for update/revision with the dates provided, in ascending date order
Example:
2004 May [revised 2005 Oct 5; updated 2006 Jul 13; cited 2007 Jan 10];

Date of Citation for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)

Give the date the article was seen on the Internet
such as Jan
If a Date of Update/Revision is given, place the date of citation after it and follow
If no Date of Update/Revision is given, place citation date information in square
brackets


Various words are used to show that the content of an article has been changed. Among
Use the wording supplied in the article
Give all words for update/revision with the dates provided, in ascending date
order
square brackets
Examples:
Bernhardt JM, Felter EM. Online pediatric information seeking among
mothers of young children: results from a qualitative study using focus groups.
J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2004 Mar 1 [updated 2006 Dec 10; cited 2007
Jan 5];6(1):e7 [about 13 p.]. Available from: http://www.jmir.org/2004/1/e7/.

Volume Number for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)


Further divisions to volume other than issue
Box 43. Further divisions to a volume other than issue.

A volume will occasionally have a subdivision such as a supplement, part, or special
number.
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
annexe part
Beilage
Erganzung
dopolnenie
suplemento
anejo
Place them after the volume number. For example:

- volume with supplement
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];5 Suppl:
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];15 Suppl 1:

2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];25 Suppl A:
2005 Mar [cited 2007 Jan 10];87 Suppl:
- volume with part
2006 [cited 2007 Jan 10];66(Pt 2):
2006 Dec [cited 2007 Jan 10];124(Pt A):
- volume with special number
2003 [cited 2007 Jan 10];6 Spec No:
2003 [cited 2007 Jan 10];24 Spec No 2:
and prepositions

To help locate volumes, see the following list of non-English words and
abbreviations for volume in a variety of languages:
ek

A volume number usually follows the date of publication. Occasionally a journal publishes
a series of issues without volumes, publishes a supplement, part, or special number to a
date of publication rather than to a volume or issue, or uses an article numbering scheme
in place of a volume and issue.
If there are issues only, no volume numbers, follow the dates of publication and
citation with a semicolon and the issue number. Place the issue number in
parentheses.
Suber P. Providing open access to past research articles, starting with the most
important. SPARC Open Access Newsl [Internet]. 2004 Jun 2 [cited 2007 Jan
10];(74):[about 3 screens]. Available from: http://www.earlham.edu/
~peters/fos/newsletter/06-02-04.htm#unbind
rather than to a volume or issue, follow the dates of publication and citation with a
semicolon, the abbreviation for supplement, part, or special number, and any
accompanying letter or number found. End supplement, part, or special number
information with a colon.
2004 [cited 2007 Jan 10];Suppl:
2004 [cited 2007 Jan 10];Suppl 2:
2004 [cited 2007 Jan 10];Suppl A:
2004 Winter [cited 2007 Jan 10];Suppl:
- date with a part
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];(Pt 3):
2005 Sep [cited 2007 Jan 10];(Pt 2):
2003 [cited 2007 Jan 10];Spec No:
2003 [cited 2007 Jan 10];Spec No 2:
2003 Jun [cited 2007 Jan 10];Spec No:

Jacobs JL, Lee MT, Lindberg M, Kamin C. Problem-based learning,
multimedia, and a paucity of behavioral issue learning. Med Educ Online
[Internet]. 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 5]:[5 p.]. Available from: http://www.med-ed-
online.org/pdf/l0000006.pdf
O'Neill M, Dupere S. Health promotion: the next generations. Rev Health
Promot Educ Online [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10]:[10 paragraphs].
Available from: http://www.rhpeo.org/reviews/2005/10/index.htm

23. Journal article on the Internet with standard volume and issue
24. Journal article on the Internet with volume having a subdivision other than an
issue
25. Journal article on the Internet with volume but no issue or other subdivision
26. Journal article on the Internet with issue but no volume
28. Journal article on the Internet without standard volume or issue, but with article
number
29. Journal article on the Internet without standard volume, issue, or article number
Issue Number for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)

Use arabic numbers only. For example, convert IV or Fourth to 4.

An issue will occasionally have a subdivision such as a supplement, part, or special
number.
Supplement = Suppl
Part = Pt
annexe part
Beilage
Erganzung
dopolnenie
suplemento
anejo
Place them after the issue, within the parentheses. For example:
- issue with supplement
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];15(1 Suppl):
2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];(12 Suppl A):
2005 Mar [cited 2007 Jan 10];87(3 Suppl):
- issue with part
2004 [cited 2007 Jan 10];66(1 Pt 2):

2004 Dec [cited 2007 Jan 10];124(5 Pt A):
- issue with special number
2003 [cited 2007 Jan 10];6(2 Spec No):
and prepositions

Options for issues


If there are issues only, no volume numbers, follow the dates of publication and
citation with a semicolon and the issue number, placed in parentheses
Suber P. Providing open access to past research articles, starting with the most
important. SPARC Open Access Newsl [Internet]. 2004 Jun 2 [cited 2007 Jan
10];(74):[about 3 screens]. Available from: http://www.earlham.edu/
~peters/fos/newsletter/06-02-04.htm#unbind
citation. End with a colon and the location (pagination)

Wolfe L. America's fidelity crisis: politics, hypocrisy and family values.
Electron J Hum Sex [Internet]. 2006 Oct 25 [cited 2007 Jan 5];9:[about 8 p.].
Available from: http://www.ejhs.org/volume9/Wolfe.htm

It is not NLM practice, but an issue number may be omitted if the journal is
continuously paginated throughout the volume. Note, however, that many libraries
such as the NLM require issue numbers for retrieval from their collections and for
interlibrary loan.
Poole KE, Compston JE. Osteoporosis and its management. BMJ [Internet].
2006 Dec 16 [cited 2007 Jan 4];333:1251-6. Available from: http://
www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/333/7581/1251

24. Journal article on the Internet with volume having a subdivision other than an
issue
25. Journal article on the Internet with volume but no issue or other subdivision
27. Journal article on the Internet with issue having a subdivision
28. Journal article on the Internet without standard volume or issue, but with article
number
29. Journal article on the Internet without standard volume, issue, or article number
Location (Pagination) for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)

For articles with standard page numbers such as those in PDF:
Give the page numbers on which the article appears
page number, such as S10-8
For articles without page numbers:
Calculate the extent of the article by the best means possible, i.e., number of
screens, paragraphs, or bytes (see No numbers appear on the pages of the article
below)
Precede the total with the word about and place it in square brackets, such as [about
15 screens]
If the article is printed out, precede the page total with the word about and place it
in square brackets, as [about 10 p.]
See Chapter 19A for articles on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk
See exceptions for Location (Pagination or Notes) in Appendix F: Notes for Citing
MEDLINE/PubMed

If all of the pages of an article in PDF (Portable Document Format) have no page
numbers:
Place the number and " p." in square brackets, such as [12 p.]
Example: [20 p.].
If the article is in HTML, XML, or another unpaginated format:
practical, or print out the article and count the number of pages
Precede the total with the word "about" for all except the number of
paragraphs and bytes because screen size and type fonts vary
Examples:
[about 6 screens].
[about 23 p.]
[10 paragraphs].

Article numbers used for location
Articles that are videocasts or podcasts

Keep roman numerals expressing location (pagination)
Use upper or lower case, whichever appears in the publication
Examples:
Meyer G, Foster N, Christrup S, Eisenberg J. Setting a research agenda for
medical errors and patient safety. Health Serv Res [Internet]. 2001 Apr [cited
2007 Jan 9];36(1 Pt 1):x-xx. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.go
v/picrender.fcgi?artid=1089210&blobtype=pdf
SIAARTI Study Group for Safety in Anesthesia and Intensive Care.

Raccomandazioni per il trasporto inter ed intra ospedaliero del paziente
critico = Recommendations on the transport of critically ill patient. Minerva
Anestesiol [Internet]. 2006 Oct [cited 2007 Jan 9];72(10):XXXVII-LVII.
Available from: http://www.minervamedica.it/index2.t?
show=R02Y2006N10A0768F Italian, English.

:345-6, 348-9, 352.
:15, 17, 19-21.
:345-346, 348-349, 352, 355-357, 360, 362. becomes :345-6, 348-9, 352
passim.
Begin with the location (pagination) of the article
Follow it by a semicolon and a space
Add the name of the additional material and its pagination
Examples:
:145-54; discussion 155-6.
:[about 5 screens]; author reply [about 1 screen].
Box 56. Articles that are videocasts or podcasts.

If the entire article (not just a portion of one) is available as a videocast or podcast:
Enter the word Videocast or Podcast followed by a colon and a space
Precede the extent with the word "about" unless the time is supplied in the article

Place the information in square brackets followed by a period outside the closing
bracket
Example:
Tilson J. Commentary on Perry SB, et al., Predicting caregiver assistance
required for sit-to-stand following rehabilitation for acute stroke. J Neurol
Phys Ther [Internet]. 2006 Mar [cited 2007 Jan 8];30(1):[Podcast: about 3
min.]. Available from: http://www.scienceaudio.net/jnpt/jnpt.html

30. Journal article on the Internet with location expressed as standard page numbers
31. Journal article on the Internet with a letter included in the page numbers
32. Journal article on the Internet with roman numerals for page numbers
33. Journal article on the Internet with location/extent expressed as estimated
number of screens
34. Journal article on the Internet with location/extent expressed as estimated
number of pages
35. Journal article on the Internet with location/extent expressed as paragraphs
36. Journal article on the Internet with location/extent expressed as an article
number
37. Journal article on the Internet that is a podcast
38. Journal article on the Internet with indication that a discussion or other text
follows it
Availability for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)

punctuation

Breaking long URLs

Multiple URLs


The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve the article,
i.e., it is not directly addressable.
Example:
Available from: http://www.genomic.unimelb.edu.au/ by using the Volume 5,
Issue 2, link.

If more than one URL can be used to locate an article:
Give the URL you used in locating the article
Example:
Available from:

Language for Journal Articles on the Internet (required)

See exceptions for Language in Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE /PubMed


List all languages of publication, separated by commas, after the availability
statement (URL)
Example:
Monrobel A, Chicano M, Navarrese A, Martinez L, Zambrana JL.
Gastrointestinal affectation with cytomegalovirus in an
immunocompetent patient. Rev Esp Enferm Dig [Internet]. 2006 Nov
[cited 2007 Jan 10];98(11):881-2. Available from: http://www.grupoaran.
com/mrmUpdate/lecturaPDFfromXML.asp?IdArt=458458&TO=RVN
&Eng=0 English, Spanish.
If an article is in more than one language and none of them is English:
List all languages of publication separated by commas, after the availability
statement (URL)
Example:
Thom R, Sermonit G. [Darwin after 100 years. 1983]. Riv Biol

[Internet]. 2002 Sep-Dec [cited 2007 Jan 10];95(3):345-52. Available
from: http://www.tilgher.it/(bh4t3u55bu1b3wv2wdwghimb)/googlefra
me.aspx?fle=%2fchrCorrelati%2fupload%2fdoc%2fEditeng953.pdf&lnk
=%2findex.aspx%3ftpr%3d4%26act%3dfscone%26id%3d French,
Italian.
Precede the translation with the original language title when possible
Thom R, Sermonit G. Darwin, cent ans apres [Darwin after 100 years.
1983]. Riv Biol [Internet]. 2002 Sep-Dec [cited 2007 Jan 10];95(3):
345-52. Available from: http://www.tilgher.it/(bh4t3u55bu1b3wv2wdwg
himb)/googleframe.aspx?fle=%2fchrCorrelati%2fupload%2fdoc%2fEdit
eng953.pdf&lnk=%2findex.aspx%3ftpr%3d4%26act%3dfscone%26id%3
d French, Italian.
opening screens
(URL)
Example:
National Advisory Committee on Immunization (CA). Update on the
recommendations for the routine use of pneumococcal conjugate
vaccine for infants. An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS) = Mise a
jour des recommandations relatives a l'utilisation courante du vaccin
conjugue contre le pneumocoque chez les enfants en bas age. Une
Declaration d'un Comite Consultatif (DCC). Can Commun Dis Rep
[Internet]. 2006 May 1 [cited 2007 Jan 9];32(ACS-4):1-6. Available
from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/ccdr-rmtc/06vol32/acs-04/in
dex.html English, French.

13. Journal article on the Internet with equal text in two or more languages
Notes for Journal Articles on the Internet (optional)

Notes is a term for any further information given after the citation
Be brief
See exceptions for Location (Pagination or Notes) in Appendix F: Notes for Citing
MEDLINE/PubMed

DOI
System requirements
Box 61. DOI.

(http://www.doi.org/) to provide for persistent identification of documents across
networks. It does this using a naming convention consisting of a prefix that contains the
name of the particular DOI directory and the content owner's identifier, and a suffix that
is a numeric or alphanumeric string supplied by the publisher.
Many publishers are currently assigning DOIs at the article level. Some assign one DOI to
an article regardless of changes in edition or format, while others give a unique DOI to
each version.
To find an article on the Internet using its DOI, add the prefix "http://dx.doi.org/" to the
number.
Example:
Puri S, O'Brian MR. The hmuQ and hmuD genes from Bradyrhizobium
japonicum encode heme-degrading enzymes. J Bacteriol [Internet]. 2006 Sep
[cited 2007 Jan 8];188(18):6476-82. Available from: http://jb.asm.org/cgi/conte

nt/full/188/18/6476?view=long&pmid=16952937 doi: 10.1128/JB.00737-06

The system requirements describe the software and hardware needed to view an article
successfully.
Example:
Crum LA, Bailey MR, Guan J, Hilmo PR, Kargl SG, Matula TJ, Sapozhnikov
OA. Monitoring bubble growth in supersaturated blood and tissue ex vivo and
the relevance to marine mammal bioeffects. Acoust Res Lett Online [Internet].
2005 Jul [cited 2007 Jan 10];6(3):214-20. Available from: http://scitation.aip.or
g/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=ARLOFJ0000060000030002
14000001&idtype=cvips Accompanied by: 2 videos. System Requirements:
Browser must be able to handle javascript and other advanced features; Adobe
Acrobat and QuickTime required.

The notes element may be used to provide any further information useful to the user. For
example:
If the journal article is accompanied by other material, indicate this following the
phrase "Accompanied by: "
Wolfe L. America's fidelity crisis: politics, hypocrisy and family values.
Electron J Hum Sex [Internet]. 2006 Oct 25 [cited 2007 Jan 5];9:[about 8 p.].
Available from: http://www.ejhs.org/volume9/Wolfe.htm Accompanied by:
PowerPoint slides.
If the article contains a review of the literature and this is not indicated in the title,
provide the information
Shope JT. Influences on youthful driving behavior and their potential for
guiding interventions to reduce crashes. Inj Prev [Internet]. 2006 Jun [cited
2007 Jan 9];12 Suppl 1:i9-14. Available from: http://ip.bmj.com/cgi/content/
full/12/suppl_1/i9 Review.
If the article was funded by a grant or another type of support, include the
institution and relevant number
Crum LA, Bailey MR, Guan J, Hilmo PR, Kargl SG, Matula TJ, Sapozhnikov
OA. Monitoring bubble growth in supersaturated blood and tissue ex vivo and
the relevance to marine mammal bioeffects. Acoust Res Lett Online [Internet].
2005 Jul [cited 2007 Jan 10];6(3):214-20. Available from: http://scitation.aip.or
g/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=ARLOFJ0000060000030002
14000001&idtype=cvips Accompanied by: 2 videos. This work is funded in
part by NIH 8RO1 EB00350-2.
If the article was based on a paper presented at a meeting, provide information on
the meeting
Pyysalo S, Salakoski T, Aubin S, Nazarenko A. Lexical adaptation of link
grammar to the biomedical sublanguage: a comparative evaluation of three
approaches. BMC Bioinformatics [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan 9];7 Suppl
3:Article S2 [9 p.]. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrend
er.fcgi?artid=1764446&blobtype=pdf From a paper presented at the 2nd
International Symposium on Semantic Mining in Biomedicine (SMBM), Jena,
Germany, April 2006.
If article is a book review or interview, or has other content for which additional
information is helpful
Flegel K. Biographies of healers [book review]. CMAJ [Internet]. 2007 Jul 3
[cited 2008 Feb 19];177(1):70. Available from: http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/
content/full/177/1/70 Review of: Bynum WF, Bynum H, editors. Dictionary of
Medical Biography. Westport (CT): Greenwood Press; c2007.
Prystowsky EN. A conversation about sudden unexpected death (SUDA) in
"healthy" adults, adults with known heart disease, athletes, adolescents, and
infants (SIDS) [interview]. MedGenMed [Internet]. 2007 Dec 19 [cited 2008
Feb 19];9(4):61. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articleren
der.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=1831141 Interview by George D.
Lundberg.
If the article has other unique identifiers, such as a Publisher Item Identifier (PII),
PubMed ID (PMID) or PubMed Central ID (PMCID)
Suk J, Lyall C, Tait J. Mapping the future dynamics of disease transmission:

risk analysis in the United Kingdom Foresight Programme on the detection
and identification of infectious diseases. Euro Surveill [Internet]. 2008 Oct 30
[cited 2008 Nov 17];13(44):[7 p.]. Available from: http://www.eurosurveillance
.org/images/dynamic/EE/V13N44/art19021.pdf PII: 19021. Cited in: PubMed;
PMID 19000560.
Chughtai T, Chiavaras MM, Sharkey P, Shulman H, Miller HA. Pericardial
rupture with cardiac herniation. Can J Surg [Internet]. 2008 Oct [cited 2008
Nov 18];51(5):E101-2. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/arti
clerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=18841214 Free full text article.
PMCID: PMC2556525.
If information is known regarding access to the article, such as whether a
subscription is required to view or free full text is available
Garcia RV, Kraehenmann MA, Bezerra FJ, Mendes CM, Rapp GE. Clinical
analysis of the soft tissue integration of non-submerged (ITI) and submerged
(3i) implants: a prospective-controlled cohort study. Clin Oral Implants Res
[Internet]. 2008 Oct [cited 2008 Nov 17];19(10):991-6. Available from: http://
www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/121409760/PDFSTART
Subscription required to view full text. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2007.01345.x
Cited in: PubMed; PMID 18828814.
Chughtai T, Chiavaras MM, Sharkey P, Shulman H, Miller HA. Pericardial
rupture with cardiac herniation. Can J Surg [Internet]. 2008 Oct [cited 2008
Nov 18];51(5):E101-2. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/arti
clerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=18841214 Free full text article.
PMCID: PMC2556525.
Examples for Notes

39. Journal article on the Internet with DOI provided
40. Journal article on the Internet with system requirements
41. Journal article on the Internet accompanied by other material
42. Journal article on the Internet with note
Examples of Citations to Journal Articles on the Internet

Polgreen PM, Diekema DJ, Vandeberg J, Wiblin RT, Chen YY, David S, Rasmus D, Gerdts
N, Ross A, Katz L, Herwaldt LA. Risk factors for groin wound infection after femoral
artery catheterization: a case-control study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol [Internet].
2006 Jan [cited 2007 Jan 5];27(1):34-7. Available from: http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/
ICHE/journal/issues/v27n1/2004069/2004069.web.pdf
Poole KE, Compston JE. Osteoporosis and its management. BMJ [Internet]. 2006 Dec 16
[cited 2007 Jan 4];333(7581):1251-6. Available from: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/
333/7581/1251?
maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10&RESULTFORMAT=&andorexactfulltext=and&searchi
d=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&sortspec=relevance&volume=333&firstpage=1251&resourcetype
=HWCIT
Happell B. The influence of education on the career preferences of undergraduate nursing
students. Aust Electron J Nurs Educ [Internet]. 2002 Apr [cited 2007 Jan 8];8(1):[about 12
p.]. Available from: http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/nhcp/aejne/vol8-1/refereed/
happell_max.html
2. Journal article on the Internet with optional full names for authors
Huh, Jisu; Cude, Brenda J. Is the information "fair and balanced" in direct-to-consumer
prescription drug website? J Health Commun [Internet]. 2004 Nov-Dec [cited 2007 Jan 5];
9(6):529-40. Available from: http://journals.taylorandfrancis.com/forms/hcm/9_529.pdf
3. Journal article on the Internet with many authors (give all)

Terauchi Y, Takamoto I, Kubota N, Matsui J, Suzuki R, Komeda K, Hara A, Toyoda Y,
Miwa I, Aizawa S, Tsutsumi S, Tsubamoto Y, Hashimoto S, Eto K, Nakamura A, Noda M,
Tobe K, Aburatani H, Nagai R, Kadowaki T. Glucokinase and IRS-2 are required for
compensatory beta cell hyperplasia in response to high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance.
J Clin Invest [Internet]. 2007 Jan 2 [cited 2007 Jan 5];117(1):246-57. Available from:
http://www.jci.org/cgi/content/full/117/1/246 doi:10.1172/JCI17645
4. Journal article on the Internet with optional limit to the number of

authors
to the first three
Terauchi Y, Takamoto I, Kubota N, et al. Glucokinase and IRS-2 are required for
http://www.jci.org/cgi/content/full/117/1/246
or
Terauchi Y, Takamoto I, Kubota N, and others. Glucokinase and IRS-2 are required for
http://www.jci.org/cgi/content/full/117/1/246 doi:10.1172/JCI17645
to the first six
Terauchi Y, Takamoto I, Kubota N, Matsui J, Suzuki R, Komeda K, et al. Glucokinase and
IRS-2 are required for compensatory beta cell hyperplasia in response to high-fat diet-
induced insulin resistance. J Clin Invest [Internet]. 2007 Jan 2 [cited 2007 Jan 5];117(1):
246-57. Available from: http://www.jci.org/cgi/content/full/117/1/246
or
Terauchi Y, Takamoto I, Kubota N, Matsui J, Suzuki R, Komeda K, and others.
Glucokinase and IRS-2 are required for compensatory beta cell hyperplasia in response to
high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance. J Clin Invest [Internet]. 2007 Jan 2 [cited 2007 Jan
5];117(1):246-57. Available from: http://www.jci.org/cgi/content/full/117/1/246 doi:
10.1172/JCI17645
5. Journal article on the Internet with author surnames showing

designations of family rank
Jouyban A, Acree WE Jr. In silico prediction of drug solubility in water-ethanol mixtures
using Jouyban-Acree model. J Pharm Pharm Sci [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan 5];9(2):
262-9. Available from: http://www.ualberta.ca/~csps/JPPS9_2/Dr_Jouyban/MS_820.htm
Seitz AR, Nanez JE Sr, Holloway S, Tsushima Y, Watanabe T. Two cases requiring external
reinforcement in perceptual learning. J Vis [Internet]. 2006 Aug 22 [cited 2007 Jan 9];6(9):
966-73. Available from: http://journalofvision.org//6/9/9/.
Lobb WB, Wilkin NE, McCaffrey DJ 3rd, Wilson MC, Bentley JP. The predictive utility of
nontraditional test scores for first-year pharmacy student academic performance. Am J
Pharm Educ [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan 5];70(6):Article 128 [6 p.]. Available from:
http://www.ajpe.org/aj7006/aj7006128/aj7006128.pdf
6. Journal article on the Internet with author surnames having a prefix,

particle, or preposition (give as found in the article)
Lin SK, McPhee DJ, Muguet FF. Open access publishing policy and efficient editorial
procedure. Entropy [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan 8];8:131-3. Available from: http://
www.mdpi.org/entropy/htm/e8030131.htm
Puri S, O'Brian MR. The hmuQ and hmuD genes from Bradyrhizobium japonicum encode
heme-degrading enzymes. J Bacteriol [Internet]. 2006 Sep [cited 2007 Jan 8];188(18):
6476-82. Available from: http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/188/18/6476?

view=long&pmid=16952937
Weisfelt M, van de Beek D, Spanjaard L, de Gans J. Arthritis in adults with community-
acquired bacterial meningitis: a prospective cohort study. BMC Infect Dis [Internet]. 2006
Mar 29 [cited 2007 Jan 8];6:Article 64 [5 p.]. Available from: http://
www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/6/64
Bijvoet AG, Van Hirtum H, Kroos MA, Van de Kamp EH, Schoneveld O, Visser P,
Brakenhoff JP, Weggeman M, van Corven EJ, Van der Ploeg AT, Reuser AJ. Human acid
[alpha]-glucosidase from rabbit milk has therapeutic effect in mice with glycogen storage
disease type II. Hum Mol Genet [Internet]. 1999 Nov [cited 2007 Jan 9];8(12):2145-53.
Available from: http://hmg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/8/12/2145
Bertino E, Milani S, Fabris C, De Curtis M. Neonatal anthropometric charts: what they
are, what they are not. Arch Dis Child (Fetal Neonatal Ed) [Internet]. 2007 Jan [cited 2007
Jan 9];92(1):F7-10. Available from: http://fn.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/92/1/F7
Najim RA, Al-Waiz MM, Al-Razzuqi RA. Acetylator phenotype in Iraqi patients with
atopic dermatitis. Dermatol Online J [Internet]. 2006 Nov [cited 2007 Jan 9];12(7):Article
1 [about 11 screens]. Available from: http://dermatology.cdlib.org/127/original/acetylator/
najim.html
7. Journal article on the Internet with compound author surnames

Boutin-Foster C. In spite of good intentions: patients' perspectives on problematic social
support interactions. Health Qual Life Outcomes [Internet]. 2005 Sep 5 [cited 2007 Jan 5];
3(1):Article 52 [about 12 p.]. Available from: http://www.hqlo.com/content/3/1/52
Ahmad F, Hogg-Johnson S, Skinner HA. Assessing patient attitudes to computerized
screening in primary care: psychometric properties of the computerized lifestyle
assessment scale. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2008 Apr 18 [cited 2008 Nov 17];
10(2):e11 [about 14 p.]. Available from: http://www.jmir.org/2008/2/e11/. Free full text
article.
Rekha R, Moshahid Alam R, Jaishree P. Designing and validation of genus-specific
primers for human gut flora study. Electron J Biotechnol [Internet]. 2006 Oct 15 [cited
2007 Jan 8];9(5):505-11. Available from: http://www.ejbiotechnology.info/content/vol9/
issue5/full/2/2.pdf
Terraza Nunez R, Vargas Lorenzo I, Vazquez Navarrete ML. [Coordination among
healthcare levels: systematization of tools and measures]. Gac Sanit [Internet]. 2006 Nov-
Dec [cited 2007 Jan 9];20(6):485-95. Available from: http://db.doyma.es/cgi-bin/
wdbcgi.exe/doyma/mrevista.pubmed_full?
inctrl=05ZI0108&rev=138&vol=20&num=6&pag=485 Spanish.
8. Journal article on the Internet with organization(s) as author

National Osteoporosis Foundation of South Africa. Use of generic alendronate in the
treatment of osteoporosis. S Afr Med J [Internet]. 2006 Aug [cited 2007 Jan 9];96(8):
696-7. Available from: http://blues.sabinet.co.za/WebZ/Authorize?
sessionid=0:autho=pubmed:password=pubmed2004&/AdvancedQuery?
&format=F&next=images/ejour/m_samj/m_samj_v96_n8_a12.pdf
American Medical Association; American Nurses Association--American Nurses
Foundation; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); Food and Drug
Administration (US), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition; Department of
Agriculture (US), Food Safety and Inspection Service. Diagnosis and management of
foodborne illnesses: a primer for physicians and other health care professionals. MMWR
Recomm Rep [Internet]. 2004 Apr 16 [cited 2007 Jan 9];53(RR-4):1-33. Available from:
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5304a1.htm
9. Journal article on the Internet with a governmental body as author

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral
Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention. Prevention and control of tuberculosis in correctional
and detention facilities: recommendations from CDC. Endorsed by the Advisory Council
for the Elimination of Tuberculosis, the National Commission on Correctional Health
Care, and the American Correctional Association. MMWR Recomm Rep [Internet]. 2006
Jul 7 [cited 2007 Jan 9];55(RR-9):1-44. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/
preview/mmwrhtml/rr5509a1.htm
National Advisory Committee on Immunization (CA). Update on the recommendations
for the routine use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for infants. An Advisory
Committee Statement (ACS) = Mise a jour des recommandations relatives a l'utilisation
courante du vaccin conjugue contre le pneumocoque chez les enfants en bas age. Une
Declaration d'un Comite Consultatif (DCC). Can Commun Dis Rep [Internet]. 2006 May
1 [cited 2007 Jan 9];32(ACS-4):1-6. Available from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/
ccdr-rmtc/06vol32/acs-04/index.html English, French.
10. Journal article on the Internet with no author

Prevention strategies for asthma--secondary prevention. CMAJ [Internet]. 2005 Sep 13
[cited 2007 Jan 5];173(6 Suppl):S25-7. Available from: http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/
full/173/6_suppl/S25
11. Journal article on the Internet with author affiliation

Bratu S (Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York Downstate Medical
Center, Brooklyn, NY. [email protected]), Landman D, Gupta J, Trehan M, Panwar M,
Quale J. A population-based study examining the emergence of community-associated
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 in New York City. Ann Clin Microbiol
Antimicrob [Internet]. 2006 Nov 30 [cited 2007 Jan 10];5:Article 29 [6 p.]. Available from:
http://www.ann-clinmicrob.com/content/pdf/1476-0711-5-29.pdf
Jacobs JL (Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of
Honolulu, Honolulu, HI. [email protected].), Lee MT (Department of Pediatrics, John
A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Honolulu, Honolulu, HI), Lindberg M (Office
of Medical Education, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Honolulu,
Honolulu, HI), Kamin C (Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Health
Sciences Center, Denver, CO). Problem-based learning, multimedia, and a paucity of
behavioral issue learning. Med Educ Online [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 5]:[5 p.].
Available from: http://www.med-ed-online.org/pdf/l0000006.pdf

Gonzlez-Lpez E, Cuerda-Galindo E. [The use of corpses and organs in research and
medical education. Lessons from history]. Med Clin (Barc) [Internet]. 2012 Apr 21 [cited
2012 Aug 11];138(10):441-4. Epub 2011 Mar 21. Available from: http://
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025775311001370 Spanish. doi: 10.1016/
j.medcli.2011.01.011
Treves R. [Dupuytren's disease]. Reumatismo [Internet]. 2006 Jul-Sep [cited 2007 Jan 10];
58(3):239-42. Available from: http://www.reumatismo.org/admin/filesArticoli/
58-3-239.pdf Italian.
Terraza Nunez R, Vargas Lorenzo I, Vazquez Navarrete ML. [Coordination among
Kanoh T. [IgD (kappa) myeloma with unusual manifestations: an exceptional form].
Tohoku J Exp Med [Internet]. 1987 Aug [cited 2007 Jan 10];152(4):347-50. Available from:
http://www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp/jnlpdf.php?
cdjournal=tjem1920&cdvol=152&noissue=4&startpage=347&lang=en&from=jnlabstract
German.
with optional original language included
Treves R. La malattia di Dupuytren [Dupuytren's disease]. Reumatismo [Internet]. 2006
Jul-Sep [cited 2007 Jan 10];58(3):239-42. Available from: http://www.reumatismo.org/
admin/filesArticoli/58-3-239.pdf Italian.
Terraza Nunez R, Vargas Lorenzo I, Vazquez Navarrete ML. La coordinacion entre niveles
asistenciales: una sistematizacion de sus instrumentos y medidas [Coordination among
Kanoh T. IgD (Kappa)-Myelom mit Ungewohnlichen Manifestationen: Eine Sonderform
[IgD (kappa) myeloma with unusual manifestations: an exceptional form]. Tohoku J Exp
Med [Internet]. 1987 Aug [cited 2007 Jan 10];152(4):347-50. Available from: http://
www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp/jnlpdf.php?
cdjournal=tjem1920&cdvol=152&noissue=4&startpage=347&lang=en&from=jnlabstract
German.
13. Journal article on the Internet with equal text in two or more
languages
National Advisory Committee on Immunization (CA). Update on the recommendations
for the routine use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for infants. An Advisory
Committee Statement (ACS) = Mise a jour des recommandations relatives a l'utilisation
courante du vaccin conjugue contre le pneumocoque chez les enfants en bas age. Une
Declaration d'un Comite Consultatif (DCC). Can Commun Dis Rep [Internet]. 2006 May
1 [cited 2007 Jan 9];32(ACS-4):1-6. Available from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/
ccdr-rmtc/06vol32/acs-04/index.html English, French.
SIAARTI Study Group for Safety in Anesthesia and Intensive Care. Raccomandazioni per
il trasporto inter ed intra ospedaliero del paziente critico = Recommendations on the
transport of critically ill patient. Minerva Anestesiol [Internet]. 2006 Oct [cited 2007 Jan
9];72(10):XXXVII-LVII. Available from: http://www.minervamedica.it/index2.t?
14. Journal article on the Internet with Greek letters or other special
characters in the title
Doukas J, Wrasidlo W, Noronha G, Dneprovskaia E, Fine R, Weis S, Hood J, Demaria A,
Soll R, Cheresh D. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase / inhibition limits infarct size after
myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A [Internet]. 2006 Dec 26
[cited 2007 Jan 9];103(52):19866-71. Available from: http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/
full/103/52/19866
or
Doukas J, Wrasidlo W, Noronha G, Dneprovskaia E, Fine R, Weis S, Hood J, Demaria A,
Soll R, Cheresh D. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma/delta inhibition limits infarct size
after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A [Internet]. 2006
Dec 26 [cited 2007 Jan 9];103(52):19866-71. Available from: http://www.pnas.org/cgi/
content/full/103/52/19866
Guan M, Chen Y. Aberrant expression of Np73 in benign and malignant tumours of the
prostate: correlation with Gleason score. J Clin Pathol [Internet]. 2005 Nov [cited 2007
Jan 9];58(11):1175-9. Available from: http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/58/11/1175
or
Guan M, Chen Y. Aberrant expression of DeltaNp73 in benign and malignant tumours of
the prostate: correlation with Gleason score. J Clin Pathol [Internet]. 2005 Nov [cited 2007
Superscripts/subscripts may be enclosed in parentheses if fonts not available
Langer R, Von Rahden BH, Nahrig J, Von Weyhern C, Reiter R, Feith M, Stein HJ, Siewert
JR, Hofler H, Sarbia M. Prognostic significance of expression patterns of c-erbB-2, p53,
p16INK4A, p27KIP1, cyclin D1 and epidermal growth factor receptor in oesophageal
adenocarcinoma: a tissue microarray study. J Clin Pathol [Internet]. 2006 Jun [cited 2007
or
Langer R, Von Rahden BH, Nahrig J, Von Weyhern C, Reiter R, Feith M, Stein HJ, Siewert
JR, Hofler H, Sarbia M. Prognostic significance of expression patterns of c-erbB-2, p53,
p16(INK4A), p27(KIP1), cyclin D1 and epidermal growth factor receptor in oesophageal
adenocarcinoma: a tissue microarray study. J Clin Pathol [Internet]. 2006 Jun [cited 2007

Davidson A. Preventing adverse drug events [letter]. CMAJ [Internet]. 2007 Jan 2 [cited
2007 Jan 9];176(1):67-8. Available from: http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/reprint/176/1/67-a
Eglen SJ, Weeks M, Jessop M, Simonotto J, Jackson T, Sernagor E. A data repository and
analysis framework for spontaneous neural activity recordings in developing retina
[dataset description]. GigaScience [Internet]. 2014 Mar 26 [cited 2014 Oct 3];3:Article 3
[12 p.]. Available from: http://www.gigasciencejournal.com/content/3/1/3 doi:
10.1186/2047-217X-3-3 PubMed PMID: 24666584; PubMed Central PMCID:
PMC4076503.
Flegel K. Biographies of healers [book review]. CMAJ [Internet]. 2007 Jul 3 [cited 2008
Feb 19];177(1):70. Available from: http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/177/1/70
Xu J, Su Z, Hong H, Thierry-Mieg J, Thierry-Mieg D, Krell DP, Mason CE, Tong W, Shi L.
Cross-platform ultradeep transcriptomic profiling of human reference RNA samples by
RNA-Seq [dataset description]. Sci Data [Internet]. 2014 Aug 26 [cited 2014 Oct 3];
1:Article 140020 [8 p.]. Available from: http://www.nature.com/articles/sdata201420 doi:
10.1038/sdata.2014.20
16. Journal article on the Internet with optional full journal title
Yeung PK, Feng JD, Fice D. Exercise hemodynamic and neurohormone responses as
sensitive biomarkers for diltiazem in rats. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences
[Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan 10];9(2):245-51. Available from: http://www.ualberta.ca/
~csps/JPPS9_2/Dr_Yeung/MS_562.htm
Pattison MA, Webster TJ, Haberstroh KM. Select bladder smooth muscle cell functions
were enhanced on three-dimensional, nano-structured poly(ether urethane) scaffolds. J
Biomater Sci (Polym Ed) [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan 8];17(11):1317-32. Available
from: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/vsp/bsp/2006/00000017/00000011/
art00008?
token=0053155c75b2c2f653b2a2d3a7c4e7247704f7e41225f406a532c6b67547d3f46627051f
b9a634cc1dd

Nomura K, Nakao M, Sato M, Yano E. Regular prescriptions for benzodiazepines: a cross-
sectional study of outpatients at a university hospital. Intern Med [serial on the Internet].
2006 [cited 2007 Jan 10];45(22):1279-83. Available from: http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/
article/internalmedicine/45/22/1279/_pdf
19. Journal article on the Internet with month(s)/day(s) included in date

of publication
Oseni S, Misztal I, Tsuruta S, Rekaya R. Genetic components of days open under heat
stress. J Dairy Sci [Internet]. 2004 Sep [cited 2007 Jan 9];87(9):3022-8. Available from:
http://jds.fass.org/cgi/content/full/87/9/3022
Finall AI, McIntosh SA, Thompson WD. Subcutaneous inflammation mimicking
metastatic malignancy induced by injection of mistletoe extract. BMJ [Internet]. 2006 Dec
23 [cited 2007 Jan 9];333(7582):1293-4. Available from: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/
full/333/7582/1293
Huh J, Cude BJ. Is the information "fair and balanced" in direct-to-consumer prescription
drug website? J Health Commun [Internet]. 2004 Nov-Dec [cited 2007 Jan 5];9(6):529-40.
Available from: http://journals.taylorandfrancis.com/forms/hcm/9_529.pdf
20. Journal article on the Internet with season(s) included in date of

publication
Withers R, Casson R, Shrimplin A. Narrowcasting to faculty and students: creating an
efficient "research by subject" page. Electron J Acad Spec Librariansh [Internet]. 2005
Winter [cited 2005 Dec 28];6(3):[about 11 p.]. Available from: http://
southernlibrarianship.icaap.org/content/v06n03/withers_r01.htm
Ipp M, Cohen E, Goldbach M, Macarthur C. Pain response to M-M-R vaccination in 4-6
year old children. Can J Clin Pharmacol [Internet]. 2006 Fall [cited 2007 Jan 9];
13(3):e296-9. Available from: http://www.cjcp.ca/pdf/CJCP06-022_e296-e299F.pdf

Bernhardt JM, Felter EM. Online pediatric information seeking among mothers of young
children: results from a qualitative study using focus groups. J Med Internet Res
[Internet]. 2004 Mar 1 [updated 2006 Dec 10; cited 2007 Jan 5];6(1):e7 [about 13 p.].
Available from: http://www.jmir.org/2004/1/e7/.
Burke KJ, Paton D. Well-being in protective services personnel: organisational influences.
Australas J Disaster Trauma Stud [Internet]. 2006 [changed 2006 Sep 26; cited 2007 Jan 8];
2006(2):[about 17 p.]. Available from: http://www.massey.ac.nz/%7Etrauma/issues/
2006-2/burke.htm
Le L, Lee E, Schulten K, Truong TN. Molecular modeling of swine influenza A/H1N1,
Spanish H1N1, and avian H5N1 flu N1 neuraminidases bound to Tamiflu and Relenza.
Version 4. PLoS Curr [Internet]. 2009 Aug 27 [revised 2011 Mar 14; cited 2011 Jun 8];
3:RRN1015. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762416/?
tool=pubmed PubMed PMID: 20029609; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2762416.
22. Journal article on the Internet with date having a supplement

Gaal P. Benefits and entitlements in the Hungarian health care system. Eur J Health Econ
[Internet]. 2005 Dec [cited 2007 Jan 10];Suppl:37-45. Available from: http://
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=16267656
Garg RK, Tandon S. Smoking habits of adolescents and the role of dentists. J Contemp
Dent Pract [Internet]. 2006 May 1 [cited 2007 Jan 9];7(2):120-9. Available from: http://
www.thejcdp.com/issue026/pdfs_web/garg.pdf
24. Journal article on the Internet with volume having a subdivision other
than an issue
Pyysalo S, Salakoski T, Aubin S, Nazarenko A. Lexical adaptation of link grammar to the
biomedical sublanguage: a comparative evaluation of three approaches. BMC
Bioinformatics [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan 9];7 Suppl 3:Article S2 [9 p.]. Available
from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1764446&blobtype=pdf
Duong CA, Sepulveda CA, Graham JB, Dickson KA. Mitochondrial proton leak rates in
the slow, oxidative myotomal muscle and liver of the endothermic shortfin mako shark
(Isurus oxyrinchus) and the ectothermic blue shark (Prionace glauca) and leopard shark
(Triakis semifasciata). J Exp Biol [Internet]. 2006 Jul [cited 2007 Jan 9];209(Pt 14):2678-85.
Available from: http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/209/14/2678
Wilcox LS. Health education from 1775 to 2005. Prev Chronic Dis [Internet]. 2005 Nov
[cited 2007 Jan 5];2 Spec No:[about 5 screens]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/
issues/2005/nov/05_0134.htm
25. Journal article on the Internet with volume but no issue or other
subdivision
Wolfe L. America's fidelity crisis: politics, hypocrisy and family values. Electron J Hum
Sex [Internet]. 2006 Oct 25 [cited 2007 Jan 5];9:[about 8 p.]. Available from: http://
www.ejhs.org/volume9/Wolfe.htm

Suber P. Providing open access to past research articles, starting with the most important.
SPARC Open Access Newsl [Internet]. 2004 Jun 2 [cited 2007 Jan 10];(74):[about 3
screens]. Available from: http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/
06-02-04.htm#unbind
27. Journal article on the Internet with issue having a subdivision

Hsueh YS, Lee SY, Huang YT. Effects of global budgeting on the distribution of dentists
and use of dental care in Taiwan. Health Serv Res [Internet]. 2004 Dec [cited 2007 Jan 9];
39(6 Pt 2):2135-53. Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?
tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15544648
Brain tumor registry of Japan. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) [Internet]. 1992 [cited 2007 Jan
9];32(7 Spec No):381-547. Available from: http://www.journalarchive.jst.go.jp/english/
jnltoc_en.php?cdjournal=nmc1959&cdvol=32&noissue=7
28. Journal article on the Internet without standard volume or issue, but
with article number
Cunningham PJ, May JH. Medicaid patients increasingly concentrated among physicians.
Tracking Reports [Internet]. 2006 Aug [cited 2007 Mar 20]:Report 16 [5 p.]. Available
from: http://www.hschange.com/CONTENT/866/866.pdf
Aoki TT, Grecu EO, Arcangeli MA, Meisenheimer R. Effect of intensive insulin therapy
on abnormal circadian blood pressure pattern in patients with type I diabetes mellitus.
Online J Curr Clin Trials [Internet]. 1995 Dec 15 [cited 2007 Jan 4]:Doc No 199 [about 10
screens]. Available from: http://www.oclc.org/firstsearch/. Subscription required to view.
29. Journal article on the Internet without standard volume, issue, or

article number
Jacobs JL, Lee MT, Lindberg M, Kamin C. Problem-based learning, multimedia, and a
paucity of behavioral issue learning. Med Educ Online [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 5]:
[5 p.]. Available from: http://www.med-ed-online.org/pdf/l0000006.pdf
O'Neill M, Dupere S. Health promotion: the next generations. Rev Health Promot Educ
Online [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10]:[10 paragraphs]. Available from: http://
www.rhpeo.org/reviews/2005/10/index.htm
30. Journal article on the Internet with location expressed as standard

page numbers
Blair SN, Haskell WL. Objectively measured physical activity and mortality in older
adults. JAMA [Internet]. 2006 Jul 12 [cited 2007 Jan 9];296(2):216-8. Available from:
http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/296/2/216
Kim J, Lee D, Jung U, Kim C. Photoacoustic imaging platforms for multimodal imaging.
Ultrasonography [Internet]. 2015 Apr [cited 2015 Apr 28];34(2):88-97. Epub 2015 Feb 16.
Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4372714/.
31. Journal article on the Internet with a letter included in the page
numbers
with letter before the numbers
with letter after the numbers
Goodacre R. Metabolomics of a superorganism. J Nutr [Internet]. 2007 Jan [cited 2007 Jan
9];137(1):259S-266S. Available from: http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/137/1/259S
32. Journal article on the Internet with roman numerals for page numbers
Meyer G, Foster N, Christrup S, Eisenberg J. Setting a research agenda for medical errors
and patient safety. Health Serv Res [Internet]. 2001 Apr [cited 2007 Jan 9];36(1 Pt 1):x-xx.
Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?
artid=1089210&blobtype=pdf
SIAARTI Study Group for Safety in Anesthesia and Intensive Care. Raccomandazioni per
il trasporto inter ed intra ospedaliero del paziente critico = Recommendations on the
transport of critically ill patient. Minerva Anestesiol [Internet]. 2006 Oct [cited 2007 Jan
9];72(10):XXXVII-LVII. Available from: http://www.minervamedica.it/index2.t?
33. Journal article on the Internet with location/extent expressed as

estimated number of screens
Wilcox LS. Health education from 1775 to 2005. Prev Chronic Dis [Internet]. 2005 Nov
[cited 2007 Jan 5];2 Spec No:[about 5 screens]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/
issues/2005/nov/05_0134.htm
Bagheri A, Ferdosi A, Bottros A, Hunter D. Unilateral superior rectus aplasia without
craniofacial anomaly. Digit J Ophthalmol [Internet]. 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 5];11(5):[about
4 screens]. Available from: http://www.djo.harvard.edu/site.php?url=/physicians/oa/883

estimated number of pages
Withers R, Casson R, Shrimplin A. Narrowcasting to faculty and students: creating an
efficient "research by subject" page. Electron J Acad Spec Librariansh [Internet]. 2005
Winter [cited 2005 Dec 28];6(3):[about 11 p.]. Available from: http://
southernlibrarianship.icaap.org/content/v06n03/withers_r01.htm
Delwiche A. Agenda-setting, opinion leadership, and the world of Web logs. First Monday
[Internet] 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 10];10(12):[about 17 p.]. Available from: http://
firstmonday.org/issues/issue10_12/delwiche/index.html
Chillemi G, De Santis S, Falconi M, Mancini G, Migliorati V, Battistoni A, Pacello F,
Desideri A, D'Angelo P. Carbon monoxide binding to the heme group at the dimeric
interface modulates structure and copper accessibility in the Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase
from Haemophilus ducreyi: in silico and in vitro evidences. J Biomol Struct Dyn
[Internet]. 2012 Jun 11 [cited 2012 Jun 14]:[about 11 p.]. Available from: http://
www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07391102.2012.680028 Epub ahead of print.
PubMed PMID: 22686457.

paragraphs
Steinberg K. Wellness in every stage of life: a new paradigm for public health programs.
Prev Chronic Dis [Internet]. 2007 Jan [cited 2007 Jan 10];4(1):[12 paragraphs]. Available
from: http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2007/jan/06_0120.htm
Maher-Brisen P. Letter to the editor on "Nurse Safety: Have We Addressed the Risks?"
Online J Issues Nurs [Internet]. 2006 Mar 27 [cited 2007 Jan 10];11(2):Letter 1 [4
paragraphs]. Available from: http://www.nursingworld.org/ojin/letters/t22e6.htm
36. Journal article on the Internet with location/extent expressed as an

article number
Baud A, Guryev V, Hummel O, Johannesson M, Flint J. Genomes and phenomes of a
population of outbred rats and its progenitors [dataset description]. Sci Data [Internet].
2014 Jun 10 [cited 2014 Jun 27];1:Article 140011 [14 p.]. Available from: http://
www.nature.com/articles/sdata201411 doi: 10.1038/sdata.2014.11
Boutin-Foster C. In spite of good intentions: patients' perspectives on problematic social
support interactions. Health Qual Life Outcomes [Internet]. 2005 Sep 5 [cited 2007 Jan 5];
3(1):Article 52 [about 12 screens]. Available from: http://www.hqlo.com/content/3/1/52
Cipriano Silva M, Ludwick R. Is the doctor of nursing practice ethical? Online J Issues
Nurs [Internet]. 2006 Mar 20 [cited 2007 Jan 10];11(2):Ethics 1 [about 8 p.]. Available
from: http://nursingworld.org/ojin/ethicol/ethics_17.htm
Zozulya S, Echeverri F, Nguyen T. The human olfactory receptor repertoire. Genome Biol
[Internet]. 2001 [cited 2007 Jan 5];2(6):research0018.1-0018.12 [about 21 p.]. Available
from: http://genomebiology.com/2001/2/6/research/0018/.
Bernhardt JM, Felter EM. Online pediatric information seeking among mothers of young
children: results from a qualitative study using focus groups. J Med Internet Res
[Internet]. 2004 Mar 1 [updated 2006 Dec 10; cited 2007 Jan 5];6(1):e7 [about 13 p.].
Available from: http://www.jmir.org/2004/1/e7/.
Ahmad F, Hogg-Johnson S, Skinner HA. Assessing patient attitudes to computerized
screening in primary care: psychometric properties of the computerized lifestyle
assessment scale. J Med Internet Res [Internet]. 2008 Apr 18 [cited 2008 Nov 17];
10(2):e11 [about 14 p.]. Available from: http://www.jmir.org/2008/2/e11/. Free full text
article.
Lobb WB, Wilkin NE, McCaffrey DJ 3rd, Wilson MC, Bentley JP. The predictive utility of
nontraditional test scores for first-year pharmacy student academic performance. Am J
Pharm Educ [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan 5];70(6):Article 128 [6 p.]. Available from:
http://www.ajpe.org/aj7006/aj7006128/aj7006128.pdf
Pasanen K, Parkkari J, Pasanen M, Hiilloskorpi H, Mkinen T, Jrvinen M, Kannus P.

Neuromuscular training and the risk of leg injuries in female floorball players: cluster
randomised controlled study. BMJ [Internet]. 2008 Jul 1 [cited 2008 Nov 17];337:a295 [7
p.]. Available from: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/337/jul01_2/a295 Free full text
article. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a295
37. Journal article on the Internet that is a podcast

Tilson J. Commentary on Perry SB, et al., Predicting caregiver assistance required for sit-
to-stand following rehabilitation for acute stroke. J Neurol Phys Ther [Internet]. 2006 Mar
[cited 2007 Jan 8];30(1):[Podcast: about 3 min.]. Available from: http://
www.scienceaudio.net/jnpt/jnpt.html
38. Journal article on the Internet with indication that a discussion or

other text follows it
Splawinski J, Fox R, Hall H, Fisher CG, Dvorak M. Imaging for spinal surgery. Can J Surg
[Internet]. 2006 Oct [cited 2007 Jan 10];49(5):311-2; discussion 313. Available from:
http://www.cma.ca/multimedia/staticContent/HTML/N0/l2/cjs/vol-49/issue-5/pdf/
pg311.pdf
Kritsaneepaiboon S, Jaruratanasirikul S, Dissaneevate S. Clinics in diagnostic imaging
(112). Perinatal lethal hypophosphatasia (PLH). Singapore Med J [Internet]. 2006 Nov
[cited 2007 Jan 10];47(11):987-92; quiz 993. Available from: http://www.sma.org.sg/smj/
4711/4711me1.pdf
Vos E. Multitherapy for diabetes. CMAJ [Internet]. 2006 Nov 7 [cited 2007 Jan 10];
175(10):1246-7; author reply 1247. Available from: http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/reprint/
175/10/1246-a
39. Journal article on the Internet with DOI provided

Harrison JJ, Ceri H, Yerly J, Stremick CA, Hu Y, Martinuzzi R, Turner RJ. The use of
microscopy and three-dimensional visualization to evaluate the structure of microbial
biofilms cultivated in the Calgary Biofilm Device. Biol Proc Online [Internet]. 2006 [cited
2007 Jan 8];8(1):194-215. Available from: http://www.biologicalprocedures.com/bpo/arts/
1/127/m127.pdf doi: 10.1251/bpo127
Puri S, O'Brian MR. The hmuQ and hmuD genes from Bradyrhizobium japonicum encode
heme-degrading enzymes. J Bacteriol [Internet]. 2006 Sep [cited 2007 Jan 8];188(18):
6476-82. Available from: http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/188/18/6476?
view=long&pmid=16952937 doi: 10.1128/JB.00737-06
Pasanen K, Parkkari J, Pasanen M, Hiilloskorpi H, Mkinen T, Jrvinen M, Kannus P.
Neuromuscular training and the risk of leg injuries in female floorball players: cluster
randomised controlled study. BMJ [Internet]. 2008 Jul 1 [cited 2008 Nov 17];337:a295 [7
p.]. Available from: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/reprint/337/jul01_2/a295 Free full text

article. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a295
40. Journal article on the Internet with system requirements

Crum LA, Bailey MR, Guan J, Hilmo PR, Kargl SG, Matula TJ, Sapozhnikov OA.
Monitoring bubble growth in supersaturated blood and tissue ex vivo and the relevance to
marine mammal bioeffects. Acoust Res Lett Online [Internet]. 2005 Jul [cited 2007 Jan
10];6(3):214-20. Available from: http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?
filetype=pdf&id=ARLOFJ000006000003000214000001&idtype=cvips Accompanied by: 2
videos. System Requirements: Browser must be able to handle javascript and other
advanced features; Adobe Acrobat and QuickTime required.
41. Journal article on the Internet accompanied by other material

Wolfe L. America's fidelity crisis: politics, hypocrisy and family values. Electron J Hum
Sex [Internet]. 2006 Oct 25 [cited 2007 Jan 5];9:[about 8 p.]. Available from: http://
www.ejhs.org/volume9/Wolfe.htm Accompanied by: PowerPoint slides.
Grohmann DG, Hathaway BA. 1-Nitro-3-[(phenylsulfonyl)methyl]benzene. Molbank
[Internet]. 2006 Sep [cited 2007 Jan 5];2006:M500 [about 2 screens]. Available from:
http://www.mdpi.org/molbank/molbank2006/m500.htm Accompanied by: MOL file
available from: http://www.mdpi.org/molbank/molbank2006.htm#new
Crum LA, Bailey MR, Guan J, Hilmo PR, Kargl SG, Matula TJ, Sapozhnikov OA.
Monitoring bubble growth in supersaturated blood and tissue ex vivo and the relevance to
marine mammal bioeffects. Acoust Res Lett Online [Internet]. 2005 Jul [cited 2007 Jan
10];6(3):214-20. Available from: http://scitation.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?
filetype=pdf&id=ARLOFJ000006000003000214000001&idtype=cvips Accompanied by: 2
videos.
42. Journal article on the Internet with note

Shope JT. Influences on youthful driving behavior and their potential for guiding
interventions to reduce crashes. Inj Prev [Internet]. 2006 Jun [cited 2007 Jan 9];12 Suppl
1:i9-14. Available from: http://ip.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/12/suppl_1/i9 Review.
Pyysalo S, Salakoski T, Aubin S, Nazarenko A. Lexical adaptation of link grammar to the
biomedical sublanguage: a comparative evaluation of three approaches. BMC
Bioinformatics [Internet]. 2006 [cited 2007 Jan 9];7 Suppl 3:Article S2 [9 p.]. Available
from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1764446&blobtype=pdf
From a paper presented at the 2nd International Symposium on Semantic Mining in
Biomedicine (SMBM), Jena, Germany, April 2006.
Heppner HJ, Bauer JM, Sieber CC, Bertsch T. Laboratory aspects relating to the detection
and prevention of frailty. Int J Prev Med [Internet]. 2010 Summer [cited 2011 Jul 1];1(3):
149-57. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3075524/?
tool=pubmed PubMed PMID: 21566784; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3075524.

Authorship note: Heppner HJ and Bauer JM contributed equally.
Flegel K. Biographies of healers [book review]. CMAJ [Internet]. 2007 Jul 3 [cited 2008
Feb 19];177(1):70. Available from: http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/177/1/70 Review
of: Bynum WF, Bynum H, editors. Dictionary of Medical Biography. Westport (CT):
Greenwood Press; c2007.
Prystowsky EN. A conversation about sudden unexpected death (SUDA) in "healthy"
adults, adults with known heart disease, athletes, adolescents, and infants (SIDS)
[interview]. MedGenMed [Internet]. 2007 Dec 19 [cited 2008 Feb 19];9(4):61. Available
from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?
tool=pubmed&pubmedid=1831141 Interview by George D. Lundberg.
Chughtai T, Chiavaras MM, Sharkey P, Shulman H, Miller HA. Pericardial rupture with
cardiac herniation. Can J Surg [Internet]. 2008 Oct [cited 2008 Nov 18];51(5):E101-2.
Available from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?
tool=pubmed&pubmedid=18841214 Free full text article. PMCID: PMC2556525.
Suk J, Lyall C, Tait J. Mapping the future dynamics of disease transmission: risk analysis in
the United Kingdom Foresight Programme on the detection and identification of
infectious diseases. Euro Surveill [Internet]. 2008 Oct 30 [cited 2008 Nov 17];13(44):[7 p.].
Available from: http://www.eurosurveillance.org/images/dynamic/EE/V13N44/
art19021.pdf PII: 19021. Cited in: PubMed; PMID 19000560.
Garcia RV, Kraehenmann MA, Bezerra FJ, Mendes CM, Rapp GE. Clinical analysis of the
soft tissue integration of non-submerged (ITI) and submerged (3i) implants: a
prospective-controlled cohort study. Clin Oral Implants Res [Internet]. 2008 Oct [cited
2008 Nov 17];19(10):991-6. Available from: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/
fulltext/121409760/PDFSTART Subscription required to view full text. doi: 10.1111/j.
1600-0501.2007.01345.x Cited in: PubMed; PMID 18828814.
43. Part of a journal article on the Internet

Burke KJ, Paton D. Well-being in protective services personnel: organisational influences.
Australas J Disaster Trauma Stud [Internet]. 2006;2006(2):[about 17 p.]. Figure 3, The
overall structural model, showing the relative strength of each pathway examined; [cited
2007 Jan 8]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.massey.ac.nz/%7Etrauma/
issues/2006-2/burke.htm
Happell B. The Influence of education on the career preferences of undergraduate nursing
students. Aust Electron J Nurs Educ [Internet]. 2002 Apr;8(1):[about 12 p.]. Table 2, The
relative popularity of nursing career choices (Post-test); [cited 2007 Jan 8]; [about 1
screen]. Available from: http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/nhcp/aejne/vol8-1/refereed/
happell_max.html
Petretti C, Savoian M, Montembault E, Glover DM, Prigent C, Giet R. The PITSLRE/

CDK11p58 protein kinase promotes centrosome maturation and bipolar spindle
formation. EMBO Rep [Internet]. 2006 Apr;7(4):418-24. Epub 2006 Feb 3. Figure 3,
Cyclin-dependent kinase 11 depletion prevents efficient bipolar spindle formation,
microtubule nucleation and centrosomal recruitment of Aurora A and Plk1 proteins;
[cited 2010 Oct 25]; p. 421. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/
PMC1456919/pdf/7400639.pdf PubMed PMID: 16462731; PubMed Central PMCID:
PMC1456919.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Entire Journal

Titles on the Internet
The general format for a reference to an entire Internet journal title, including
punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Entire Journal Titles on the Internet

example two, separate the beginning and ending volume and date information with a
hyphen surrounded by a space. See also Chapter 1C Entire Journal Titles for additional
examples of the specific parts of a citation.
Journal titles on the Internet are often electronic versions of print journal titles or have
migrated from videocassette, audiocassette, or CD-ROM form. Increasingly journals are
published directly for the Internet to enable hyperlinking, to include complex graphics,
and to run multimedia such as film clips and sound. Volume and issue information has
changed the most with Internet journals, particularly those without print counterparts.
Many publishers omit volume and issue numbers, substituting an article numbering
scheme or simply using the date the item was placed on the Internet as an identifier. See
examples 29 and 30.
A journal title on the Internet is cited similar to journals in print, but with these major
exceptions:
Use the word "Internet" in square brackets as the Type of Medium after the journal
title.
Include a date of citation in square brackets following the beginning date of
publication for a open journal and the ending date of a closed one.
Provide the URL or other electronic address of the title.
It is important to cite the version you saw. Many journal titles with both print and Internet
versions do not carry the same exact content. If you viewed a journal title on the Internet,
do not cite it as if it were a print one. However, it may be useful to begin a citation to an
Internet journal by first locating all of the information needed to cite it as if it were a print
publication, then add the Internet-specific items. For example:
Print information
Family Practice. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press.
Vol. 1, No. 1, Mar 1984 - .
Family Practice [Internet]. Oxford (UK): Oxford University Press. Vol. 1, No. 1, Mar
1984 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://fampra.oupjournals.org/.
version.
To cite all volumes for an Internet journal that changed title, provide a separate citation
for each title. For example:
European Journal of Biochemistry [Internet]. Oxford (UK): Blackwell Science Ltd.
Vol. 259, No. 1-2, Jan 1999 - Vol. 271, No. 23-24, Dec 2004 [cited 2007 Jan 25].
Available from: http://content.febsjournal.org/. Print version began in 1967.

Continues: Biochemische Zeitschrift. Continued by: FEBS Journal.
The FEBS Journal [Internet]. Oxford (UK): Blackwell Publishing, Inc. Vol. 272, No.
1, Jan 2005 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.blackwell-
synergy.com/servlet/useragent?func=showIssues&code=ejb Continues: European
Journal of Biochemistry.
Journals that have migrated to the Internet from other formats or that maintain both print
and online versions may not change titles, but may only have recent volumes available
online. When citing the Internet version, give volume and date information for only those
that are online accessible. You may include information on other volumes as a note. For
example:
American Journal of Kidney Diseases: the Official Journal of the National Kidney
Foundation [Internet]. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. Vol. 31, No. 1, Jan 1998 - [cited
2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.ajkd.org/issues Print version began with
Vol. 1, 1981.
Do not confuse the publisher with the organization that maintains the Web site for the
publisher. If wording such as "this site is maintained by XYZ Corporation for ABC
Organization" appears, use ABC Organization as the publisher and XYZ Corporation as
the distributor. Publisher information is required in a citation; distributor information
may be included as a note if desired.
If a journal on the Internet does not have a formal title page or table of contents, look to
the opening screens, the bottom or closing screens, links from the sidebar, and the source
code (viewable through the Web browser) to locate citation information.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Journal Titles on the Internet.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Entire Journal Titles on the Internet.
Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Journal Titles on the

Internet
it is optional.
Publisher (R) | Volume Number (R) | Issue Number (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of
Citation (R) | Availability (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Title for Journal Titles on the Internet (required)

Use whatever capitalization and punctuation are found in the title
Follow a non-English title with a translation when possible; place the translation in
square brackets


Italian, etc.), provide the name in the original language
Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Sportmedizin [Internet].
Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, or in a character-based language (Chinese,
Japanese)
Pernatyie Khishchniki [Internet].
Zhongguo hua xue kuai bao [Internet].
It is not NLM practice, but you may translate journal titles in character-based
languages.
Chinese Chemical Letters [Internet].
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Sportmedizin [Internet]. Koln (Germany): Deutscher
Arzte-Verlag. Vol. 49, No. 1, 1998 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from:
http://www.zeitschrift-sportmedizin.de/zeitschr.htm German.

For a journal appearing in two or more equal languages, as often occurs with
Canadian journals:
opening screens, the bottom or closing screens, links from the sidebar, and
the source code
List all the languages, separated by commas, after the availability statement
Example:
Actualites en Bref pour Maladies Infectieuses = Infectious Diseases
News Brief [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Public Health Agency of Canada.
Jan 7, 2000 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.phac-
aspc.gc.ca/bid-bmi/dsd-dsm/nb-ab/index.html ; http://www.phac-
aspc.gc.ca/bid-bmi/dsd-dsm/nb-ab/index_f.html French, English.
the source code
Examples:
Action Against Infection: a Newsletter for WHO and Its Partners
[Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization, CDS Information
Resource Centre. No. 1, Dec 1999 - Vol. 4, No. 5, 2nd Semester 2004
[cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.who.int/infectious-
disease-news/newsletter/. English, French, Spanish.
Alasbimn Journal: Revista de Medicina Nuclear [Internet]. Santiago
(Chile): Universidad de Chile. Year 1, No. 1, Sep 1998 - [cited 2007 Jan
25]. Available from: http://www2.alasbimnjournal.cl/alasbimn/CDA/
CDA_Journal_Index/. Spanish, English.

End all title information with the medium of the journal, placed in square brackets,
Example:
Physician's Weekly (Surgery Edition) [Internet]. Englishtown (NJ): Physician's
Weekly, LLC. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan 12, 2004 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from:
http://www.physiciansweekly.com/index_se.asp
Examples for Title

1. Standard Internet journal title that is still being published
2. Standard Internet journal title that has ceased publication
3. Internet journal title with subtitle
4. Internet journal title with lowercase or capital letters/special characters
5. Internet journal title with section or part
6. Internet journal title with edition
7. Internet journal title not in English
8. Internet journal title not in English, with optional translation
9. Internet journal title published in multiple languages
10. Internet journal title published in two or more equal languages
36. Internet journal title previously published under another name
37. Internet journal title continuing to be published under another name
Edition for Journal Titles on the Internet (required)



Follow the title and edition information with the medium of the journal,
placed in square brackets
End with a period
Example:
Rivista Italiana di Gastroenterologia (Edizione Endoscopia Digestiva)
[Internet].
For an edition statement in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, or in a
Follow the title and edition information with the medium of the journal,
placed in square brackets
End with a period
Example:
Deltio Nosokomeiakes Pharmakeutikes (Epistemonike Ekdosis)
[Internet].
Ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in titles. This rule
ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify
rules for English-language publications.
Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not
marked
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
To help identify editions in other languages, below is a brief list of Non-
English words for editions with their abbreviations, if any (n.a. = not
abbreviated):
Danish Oplag n.a.
Dutch Uitgave Uitg
Editie Ed
French Edition Ed
German Ausgabe Ausg
Greek Ekdosis Ekd
Italian Edizione Ed
Russian Izdanie Izd
Spanish Edicion Ed

Type of Medium for Journal Titles on the Internet (required)

Place the word Internet in square brackets following the title (and Edition, if
present)

See Chapter 19B for journal titles on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk; see Chapter 16B for
journals in audiovisual formats

Editor for Journal Titles on the Internet (optional)

Enter the editor's name in natural order, such as John A. Jones


publication
Iu. A. Iakontov
G. Th. Tsakalos
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor
Examples for Editor

11. Internet journal title with current editor name provided
Place of Publication for Journal Titles on the Internet (required)

when cities in different locations have same name, such as Palm Springs (CA) and
Palm Springs (FL)

Non-US cities
Some journals on the Internet do not display a traditional title page that clearly states the
place of publication. When there is no title page:
Look for the place at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the bottom of
the last screen of the journal site
Look in the source code for the journal if it is displayed by the Web browser
Place the name in square brackets if the city can be reasonably inferred; for
example, Chicago as the place of publication of a journal issued by the
American Medical Association
NCI Cancer Bulletin [Internet]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Cancer
Institute (US). Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan 6, 2004 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available
from: http://cancer.gov/ncicancerbulletin
Use [place unknown] if it is not possible to infer or otherwise locate the city
Thoracic Surgical Science [Internet]. [place unknown]: GMS. Vol. 1,

2004 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.egms.de/en/
journals/tss/index.shtml

Use the anglicized form for the name of a city, such as Rome for Roma and Moscow
for Moskva, when possible
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
name, follow the city with name of the country, either written out or as the two-
such as Spain for Espana. Place the country name or code in parentheses.
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but

If a journal changed publishers over the years or if the publisher changed its
If more than one place of publication is found for the publisher, use the first one or
the one set in the largest type or in bold type. Do not give multiple places of
publication.

Nurse-zine [Internet]. [Minneapolis (MN)]: allnurses.com. Vol. 1, No. 1, Aug.
29, 1997 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://allnurses.com/Nurse-
zine/.
Thoracic Surgical Science [Internet]. [place unknown]: GMS. Vol. 1, 2004 -
[cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.egms.de/en/journals/tss/
index.shtml

12. Internet journal title with well-known place of publication
13. Internet journal title with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for
clarity
14. Internet journal title with place of publication inferred
15. Internet journal title with unknown place of publication
21. Internet journal title with unknown place of publication and publisher
Publisher for Journal Titles on the Internet (required)


Multiple publishers
Joint publication

Some journals on the Internet do not display a traditional title page that clearly states the
name of the publisher. When there is no title page:
Look for the publisher at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the
bottom of the last screen of the journal's site
Chemical Society
link
Look in the source code for the journal if it is displayed by the Web browser
Organization" appears, use ABC Organization as the publisher and XYZ
Corporation as the distributor. Publisher information is required in a citation;
If no publisher can be identified, use [publisher unknown]
The International Journal of Forensic Psychology [Internet]. [Australia]:
[publisher unknown]. Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2003 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available
from: http://pandora.nla.gov.au/tep/35811

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College

Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society

original languages
Romanize names in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, and character-based
languages (Chinese, Japanese)
Botucatu (Brazil): Universidade Estadual Paulista, Centro de Estudos de
Venenos e Animais Peconhentos.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
As an option, you may translate all publisher names not in English. Place the name
in square brackets unless it is given in the publication.
publisher.
include distributor information as a note, if desired.

If a journal changed publishers over the years, give the name of the current (or last)
publisher
If more than one publisher is found for a journal, use the first one given or the one
set in the largest type or set in bold
the reference list, such as an American publisher for a US audience and a London
Do not list multiple publishers. For journals with joint or co-publishers, use the
name provided first as the publisher. Include the name of the other publisher(s) as a
note, if desired.
Example:
Neurosurgical Focus [Internet]. Charlottesville (VA): American Association of
Neurological Surgeons. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jul 1996 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available
from: http://www.aans.org/education/journal/neurosurgical/default.asp
Jointly published by the Journal of Neurosurgery.

For journals with joint or co-publishers, use the name provided first as the
publisher found, in order of preference: on the opening screens, the bottom or
closing screens, links from the sidebar, and the source code
Include the name of the other publisher(s) as a note, if desired
Example:

Neurological Surgeons. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jul 1996 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available
from: http://www.aans.org/education/journal/neurosurgical/default.asp
Jointly published by the Journal of Neurosurgery.

If no publisher can be determined, use [publisher unknown]
The International Journal of Forensic Psychology [Internet]. [Australia]:
[publisher unknown]. Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2003 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available
from: http://pandora.nla.gov.au/tep/35811

16. Internet journal title with publisher having subsidiary part
17. Internet journal title with government agency as publisher
18. Internet journal title with joint publishers
19. Internet journal title with publisher name translated
20. Internet journal title with unknown publisher
Volume Number for Journal Titles on the Internet (required)

by the journal


ek

Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow [Internet]. Utrecht (Netherlands): VetScite. No.
1, Jan 2001 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.vetscite.org/.
If no volume number or issue number is present, but the journal uses an article
numbering scheme, precede the date with the name and number used in the
scheme. See Article numbers used for location in Chapter 23A for details.
The Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials [Internet]. London: Chapman &
Hall. Document No. 1, 1992 - Document No. 200-201, 1996 [cited 2007 Mar
20]. Available from: http://firstsearch.oclc.org/
journal=1059-2725;screen=info;ECOIP by subscription only.
Tracking Reports [Internet]. Washington: Center for Studying Health System
Change. Report No. 1, Mar 2002 - [cited 2007 Mar 20]. Available from:
http://www.hschange.com/index.cgi?func=pubs&what=15
If no volume number, issue number, or article number is present, follow the
publisher with the beginning year of publication. Precede the year with the name
and day of the month or season, if provided.
Molecular Systems Biology [Internet]. London: Nature Publishing Group. Mar
2005 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.nature.com/msb/
index.html
Addictions: an International Research Journal [Internet]. Woodbridge (ON):
Vitanova Foundation. 1996 - 2002 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www.vitanova.on.ca/.

22. Internet journal title with standard volume and issue number
23. Internet journal title with volume having another name

24. Internet journal title with volumes viewable for online version different from
print version
25. Internet journal title with volume number and year the same
26. Internet journal title with volume number but no issue
27. Internet journal title with issue number, but no volume
29. Internet journal with article numbering in place of volume and issue
30. Internet journal title with date only, no volume, issue, or article numbers
Issue Number for Journal Titles on the Internet (required)

used by the journal

Options for issues


If no volume number is present, follow the publisher with the issue number:
Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow [Internet]. Utrecht (Netherlands): VetScite. No.
1, Jan 2001 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.vetscite.org/.
Hall. Document no. 1, 1992 - Document no. 200-201, 1996 [cited 2007 Mar
journal=1059-2725;screen=info;ECOIP by subscription only.
index.html

Enformatika: Transactions on Engineering, Computing and Technology
[Internet]. [place unknown]: World Enformatika Society. Vol. 1, 2004 - [cited
2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.enformatika.org/data/.
Hall. Document no. 1, 1992 - Document no. 200-201, 1996 [cited 2007 Mar
journal=1059-2725;screen=info;ECOIP By subscription only.
index.html
Actualites en Bref pour Maladies Infectieuses = Infectious Diseases News Brief
[Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Public Health Agency of Canada. Jan 7, 2000 -
[cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/bid-bmi/
dsd-dsm/nb-ab/index.html ; http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/bid-bmi/dsd-
dsm/nb-ab/index_f.html French, English.
Health Hazards of Smoke [Internet]. Missoula (MT): Forest Service (US),
Missoula Technology & Development Center. Summer 1990 - Spring 2001
[cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS49349

number
European Respiratory Journal [Internet]. Lausanne (Switzerland): European
Respiratory Society. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan 1988 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available
from: http://erj.ersjournals.com/.
or

Respiratory Society. Vol. 1, Jan 1988 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from:
http://erj.ersjournals.com/.

28. Internet journal title with multiple issue numbers
Date of Publication for Journal Titles on the Internet (required)

May 2004
Jan
End beginning date information with a hyphen and three spaces if the journal is
still being published
End beginning date information with a hyphen preceded and followed by a space if
the journal ceased publication. Enter closing volume and issue information
followed by a comma and the closing date. End closing date information with a
space.

Options for dates

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
Example:
International Journal of Human Sciences [Internet]. [Turkey]:
Uluslararas Insan Bilimleri Dergisi. Vol. 1, No. 1, 2002-2004 - [cited
2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://insanbilimleri.com/en/.
Oct 1999
Mar 1, 2002
Jan 1, 2005-Feb 31, 2005
Example:
AIDScience [Internet]. Washington: American Association for the
Advancement of Science. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jun 15, 2001 - Vol. 3, No. 23, Dec
5, 2003 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://aidscience.com/
Backissues.asp
hyphen
Mar-Apr 2005
Dec 1999-Jan 2000
Feb 1-7, 2005
Jan 25-31, 2001
Examples:
Anestesia Pediatrica e Neonatale [Internet]. Foggia (Italy): Anestesia
Pediatrica e Neonatale. Vol. 1, No. 1, Mar-Apr 2003 - [cited 2007 Jan
25]. Available from: http://www.anestesiapediatrica.it
The World Wide Web Journal of Biology [Internet]. Plymouth (MN):
Epress Inc. Vol. 1, Oct 1995-Nov 1996 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available
from: http://www.epress.com/w3jbio/.

Spring-Summer 2004

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
Examples:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

It is not NLM policy, but the following are acceptable options:
months or seasons.
or
Respiratory Society. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1988 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from:
If a journal began with issue number one of a volume or ended with the customary
last issue of a volume, you may omit the issue number
or
Respiratory Society. Vol. 1, Jan 1988 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from:
European Journal of Biochemistry [Internet]. Oxford (UK): Blackwell Science
Ltd. Vol. 259, No. 1-2, Jan 1999 - Vol. 271, No. 23-24, Dec 2004 [cited 2007 Jan
25]. Available from: http://content.febsjournal.org/.
or
European Journal of Biochemistry [Internet]. Oxford (UK): Blackwell Science
Ltd. Vol. 259, Jan 1999 - Vol. 271, Dec 2004 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available
from: http://content.febsjournal.org/.

31. Internet journal title with multiple month(s) or years in date
32. Internet journal title with days of the month included in date
33. Internet journal title with season in date
34. Internet journal title with other division to date than month or season
Date of Citation for Journal Titles on the Internet (required)

Give the date the journal was seen on the Internet
such as Jan
Place citation date information in square brackets

Availability for Journal Titles on the Internet (required)

Give the entire Uniform Resource Locator (URL); do not omit http://, www, or
punctuation

Breaking long URLs
Multiple URLs


The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve the journal,

Example:
Available from: http://www.genomic.unimelb.edu.au/ by using the
Publications link.

If more than one URL can be used to locate a journal:
Give the URL you used in locating the journal
Examples:
Emerging Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (US), National Center for Infectious Diseases. Vol. 3,
No. 1, Jan-Mar 1997 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/index.html ; http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/
LPS2039 Print version from Vol. 1, 1995.
Actualites en Bref pour Maladies Infectieuses = Infectious Diseases News Brief
[Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Public Health Agency of Canada. Jan 7, 2000 -
[cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/bid-bmi/
dsd-dsm/nb-ab/index.html ; http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/bid-bmi/dsd-
dsm/nb-ab/index_f.html English, French.

35. Internet journal title with multiple URLs
Language for Journal Titles on the Internet (required)



the source code
Examples:
Action Against Infection: a Newsletter for WHO and Its Partners
[Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization, CDS Information
Resource Centre. No. 1, Dec 1999 - Vol. 4, No. 5, 2nd Semester 2004
[cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.who.int/infectious-
disease-news/newsletter/. English, French, Spanish.
Alasbimn Journal: Revista de Medicina Nuclear [Internet]. Santiago
(Chile): Universidad de Chile. Year 1, No. 1, Sep 1998 - [cited 2007 Jan
25]. Available from: http://www2.alasbimnjournal.cl/alasbimn/CDA/
CDA_Journal_Index/. Spanish, English.
Canadian journals:
the source code
Example:
Actualites en Bref pour Maladies Infectieuses = Infectious Diseases
News Brief [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Public Health Agency of Canada.
Jan 7, 2000 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.phac-

aspc.gc.ca/bid-bmi/dsd-dsm/nb-ab/index.html ; http://www.phac-
aspc.gc.ca/bid-bmi/dsd-dsm/nb-ab/index_f.html French, English.

Notes for Journal Titles on the Internet (optional)

Notes is a collective term for further useful information about the journal
If a journal was published under another title, provide the name preceded by
"Continues: ", such as Continues: Journal of Contemporary Neurology.
If a journal continues publication under another title, provide the name preceded
by "Continued by: ", such as Continued by: FEBS Journal.

System requirements

journal.
Use the wording as supplied by the publisher; no standardization is needed
Examples:
The World Wide Web Journal of Biology [Internet]. Plymouth (MN): Epress
Inc. Vol. 1, Oct 1995-Nov 1996 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www.epress.com/w3jbio/. System Requirements: This site is best viewed with

Netscape Navigator 3.0 or Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0 or higher.
Shi yong jun xue bao [Internet]. Beijing: Zhongguo xue shu qi kan (guang pan
ban) dian zi za zhi she. Vol. 7, No. 1, 2000 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available
from: http://cjn.lib.hku.hk Chinese. System Requirements: CAJ viewer is
required to view full text.

The name under which a journal was previously published, preceded by.
"Continues: "
The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases
[Internet]. Botucatu (Brazil): Universidade Estadual Paulista. Centro de
Estudos de Venenos e Animais Peconhentos. Vol. 9, No. 1, 2003 - [cited 2007
Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci%5Fserial&
pid=1678-9199&lng=en&nrm=iso Continues: The Journal of Venomous
Animals and Toxins [CD-ROM].
"Continued by: "
Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology [Internet]. Cambridge (MA): MIT
Press. Apr 2000 - Dec 16, 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
bibpurl.oclc.org/web/10279 Continues: Journal of Contemporary Neurology.
Continued by: Neurology, Neurophysiology, and Neuroscience.
If a journal is also available in another format
Problems in General Surgery [Internet]. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Williams &
Wilkins. Vol. 18, No. 1, Mar 2001 - Vol. 20, No. 4, Dec 2003 [cited 2007 Jan
24]. Available from: http://gateway.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&MODE=ovid
&NEWS=n&PAGE=toc&D=ovft&AN=00013452-000000000-00000 The print
version began with Vol. 1 in 1984.
index.html Published on behalf of European Molecular Biology Organization.
The Virtual Mentor: American Medical Association Journal of Ethics

[Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association. Sep 1999 - [cited 2007
Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/
3040.html Monthly.
Medical Education Online [Internet]. [place unknown]: Medical Education
Online. Vol. 1, 1996 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.med-
ed-online.org/. ISSN: 1087-2981.
Eukaryotic Cell [Internet]. Washington: American Society for Microbiology.
Vol. 1, No. 1, Feb 2002 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
ec.asm.org/. Subscription required for latest issues. After one year, articles
available free from: http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/tocrender.fcgi?
journal=86
Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research Newsletter [Internet].
Geneva: Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research. No. 1, Sep 2000 -
[cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.alliance-hpsr.org/jahia/Jahia/
lang/en/pid/20 Also issued in French, Spanish, and Chinese.
PISTES: Perspectives Interdisciplinaires Sur le Travail et la Sante [Internet].
Montreal (QC): IRSST. Vol 1, No 1, Nov 1999 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available
from: http://www.unites.uqam.ca/pistes/ French. IRSST is the Institut de
Recherche Robert-Sauve en Sante et en Securite du Travail.
Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology [Internet]. Cambridge (MA): MIT
Press. Apr 2000 - Dec 16, 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
bibpurl.oclc.org/web/10279 Also called NCN.
Japanese Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine [Internet].
Kanazawa-shi Ishikawa (Japan): Japanese Society for Complementary and
Alternative Medicine. Vol. 1, No. 1, 2004 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available
from: http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/8553 Japanese version has title: Nihon
Hokan Daitai Iryo Gakkaishi.
Examples for Notes

38. Internet journal title with sponsorship note
39. Internet journal title with frequency of publication note

40. Internet journal title with ISSN note
41. Internet journal title with note on the print version
42. Internet journal title with system requirements
43. Internet journal title with examples of other notes
Examples of Citations to Entire Journal Titles on the Internet

European Respiratory Journal [Internet]. Lausanne (Switzerland): European Respiratory
Society. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan 1988 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
erj.ersjournals.com/.
Neurological Surgeons. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jul 1996 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from:
http://www.aans.org/education/journal/neurosurgical/default.asp
Structure and Dynamics: ejournal of Anthropological and Related Sciences [Internet].
Irvine (CA): University of California. Vol. 1, No. 1, 2005 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available
from: http://repositories.cdlib.org/imbs/socdyn/sdeas/.
Access Management Journal [Internet]. Washington: National Association of Healthcare
Access Management. Vol. 28, No. 3, Jun 2003 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from:
https://www.naham.org/custom/journal/backissues.cfm Continues: NAHAM Access
Management Journal.

Actinomycetes [Internet]. Udine (Italy): University of Udine, Mycology Department. Vol.
1, No. 1, 1990 - Vol. 10, No. 1, 2000 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www.bioline.org.br/ac
Graduate Research in Nursing [Internet]. Tucson (AZ): Graduate Research, LLC. Vol. 1,
No. 1, Aug 1999 - Vol. 3, No. 1, Jun 2001 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www.graduateresearch.com/.
Acoustics Research Letters Online [Internet]. Melville (NY): Acoustical Society of
America. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jul 2000 - Vol. 6, No. 4, Oct 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available
from: http://scitation.aip.org/arlo/.
3. Internet journal title with subtitle

The Virtual Mentor: American Medical Association Journal of Ethics [Internet]. Chicago:
American Medical Association. Sep 1999 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/3040.html
AHRQ WebM&M: Morbidity & Mortality Rounds on the Web [Internet]. Rockville (MD:
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). Feb 2003 - [cited 2007 Jan 25].
Available from: http://webmm.ahrq.gov/.
4. Internet journal title with lowercase or capital letters/special characters

eCOMMUNITY: International Journal of Mental Health & Addiction [Internet].
[Morgantown (WV)]: West Virginia University, Department of Behavioral Medicine &
Psychiatry, Professional Advanced Services. Vol. 1, No. 1, Sep 15, 2003 - Vol. 3, No. 2, Nov
21, 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.ijma-journal.com/issues.php
Continued by: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction.
Forest@ [Internet]. [place unknown]: Societa Italiana di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia
Forestale. Vol. 1, No. 1, Oct 2004 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://
www.sisef.it/forest@/index.php Italian, English.
PLoS Clinical Trials [Internet]. Cambridge (UK): Public Library of Science. Vol. 1, No. 1,
Apr 21, 2006 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.plosclinicaltrials.org/.
ACS Chemical Biology [Internet]. Washington: American Chemical Society. Vol. 1, No. 1,
Feb 2006 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://pubs.acs.org/journals/acbcct/
index.html
5. Internet journal title with section or part

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online [Internet]. Chester
(England): International Union of Crystallography. Vol. E57, Pt 1, Jan 1, 2001 - [cited
2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://journals.iucr.org/e/contents/backissues.html
Estimates. Part 3, Report on Plans and Priorities [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Canadian
Institutes of Health Research. 2001-2002 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://dsp-
psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/BT31-2-2002-III-30E.pdf

Physician's Weekly (Surgery Edition) [Internet]. Englishtown (NJ): Physician's Weekly,
LLC. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan 12, 2004 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://
www.physiciansweekly.com/index_se.asp
Parasitology Today (Personal Edition) [Internet]. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers
B.V. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jul 1985 - Vol. 16, No. 12, Dec 2000 [cited 2007 Jan 30]. Available from:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01694758 Continued by: Trends in

Parasitology.

Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Sportmedizin [Internet]. Koln (Germany): Deutscher Arzte-
Verlag. Vol. 49, No. 1, 1998 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.zeitschrift-
sportmedizin.de/zeitschr.htm German. Print publication began in 1978.
PISTES: Perspectives Interdisciplinaires Sur le Travail Et la Sante [Internet]. Montreal
(QC): IRSST. Vol 1, No 1, Nov 1999 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www.unites.uqam.ca/pistes/. French.
Anestesia Pediatrica e Neonatale [Internet]. Foggia (Italy): Anestesia Pediatrica e
Neonatale. Vol. 1, No. 1, Mar-Apr 2003 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www.anestesiapediatrica.it Italian, with some articles in English and Spanish.

Deutsche Zeitschrift fur Sportmedizin [German Journal for Sports Medicine] [Internet].
Koln (Germany): Deutscher Arzte-Verlag. Vol. 49, No. 1, 1998 - [cited 2007 Jan 29].
Available from: http://www.zeitschrift-sportmedizin.de/zeitschr.htm German. Print
publication began in 1978.
PISTES: Perspectives Interdisciplinaires Sur le Travail Et la Sante [PISTES:
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Work and Health] [Internet]. Montreal (QC): IRSST.
Vol. 1, No. 1, Nov 1999 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.unites.uqam.ca/
pistes/. French.
Anestesia Pediatrica e Neonatale [Pediatric and Neonatal Anesthesia] [Internet]. Foggia
(Italy): Anestesia Pediatrica e Neonatale. Vol. 1, No. 1, Mar-Apr 2003 - [cited 2007 Jan
25]. Available from: http://www.anestesiapediatrica.it Italian, with some articles in English
and Spanish.

Action Against Infection: a Newsletter for WHO and Its Partners [Internet]. Geneva:
World Health Organization, CDS Information Resource Centre. No. 1, Dec 1999 - Vol. 4,
No. 5, 2nd Semester 2004 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.who.int/
infectious-disease-news/newsletter/. English, French, Spanish.
Alasbimn Journal: Revista de Medicina Nuclear [Internet]. Santiago (Chile): Universidad
de Chile. Year 1, No. 1, Sep 1998 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www2.alasbimnjournal.cl/alasbimn/CDA/CDA_Journal_Index/. Spanish, English.

Actualites en Bref pour Maladies Infectieuses = Infectious Diseases News Brief [Internet].
Ottawa (ON): Public Health Agency of Canada. Jan 7, 2000 - [cited 2007 Jan 25].
Available from: http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/bid-bmi/dsd-dsm/nb-ab/index.html ; http://
www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/bid-bmi/dsd-dsm/nb-ab/index_f.html French, English.
Pernatyie Khishchniki = Raptors Conservation [Internet]. Novosibirsk (Russia): [Siberian
Environmental Center]. No. 1, 2005 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://
ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/RC Russian, English.
11. Internet journal title with current editor name provided

Neurosurgical Focus [Internet]. John Anthony Jane, editor. Charlottesville (VA):
American Association of Neurological Surgeons. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jul 1996 - [cited 2007 Jan
25]. Available from: http://www.aans.org/education/journal/neurosurgical/default.asp
Visible Human Journal of Endosonography [Internet]. John C. Deutsch, editor. Aurora
(CO): University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Center for Human Simulation. Vol.
1, 2002 - [cited 2007 Mar 2]. Available from: http://www.vhjoe.org/.
12. Internet journal title with well-known place of publication

The amfAR treatment insider [Internet]. New York: American Foundation for AIDS
Research. Vol. 1, No. 1, Feb 2000 - Vol. 5, No. 8, Dec 2004 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available
from: http://web.amfar.org/treatment/TI/insidermenu.asp
Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal = La Revue de Sante de la Mediterranee Orientale
= al-Majallah al-Aihhiyah li-Sharq al-Mutawassit [Internet]. Cairo: World Health
Organization, Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1995 - [cited 2007
Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.emro.who.int/EMHJ.htm English, French, Arabic.
13. Internet journal title with geographic qualifier added to place of

The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases [Internet].
Botucatu (Brazil): Universidade Estadual Paulista, Centro de Estudos de Venenos e
Animais Peconhentos. Vol. 9, No. 1, 2003 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci%5Fserial&pid=1678-9199&lng=en&nrm=iso
Continues: The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins [CD-ROM].
The Internet Journal of Anesthesiology [Internet]. Sugar Land (TX): Internet Scientific
Publications. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan-Mar 1997 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www.ispub.com/journals/ija.htm
Journal of Pediatric Neurosciences [Internet]. Mumbai (India): Medknow Publications.
Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan 2006 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www.pediatricneurosciences.com/.
14. Internet journal title with place of publication inferred

NCI Cancer Bulletin [Internet]. [Bethesda (MD)]: National Cancer Institute (US). Vol. 1,
No. 1, Jan 6, 2004 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://cancer.gov/
ncicancerbulletin
Nurse-zine [Internet]. [Minneapolis (MN)]: allnurses.com. Vol. 1, No. 1, Aug 29, 1997 -
[cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://allnurses.com/Nurse-zine/.
RHP&EO [Internet]. [France]: International Union for Health Promotion and Education.
2000 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.rhpeo.org/.
Advances in Disease Surveillance [Internet]. [Boston]: International Society for Disease
Surveillance. Vol. 1, 2006 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www.isdsjournal.org/.
15. Internet journal title with unknown place of publication

Thoracic Surgical Science [Internet]. [place unknown]: GMS. Vol. 1, 2004 - [cited 2007
Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.egms.de/en/journals/tss/index.shtml
Medical Education Online [Internet]. [place unknown]: Medical Education Online. Vol. 1,
1996 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.med-ed-online.org/.
16. Internet journal title with publisher having subsidiary part

WHO Policy Perspectives on Medicine [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization,
Essential Drugs and Medicines Policy Department. No. 1, Dec 2000 - [cited 2007 Jan 25].
Available from: http://www.who.int/medicines/publications/policyperspectives/en/.
The Journal of Philosophy, Science & Law [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): Georgia Institute of
Technology, School of Public Policy. Vol. 1, Nov 1, 2001 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available
from: http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/10599
17. Internet journal title with government agency as publisher

Amber Waves: the Economics of Food, Farming, Natural Resources, and Rural America
[Internet]. Washington: Department of Agriculture (US), Economic Research Service.
Vol. 1, No. 1, Feb 2003 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS27344
Preventing Chronic Disease [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (US), National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.
Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan 2004 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/pcd
18. Internet journal title with joint publishers

Neurological Surgeons. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jul 1996 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from:
http://www.aans.org/education/journal/neurosurgical/default.asp Jointly published by the

Journal of Neurosurgery.
19. Internet journal title with publisher name translated

Pernatyie Khishchniki = Raptors Conservation [Internet]. Novosibirsk (Russia): [Siberian
Environmental Center]. No. 1, 2005 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://
ecoclub.nsu.ru/raptors/RC Russian, English.
20. Internet journal title with unknown publisher

The International Journal of Forensic Psychology [Internet]. [Australia]: [publisher
unknown]. Vol. 1, No. 1, May 2003 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
pandora.nla.gov.au/tep/35811
Haptics-e: the Electronic Journal of Haptics [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher
unknown]. Vol. 1, No. 1, Oct. 7, 1999 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www.haptics-e.org/.
Journal of Pediatric Neurosciences [Internet]. Mumbai (India): Medknow Publications.
Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan 2006 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www.pediatricneurosciences.com/.
23. Internet journal title with volume having another name

Alasbimn Journal: Revista de Medicina Nuclear [Internet]. Santiago (Chile): Universidad
de Chile. Year 1, No. 1, Sep 1998 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www2.alasbimnjournal.cl/alasbimn/CDA/CDA_Journal_Index/. Spanish, English.
Digest of Neurology and Psychiatry: Abstracts and Reviews of Selected Literature in
Psychiatry, Neurology, and their Allied Fields [Internet]. Hartford (CT): Hartford
Hospital, Institute of Living. Series 69, Winter 2001 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from:
http://www.instituteofliving.org/Education/Digest/digest.htm Print available from Series
12, Nov 1944.
24. Internet journal title with volumes viewable for online version different
from print version
American Journal of Kidney Diseases: the Official Journal of the National Kidney
Foundation [Internet]. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. Vol. 31, No. 1, Jan 1998 - [cited 2007
Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.ajkd.org/issues Print version from Vol. 1, 1981.
European Journal of Biochemistry [Internet]. Oxford (UK): Blackwell Science Ltd. Vol.
259, No. 1-2, Jan 1999 - Vol. 271, No. 23-24, Dec 2004 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from:
http://content.febsjournal.org/. Print version began with Vol. 1, 1967.
25. Internet journal title with volume number and year the same
Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology [Internet]. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press. Vol.
2000, Apr 2000 - Vol. 2005, Dec 16, 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
bibpurl.oclc.org/web/10279 Continues: Journal of Contemporary Neurology. Continued
by: Neurology, Neurophysiology, and Neuroscience.

Enformatika: Transactions on Engineering, Computing and Technology [Internet]. [place
unknown]: World Enformatika Society. Vol. 1, 2004 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from:
http://www.enformatika.org/data/.

Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow [Internet]. Utrecht (Netherlands): VetScite. No. 1, Jan 2001
- [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.vetscite.org/.
Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research Newsletter [Internet]. Geneva: Alliance
for Health Policy and Systems Research. No. 1, Sep 2000 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available
from: http://www.alliance-hpsr.org/jahia/Jahia/lang/en/pid/20
28. Internet journal title with multiple issue numbers

http://content.febsjournal.org/.
Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence [Internet]. Linkoping (Sweden):
Linkopings Universitet, Institutionen for Datavetenskap. Vol. 1, No. 1-3, Jan-Sep 1997 -
Vol. 5, No. B2, 2001 [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.ida.liu.se/ext/etai/.
The Online Journal of Current Clinical Trials [Internet]. London: Chapman & Hall.
Document No. 1, 1992 - Document No. 200-201, 1996 [cited 2007 Mar 20]. Available
from: http://firstsearch.oclc.org/journal=1059-2725;screen=info;ECOIP By subscription
only.
Tracking Reports [Internet]. Washington: Center for Studying Health System Change.
Report No. 1, Mar 2002 - [cited 2007 Mar 20]. Available from: http://
www.hschange.com/index.cgi?func=pubs&what=15
30. Internet journal title with date only, no volume, issue, or article
numbers
Molecular Systems Biology [Internet]. London: Nature Publishing Group. Mar 2005 -
[cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html
Health Hazards of Smoke [Internet]. Missoula (MT): Forest Service (US), Missoula
Technology & Development Center. Summer 1990 - Spring 2001 [cited 2007 Jan 25].
Available from: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS49349
Addictions: an International Research Journal [Internet]. Woodbridge (ON): Vitanova
Foundation. 1996 - 2002 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.vitanova.on.ca/.
Estimates. Part 3, Report on Plans and Priorities [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Canadian
Institutes of Health Research. 2001-2002 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://dsp-
psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/BT31-2-2002-III-30E.pdf
31. Internet journal title with multiple month(s) or years in date

AAPS PharmSci [Internet]. Alexandria (VA): American Association of Pharmaceutical
Scientists. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jan-Mar 1999 - Vol. 6, No. 2, 2004 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available
from: http://www.aapsj.org/.
The World Wide Web Journal of Biology [Internet]. Plymouth (MN): Epress Inc. Vol. 1,
Oct 1995-Nov 1996 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.epress.com/
w3jbio/.
International Journal of Human Sciences [Internet]. [Turkey]: Uluslararas Insan
Bilimleri Dergisi. Vol. 1, No. 1, 2002-2004 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
insanbilimleri.com/en/.
32. Internet journal title with days of the month included in date
PLoS Clinical Trials [Internet]. Cambridge (UK): Public Library of Science. Vol. 1, No. 1,
Apr 21, 2006 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.plosclinicaltrials.org/.
AIDScience [Internet]. Washington: American Association for the Advancement of
Science. Vol. 1, No. 1, Jun 15, 2001 - Vol. 3, No. 23, Dec 5, 2003 [cited 2007 Jan 25].
Available from: http://aidscience.com/Backissues.asp
33. Internet journal title with season in date

The Journal of Genetic Genealogy [Internet]. [place unknown]: Journal of Genetic
Genealogy. Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring 2005 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www.jogg.info/.
Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics [Internet]. Louisville (KY): Multimed Inc.
Vol. 1, No. 1, Winter 2000 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.jacmp.org/.
Health Hazards of Smoke [Internet]. Missoula (MT): Forest Service (US), Missoula
Technology & Development Center. Summer 1990 - Spring 2001 [cited 2007 Jan 25].
Available from: http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS49349
34. Internet journal title with other division to date than month or season
Action Against Infection: a Newsletter for WHO and Its Partners [Internet]. Geneva:
World Health Organization, CDS Information Resource Centre. No. 1, Dec 1999 - Vol. 4,
No. 5, 2nd Semester 2004 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.who.int/
infectious-disease-news/newsletter/. English, French, Spanish.
35. Internet journal title with multiple URLs

Emerging Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (US), National Center for Infectious Diseases. Vol. 3, No. 1, Jan-Mar 1997 -
[cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/index.html ; http://
purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS2039 Print version from Vol. 1, 1995.
African Journal of Biotechnology [Internet]. Nairobi (Kenya): Academic Journals. Vol. 1,
No.1, Nov 2002 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/6038 ;
http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/6018 ; http://www.ajol.info/journal_index.php?
jid=82&ab=ajb ; http://www.bioline.org.br/jb/.

The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins Including Tropical Diseases [Internet].
Botucatu (Brazil): Universidade Estadual Paulista, Centro de Estudos de Venenos e
Animais Peconhentos. Vol. 9, No. 1, 2003 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci%5Fserial&pid=1678-9199&lng=en&nrm=iso
Continues: The Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins [CD-ROM].
Access Management Journal [Internet]. Washington: National Association of Healthcare
Access Management. Vol. 28, No. 3, Jun 2003 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from:
https://www.naham.org/custom/journal/backissues.cfm Continues: NAHAM Access

Management Journal.
Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology [Internet]. Cambridge (MA): MIT Press. Apr
2000 - Dec 16, 2005 [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/10279
Continues: Journal of Contemporary Neurology. Continued by: Neurology,
Neurophysiology, and Neuroscience.

Continues: Journal of Contemporary Neurology. Continued by: Neurology,
Neurophysiology, and Neuroscience.
http://content.febsjournal.org/. Print version began in 1967. Continues: Biochemische
Zeitschrift. Continued by: FEBS Journal.
38. Internet journal title with sponsorship note

Sleep Research Online [Internet]. Los Angeles: WebSciences. Vol. 1, No. 1, 1998 - [cited
2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.sro.org/. Published on behalf of the World
Federation of Sleep Research Societies.
Molecular Systems Biology [Internet]. London: Nature Publishing Group. Mar 2005 -
[cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.nature.com/msb/index.html Published
on behalf of European Molecular Biology Organization.
39. Internet journal title with frequency of publication note

The Virtual Mentor: American Medical Association Journal of Ethics [Internet]. Chicago:
American Medical Association. Sep 1999 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/3040.html Monthly.
Homeopathy Online: a Journal of Homeopathic Medicine [Internet]. [place unknown]:
Homeopathy Mailing List. Vol. 1, No. 1, Mar-Apr 1996 - No. 6, 2000 [cited 2007 Jan 25].
Available from: http://www.lyghtforce.com/HomeopathyOnline/. Irregular.
40. Internet journal title with ISSN note

Medical Education Online [Internet]. [place unknown]: Medical Education Online. Vol. 1,
1996 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.med-ed-online.org/. ISSN:
1087-2981.
41. Internet journal title with note on the print version

Problems in General Surgery [Internet]. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Williams & Wilkins.
Vol. 18, No. 1, Mar 2001 - Vol. 20, No. 4, Dec 2003 [cited 2007 Jan 24]. Available from:
http://gateway.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?
T=JS&MODE=ovid&NEWS=n&PAGE=toc&D=ovft&AN=00013452-000000000-00000
The print version began with Vol. 1 in 1984.
42. Internet journal title with system requirements

The World Wide Web Journal of Biology [Internet]. Plymouth (MN): Epress Inc. Vol. 1,
Oct 1995-Nov 1996 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://www.epress.com/
w3jbio/. System Requirements: This site is best viewed with Netscape Navigator 3.0 or
Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0 or higher.
Shi yong jun xue bao [Internet]. Beijing: Zhongguo xue shu qi kan (guang pan ban) dian
zi za zhi she. Vol. 7, No. 1, 2000 - [cited 2007 Jan 29]. Available from: http://
cjn.lib.hku.hk Chinese. System Requirements: CAJ viewer is required to view full text.
43. Internet journal title with examples of other notes

Eukaryotic Cell [Internet]. Washington: American Society for Microbiology. Vol. 1, No. 1,
Feb 2002 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://ec.asm.org/. Subscription required
for latest issues. After one year, articles available free from: http://
www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/tocrender.fcgi?journal=86
Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research Newsletter [Internet]. Geneva: Alliance
for Health Policy and Systems Research. No. 1, Sep 2000 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available
from: http://www.alliance-hpsr.org/jahia/Jahia/lang/en/pid/20 Also issued in French,
Spanish, and Chinese.
PISTES: Perspectives Interdisciplinaires Sur le Travail Et la Sante [Internet]. Montreal
(QC): IRSST. Vol 1, No 1, Nov 1999 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://
www.unites.uqam.ca/pistes/. French. IRSST is the Institut de Recherche Robert-Sauve en
Sante et en Securite du Travail.
Also called NCN.
Japanese Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine [Internet]. Kanazawa-shi
Ishikawa (Japan): Japanese Society for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. Vol. 1,
No. 1, 2004 - [cited 2007 Jan 25]. Available from: http://bibpurl.oclc.org/web/8553
Japanese version has title: Nihon Hokan Daitai Iryo Gakkaishi.
1623
Chapter 24. Databases/Retrieval Systems on the

Internet
A. Entire Databases/Retrieval Systems on the Internet

Examples
B. Parts of Databases on the Internet
Examples
C. Contributions to Databases on the Internet
Examples
See also:
Chapter 20 Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Entire Databases/

Retrieval Systems on the Internet
The general format for a reference to a database/retrieval system on the Internet,
- for a serial database that is open:
- for a serial database that is closed:

- for a single database:
- for a retrieval system:
Examples of Citations to Entire Databases/Retrieval Systems on the Internet

A database is a collection of individual records that are most often standardized in both
format and content. Database records are usually related by a common denominator such
as subject matter or the source of the material in them. Text-oriented databases are
generally bibliographic or full-text, where each record has a bibliographic citation to a
Databases/Retrieval Systems on the Internet 1625
publication or the complete text of a document. Number-oriented databases cover many

types, including statistical, time series, and transactional.
There are two broad categories of databases found on the Internet: serial and single. Their
publication pattern differentiates them.
Serial databases contain records or other entries that have been collected over a period of
time, with new or updated versions issued at stated intervals. Serial databases are either
open or closed. Open databases continue to add new records and to update existing
records. Closed databases add no records nor update existing ones.
To cite an open serial database, give the beginning date of the database followed by
a hyphen, 3 spaces, and a period.
To cite a closed serial database, give the beginning and ending dates, separated by a
hyphen. End date information with a period.
The second broad category is single databases. These are collections of records published
only once, usually with no intent to update or add records, although minor corrections/
changes may be made.
To cite a single database, give the one date of publication as you would for a
standard book.
If you are unsure whether a database is a serial or single one, cite it as a single.
A retrieval system is "An online or Internet based system which provides access to the
contents of multiple databases or files, usually with a common search mechanism or
command language across the databases or files" (NISO Z39.29). Examples include the
NLM Entrez system, OVID, and DIALOG.
System providers may allow users to select an individual database for access or to select all
or subsets of all of the databases to be searched in one operation. Updates and revisions to
Internet retrieval systems may be labeled as new versions, releases, or editions. This is
particularly true of commercial systems which carry copyright dates, but may not be true
for government-sponsored or other noncommercial systems. Citations to databases and
retrieval systems have been combined in this chapter because they are cited the same way.
For all types of databases and retrieval systems on the Internet, reproduce the title for
citation purposes as closely as possible to the wording that appears on the screen,
duplicating capitalization, spacing, and punctuation. This may include all capital letters or
all lower case letters, capital letters within words, run-together words, and symbols. Some
examples are: bioProtocol, GReTA, and PDQ.
Databases frequently change titles and publishers over time. When citing a database,
always provide information on the latest title and publisher unless you are citing an earlier
version.
Look to the opening screen(s), the bottom or closing screens, sidebar, and the source code
(viewable through the Web browser), in that order, for authoritative information to use in
citing a database or retrieval system.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Databases/Retrieval Systems on the
Internet.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Entire Databases/Retrieval Systems on the Internet.
Citation Rules with Examples for Entire Databases/Retrieval

Systems on the Internet
it is optional.
(R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of Update/Revision (R) | Date of
Citation (R) | Availability (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author/Editor for Databases/Retrieval Systems on the Internet (required)

If there are no authors or editors, as is often the case, see No author can be found
below

and the specific role, that is, editor(s) or translator(s).
Rotchford JK, editor. Acubriefs.com [Internet]. Port Townsend (WA): Best of
Both Worlds Foundation. [date unknown] - [modified 2006 Jul; cited 2007
Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.acubriefs.com/.
translators are given, begin the reference with the title of the database/retrieval
system. Do not use anonymous.
Rat Atlas [Internet]. Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles,
Laboratory of Neuro Imaging. c2007 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from:
http://www.loni.ucla.edu/Atlases/Atlas_Detail.jsp?atlas_id=1

Determining the author if there is no standard title page
Other surname rules
Box 1. Determining the author if there is no standard title page.

Some databases/retrieval systems on the Internet do not display a traditional title page
that clearly states the names of the authors. When there is no title page:
screen of the site
organizations
Do not assume that a name in a copyright statement, such as "copyright 1997 by
John A. Smith", is the author
use that individual's name as the publisher
Many sites will display an organization's name rather than a person's name. Place
the organization in the publisher position when the organization appears to be
serving as both author and publisher.


in the site for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe


letter


Examples:

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

If not translated, ignore diacritics, accents, and special characters in names. This
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor

If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on the opening
screens of a database/retrieval system as authors, use the names of the individuals
as the author. Give the organization at the end of the reference as a note, if desired.
For example:
Authors are members of the Washington Genetics Database Team.

brackets.
or
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe


1. Standard citation to an open serial database on the Internet
2. Standard citation to a closed serial database on the Internet
3. Standard citation to a single database on the Internet
4. Standard citation to a retrieval system on the Internet
5. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with an individual(s) as author
6. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with optional full names for author
7. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with an organization as author
8. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with editors where there is no author
9. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with no authors or editors
Author Affiliation for Databases/Retrieval Systems on the Internet

(optional)


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society


a space
Example:


Spain).
Kubo A, Ishida T.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

10. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with author affiliation
Title for Databases/Retrieval Systems on the Internet (required)

Reproduce the title of a database/retrieval system as closely as possible to the
wording that appears on the screen, duplicating capitalization, spacing, and
punctuation
already present
in square brackets

Determining the title if there is no standard title page
Box 16. Determining the title if there is no standard title page.

While many databases/retrieval systems on the Internet display a traditional title page and
clearly state the title, some sites do not. When there is no title page:
Look for the most prominent (usually the largest) wording on the opening screen
Look for the title in the source code of the database/retrieval system if it is displayed
by the Web browser

Swedish, etc.)
Sistema Informativo Sanitario [Internet]. Rome: Ministero della Salute,
Direzione General del Sistema Informativo e Statistico. 1997 - [cited 2007
Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.ministerosalute.it/servizio/datisis.jsp
Italian.
TSitokhrom Baza Dannykh [Internet].
Zhong yi yao jie du wen xian zi liao ku [Internet].
or
[Database on Chinese Medicine for Drug Addiction] [Internet].
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Reproduce the title as closely as possible to the wording that appears on the screen,
duplicating capitalization, spacing, and punctuation
Sistema Informativo Sanitario [Health Information System] [Internet]. Rome:
Ministero della Salute, Direzione General del Sistema Informativo e Statistico.
1997 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.ministerosalute.it/
servizio/datisis.jsp Italian.

If a database/retrieval system title is written in several languages:
List all languages of publication after the availability statement
Example:
ORPHANET: Maladies Rares Medicaments Orphelins [Internet]. Paris:

INSERM. 1997 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
www.orpha.net/. French, German, Spanish, English, Italian, Portuguese.
If a database/retrieval system has equal text in two or more languages, as often
List the particular languages, separated by commas, after the availability
statement
Example:
Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance On-line = Surveillance des
Maladies Cardio-vasculaires en Direct [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Public
Health Agency of Canada. [1950] - [updated 2002 Jul 30; cited 2007
Feb 1]. Available from: http://dsol-smed.phac-aspc.gc.ca/dsol-
smed/cvd/index%5Fe.html English, French.

Most titles end in a period. Place [Internet] inside period.
Is Your Doctor Certified? [Internet]. Evanston (IL): American Board of
Medical Specialties. c2006 - [updated 2006 Mar 17; cited 2007 Jan 31].
Available from: http://www.abms.org/newsearch.asp
character.
Reproduce the title of a database/retrieval system as closely as possible to the
wording that appears on the screen, duplicating capitalization, spacing, and
punctuation
arXiv.org e-Print archive
CD40Lbase: Mutation registry for X-linked Hyper-IgM syndrome
dbGaP
HbVar
eSkeletons Project
NCI DIS 3D Database
von Willebrand Disease Database
ERGO
PDQ: NCI's Comprehensive Cancer Database
becomes omega.
Database of -Amino Acids
may become
Database of Beta-Amino Acids
TiO2 Nanoparticles
may become
TiO(2) Nanoparticles

Under rare circumstances a database does not appear to have any title; the database
simply begins with the records in it. In this unusual circumstance:
Construct a title based on the content of the records

Examples for Title

11. Database/retrieval system on the Internet title with subtitle
12. Database/retrieval system on the Internet title with sections
13. Database/retrieval system on the Internet title with upper/lowercase letters and
symbols
14. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with title ending in other than a period
15. Database/retrieval system on the Internet in a language other than English
16. Database/retrieval system on the Internet in multiple languages
17. Database/retrieval system on the Internet published with equal text in two
languages
Content Type for Databases/Retrieval Systems on the Internet (optional)

database or retrieval system
Enter the words "database on" or "retrieval system on"
End the content type with a space


of medium.
Rat Atlas [database on the Internet]. Los Angeles: University of California, Los
Angeles, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging. c2007 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available
from: http://www.loni.ucla.edu/Atlases/Atlas_Detail.jsp?atlas_id=1
Is Your Doctor Certified? [database on the Internet]. Evanston (IL): American
Board of Medical Specialties. c2006 - [updated 2006 Mar 17; cited 2007 Jan
31]. Available from: http://www.abms.org/newsearch.asp

If a translation of a title is provided, put it in square brackets
Place the content type and type of medium (Internet) in square brackets after the
translation
Sistema Informativo Sanitario [Health Information System] [database on the
Internet]. Rome: Ministero della Salute, Direzione General del Sistema
Informativo e Statistico. 1997 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
www.ministerosalute.it/servizio/datisis.jsp Italian.

Type of Medium for Databases/Retrieval Systems on the Internet

(required)
Place the word Internet in square brackets following the title (and Content Type, if
present)
End with a period, placed outside the closing bracket
Add location information (the URL, etc.) according to the instructions under
Availability below
See Chapter 20 for databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk


Give the content type (database or retrieval system) and the word "on" before the
type of medium (Internet) in the same square brackets
EARSS: the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System [database
on the Internet]. Bilthoven (Netherlands): RIVM. 2001 - 2005 [cited 2007 Feb
1]. Available from: http://www.rivm.nl/earss/.
DialogWeb [retrieval system on the Internet]. Version 2.5. Cary (NC): The
Dialog Corporation. c1997 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
www.dialogweb.com/.

Is Your Doctor Certified? [Internet]. Evanston (IL): American Board of
Medical Specialties. c2006 - [updated 2006 Mar 17; cited 2007 Jan 31].
Available from: http://www.abms.org/newsearch.asp

If a translation of a title is provided, give the translation in square brackets after the
End with a period
Example:
Sistema Informativo Sanitario [Health Information System] [Internet]. Rome:
Ministero della Salute, Direzione General del Sistema Informativo e Statistico.
1997 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.ministerosalute.it/
servizio/datisis.jsp Italian.

14. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with title ending in other than a period
Edition for Databases/Retrieval Systems on the Internet (required)

Indicate the edition/version being cited after the Type of Medium when a database/
retrieval system is published in more than one edition or version
adjectives
Express words and numbers representing editions in arabic ordinals. For example:
second becomes 2nd and III becomes 3rd.

Word Abbreviation
edition ed.
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.

Word Abbreviation
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.
translated
period
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.
version
release
update
level

First editions

familiar one
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
period
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
familiar one
period
Examples:
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.

Japanese:
Examples:
becomes o
becomes u
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-p'an.

Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

If a database/retrieval system on the Internet provides information for both an edition
and a version:
Separate the two statements with a semicolon and a space
Examples:
2nd ed.; Version 2.0.
Version 3.0; Student ed.

If a database/retrieval system does not carry an edition statement, assume it is the
first or only edition

18. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with an edition or version
Editor and other Secondary Authors for Databases/Retrieval Systems on

the Internet (optional)
statement


A database/retrieval system may have several types of secondary author.
List all of them in the order they are given on the opening screens
Examples:

illustrators.

Example:

always be used.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Language Word for Editor Translator Producer Illustrator
French redacteur traducteur producteur illustrateur
editeur
German redakteur ubersetzer produzent illustrator
herausgeber dolmetscher produzentin
Italian redattore traduttore produttore disegnatore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor perevodchik rezhisser konstruktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor traductor productor ilustrador
editor productora

organization name
editor.
ADICAP; ICG Memoire Directe, producers.

8. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with editors where there is no author
Place of Publication for Databases/Retrieval Systems on the Internet

(required)
Place is defined as the city where the database/retrieval system is published

Non-US cities
Joint publication
When databases/retrieval systems on the Internet do not display a traditional title page
that clearly states the place of publication:
screen of the site
Look in the source code for the database/retrieval system if it is displayed by the
Web browser
example, Chicago as the place of publication of a database/retrieval system
issued by the American Medical Association.
Cohen BA, Lehmann CU. dermatlas.org: Dermatology Image Atlas

[Internet]. [Baltimore (MD)]: Johns Hopkins University. c2000 -
[updated 2007 Jan 29; cited 2007 Feb 2]. Available from: http://
dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/derm/.
Pfam [Internet]. Version 21.0. [place unknown]: Wellcome Trust Sanger
Institute. [date unknown] - [updated Nov 2006; cited 2007 Feb 1].
Available from: http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Software/Pfam/.

be used.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but
Canada

Two or more organizations may co-publish a database/retrieval system.
Use the city of the first organization found on the opening screens (or on "contact
us" or other links if no place information appears on the opening screens), as the
place of publication
desired
WormBase: the Biology and Genome of C. elegans [Internet]. Release WS170.
[Pasadena (CA)]: California Institute of Technology. c1999 - [updated 2007
Jan 19; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.wormbase.org/. Jointly
published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Washington University at St.
Louis, and The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.


If no place of publication can be found on the opening screens or elsewhere on the
site but the place can be reasonably inferred (e.g., Chicago as the place for a
such as "[Chicago]"
Cohen BA, Lehmann CU. dermatlas.org: Dermatology Image Atlas [Internet].
[Baltimore (MD)]: Johns Hopkins University. c2000 - [updated 2007 Jan 29;
cited 2007 Feb 2]. Available from: http://dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/derm/.
Pfam [Internet]. Version 21.0. [place unknown]: Wellcome Trust Sanger
Institute. [date unknown] - [updated Nov 2006; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available
from: http://www.sanger.ac.uk/Software/Pfam/.

19. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with well known place of publication
20. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with geographic qualifier added to
21. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with place of publication inferred
22. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with unknown place of publication
Publisher for Databases/Retrieval Systems on the Internet (required)

A publisher is defined as the individual or organization issuing the database/
retrieval system
Division.
End publisher information with a period for serial databases and retrieval systems
and a semicolon for single databases

Joint publication
Multiple publishers

that clearly states the name of the publisher:
screen of the site
Chemical Society
link
Look in the source code for the database/retrieval system if it is displayed by the
Web browser

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society

original language
Rome: Societa Editrice Universo
Lisbon: Imprensa Medica
Sofia (Bulgaria): Sofia Medizina i Fizkultura

Tokyo: Medikaru Rebyusha
Institute]
Taiyuan (China): Shanxi ke xue ji she chu ban she
are capitalized.]
y Documentacion Lopez Pinero
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Aarhus (Denmark): Aarhus-Universitetsforlag [Aarhus University Press]
publication.
Aarhus (Denmark): [Aarhus University Press]
publisher.
Information Service (NTIS). Designate the agency that issued the database/retrieval
system as the publisher; include distributor information as a note, if desired.

Two or more organizations may co-publish a database/retrieval system.
Use the name of the first organization found on the opening screens (or on "contact
us" or other links if no publisher information appears on the opening screens), as
the publisher
desired
Example:

If more than one publisher is found on the opening screens, use the first one given
or the one set in the largest type or bold type
a note if desired.

Hong Kong: [publisher unknown]. 2000.

23. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with publisher having subsidiary
division
24. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with government agency or other
national body as publisher
25. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with joint publication
Date of Publication for Databases/Retrieval Systems on the Internet

(required)
such as Jan
For an open serial database or retrieval system, give the beginning date of the
database/system followed by a hyphen and 3 spaces
For a closed serial database/system, give the beginning and ending dates, separated
by a hyphen with a space before and after
If the beginning (and ending) date are not provided, see No date is provided below
For a single database, give the date as you would for a book
End date information for all types with a space
Box 53. No date is provided.

If the date(s) of coverage cannot be determined but the date of the earliest (and
latest if closed) records in the database can be determined, place date information
in square brackets
REHABDATA [Internet]. Lanham (MD): National Institute on Disability and
Rehabilitation Research (US), National Rehabilitation Information Center.
[1956] - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from http://www.naric.com/research/
rehab/default.cfm
If the neither the date(s) of coverage nor the dates of the records in the database can
be determined but the database contains a copyright date or date range, (for
example: copyright 2006 by the American Chemical Society, 2003-2007
American Medical Association, c2006 Medical College of Wisconsin), use that date
preceded by "c", as c2007.
bioProtocol: a Bio Online Site [Internet]. Emeryville (CA): Bio.Com. c1992 -
[cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://bioprotocol.bio.com/
protocolstools/index.jhtml
be determined nor is there a copyright date or date range, but the date can be
estimated because of information found elsewhere, follow the date(s) with a
question mark and place date information in square brackets
Nederlands Trialregister [Internet]. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Dutch

Cochrane Centre. [2005?] - [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://
www.trialregister.nl/. Dutch.
The Digital Database for Screening Mammography [Internet]. Tampa (FL):
University of South Florida. [1999 - 2000?] [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from:
http://marathon.csee.usf.edu/Mammography/Database.html
If none of the above can be found, use "date unknown" in square brackets
Prevention Communication Research Database [Internet]. Rockville (MD):
Department of Health and Human Services (US), Office of Disease Prevention
and Health Promotion. [date unknown] - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from:
http://www.health.gov/communication/default.asp

Locating the date of publication if there is no standard title page
No date is provided
Box 47. Locating the date of publication if there is no standard title page.
that clearly states the dates of coverage, i.e. the date the database began (and closed):
Look for a link titled "About", "History", etc., at the top or on the sidebar of the first
screen
If the date(s) of coverage cannot be determined but the date of the earliest (and
latest if closed) records in the database can be determined, place date information
in square brackets
Rehabilitation Research (US), National Rehabilitation Information Center.
[1956] - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from http://www.naric.com/research/
rehab/default.cfm
be determined but the database contains a copyright date or date range, (for
example: copyright 2006 by the American Chemical Society, 2003-2007
American Medical Association, c2006 Medical College of Wisconsin), use that date
preceded by "c", as c2007.
bioProtocol: a Bio Online Site [Internet]. Emeryville (CA): Bio.Com. c1992 -
[cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://bioprotocol.bio.com/
protocolstools/index.jhtml
be determined nor is there a copyright date or date range, but the date can be
estimated because of information found elsewhere, follow the date(s) with a
The Digital Database for Screening Mammography [Internet]. Tampa (FL):
University of South Florida. [1999 - 2000?] [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from:
http://marathon.csee.usf.edu/Mammography/Database.html
If none of the above can be found, use "date unknown" in square brackets
Prevention Communication Research Database [Internet]. Rockville (MD):
Department of Health and Human Services (US), Office of Disease Prevention
and Health Promotion. [date unknown] - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from:
http://www.health.gov/communication/default.asp

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan
names of seasons.

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring


This convention alerts a user that the information is older than the date of publication
implies.

preceding the date. If no date(s) of publication can be found, but the publication
example c2005.
Biozon [Internet]. Release 2.4. Ithaca (NY): Cornell University. c2005 -
[updated 2006 Aug; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
www.biozon.org/.
ProQolid: Patient-Reported Outcome and Quality of Life Instruments
Database [Internet]. Lyon (France): Mapi Research Institute. c2001 -
[updated 2005 Nov; cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from: http://
www.proqolid.org/.
DocFinder [Internet]. [place unknown]: Administrators in Medicine. c1997 -
c2005 [cited 2007 Feb 2]. Available from: http://www.docboard.org/
docfinder.html

It is not NLM policy, but the date of publication may follow the author names (or title and
type of medium if there are no authors) in the list of references when the name-year
system of in-text references is used.
Keep the hyphen following the date when the database is open
Include both the beginning and ending years if a database is closed
Place the year(s) or [date unknown] after the last named author (or after the title
and type of medium if there is no author)

End the publisher name with a period
Leave any date of update/revision and the date of citation in their usual locations
NLM citation:
Jablonski S. Online Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation
(MCA/MR) Syndromes [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of
Medicine (US), Medical Subject Headings Section; 2001 Apr [updated 2001
Nov 20; cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive//2
0061212/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html
Online Archive of American Folk Medicine [Internet]. Los Angeles: Regents
of the University of California. 1996 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from:
http://www.folkmed.ucla.edu/.
EARSS: the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System
[Internet]. Bilthoven (Netherlands): RIVM. 2001 - 2005 [cited 2007 Feb 1].
Available from: http://www.rivm.nl/earss/.
Database of Human Disease Causing Gene Homologues in Dictyostelium
Discoideum [Internet]. San Diego (CA): San Diego Supercomputer Center;
2003 [modified 2003 Mar 30; cited 2007 Feb 2]. Available from: http://
dictyworkbench.sdsc.edu/HDGDD/.
DialogWeb [Internet]. Version 2.5. Cary (NC): The Dialog Corporation. c1997
- [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.dialogweb.com/.
Subscription required.
Blaxter M. BaNG: Nematode and Neglected Genomics [Internet]. Version
2.03. Edinburgh (UK): University of Edinburgh, Institute of Evolutionary
Biology. [date unknown] - [updated 2006 Jun 22; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available
from: http://www.nematodes.org/.
Jablonski S. 2001. Online Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation
(MCA/MR) Syndromes [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of
Medicine (US), Medical Subject Headings Section. [updated 2001 Nov 20;
cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive//20061212
/mesh/jablonski/syndrome_db.html
Online Archive of American Folk Medicine [Internet]. 1996 - . Los Angeles:

Regents of the University of California. [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from:
http://www.folkmed.ucla.edu/.
[Internet]. 2001 - 2005. Bilthoven (Netherlands): RIVM. [cited 2007 Feb 1].
Available from: http://www.rivm.nl/earss/.
Discoideum [Internet]. 2003. San Diego (CA): San Diego Supercomputer
Center. [modified 2003 Mar 30; cited 2007 Feb 2]. Available from: http://
DialogWeb [Internet]. c1997 - . Version 2.5. Cary (NC): The Dialog
Corporation. [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.dialogweb.com/.
Subscription required.
Blaxter M. [date unknown] - . BaNG: Nematode and Neglected Genomics
[Internet]. Version 2.03. Edinburgh (UK): University of Edinburgh, Institute
of Evolutionary Biology. [updated 2006 Jun 22; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available
from: http://www.nematodes.org/.

26. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with standard date of publication
27. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with month/day included in date of
publication
28. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with multiple years
29. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with date of copyright instead of date
of publication
30. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with date obtained from earliest
material in it
31. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with date estimated
32. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with unknown date
Date of Update/Revision for Databases/Retrieval Systems on the Internet

(required)
Databases/retrieval systems may be updated or revised between editions or versions

modified
2006 May 5
such as Jan


Databases/retrieval systems on the Internet are often updated or revised after initial
presentation. Look for the date accompanied by such words as updated, modified,
revised, reviewed:
At the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the bottom of the last
screen of the site
In the source code for the database/retrieval system if it is displayed by the
Web browser

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Various words are used to show that the content of a database/retrieval system has been
Use the wording supplied in the database/retrieval system
date order
revised 2005 Dec 5; updated 2006 Mar 30;
Add the date of citation and place all types of date in one set of square brackets
Example:
New York: Longworth Publishing. 2006 - [reviewed 2006 Sep; updated 2006
Dec; cited 2007 Feb 1].

33. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with update/revision date
Date of Citation for Databases/Retrieval Systems on the Internet

(required)
Always include the date the database/retrieval system was seen on the Internet
such as Jan
brackets


Various words are used to show that the content of a database/retrieval system has been
Use the wording for update/revision supplied in the database/retrieval system
Give all words with the dates provided, in ascending date order. For example:
reviewed 2004 Sep 1; modified 2006 Aug 17;
Place all dates of update/revision and the date of citation in one set of square
brackets
Examples:
Health Library for Disasters [Internet]. Version 3.0. Geneva: World Health
Organization. 2003 - [updated 2006 May; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from:
http://www.helid.desastres.net/.
Rotchford JK, editor. Acubriefs.com [Internet]. Port Townsend (WA): Best of

Both Worlds Foundation. [date unknown] - [modified 2006 Jul; cited 2007
Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.acubriefs.com/.
Discoideum [Internet]. San Diego (CA): San Diego Supercomputer Center;
2003 [modified 2003 Mar 30; cited 2007 Feb 2]. Available from: http://
Cornell University Poisonous Plants Informational Database [Internet]. Ithaca
(NY): Cornell University, Department of Animal Science. [date unknown] -
[updated 2006 Oct 27; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/index.html

Availability for Databases/Retrieval Systems on the Internet (required)

punctuation

Breaking long URLs
Multiple URLs


Do not insert a hyphen or a hard line break into a URL

The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve the
database/retrieval system, i.e., it is not directly addressable.
Example:
Available from: http://www.unimelb.edu.au/adi/ by using the Database link.

If more than one URL can be used to locate a database/retrieval system:
Give the URL you used in locating the database/retrieval system
Example:
WHOSIS: WHO Statistical Information System [Internet]. Geneva: World
Health Organization. c2007 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
www.who.int/whosis/en/ ; http://www.who.int/whosis/fr/index.html English,
French.

34. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with multiple URLs
Language for Databases/Retrieval Systems on the Internet (required)



Databases/retrieval systems appearing in more than one language
Box 63. Databases/retrieval systems in more than one language.

If the contents of a database/retrieval system appear in several languages:
List all languages of publication after the Availability statement
Example:
ORPHANET: Maladies Rares, Medicaments Orphelins [Internet]. Paris:
INSERM. 1997 - . Available from: http://www.orpha.net/. French,
German, Spanish, English, Italian, Portuguese.
If a database/retrieval system has equal text in two or more languages, as often
Separate them with an equals with a space before and after
Example:
Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance On-line = Surveillance des
Maladies Cardio-vasculaires en Direct [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Public
Health Agency of Canada. [1950] - [updated 2002 Jul 30; cited 2007
Feb 1]. Available from: http://dsol-smed.phac-aspc.gc.ca/dsol-
smed/cvd/index%5Fe.html English, French.
Health Organization. c2007 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
www.who.int/whosis/en/ ; http://www.who.int/whosis/fr/index.html English,
French.
If no title is in English, follow with a translation when possible. Place the translation
in square brackets.
ORPHANET: Maladies Rares, Medicaments Orphelins [ORPHANET: Rare
Diseases, Orphan Drugs] [Internet]. Paris: INSERM. 1997 - . Available from:
http://www.orpha.net/. French, German, Spanish, English, Italian, Portuguese.

15. Database/retrieval system on the Internet in a language other than English
17. Database/retrieval system on the Internet published with equal text in two
languages
Notes for Databases/Retrieval Systems on the Internet (optional)

Be brief

System requirements

System requirements describe the software and hardware needed to view the database/
retrieval system.

Separate the types of information with semicolons
Example:
MEDMARX [Internet]. Version 6.5. Rockville (MD): United States
Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. c2007 - [updated 1999 Aug 6; cited 2007 Jan
31]. Available from: https://www.medmarx.com/. System Requirements:
Windows 95 or higher; 200-megaHertz Pentium or higher; Random Access
Memory 128-megabytes or higher; Modem Speed 56 Kilobits per second or
higher; 20-MB hard disk space; 17-inch video graphics array; 800 x 600 pixels/
high with color; Adobe Acrobat Reader 5.0; Internet Explorer 6.0 or higher.

database/retrieval system, then add the note. Examples of notes are:
Information on the database/retrieval system content
BELIT: Bioethics Literature Database [Internet]. Bonn (Germany): German
Reference Centre for Ethics in the Life Sciences. [date unknown] - [updated
2006 Sep 9; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.drze.de/BELIT?
la=en Provides access to about 320,000 records from the integrated German,
American, and French databases.
Reinhardt V, Reinhardt A. Environmental Enrichment for Primates:
Annotated Database on Environmental Enrichment and Refinement of
Husbandry for Nonhuman Primates [Internet]. Washington: Animal Welfare
Institute. 1998 Jul 1 - [updated 2006 Dec 8; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from:
http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/enrich.htm Comprises
published articles, abstracts, book chapters, books, as well as published
photographs, slide sets, videotapes, and selected web site information.
Update frequency of the database
Federal Research in Progress Database (FEDRIP) [Internet]. Springfield (VA):
Department of Commerce (US), National Technical Information Service.
[date unknown] - [cited 2005 Dec 1]. Available from: http://grc.ntis.gov/
fedrip.htm Updated monthly.
Names of any previous titles for the database/retrieval system. Give the former
name following "Continues:"
BOND: the Biomolecular Object Network Databank [Internet]. Toronto
(ON): Unleashed Informatics. [date unknown] - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available
from: http://bond.unleashedinformatics.com/. Continues: DogBox.
Information on any access requirements/limitations
Department of Commerce (US), National Technical Information Service.
[date unknown] - [cited 2005 Dec 1]. Available from: http://grc.ntis.gov/
fedrip.htm Subscription required, but free trials are available.
Explanations of initialisms or acronyms used in the title or publisher name of the
database/retrieval system
PDQ: NCI's Comprehensive Cancer Database [Internet]. Bethesda (MD):
National Cancer Institute (US). [date unknown] - [cited 2005 Dec 1].
Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cancerdatabase PDQ
stands for Physician Data Query.
[Internet]. Bilthoven (Netherlands): RIVM. 2001 - 2005 [cited 2007 Feb 1].
Available from: http://www.rivm.nl/earss/. RIVM is the Rijksinstituut voor
Volksgezondheid en Milieu.
The name of the organization(s) sponsoring or supporting the database/retrieval
system
Jan 19; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.wormbase.org/.
Supported by a grant from the National Human Genome Research Institute at
the US National Institutes of Health # P41 HG02223 and the British Medical
Research Council.
Examples for Notes

35. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with optional system requirements
36. Database/retrieval system on the Internet that continues another database
37. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with supplemental note included
Examples of Citations to Entire Databases/Retrieval Systems on

the Internet
Dryad Digital Repository [Internet]. Durham (NC): Dryad. 2008 Jan - [cited 2014 Oct
3]. Available from: http://www.datadryad.org/.
MeSH Browser (2011 MeSH) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine
(US), Medical Subject Headings Section; [1999] - [updated 2010 Aug 28; cited 2011 Jul
8]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/MBrowser.html Files are updated every
week on Sunday.
MeSH Database [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 2003 Apr
- [cited 2011 Jul 8]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh
Online Archive of American Folk Medicine [Internet]. Los Angeles: Regents of the
University of California. 1996 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
www.folkmed.ucla.edu/.
PeriStats [Internet]. White Plains (NY): March of Dimes Perinatal Data Center. c2007 -
[cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.marchofdimes.com/peristats/.
TrialSearch [Internet]. New York: AIDS Community Research Initiative of America.
c2003 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.acria.org/clinical_trials/.
TrialSearch [database on the Internet]. New York: AIDS Community Research Initiative
of America. c2003 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.acria.org/
clinical_trials/.

EARSS: the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System [Internet]. Bilthoven
(Netherlands): RIVM. 2001 - 2005 [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.rivm.nl/
earss/.
DocFinder [Internet]. [place unknown]: Administrators in Medicine. c1997 - c2005 [cited
2007 Feb 2]. Available from: http://www.docboard.org/docfinder.html
EARSS: the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System [database on the
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http://www.rivm.nl/earss/.

Jablonski S. Online Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR)
Syndromes [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), Medical
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30; cited 2007 Feb 2]. Available from: http://dictyworkbench.sdsc.edu/HDGDD/.
Syndromes [database on the Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine
(US), Medical Subject Headings Section; 2001 Apr [updated 2001 Nov 20; cited 2007 Jan
31]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive//20061212/mesh/jablonski/
syndrome_db.html

DialogWeb [Internet]. Version 2.5. Cary (NC): The Dialog Corporation. c1997 - [cited
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Ovid [Internet]. New York: Ovid Technologies, Inc. c2000 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available
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WHOSIS: WHO Statistical Information System [Internet]. Geneva: World Health
Organization. c2007 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.who.int/whosis/
en/.
DialogWeb [retrieval system on the Internet]. Version 2.5. Cary (NC): The Dialog
Corporation. c1997 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.dialogweb.com/.
Patient UK [retrieval system on the Internet]. Horsforth (UK): EMIS; c1997 [cited 2007
Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.patient.co.uk/.
5. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with an individual(s) as

author
Blaxter M. BaNG: Nematode and Neglected Genomics [Internet]. Version 2.03.
Edinburgh (UK): University of Edinburgh, Institute of Evolutionary Biology. [date
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Gilliland G, Tung M, Ladner J. BMCD: Biological Macromolecule Crystallization
Database [Internet]. Test ed. 4.0. Gaithersburg (MD): National Institute of Standards and
Technology (US). c1995 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://xpdb.nist.gov:8060/
BMCD4/.
Bota M. The Brain Architecture Management System [Internet]. Los Angeles: University
of Southern California. c2002 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
brancusi.usc.edu/bkms/.
Nicholas F. OMIA - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Animals [Internet]. Sydney
(Australia): University of Sydney, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine. 2011 Aug - [updated
2013 Feb 20; cited 2013 Feb 26]. Available from: http://omia.angis.org.au/.
6. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with optional full names for

author
Jablonski, Stanley. Online Multiple Congenital Anomaly/Mental Retardation (MCA/MR)
Gilliland, Gary; Tung, Michael; Ladner, Jane. BMCD: Biological Macromolecule
Crystallization Database [Internet]. Test ed. 4.0. Gaithersburg (MD): National Institute of
Standards and Technology. c1995 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
xpdb.nist.gov:8060/BMCD4/.
Cohen, Bernard A.; Lehmann, Christoph U. dermatlas.org: Dermatology Image Atlas
[Internet]. [Baltimore (MD)]: Johns Hopkins University. c2000 - [updated 2007 Jan 29;
cited 2007 Feb 2]. Available from: http://dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/derm/.
Blaxter, Mark. BaNG: Nematode and Neglected Genomics [Internet]. Version 2.03.
Edinburgh (UK): University of Edinburgh, Institute of Evolutionary Biology. [date
unknown] - [updated 2006 Jun 22; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
www.nematodes.org/.
7. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with an organization as

author
American Diabetes Association. Genetics of Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes: the
GENNID Study [Internet]. Version 3.0.927. Camden (NJ): Coriell Institute for Medical
Research. c1977 - [updated 2005 Jun 1; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
ccr.coriell.org/ada/.
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (US), Liver Diseases
Research Branch; U.S. National Library of Medicine, Division of Specialized Information
Services. LiverTox [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine. [2012
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livertox.nih.gov/.
8. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with editors where there is

no author
Hamosh A, editor. OMIM: Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man [Internet].
Baltimore (MD): Johns Hopkins University, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic
Medicine. 1995 - , c1966 - 2013 [updated 2013 Feb 22; cited 2013 Feb 26]. Available
from: http://omim.org/.
Rotchford JK, editor. Acubriefs.com [Internet]. Port Townsend (WA): Best of Both Worlds
Foundation. [date unknown] - [modified 2006 Jul; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from:
http://www.acubriefs.com/.

Rat Atlas [Internet]. Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles, Laboratory of
Neuro Imaging. c2007 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.loni.ucla.edu/
Atlases/Atlas_Detail.jsp?atlas_id=1
10. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with author affiliation

Allender S (British Heart Foundation Health Promotion Research Group, University of
Oxford, Oxford, UK), Peto V, Rayner M, Scarborough P, Boxer A. heartstats: British Heart
Foundation Statistics Database [Internet]. London: British Heart Foundation. c2003 -
[updated 2006 Nov 3; cited 2007 Feb 2]. Available from: http://www.heartstats.org/.
11. Database/retrieval system on the Internet title with subtitle

BELIT: Bioethics Literature Database [Internet]. Bonn (Germany): German Reference
Centre for Ethics in the Life Sciences. [date unknown] - [updated 2006 Sep 9; cited 2007
Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.drze.de/BELIT?la=en
ALTBIB: Bibliography on Alternatives to Animal Testing [Internet]. Bethesda (MD):
National Library of Medicine (US), Division of Specialized Information Services. 2002 -
[modified 2011 Feb 4; cited 2011 Jul 14]. Available from: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/
altbib.html
12. Database/retrieval system on the Internet title with sections

Faculty of 1000. Medicine [Internet]. London: Medicine Reports Ltd. c2007 - [cited 2007
Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.f1000medicine.com/.
Faculty of 1000. Biology [Internet]. London: Biology Reports Ltd. c1999 - [cited 2007 Feb
1]. Available from: http://www.f1000biology.com/.
13. Database/retrieval system on the Internet title with upper/lowercase

letters and symbols
bioProtocol: a Bio Online Site [Internet]. Emeryville (CA): Bio.Com. c1992 - [cited 2007
Feb 1]. Available from: http://bioprotocol.bio.com/protocolstools/index.jhtml
PDQ: NCI's Comprehensive Cancer Database [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National
Cancer Institute (US). [date unknown] - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cancerdatabase
GReTA [Internet]. Berlin: Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Zentrum fur transdisziplinare
Geschlechterstudien. 1989 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
141.20.150.23:2200/start.fau?prj=ifaust German.
MEDMARX [Internet]. Version 6.5. Rockville (MD): United States Pharmacopeial
Convention, Inc. c2007 - [updated 1999 Aug 6; cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from:
https://www.medmarx.com/.
Aspergillus nidulans Database [Internet]. Cambridge (MA): Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Broad Institute, Center for Genome Research. 2003 - [updated 2007 Jan 10;
cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.broad.mit.edu/annoitation/fungi/
aspergillus/.
ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2000 Feb
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intute: health & life sciences [Internet]. Nottingham (UK): University of Nottingham.
c2006 - [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.intute.ac.uk/
healthandlifesciences/.
14. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with title ending in other

than a period
Is Your Doctor Certified? [Internet]. Evanston (IL): American Board of Medical
Specialties. c2006 - [updated 2006 Mar 17; cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from: http://
www.abms.org/newsearch.asp
15. Database/retrieval system on the Internet in a language other than

English
Sistema Informativo Sanitario [Internet]. Rome: Ministero della Salute, Direzione General
del Sistema Informativo e Statistico. 1997 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
www.ministerosalute.it/servizio/datisis.jsp Italian.
Nederlands Trialregister [Internet]. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Dutch Cochrane Centre.
[2005?] - [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.trialregister.nl/. Dutch.

141.20.150.23:2200/start.fau?prj=ifaust German.
Bases de Datos de Tesis Doctorales (TESEO) [Internet]. Madrid: Ministerio de Educacion
y Ciencia. [1976] - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.mcu.es/TESEO/
teseo.html Spanish.
Sistema Informativo Sanitario [Health Information System] [Internet]. Rome: Ministero
della Salute, Direzione General del Sistema Informativo e Statistico. 1997 - [cited 2007
Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.ministerosalute.it/servizio/datisis.jsp Italian.

ORPHANET: Maladies Rares, Medicaments Orphelins [Internet]. Paris: INSERM. 1997 -
[cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.orpha.net/. French, German, Spanish,
English, Italian, Portuguese.
17. Database/retrieval system on the Internet published with equal text in

two languages
Cardiovascular Disease Surveillance On-line = Surveillance des Maladies Cardio-
vasculaires en Direct [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Public Health Agency of Canada. [1950] -
[updated 2002 Jul 30; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://dsol-smed.phac-
aspc.gc.ca/dsol-smed/cvd/index%5Fe.html English, French.
18. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with an edition or version

Dietary Supplement Label Database [Internet]. Version 6.0.0. Bethesda (MD): U.S.
National Library of Medicine. [2013 Jun] - [updated 2015 Apr; cited 2015 May 1].
Available from: http://www.dsld.nlm.nih.gov/. Joint project of the National Institutes of
Health Office of Dietary Supplements (US) and U.S. National Library of Medicine,
Specialized Information Services.
https://www.medmarx.com/.
FlyBase: a Database of Drosophila Genes & Genomes [Internet]. Version FB2006_01.
Bloomington (IN): Indiana University. 2006 Dec 8 - [cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from:
http://flybase.bio.indiana.edu/.
Biozon [Internet]. Release 2.4. Ithaca (NY): Cornell University. c2005 - [updated 2006
Aug; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.biozon.org/.
WormBase: the Biology and Genome of C. elegans [Internet]. Release WS170. [Pasadena
(CA)]: California Institute of Technology. c1999 - [updated 2007 Jan 19; cited 2007 Feb
1]. Available from: http://www.wormbase.org/.
AnAge: the Animal Ageing Database [Internet]. Build 9. [Boston (MA)]: Joao Pedro de
Magalhaes. c2002 - [updated 2006 Feb 26; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
genomics.senescence.info/species/.
Gilliland G, Tung M, Ladner J. BMCD: Biological Macromolecule Crystallization
Database [Internet]. Test ed. 4.0. Gaithersburg (MD): National Institute of Standards and
Technology (US). c1995 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://xpdb.nist.gov:8060/
BMCD4/.
The Comprehensive Microbial Resource [Internet]. Date release 20.0; Website release 3.0.
[place unknown]: Institute for Genomic Research. 2000 - [updated 2006 Sep 27; cited
2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://cmr.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR/CmrHomePage.cgi
IMGT/HLA Database [Internet]. Release 2.16.0. Cambridge (England): European
Bioinformatics Institute. 1998 - [updated 2007 Jan 12; cited 2007 Feb 6]. Available from:
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Health Library for Disasters [Internet]. Version 3.0. Geneva: World Health Organization.
2003 - [updated 2006 May; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
www.helid.desastres.net/.
RxNorm [dataset on the Internet]. Release META2011AA Full Update 2011_07_05.
Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2011 Jul 5 [cited 2011 Jul 14].
Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/rxnorm/docs/rxnormfiles.html
UMLS Knowledge Sources [dataset on the Internet]. Release 2011AA. Bethesda (MD):
National Library of Medicine (US); 2011 May 5 [cited 2011 Jul 14]. Available from: http://
www.nlm.nih.gov/research/umls/licensedcontent/umlsknowledgesources.html
SNOMED CT [dataset on the Internet]. Release January 2011 International. Copenhagen:
International Health Terminology Standards Development Organization; 2011 Jan 31
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licensedcontent/snomedctfiles.html
Hayes B, Tesar B, Zurow K. OTSoft: Optimality Theory Software. Version 2.3.2 [software].
2013 Jan 14 [cited 2015 Feb 14]. Available from: http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/
hayes/otsoft
Golda TG, Hough PD, Gay G. APPSPACK (Asynchronous Parallel Pattern Search).
Version 5.0.1 [software]. Sandia National Laboratories. 2007 Feb 16 [cited 2016 Apr 4;
downloaded 2010 Jan 5]. Available from: https://software.sandia.gov/appspack/version5.0/
index.html Note: homepage advises as of 2010 May 17 to switch to HOPSPACK; available
from: https://software.sandia.gov/trac/hopspack/wiki
19. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with well known place of

publication
Current Controlled Trials [Internet]. London: BioMed Central. [date unknown] - [cited
2007 Jan 31]. Available from: http://www.controlled-trials.com/.
Resource Guide for Public Health Preparedness [Internet]. New York: New York Academy
of Medicine. c2003 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.phpreparedness.info/
rgdatabase.php
20. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with geographic qualifier

The Cochrane Library [Internet]. Hoboken (NJ): Wiley InterScience. c1999 - [cited 2007
Jan 31]. Available from: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/mrwhome/
106568753/HOME?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
The Alberta Atlas of Human Pathology: a Resource for Teachers and Learners in the
Health Sciences [Internet]. Edmonton (AB): University of Alberta, Museums and
Collections Services. 1999 Sep - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
project.lse.ualberta.ca/pathology/.
Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.drze.de/BELIT?la=enintute: health & life sciences
[Internet]. Nottingham (UK): University of Nottingham. c2006 - [cited 2007 Feb 23].
Available from: http://www.intute.ac.uk/healthandlifesciences/.
The PILOTS Database: an Electronic Index to the Traumatic Stress Literature [Internet].
White River Junction (VT): Department of Veterans Affairs (US), National Center for
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. [date unknown] - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from:
http://www.ncptsd.va.gov/ncmain/publications/pilots/index.html
21. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with place of publication

inferred
1]. Available from: http://www.wormbase.org/.
Cohen BA, Lehmann CU. dermatlas.org: Dermatology Image Atlas [Internet]. [Baltimore
(MD)]: Johns Hopkins University. c2000 - [updated 2007 Jan 29; cited 2007 Feb 2].
Available from: http://dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/derm/.
The GDB Human Genome Database [Internet]. [Research Triangle Park (NC)]: RTI
International. 1998 - [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.gdb.org/.
Patrocles: the database of polymorphic miRNA-target interactions [Internet]. Version 1.0.

[Liege (Belgium)]: Unit Animal Genomics. [date unknown] - [cited 2007 Feb 1].
Available from: http://www.patrocles.org/Patrocles.htm
22. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with unknown place of

publication
Pfam [Internet]. Version 21.0. [place unknown]: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute. [date
unknown] - [updated Nov 2006; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
www.sanger.ac.uk/Software/Pfam/.
The Comprehensive Microbial Resource [Internet]. Date release 20.0; Website release 3.0.
[place unknown]: Institute for Genomic Research. 2000 - [updated 2006 Sep 27; cited
2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://cmr.tigr.org/.
23. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with publisher having

subsidiary division
Nutrition Education for Diverse Audiences [Internet]. Urbana (IL): University of Illinois,
College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences. [date unknown] - [cited
2007 Jan 31]. Available from: http://necd.aces.uiuc.edu/.
Antimicrobial Resistance Information Bank [Internet]. Geneva: World Health
Organization, Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response, Anti-
infective Drug Resistance and Containment Team. 1999 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available
from: http://rhone.b3e.jussieu.fr/arinfobank/ResistanceDataSearch.php
24. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with government agency or

Rehabilitation Research (US), National Rehabilitation Information Center. [1956] -
[cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.naric.com/research/rehab/default.cfm
Entrez: the Life Sciences Search Engine [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of
Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology Information. 1991 - [cited 2007 Jan
31]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gquery/gquery.fcgi
ERIC: the Education Resources Information Center [Internet]. Washington: Department
of Education (US), Institute of Education Sciences. [1966] - [cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available
from: http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/Home.portal
Genetics Home Reference [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine,
Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications. [2003] - [last updated 2015
Apr 28; cited 2015 May 1]. Available from: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/.
Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National
Library of Medicine, Division of Specialized Information Services. [1985] - [cited 2015
Jan 9]. Available from: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?HSDB
25. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with joint publication

1]. Available from: http://www.wormbase.org/. Jointly published by Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory, Washington University at St. Louis, and The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute.
26. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with standard date of

publication
infective Drug Resistance and Containment Team. 1999 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available
from: http://rhone.b3e.jussieu.fr/arinfobank/ResistanceDataSearch.php
27. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with month/day included

in date of publication
NLM Classification [Internet]. 2015 ed. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of
Medicine. 2002 Oct - [updated 2015 Apr 29; cited 2015 Apr 29]. Available from: http://
www.nlm.nih.gov/class/.
Swiss Life Sciences Database [Internet]. Zurich (Switzerland): Venture Valuation AG.
2003 Mar - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.swisslifesciences.ch/page/
index.html
Ribosomal Database Project II [Internet]. Release 9.47. East Lansing (MI): Michigan State
University. 2002 Sep 13 - [updated 2007 Feb 1; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
rdp.cme.msu.edu
http://flybase.bio.indiana.edu/.
The Alberta Atlas of Human Pathology: a Resource for Teachers and Learners in the
Health Sciences [Internet]. Edmonton (AL): University of Alberta, Museums and
Collections Services. 1999 Sep - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
project.lse.ualberta.ca/pathology/.
Reinhardt V, Reinhardt A. Environmental Enrichment for Primates: Annotated Database

on Environmental Enrichment and Refinement of Husbandry for Nonhuman Primates
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2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/enrich.htm
PubMed Central (PMC) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US),
National Center for Biotechnology Information; 2000 Feb - [cited 2011 Jun 23]. Available
from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/.
28. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with multiple years

earss/.
29. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with date of copyright

instead of date of publication
Biozon [Internet]. Release 2.4. Ithaca (NY): Cornell University. c2005 - [updated 2006
Aug; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.biozon.org/.
ProQolid: Patient-Reported Outcome and Quality of Life Instruments Database
[Internet]. Lyon (France): Mapi Research Institute. c2001 - [updated 2005 Nov; cited
2007 Jan 31]. Available from: http://www.proqolid.org/.
30. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with date obtained from

earliest material in it
PubMed [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). [1946] - [cited
2011 Jan 31]. Available from: http://pubmed.gov/.
CINAHL [Internet]. Glendale (CA): Cinahl Information Systems. [1982] - [cited 2007
Jan 31]. Available from: http://www.cinahl.com/prodsvcs/prodsvcs.htm
31. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with date estimated

NLM Catalog [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine, National
Center for Biotechnology Information. [2004] - [cited 2015 Apr 30]. Available from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/catalog
Nederlands Trialregister [Internet]. Amsterdam (Netherlands): Dutch Cochrane Centre.
[2005?] - [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.trialregister.nl/. Dutch.
The Digital Database for Screening Mammography [Internet]. Tampa (FL): University of
South Florida. [1999 - 2000?] [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
marathon.csee.usf.edu/Mammography/Database.html
32. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with unknown date

The Internet Acronym Server [Internet]. Cork (Ireland): Simaril Information
Management Consultants. [date unknown] - [cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from: http://
silmaril.ie/cgi-bin/uncgi/acronyms
Prevention Communication Research Database [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Department
of Health and Human Services (US), Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.
[date unknown] - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.health.gov/
communication/default.asp

Health Library for Disasters [Internet]. Version 3.0. Geneva: World Health Organization.
2003 - [updated 2006 May; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
www.helid.desastres.net/.
Household Products Database [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of
Medicine, Division of Specialized Information Services. [2003 Jun] - [updated 2014 Aug;
cited 2015 May 1]. Available from: http://hpd.nlm.nih.gov/.
Images from the History of Medicine (IHM) [Internet]. U.S. National Library of
Medicine, History of Medicine Division. 2009 Apr 20 - [updated 2015 Apr 24; cited 2015
May 1]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/ihm/index.html
Rotchford JK, editor. Acubriefs.com [Internet]. Port Townsend (WA): Best of Both Worlds
Foundation. [date unknown] - [modified 2006 Jul; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from:
http://www.acubriefs.com/.
Cornell University Poisonous Plants Informational Database [Internet]. Ithaca (NY):
Cornell University, Department of Animal Science. [date unknown] - [updated 2006 Oct
27; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/index.html
34. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with multiple URLs

Organization. c2007 - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.who.int/whosis/
en/ ; http://www.who.int/whosis/fr/index.html English, French.
35. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with optional system

requirements
https://www.medmarx.com/. System Requirements: Windows 95 or higher; 200-
megaHertz Pentium or higher; Random Access Memory 128-megabytes or higher;
Modem Speed 56 Kilobits per second or higher; 20-MB hard disk space; 17-inch video
graphics array; 800 x 600 pixels/high with color; Adobe Acrobat Reader 5.0; Internet
Explorer 6.0 or higher.
http://flybase.bio.indiana.edu/. System Requirements: Compatible with Internet Explorer
Mac 5.2 and Internet Explorer 6; Internet Explorer 7 is incompatible.
36. Database/retrieval system on the Internet that continues another

database
BOND: the Biomolecular Object Network Databank [Internet]. Toronto (ON): Unleashed
Informatics. 2006 Oct - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from:http://
bond.unleashedinformatics.com/. Continues: DogBox.
37. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with supplemental note

included
Is Your Doctor Certified? [Internet]. Evanston (IL): American Board of Medical
Specialties. c2006 - [updated 2006 Mar 17; cited 2007 Jan 31]. Available from: http://
www.abms.org/newsearch.asp Registration and login required.
Cancer Institute (US). [date unknown] - [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/cancerdatabase PDQ stands for Physician Data Query.
earss/. RIVM is the Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu.
Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.drze.de/BELIT?la=en Provides access to about 320,000
records from the integrated German, American, and French databases.
[Internet]. Washington: Animal Welfare Institute. 1998 Jul 1 - [updated 2006 Dec 8; cited
2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.awionline.org/Lab_animals/biblio/enrich.htm
Comprises published articles, abstracts, book chapters, books, as well as published

photographs, slide sets, videotapes, and selected Web site information.
Department of Commerce (US), National Technical Information Service. [date unknown]
- [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://grc.ntis.gov/fedrip.htm Updated monthly.
Subscription required, but free trials are available.
141.20.150.23:2200/start.fau?prj=ifaust German. Database of German women's studies.
unknown] - [updated Nov 2006; cited 2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://
www.sanger.ac.uk/Software/Pfam/. Pfam is a large collection of multiple sequence
alignments and hidden Markov models covering many common protein domains and
families.
1]. Available from: http://www.wormbase.org/. Supported by a grant from the National
Human Genome Research Institute at the US National Institutes of Health # P41
HG02223 and the British Medical Research Council.
bioProtocol: a Bio Online Site [Internet]. Emeryville (CA): Bio.Com. c1992 - [cited 2007
Feb 1]. Available from: http://bioprotocol.bio.com/protocolstools/index.jhtml Protocols
contributed by scientists from over 125 academic laboratories.
University of California. 1996 - [cited 2008 Aug 20]. Available from: http://
www.folkmed.ucla.edu/. Institutional repository of the University of California Libraries
intended to provide comparative and historical information about traditional medical
beliefs.
DailyMed [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine. [2005] - [cited
2015 Jan 26]. Available from: http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/about.cfm Drug
labeling on this Web site is as submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology Database (DART) [Internet]. Bethesda
(MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine, Specialized Information Services Division.
[1994] - [cited 2015 Mar 11]. Available from: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/. Funded by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the National Institute of Environmental Health
Sciences, the National Center for Toxicological Research of the Food and Drug
Administration, and the NLM.
Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National
Library of Medicine. [2006] - [cited 2015 Mar 11]. Available from: http://
toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/htmlgen?LACT Part of the Toxicology Data Network

(TOXNET).
TOXNET [Mobile] [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine. [2012]
- [cited 2015 Mar 11]. Available from: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/pda/. Mobile-optimized
Web interface to the TOXNET databases, covering toxicology, hazardous chemicals,
environmental health and related areas.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Parts of Databases

on the Internet
The general format for a reference to a part of a database on the Internet, including
punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Parts of Databases on the Internet

Rather than citing a whole database, portions of a database may be cited. Individual
records, tables, datasets, and the like are considered parts of databases when they do not
have individual authorship, i.e., they are written or compiled by the authors of the
database. They are contributions when the database has individual records or other
components written by various authors, usually called contributors.
A reference should start with the individual or organization with responsibility for the
intellectual content of the publication:
Begin a reference to a part of a database with a citation to the database itself,
followed by information about the part.
followed by the word "In:" and information about the database. See Chapter 24C
Contributions to Databases on the Internet for details.
Provide the length of the part to a database when possible. Calculate the extent of the part
using the best means possible, i.e., number of paragraphs, screens, bytes, or pages if
printed. Since screen size and print fonts vary, precede the estimated number of screens
and pages with the word about and place extent information in square brackets, such as
[about 3 screens]. For parts that contain hyperlinks, however, such as those shown in
example 11, it will not be possible to provide the length.
See also Chapter 22B Parts of Books on the Internet for further examples of the types of
parts.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Databases on the Internet.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Parts of Databases on the Internet.
Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Databases on the

Internet
it is optional.
Database (R) | Name and Number/Letter (R) | Title (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of
Update/Revision (R) | Date of Citation (R) | Location (Pagination) (R) | Availability (R) |
Database (required)
General Rules for Database
For all components except Date of Citation, Location (Pagination), and the
Availability (URL), cite the database according to Chapter 24A Entire Databases on
the Internet.
Name and Number/Letter of the Part of a Database on the Internet

(required)
Enter the name of the part as it appears in the database
Capitalize the name, such as Record, Table, Chart
You may abbreviate Number to No., but do not abbreviate other names. For
example: convert Rec. to Record.
Follow the name with any accompanying number or letter, such as Record 122678
and Accession No. PF03061

No name appears

Swedish, etc.)
Tabelle 5.3
Otdel 6
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
- Treat two or more letters printed as a unit (ligated letters) as if they are two
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Convert words and roman numerals used for part numbers into Arabic numbers, so

Depenses en Medicaments au Canada: base de donnees sur les depenses
nationales de sante [Canadian Drug Expenditures: database of national health
expenditures] [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Institut Canadien d'Information sur la
Sante. 1985 - 2005. Tableau A.2, Partie 1, Depenses en medicaments par type,
source de financement et en tant que part des depenses publiques, privees et
totales de sante, Canada, de 1985 a 2005 [Table A.2, Part 1, Drug expenditures
by type, source of financing, and how much was public expenditure, private
expenditure, and totals for health, Canada, 1985-2005]; [cited 2007 Mar 8];
[about 3 screens]. Available from: http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/201/300/cdn_in
stitute_for_health/depenses_medicaments/1985-2005.pdf French.
Language Record Acquisition Number Table Figure Section
French Record Numero de catalogue Tableau Figure Section
Document
German Aufzeichnung Abnahmezahl Tabelle Abbildung Sektion
Datensatz Aktenzeichen Figur Abteilung
Italian Record Numero di accessione Tabella Figura Parte
Numero di aquisizione Sezione
Russian Plastinka Shifr po postuplenie Tablitsa Risunok Sekcija
Rekord Otdel
Otdelenie
Spanish Documento Numero de adquisicion Tabla Figura Seccion
Registo Parte

Occasionally, a database will label a part as simply "Table", "Chart," "Figure", or
another name without following the name with a letter or number. In this case, give
the name used for the part and follow it with a comma and the title.
Chart, Incidence of AIDS in Uganda, 2000-2005;
If the part being cited is clearly a table, figure, chart, or similar part but it is not
number or letter. If there is no number or letter, follow the name with a comma and
the title of the part.
Health Organization. c2007 - . [Table], GBD 2000: deaths by age, sex and
cause for the year 2002; [cited 2007 Feb 16]; 1.19Mb. Available from: http://w
ww.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/gbd1990regionmortality2002.xls

If the database part being cited has an identifying number or letter but has no name
accompanying it, such as Record No. or Accession No., use the words "Acquisition
No." followed by the number or letter
If the part being cited is clearly a table, figure, chart, or similar part but it is not
number or letter. If there is no number or letter, follow the name with a comma and
the title of the part.
Health Organization. c2007 - . [Table], GBD 2000: deaths by age, sex and
cause for the year 2002; [cited 2007 Feb 16]; 1.19Mb. Available from: http://w
ww.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/gbd1990regionmortality2002.xls
If the part being cited has no number, is not a table, figure, or chart, and has no
other identifying name such as "section", begin with the title of the part
Data and calculations required for a life table;
Sialography;

1. Standard part of a database on the Internet with name and number/letter
3. Part of a database on the Internet with a name inferred
Title of the Part of a Database on the Internet (required)

Enter the title of the part as it appears in the database
and initialisms
already present
in square brackets


Give the title in the original language for non-English titles in the roman alphabet
(primarily European languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish,
etc.)
Tabla 10, Etiologia de la esplenomegalia secundaria a procesos infecciosos;
Ukrainy v poslevoennyi period;
10 Shoyo, Anchi eijingu igaku;
[Figure 9, Annual progression of swine influenza in Seoul];
Tabelle 1, Verteilung der deutschsprachigen Bevolkerung auf die einzelnen
Stadtteile von St. Petersburg und die Gesamtentwicklung 1869-1910;
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Provide an English translation, if possible, after the original language or romanized
title. Place the translation in square brackets.
Principal biological markers of nutritional state];
10 Shoyo, Anchi eijingu igaku [Chapter 10, Anti-aging medicine];

If the title for a part of a database is written in several languages:
If the title for a part of a database is found with equal text in two or more languages,
statement
character.
Capitalize the first word of the title of a part of a database unless the title begins
with a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character that might lose
its meaning if capitalized
eSkeletons Project;
von Willebrand disease;
ISRCTN13256080, A phase II study to investigate the effect of Glivec
(imatinib mesylate, formerly known as STI571) in patients with inoperable
medullary thyroid carcinoma;
becomes omega.
-amino acids
may become
beta-amino acids
TiO2 nanoparticles
may become
Examples for Title

2. Standard part of a database on the Internet without a name or number/letter
4. Part of a database on the Internet with title containing special scripts/characters
5. Part of a database on the Internet with a title in a language other than English
Date of Publication for a Part of a Database on the Internet (required)

Enter the date of publication if it differs from the date of the database as a whole
such as Jan

Locating the date of publication
Box 72. Locating the date of publication.

The location of the date of publication for a part of a database may be found:
At the top of the part
Below the author name(s) or title
At the bottom of the part
In a specific date field

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan

names of seasons.

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

implies.

example c2005.
Record 2398879, Reactivity of acid fluoride-terminated self-assembled
monolayers; c2006 [cited 2007 Mar 9]; [about 3 screens].

If no date of publication or of copyright for the part can be found, use any date of
update/revision for the part and the date of citation.
Cornell University Poisonous Plants Informational Database [Internet]. Ithaca
(NY): Cornell University, Department of Animal Science. [date unknown] - .
Pyridine alkaloids; [updated 2001 Oct 4; cited 2007 Feb 16]; [about 2 screens].
Available from: http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/pyridine.html
Online Archive of American Folk Medicine [Internet]. Los Angeles: Regents
of the University of California. 1996 - . Record No. 1928, Cataracts; [cited
2007 Feb 27]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.folkmed.ucla.edu/
FMDetail.cfm?UID=1_928

6. Part of a database on the Internet with a date of publication separate from the date
of the database as a whole
7. Part of a database on the Internet with a date of update/revision
Date of Update/Revision for a Part of a Database on the Internet

(required)
Parts of databases may be updated or revised separately from the database as a
whole

2006 May 5
such as Jan


Parts of databases on the Internet may be updated or revised after initial
presentation. Look for the date accompanied by such words as updated, modified,
revised, reviewed:
At the top or bottom of the first screen or the bottom of the last screen of the
part
Below the author name(s) or title
In a specific field if the part is subdivided into fields
In the source code for the database if it is displayed by the Web browser

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Various words are used to show that the content of a part of a database has been changed.
Use the wording supplied in the database
date order
Example:
Record ID AS9376, Vaccines cross reactivity against SARS-CoV; [reviewed
2006 Sep; updated 2006 Dec; cited 2007 Feb 1]; [about 3 p.].

Date of Citation for Part of a Database on the Internet (required)

Include the date the part of a database was seen on the Internet
Give the year month and day in that order, such as 2006 May 5
such as Jan
brackets


Various words are used to show that the content of a part of a database has been changed.
Use the wording for update/revision supplied in the database
brackets
Example:
Record ID AS9376, Vaccines cross reactivity against SARS-CoV; [reviewed
2006 Sep; updated 2006 Dec; cited 2007 Feb 1]; [about 3 p.].

4. Part of a database on the Internet with title containing special scripts/characters
6. Part of a database on the Internet with a date of publication separate from the date
of the database as a whole
Location (Pagination) of the Part of a Database on the Internet (required)

whichever is most practical
Precede the total with the word about and place it in square brackets, such as [about
5 screens]
If the part is printed, precede the page total with the word about and place it in
square brackets, such as [about 10 p.]

8. Part of a Database on the Internet with location (pagination) expressed as number
of screens
9. Part of a Database on the Internet with location (pagination) expressed as number
of pages
10. Part of a Database on the Internet with location (pagination) expressed as
number of bytes
11. Part of a Database on the Internet with hyperlinks so that the pagination (extent)
cannot be provided
Availability for a Part of a Database on the Internet (required)

Use the URL for the entire book if the part does not have its own URL
punctuation

Breaking long URLs
Multiple URLs


The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve the part of
the database, i.e., it is not directly addressable.
Examples:
Reinhardt V, Reinhardt A. Environmental Enrichment for Primates:
Annotated Database on Environmental Enrichment and Refinement of
Husbandry for Nonhuman Primates [Internet]. Washington: Animal Welfare
Institute. 1998 Jul 1 - . Case 1896, Acute staphylococcal endocarditis; [cited
2007 Feb 16]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://project.lse.ualberta.ca/
pathology/ by clicking on Keyword Search and entering the case number
under Fast Find.
Cohen BA, Lehmann CU. dermatlas.org: Dermatology Image Atlas [Internet].
[Baltimore (MD)]: Johns Hopkins University. c2000 - . Pellagra_1_031007;
[updated 2007 Feb 19; cited 2007 Feb 27]; [about 1 screen]. Available from:
http://dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/derm/ by entering pellagra in the Quick
Search box.
[Internet]. Bilthoven (Netherlands): RIVM. 2001 - 2005. Susceptibility results
for E. coli isolates in Denmark (DK) in 2005; [cited 2007 Feb 16]; [about 1
screen]. Available from: http://www.rivm.nl/earss/database/ by selecting
Denmark, 2005, E. coli, Aminoglycosides, Table.

If more than one URL can be used to locate a part of a database:
Example:
Available from: http://www.who.int/whosis/299576/en/ ; http://www.who.int/
whosis/299567/fr/index.html

12. Part of a Database on the Internet with a URL not directly addressable
Language of the Part of a Database on the Internet (required)



If the title for a part of a database is in several languages:
If the title for a part of a database is found with equal text in two or more languages,
statement
If each language has its own URL, give the URL of the language you used. As an
option, give the URLs for all languages. Separate them by a space, a semicolon, and
a space.
Available from: http://www.who.int/whosis/en/ ; http://www.who.int/
whosis/fr/index.html English, French.

Notes for a Part of a Database on the Internet (optional)

Notes is a collective term for any further useful information given after the citation
itself
Be brief

System requirements

System requirements describe the software and hardware needed to view the database.
Example:
FlyBase: a Database of Drosophila Genes & Genomes [Internet]. Version
FB2006_01. Bloomington (IN): Indiana University. 2006 Dec 8 - . Aberration
Dmel\Ab(1;?)wm4000; [cited 2007 Feb 27]. Available from: http://
flybase.bio.indiana.edu/reports/FBab0023371.html System Requirements:
Compatible with Internet Explorer Mac 5.2 and Internet Explorer 6; Internet
Explorer 7 is incompatible.

database/retrieval system, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:
Subscription required to view.
The name of the organization(s) sponsoring or supporting the database
WormBase is supported by a grant from the National Human Genome
Research Institute at the US National Institutes of Health # P41 HG02223 and
the British Medical Research Council.
Examples for Notes

13. Part of a Database on the Internet with a note
Examples of Citations to Parts of Databases on the Internet

1. Standard part of a database on the Internet with name and number/
letter
University of California. 1996 - . Record No. 1928, Cataracts; [cited 2007 Feb 27]; [about
1 screen]. Available from: http://www.folkmed.ucla.edu/FMDetail.cfm?UID=1_928
unknown] - . Accession No. PF03061, 4HBT; [cited 2007 Feb 16]. Available from: http://
www.sanger.ac.uk/cgi-bin/Pfam/getacc?PF03061
2. Standard part of a database on the Internet without a name or

number/letter
Subject Headings Section; 2001 Apr. Tariverdian syndrome; [cited 2007 Mar 13]; [about 1
screen]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/archive/20061212/mesh/jablonski/cgi/
jablonski/syndrome_cgi87d6.html?term=Tariverdian+syndrome&field=name
Cornell University, Department of Animal Science. [date unknown] - . Pyridine
alkaloids; [updated 2001 Oct 4; cited 2007 Feb 16]; [about 2 screens]. Available from:
http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/pyridine.html
MeSH Browser (2011 MeSH) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine
(US), Medical Subject Headings Section. [1999] - . Heart failure, systolic; [cited 2011 Jul
8]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi?

mode=&index=24306
PubMed [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). [1950] - . Single
citation matcher; [cited 2007 Feb 27]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query/static/citmatch.html

Organization. c2007 - . [Table], GBD 2000: deaths by age, sex and cause for the year
2002; [cited 2007 Feb 16]; 1.19Mb. Available from: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/
statistics/gbd1990regionmortality2002.xls
4. Part of a database on the Internet with title containing special scripts/

characters
Current Controlled Trials [Internet]. London: BioMed Central. [date unknown] - .
ISRCTN13256080, A phase II study to investigate the effect of Glivec (imatinib mesylate,
formerly known as STI571) in patients with inoperable medullary thyroid carcinoma;
2007 Feb 23 [cited 2007 Feb 27]; [about 3 p.]. Available from: http://www.controlled-
trials.com/ISRCTN13256080/.
Gene [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for
Biotechnology Information. [2004] - . ADRA2A adrenergic, alpha-2A-, receptor [Homo
sapiens]; [updated 2011 Jul 31; cited 2011 Aug 1]; [about 5 p.]. Available from: http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?term=150 Gene ID:150
Bloomington (IN): Indiana University. 2006 Dec 8 - . Aberration Dmel\Ab(1;?)wm4000;
[cited 2007 Feb 27]. Available from: http://flybase.bio.indiana.edu/reports/
FBab0023371.html
or
Bloomington (IN): Indiana University. 2006 Dec 8 - . Aberration Dmel
\Ab(1;?)w(m4000); [cited 2007 Feb 27]. Available from: http://flybase.bio.indiana.edu/
reports/FBab0023371.html
5. Part of a database on the Internet with a title in a language other than

English
Depenses en Medicaments au Canada: base de donnees sur les depenses nationales de
sante [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Institut Canadien d'Information sur la Sante. 1985 - 2005.
Tableau A.2, Partie 1, Depenses en medicaments par type, source de financement et en
tant que part des depenses publiques, privees et totales de sante, Canada, de 1985 a 2005;
[cited 2007 Mar 8]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/

100/201/300/cdn_institute_for_health/depenses_medicaments/1985-2005.pdf French.
with translation
Depenses en Medicaments au Canada: base de donnees sur les depenses nationales de
sante [Canadian Drug Expenditures: database of national health expenditures] [Internet].
Ottawa (ON): Institut Canadien d'Information sur la Sante. 1985 - 2005. Tableau A.2,
Partie 1, Depenses en medicaments par type, source de financement et en tant que part
des depenses publiques, privees et totales de sante, Canada, de 1985 a 2005 [Table A.2,
Part 1, Drug expenditures by type, source of financing, and how much was public
expenditure, private expenditure, and totals for health, Canada, 1985-2005]; [cited 2007
Mar 8]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/201/300/
cdn_institute_for_health/depenses_medicaments/1985-2005.pdf French.
6. Part of a database on the Internet with a date of publication separate

from the date of the database as a whole

Cornell University, Department of Animal Science. [date unknown] - . Pyridine
alkaloids; [updated 2001 Oct 4; cited 2007 Feb 16]; [about 2 screens]. Available from:
http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/pyridine.html
Genetics Home Reference [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US).
[2003] - . Alzheimer disease; [updated 2008 Oct 20; reviewed 2006 Oct; cited 2008 Oct
22]; [about 6 screens]. Available from: http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=alzheimerdisease
ProQolid: Patient-Reported Outcome and Quality of Life Instruments Database
[Internet]. Lyon (France): Mapi Research Institute. c2001 - . QUAlity of Life
questionnaire In OSTeoporosis (QUALIOST); [updated 2007 Jan; cited 2007 Feb 16];
[about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.proqolid.org/instruments/
quality_of_life_questionnaire_in_osteoporosis_qualiost_sup_r_sup
Cancer Institute (US). [date unknown] - . Childhood cerebral astrocytoma/malignant
glioma (PDQ): treatment; [modified 2006 Jul 21; cited 2007 Feb 16]. Available from:
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/child-cerebral-astrocytoma/
healthprofessional/.
8. Part of a Database on the Internet with location (pagination)

expressed as number of screens
IMGT/HLA Database [Internet]. Release 2.16.0. Cambridge (England): European
Bioinformatics Institute. 2007 Jan 12 - . Alleles with aberrant splice sites; [cited 2007 Feb
27]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.ebi.ac.uk/imgt/hla/help/
splice_help.html

expressed as number of pages
infective Drug Resistance and Containment Team. 1999 - . Network Identifier INTssp-
spn-sau, European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System -EARSS; 1999 Jul 2
[cited 2007 Feb 27]; [about 2 p.]. Available from: http://rhone.b3e.jussieu.fr/arinfobank/
NetworkDisplay.php?id_network=85

expressed as number of bytes
Organization. c2007 - . [Table], GBD 2000: deaths by age, sex and cause for the year
2002; [cited 2007 Feb 16]; 1.19Mb. Available from: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/
statistics/gbd1990regionmortality2002.xls
11. Part of a Database on the Internet with hyperlinks so that the

pagination (extent) cannot be provided
(CA)]: California Institute of Technology. c1999 - . Pedigree browser for MSaa; [cited
2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.wormbase.org/db/searches/pedigree?
name=MSaa
Entrez Genome [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US), National
Center for Biotechnology Information. [date unknown] - . Haloarcula marismortui
ATCC 43049 plasmid pNG200, complete sequence; [cited 2007 Feb 27]. Available from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?
db=genome&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=Overview&list_uids=18013
12. Part of a Database on the Internet with a URL not directly

addressable
[Internet]. Washington: Animal Welfare Institute. 1998 Jul 1 - . Case 1896, Acute
staphylococcal endocarditis; [cited 2007 Feb 16]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://
project.lse.ualberta.ca/pathology/ by clicking on Keyword Search and entering the case
number under Fast Find.
Cohen BA, Lehmann CU. dermatlas.org: Dermatology Image Atlas [Internet]. [Baltimore
(MD)]: Johns Hopkins University. c2000 - . Pellagra_1_031007; [updated 2007 Feb 19;
cited 2007 Feb 27]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/
derm/ by entering pellagra in the Quick Search box.
(Netherlands): RIVM. 2001 - 2005. Susceptibility results for E. coli isolates in Denmark
(DK) in 2005; [cited 2007 Feb 16]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.rivm.nl/
earss/database/ by selecting Denmark, 2005, E. coli, Aminoglycosides, Table.
Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed) [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of
Medicine (US). [2006] - . LactMed record number 323, Fluoxetine; [rev. 2007 Dec 27;
cited 2009 Apr 2]; [about 3 p.]. Available from: http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/
htmlgen?LACT by entering fluoxetine in the Search box. CASRN: 54910-89-3.
Drugs@FDA [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): Food and Drug Administration (US), Center
for Drug Evaluation and Research; [2004] - . Demerol; [cited 2009 Apr 3]. Available
from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/drugsatfda/index.cfm by entering
demerol in the Search box and then selecting from the list of drug names retrieved.
13. Part of a Database on the Internet with a note

Bloomington (IN): Indiana University. 2006 Dec 8 - . Aberration Dmel\Ab(1;?)wm4000;
[cited 2007 Feb 27]. Available from: http://flybase.bio.indiana.edu/reports/
FBab0023371.html System Requirements: Compatible with Internet Explorer Mac 5.2 and
Internet Explorer 6; Internet Explorer 7 is incompatible.
(CA)]: California Institute of Technology. c1999 - . Pedigree browser for MSaa; [cited
2007 Feb 1]. Available from: http://www.wormbase.org/db/searches/pedigree?
name=MSaa WormBase is supported by a grant from the National Human Genome
Research Institute at the US National Institutes of Health # P41 HG02223 and the British
Medical Research Council.
C. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Contributions to

Databases on the Internet
The general format for a reference to a contribution to a database on the Internet,
- without a separate date of publication for the contribution:
- with a separate date of publication for the contribution:
- with complete publication information for the contribution (see text below for
clarification):
Examples of Citations to Contributions to Databases on the Internet

Contributions are separately identified records, sections, or other portions of Internet
databases that are provided by individuals or organizations other than the database
builders. They thus have distinct authorship.
There are two types of contributions: those written expressly for the database, such as a
review produced for the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and those written for
a primary publication such as a journal or book that is cited in the database. A journal
article in a bibliographic database such as PubMed is an example of the latter. The first
type of contribution contains only an author and title, and sometimes a date of
publication; it has no place of publication, publisher, or other publication information
separate from the database. The second type, however, contains full publication
information.
A reference should start with the individual or organization with responsibility for the
intellectual content of the publication. Begin a reference to a contribution with
information about the contribution, followed by the word "In:" and information about the
database. Use date of citation and the availability (URL) for the contribution, not the
database.
Although directions are provided here for creating citations to items published elsewhere
and cited in a database, this format for contributions should rarely be used in a reference
list. Unless only information found in the database record is used, articles, books, and
other publications should be located directly and cited as their original form. This will
also assure that any possible errors introduced in creating the database record will not be
continued.
In large bibliographies it is usually not practical to identify the source for each citation,
but the overall sources used should be identified in introductory text.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Contributions to Databases on the Internet.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Contributions to Databases on the Internet.
Citation Rules with Examples for Contributions to Databases on

the Internet
it is optional.
Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Publication Information (R) | Date of
Update/Revision (R) | Date of Citation (R) | Connective Phrase (R) | Database (R) | Extent
(Pagination) (R) | Availability (R) | Acquisition Number (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author of a Contribution to a Database on the Internet (required)


Other surname rules



whether a surname is compound or is a combination of a middle name and a
surname, look at the back of the title page (the copyright page) or elsewhere in
the text for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker may be
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

letter

Examples:
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe


If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on the title page or
opening or closing screens of a contribution to a database as authors, use the names
of the individuals as the author. Give the organization at the end of the reference as
a note, if desired.

brackets.
or
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Examples for Author

1. Standard contribution to a database on the Internet without a separate date for the
item
2. Standard contribution to a database on the Internet with a separate date for the
item
3. Standard contribution to a database on the Internet with complete publication
information for the item
4. Contribution to a database on the Internet with organization as author
Author Affiliation for a Contribution to a Database on the Internet

(optional)


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society

a space

Example:

Give the affiliations of all authors or only the first author.
and the country if non-US. Place the affiliation in parentheses.
Spain).

Kubo A, Ishida T.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
found on the publication may always be used.

Wien becomes Vienna

5. Contribution to a database on the Internet with author affiliation
Title of a Contribution to a Database on the Internet (required)

Enter the title of the contribution as it appears in the database, in the original
language
and initialisms
already present
in square brackets
it


Translate non-English titles of contributions that are journal articles into English
regardless of the original language. Place the translation in square brackets.
Piccot-Crezollet C, Casamatta JM, Lepage OM. [Digital semiological
anesthesia in horses: technique and elements of interpretation]. Can Vet J.
2005 Sep [cited 2007 Mar 9];46(9):807-13. In: Agricola [Internet]. Beltsville
(MD): National Agricultural Library (US). [date unknown] - . [about 3
screens]. Available from: http://agricola.nal.usda.gov/cgibin/Pwebrecon.cgi?D
B=local&CNT=20&CMD=horse&SL=Submit&DATE=2000&DTBL=G%7C&
LANG= FRE%7C&STARTDB=AGRIDB Call No.: 41.8 R3224. French.
Kukushkina MN, Korovin SI. [Cases of primary multiple metachronous skin
melanoma]. Lik Sprava. 2006 Oct-Nov [cited 2007 Mar 13];(7):29-31. In:
PubMed [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US).
[1950] - . [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entr
ez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=173
12883&query_hl=1&itool=pubmed_DocSum PMID: 17312883. Russian.
For non-English titles of contributions in the roman alphabet (primarily European

languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, etc.) that are not
journal articles, provide them in the original language
Loyber I, Varela SB. Bases neurofisiologicas del dolor: dolor referido. Cordoba
(Argentina): Universitas; c2002 [cited 2007 Mar 9]. 94 p. In: LocatorPlus
[Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). [date
unknown] - . [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://locatorplusv2.nlm.nih.g
ov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=101178678&Search_Code=FT*&PID=
t@ODl%3COIo@ODm@%3EHs@%3EIm@NIo@%3F%3C&SEQ=2007031215
0312&CNT=25&HIST=1 NLM Unique ID: 101178678. Spanish.
For non-English titles of contributions in Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or
Korean that are not journal articles, romanize (write in the roman alphabet) them.
Tsimmerman IA S. Diagnostika i kompleksnoe lechenie osnovnykh
For non-English titles of contributions in character-based languages (Chinese,
Japanese) that are not journal articles, romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or
translate them. Place translated titles in square brackets.
or
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Schmitz M. Psychopharmaka: Grundlagen, Standardtherapien und neue
Konzepte.
When possible, provide the original language or romanized title for journal articles
before the English translation; for all other titles provide an English translation after
the original language title. Place all translations in square brackets.
Piccot-Crezollet C, Casamatta JM, Lepage OM. Anesthesies semiologiques
digitales chez le cheval: technique et elements d'interpretation [Digital
semiological anesthesia in horses: technique and elements of interpretation].
Can Vet J. 2005 Sep [cited 2007 Mar 9];46(9):807-13. In: Agricola [Internet].
Beltsville (MD): National Agricultural Library (US). [date unknown] - .
[about 3 screens]. Available from: http://agricola.nal.usda.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebre
con.cgi?DB=local&CNT=20&CMD=horse&SL=Submit&DATE=2000&DTBL
=G%7C&LANG=FRE%7C&STARTDB=AGRIDB French .
Loyber I, Varela SB. Bases neurofisiologicas del dolor: dolor referido
[Neurophysiological basis of pain: referred pain]. Cordoba (Argentina):
Universitas; c2002. 94 p. In: LocatorPlus [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National
Library of Medicine (US). [date unknown] - . [about 1 screen]. Available
from: http://locatorplusv2.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=1
01178678&Search_Code=FT*&PID=t@ODl%3COIo@ODm@%3EHs@%3EI
m@NIo@%3 F%3C&SEQ=20070312150312&CNT=25&HIST=1 NLM
Unique ID: 101178678. Spanish.

If a record or another contribution is written with equal text in two or more languages, as
Give all titles in the order they are presented on the title page or opening screens
Place an equals sign surrounded by a space between the titles
List the languages after the availability statement (URL) and any acquisition
number
Example:
Brodkin E, Lindegger M, Kassam S, Gustafson R. Possible transmission of
hepatitis A in a school setting = Possible transmission de l'hepatite A en
milieu scolaire. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2007 Feb 15;33(4):49-51. In: PubMed
[Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). [1950] - .
[about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fc
gi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17352054&que
ry_hl=2&itool =pubmed_docsum PMID: 17352054. English, French.
Available from:
French, Spanish.
character.
Capitalize the first word of the title of a record or other contribution unless the title

EUP: European Copyright User Platform
becomes omega.
may become
may become
TiO2 nanoparticles.
may become
Examples for Title

item
item
6. Contribution to a database on the Internet with title in a language other than
English
Publication Information for a Contribution to a Database on the Internet

(required)
General Rules for Publication Information
If the contribution is an item published elsewhere and cited in the database, provide
complete publication information according to the other chapters in this guide, i.e.
Chapter 1A for journal articles, Chapter 2 for books, etc.
If the contribution was written for the database, enter the date of publication (when
provided) if it differs from the date of the database as a whole
Include the month and day of publication, if desired, after the year, such as 2004
May 13
such as Jan


The location of the date of publication for a contribution that was written for the
database may be found:
At the top of the contribution
Below the author name(s) or the title
At the bottom of the contribution
In a specific date field

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan
names of seasons.

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring


example c2005.
Carter H, Winstead GA. Study protocol for measuring the effects of work-site
exercise on the physical fitness of older workers. c2006 [cited 2007 Mar 9]. In:

be estimated because of material in the record, insert a question mark after the
estimated date and place date information in square brackets
Bagley TR. Genomic studies of digestive cancers. [2004?] [cited 2007 Mar 9].
In:
Collins YE, Perkins JT. Current status of non-Hodgkins lymphoma therapy.
[modified 2006 Jan 1; cited 2007 Mar 9]. In:
Stern AH, Petersen PF. Global strategy for the prevention of chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease. [cited 2006 Nov 3]. In:

The date of publication of the contribution may follow the author names in the list of
Use (1) the year of copyright, (2) the date of update/revision, or (3) the date of
Place the date followed by a period after the last named author
unless they are the only dates available to follow the author(s)
End the publisher name with a period for contributed books if the date of citation is
the only date available to follow the author(s)
NLM citation:
Bunyavejchevin S, Phupong V. Laparoscopic surgery for presumed benign
ovarian tumor during pregnancy. 2006 Oct 18 [amended 2007 Jun 14; cited
2007 Feb 20]. In: The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [Internet].
Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. c1999 - . 129K. Available from: http:
//www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005459/pdf
_fs.html Record No.: CD005459.
Frank CD, Adler DG. Post-ERCP pancreatitis and its prevention. Nat Clin
Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Dec [cited 2007 Mar 9];3(12):680-8. In:
[1950] - . Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=
pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17130878&query_hl=
2&itool=pubmed_docsum PMID: 17130878.
(Argentina): Universitas; c2002 [cited 2007 Mar 9]. 94 p. In: LocatorPlus
Kadonaga J. Preparation of a highly efficient transcription extract from
Drosophila embryos. [cited 2007 Feb 1]. In: bioProtocol: a Bio Online Site
[Internet]. Emeryville (CA): Bio.Com. c1992 - . [about 5 p.]. Available from:

http://bioprotocol.bio.com/protocolstools/protocol.jhtml?id=p9052
Bunyavejchevin S, Phupong V. 2006. Laparoscopic surgery for presumed
benign ovarian tumor during pregnancy. [amended 2007 Jun 14; cited 2007
Feb 20]. In: The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [Internet].
//www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/clsysrev/articles/CD005459 /
pdf_fs.html Record No.: CD005459.
Frank CD, Adler DG. 2006. Post-ERCP pancreatitis and its prevention. Nat
Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. [cited 2007 Mar 9];3(12):680-8. In: PubMed
Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&
cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17130878&query_hl=2&itool=
pubmed_docsumPMID:17130878.
Loyber I, Varela SB. c2002. Bases neurofisiologicas del dolor: dolor referido.
Cordoba (Argentina): Universitas; [cited 2007 Mar 9]. 94 p. In: LocatorPlus
Kadonaga J. [cited 2007 Feb 1]. Preparation of a highly efficient transcription
extract from Drosophila embryos. In: bioProtocol: a Bio Online Site [Internet].
Emeryville (CA): Bio.Com. c1992 - . [about 5 p.] Available from: http://
bioprotocol.bio.com/protocolstools/protocol.jhtml?id=p9052

item
item
Date of Update/Revision for a Contribution to a Database on the Internet

(required)
Contributions to databases may be updated or revised separately from the database
as a whole
2006 May 5
such as Jan

Database also has a date of update/revision

Contributions to databases on the Internet may be updated or revised after
publication. Look for the date accompanied by such words as updated, modified,
revised, reviewed:
At the top or bottom of the first screen or the bottom of the last screen of the
contribution
In a specific field if the contribution is subdivided into fields
In the source code for the contribution if it is displayed by the Web browser

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Various words are used to show that the content of a contribution has changed. Among
Use the wording supplied in the contribution
date order
Example:
Box 117. Database also has a date of update/revision.

Contributions to databases may be updated or revised separately from the database
as a whole. If the database also has a date of update/revision, retain it.

7. Contribution to a database on the Internet with date of update/revision
Date of Citation for a Contribution to a Database on the Internet

(required)
Give the date the contribution was seen on the Internet
such as Jan
If a Date of Update/Revision is given, place the date of citation after it and follow
brackets


Various words are used to show that the content of a contribution has been changed.
Use the wording for update/revision supplied in the contribution

square brackets
Example:

item
item
Connective Phrase for a Contribution to a Database on the Internet

(required)
Place a space and the word "In" after the title (and any dates) of the contribution

item
item
Database on the Internet (required)

General Rules for a Database on the Internet
For all components except Date of Citation and the Availability (URL), cite
according to Chapter 24A Entire Databases/Retrieval Systems on the Internet. For
these components elements use the instructions below.
Extent (Pagination) (required)

If the extent is not provided by the database, calculate the extent as the total number
of screens, paragraphs, lines, or bytes of the database record or other contribution,
whichever is most practical
If the extent is calculated, precede the total with the word about and place it in
square brackets, such as [about 15 screens]
If the contribution is printed, precede the page total with the word about and place
it in square brackets, such as [about 10 p.]
If the contribution contains hyperlinks, it is not possible to provide the extent

Extent for items published elsewhere and cited in the database
Box 119. Extent for items published elsewhere and cited in the database.
If the contribution is a journal article or book that was published elsewhere and cited in
the database:
Give the pagination for the item, i.e., the page numbers on which a journal article
appears or the total number of pages of a book, as a part of Publication Information
Use for extent the length of the record for the item as it appears in the database. For
example, in the following citation:
Frank CD, Adler DG. Post-ERCP pancreatitis and its prevention. Nat Clin
Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Dec [cited 2007 Mar 9];3(12):680-8. In:
[1950] - . [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entr
ez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=171
30878&query_hl=2&itool=pubmed_docsum PMID: 17130878.
[The article occupies pages 680 through 688 in the journal, but the record for
this article in the database takes about 1 screen to display.]

8. Contribution to a database on the Internet with extent provided by the database
9. Contribution to a database on the Internet with extent calculated
Availability for a Contribution to a Database on the Internet (required)

punctuation

Breaking long URLs
Multiple URLs


The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve the record
or other item, i.e., is not directly addressable.
Example:
Available from: http://www.genomic.melb.edu/mdi/ by searching for record
number 9934872.

If more than one URL can be used to locate a contribution:
Give the URL you used in locating the contribution

Example:
Available from:
http://www.fao.org/nutrdb/006/y4962t/y4962t01.htm#bm1..1.3.1 ;
http://www.fao.org/nutrdb/006/y4962t/y4962t03.htm#bm3..1.3.1 ;
http://www.fao.org/nutrdb/006/y4962t/y4962t05.htm#bm5..1.3.1

item
item
Acquisition Number for a Contribution to a Database (optional)

General Rules for Acquisition Number
Give the record number or other acquisition number assigned to the contribution
by the database
Precede the number with the identifying wording used by the database, such as
Record No. or PMID
Use Acquisition No. if the database does not identify the number
Follow the wording with a colon and a space, then add the number, such as PMID:
17236284
End number information with a period
Examples for Acquisition Number

10. Contribution to a database on the Internet with an acquisition number
Language for a Contribution to a Database on the Internet (required)

Give the language of publication of the contribution if not English

Contributions appearing in more than one language
Box 123. Contributions appearing in more than one language.

If a record or another contribution is written with equal text in two or more languages, as
Give all titles in the order they are presented on the title page or opening screens
Place an equals sign with a space before and after between the titles
List the languages after the availability statement (URL) and any acquisition number
Example:
Brodkin E, Lindegger M, Kassam S, Gustafson R. Possible transmission of
hepatitis A in a school setting = Possible transmission de l'hepatite A en milieu
scolaire. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2007 Feb 15;33(4):49-51. In: PubMed
[about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/
query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve
&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17352054&query_hl=2&itool=pubmed_docsum
PMID: 17352054. English, French.
If each language version has its own URL, give the URL of the language you used. As
an option, give the URLs for all languages. Separate them by a space, a semicolon, and
a space.
Available from:
French, Spanish.

6. Contribution to a database on the Internet with title in a language other than
English
Notes for a Contribution to a Database on the Internet (optional)

Notes is a collective term for any further useful information given after the citation
itself
Be brief

System requirements

System requirements describe the software and hardware needed to view the contribution
on the database.
Example:
System Requirements: Windows 95 or higher; 200-megaHertz Pentium or
higher; Random Access Memory 128-megabytes or higher; Modem Speed 56
Kilobits per second or higher; 20-MB hard disk space; 17-inch video graphics
array; 800 x 600 pixels/high with color 800;Adobe Acrobat Reader 5.0;
Internet Explorer 6.0 or higher.

contribution and the database, then add the note. Examples of notes are:
Beaver BV. The veterinarian's encyclopedia of animal behavior. Ames (IA):

Iowa State University Press; 1994 [cited 2007 Mar 9]. 307 p. In: WorldCat
[Internet]. Dublin (OH): OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. 1971 -
. [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://firstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/FSFETC
H?fetchtype=fullrecord:sessionid=fsapp4-50507-ez31hdf6-76zk93:entitypagen
um=15:0:recno=1:resultset=3:format=FI:next=html/record.html:bad=error/ba
dfetch.html:entitytoprecno=1:entitycurrecno=1: numrecs=1 Accession No:
OCLC: 30700481. Subscription required to view.
The name of the organization(s) sponsoring or supporting the database
Rotchford JK. Single-use acupuncture needles: scanning electron-microscopy
of needle-tips [review]. 2002 Apr [cited 2007 Mar 9]. In: Rotchford JK, editor.
Acubriefs.com [Internet]. Port Townsend (WA): Best of Both Worlds
Foundation. [date unknown] - . [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://ww
w.acubriefs.com/wkstone/webkeystone.py?Profile=ABarticles/search_whole_r
eview.prof&ReviewID=146&UserID=biz_acubriefs Review ID: 146. Acubriefs
was established by a grant from the Medical Acupuncture Research
Foundation (MARF).
Examples for Notes

11. Contribution to a database on the Internet with a note
Examples of Citations to Contributions to Databases on the

Internet
1. Standard contribution to a database on the Internet without a separate
date for the item
Kadonaga J. Preparation of a highly efficient transcription extract from Drosophila
embryos. [cited 2007 Feb 1]. In: bioProtocol: a Bio Online Site [Internet]. Emeryville
(CA): Bio.Com. c1992 - . [about 5 p.]. Available from: http://bioprotocol.bio.com/
protocolstools/protocol.jhtml?id=p9052
2. Standard contribution to a database on the Internet with a separate

date for the item
Bunyavejchevin S, Phupong V. Laparoscopic surgery for presumed benign ovarian tumor
during pregnancy. 2006 Oct 18 [amended 2007 Jun 14; cited 2007 Feb 20]. In: The
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [Internet]. Hoboken (NJ): John Wiley & Sons,
Ltd. c1999 - . 129K. Available from: http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/cochrane/
clsysrev/articles/CD005459/pdf_fs.html Record No.: CD005459.
Cannon R. Rilonacept to improve artery function in patients with atherosclerosis. 2006

Dec 29 [last updated 2012 Apr 25; results first received 2009 Sep 14; cited 2015 Apr 25].
In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine. 2000
- . Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00417417 ClinicalTrials.gov
Identifier: NCT00417417.
Cannon R. Rilonacept to improve artery function in patients with atherosclerosis. 2006
Dec 29 [last updated 2012 Apr 25]. In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S.
National Library of Medicine. 2000 - . Study results [results first received 2009 Sep 14;
cited 2015 Apr 25]. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/
NCT00417417 ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00417417 Study Results tab.
Jordan S, Schnepf M, Boeckner L. Hispanic food frequency. 1996 Sep 20 [cited 2007 Feb
16]. In: Nutrition Education for Diverse Audiences [Internet]. Urbana (IL): University of
Illinois, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences. [date unknown]
- . [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://necd.aces.uiuc.edu/inter2_search.cgi?
ind=853868171
Rotchford JK. Single-use acupuncture needles: scanning electron-microscopy of needle-
tips [review]. 2002 Apr [cited 2007 Mar 9]. In: Rotchford JK, editor. Acubriefs.com
[Internet]. Port Townsend (WA): Best of Both Worlds Foundation. [date unknown] - .
[about 3 screens]. Available from: http://www.acubriefs.com/wkstone/webkeystone.py?
Profile=ABarticles/search_whole_review.prof&ReviewID=146&UserID=biz_acubriefs
Review ID: 146.
British Cardiovascular Intervention Society. Number of coronary bypass operations and
percutaneous coronary interventions per year 1980-2004, United Kingdom. 2005 [cited
2007 Mar 9]. In: Allender S, Peto V, Rayner M, Scarborough P, Boxer A. heartstats: British
Heart Foundation Statistics Database [Internet]. London: British Heart Foundation. c2003
- [updated 2006 Nov 3]. [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.heartstats.org/
temp/Figsp3.3spweb06.xls
Sanofi-Aventis U.S. LLC. Ambien cr (zolpidem tartrate) tablet, coated. 2007 [rev. 2007
Sep; cited 2009 Apr]. In: DailyMed [Internet]. [2005] - . [about 20 p.]. Bethesda (MD):
National Library of Medicine (US). Available from: http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/
dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?id=5420
3. Standard contribution to a database on the Internet with complete

publication information for the item
Frank CD, Adler DG. Post-ERCP pancreatitis and its prevention. Nat Clin Pract
Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Dec [cited 2007 Mar 9];3(12):680-8. In: PubMed [Internet].
Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). [1950] - . [about 1 screen]. Available
from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?
db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=17130878&query_hl=2&itool
=pubmed_docsum PMID: 17130878.
Beaver BV. The veterinarian's encyclopedia of animal behavior. Ames (IA): Iowa State
University Press; 1994 [cited 2007 Mar 9]. 307 p. In: WorldCat [Internet]. Dublin (OH):
OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. 1971 - . [about 2 screens]. Available from:
http://firstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/FSFETCH?
fetchtype=fullrecord:sessionid=fsappd-50507-
ez31hdf6-76zk93:entitypagenum=15:0:recno=1:resultset=3:format=FI:next=html/
record.html:bad=error/badfetch.html:entitytoprecno=1:entitycurrecno=1:numrecs=1
Accession No: OCLC: 30700481.
4. Contribution to a database on the Internet with organization as author

British Cardiovascular Intervention Society. Number of coronary bypass operations and
percutaneous coronary interventions per year 1980-2004, United Kingdom. 2005 [cited
2007 Mar 9]. In: Allender S, Peto V, Rayner M, Scarborough P, Boxer A. heartstats: British
Heart Foundation Statistics Database [Internet]. London: British Heart Foundation. c2003
- [updated 2006 Nov 3]. [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.heartstats.org/
temp/Figsp3.3spweb06.xls
5. Contribution to a database on the Internet with author affiliation

Kadonaga J (University of California, San Diego, CA). Preparation of a highly efficient
transcription extract from Drosophila embryos. [cited 2007 Feb 1]. In: bioProtocol: a Bio
Online Site [Internet]. Emeryville (CA): Bio.Com. c1992 - . [about 5 p.]. Available from:
http://bioprotocol.bio.com/protocolstools/protocol.jhtml?id=p9052
6. Contribution to a database on the Internet with title in a language

other than English
Stegenga B, de Bont LG. [Diagnosis and classification of orofacial pain by dental and
general practitioners]. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd. 2006 Nov [cited 2007 Mar 9];113(11):
437-41. In: PubMed [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US).
[1950] - . Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?
=pubmed_docsum PMID: 17147024. Dutch.
Piccot-Crezollet C, Casamatta JM, Lepage OM. [Digital semiological anesthesia in horses:
technique and elements of interpretation]. Can Vet J. 2005 Sep [cited 2007 Mar 9];46(9):
807-13. In: Agricola [Internet]. Beltsville (MD): National Agricultural Library (US). [date
unknown] - . [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://agricola.nal.usda.gov/cgi-bin/
Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&CNT=20&CMD=horse&SL=Submit&DATE=2000&DTBL=G
%7C&LANG=FRE%7C&STARTDB=AGRIDB Call No.: 41.8 R3224. French.
(Argentina): Universitas; c2002 [cited 2007 Mar 9]. 94 p. In: LocatorPlus [Internet].
Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). [date unknown] - . [about 1 screen].
Available from: http://locatorplusv2.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?
Search_Arg=101178678&Search_Code=FT*&PID=t@ODl%3COIo@ODm@%3EHs@
%3EIm@NIo@%3F%3C&SEQ=20070312150312&CNT=25&HIST=1 NLM Unique ID:
101178678. Spanish.
with translation of original language provided
Stegenga B, de Bont LG. Diagnostiek en classificatie van orofaciale pijnen in de eerste lijn
[Diagnosis and classification of orofacial pain by dental and general practitioners]. Ned
Tijdschr Tandheelkd. 2006 Nov [cited 2007 Mar 9];113(11):437-41. In: PubMed
[Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). [1950] - . Available from:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?
=pubmed_docsum PMID: 17147024. Dutch.
Piccot-Crezollet C, Casamatta JM, Lepage OM. Anesthesies semiologiques digitales chez
le cheval: technique et elements d'interpretation [Digital semiological anesthesia in
horses: technique and elements of interpretation]. Can Vet J. 2005 Sep [cited 2007 Mar 9];
46(9):807-13. In: Agricola [Internet]. Beltsville (MD): National Agricultural Library (US).
[date unknown] - . [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://agricola.nal.usda.gov/cgi-
bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?
DB=local&CNT=20&CMD=horse&SL=Submit&DATE=2000&DTBL=G
%7C&LANG=FRE%7C&STARTDB=AGRIDB French.
Loyber I, Varela SB. Bases neurofisiologicas del dolor: dolor referido [Neurophysiological
basis of pain: referred pain]. Cordoba (Argentina): Universitas; c2002. 94 p. In:
LocatorPlus [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). [date
unknown] - . [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://locatorplusv2.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/
Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=101178678&Search_Code=FT*&PID=t@ODl
%3COIo@ODm@%3EHs@%3EIm@NIo@%3F
%3C&SEQ=20070312150312&CNT=25&HIST=1 NLM Unique ID: 101178678. Spanish.
7. Contribution to a database on the Internet with date of update/

revision
8. Contribution to a database on the Internet with extent provided by the

database

Di Stefano B, Collombet S, Graf T. Time-resolved gene expression profiling during
reprogramming of C/EBP-pulsed B cells into iPS cells [dataset]. 2014 May 22 [cited 2014
Oct 6]. In: figshare [Internet]. London: Digital Science. 2011 Jan - . 53.76 MB. Available
from: http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.939408 Referenced in doi: 10.1038/sdata.
2014.8
Silver D, Macinko J. State health policy research dataset (SHEPRD): 1980-2010 (ICPSR
34789) [dataset]. 2013 Oct 3 [revised 2014 Sep 24; cited 2014 Oct 29]. In: Health and
Medical Care Archive [Internet]. Ann Arbor (MI): University of Michigan, Institute for
Social Research, Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research. [date
unknown] - . 3.1 MB. Available from: http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR34789.v3 Related
article in PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3482037.
9. Contribution to a database on the Internet with extent calculated

Jordan S, Schnepf M, Boeckner L. Hispanic food frequency. 1996 Sep 20 [cited 2007 Mar
9]. In: Nutrition Education for Diverse Audiences [Internet]. Urbana (IL): University of
Illinois, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences. [date unknown]
- . [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://necd.aces.uiuc.edu/inter2_search.cgi?
ind=853868171
Phillips JA 3rd. Cortisone reductase deficiency. 2000 May [updated 2007 May 22; cited
2009 Jun 15]. In: Hamosh A, editor. Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, OMIM
[Internet]. Baltimore (MD): Johns Hopkins University, McKusick-Nathans Institute of
Genetic Medicine. c1966-2009. [about 3 p.]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=604931
Van Marck VL, Bracke ME. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in human cancer. [2003?]
[cited 2010 Jun 9]. In: Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet]. Austin (TX):
Landes Bioscience. 2000 - . [about 26 p.]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=eurekah&part=A32382
10. Contribution to a database on the Internet with an acquisition

number
Couzos S, Murray RB, editors. Aboriginal primary health care: an evidence-based
approach. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2003 [cited 2007 Mar 9]. 658 p. In:
LocatorPlus [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). [date
unknown] - . [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://locatorplusv2.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/

Pwebrecon.cgi?Search_Arg=101195240&Search_Code=FT*&PID=lPoRW
%3D_IlHOHp@oRqXoRm@oRo%3C%3C
%3C&SEQ=20070309151319&CNT=25&HIST=1 NLM Unique ID: 101195240.
11. Contribution to a database on the Internet with a note

Beaver BV. The veterinarian's encyclopedia of animal behavior. Ames (IA): Iowa State
University Press; 1994 [cited 2007 Mar 9]. 307 p. In: WorldCat [Internet]. Dublin (OH):
OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. 1971 - . [about 2 screens]. Available from:
http://firstsearch.oclc.org/WebZ/FSFETCH?
fetchtype=fullrecord:sessionid=fsappd-50507-
ez31hdf6-76zk93:entitypagenum=15:0:recno=1:resultset=3:format=FI:next=html/
record.html:bad=error/badfetch.html:entitytoprecno=1:entitycurrecno=1:numrecs=1
Accession No: OCLC: 30700481. Subscription required to view.
Dubuis JO, Samanta R, Gregor T. Accurate measurements of dynamics and
reproducibility in small genetic networks [dataset]. 2013 Jan 22 [cited 2014 Oct 2]. In:
Dryad Digital Repository [Internet]. Durham (NC): Dryad. 2008 Jan - . Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.35h8v Referenced in PubMed PMID: 2334085.
[Jacobs B]. NeuroMorpho.Org ID: NMO_03472; neuron name: 1-10-10 [dataset]. 2008
May 16 [cited 2015 Jun 3]. In: NeuroMorpho.Org [Internet]. Fairfax (VA): George Mason
University. c2006-2015. Available from: http://neuromorpho.org/neuroMorpho/
neuron_info.jsp?neuron_name=1-10-10 Related article reference in PubMed PMID:
11375917.
Rotchford JK. Single-use acupuncture needles: scanning electron-microscopy of needle-
tips [review]. 2002 Apr [cited 2007 Mar 9]. In: Rotchford JK, editor. Acubriefs.com
[Internet]. Port Townsend (WA): Best of Both Worlds Foundation. [date unknown] - .
[about 3 screens]. Available from: http://www.acubriefs.com/wkstone/webkeystone.py?
Profile=ABarticles/search_whole_review.prof&ReviewID=146&UserID=biz_acubriefs
Review ID: 146. Acubriefs was established by a grant from the Medical Acupuncture
Research Foundation (MARF).
Zheng LY, Guo XS, He B, Sun LJ, Peng Y, Dong SS, Liu TF, Jiang S, Ramachandran S, Liu
CM, Jing HC. Genome data from sweet and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) [dataset].
2011 Nov 12 [cited 2014 Oct 3]. In: GigaDB [Internet]. [London: BioMed Central].
[2011?] - . Available from: http://gigadb.org/dataset/100012 doi: 10.5524/100012
Referenced in PubMed PMID: 22104744.
1757
Chapter 25. Web Sites

A. Homepages
Examples
B. Parts of Web Sites
Examples
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Homepages

The general format for a reference to a homepage, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Homepages

A homepage is the first or introductory page of a Web site (NISO Z39.29). It usually
provides a table of contents or index to the contents of the site. Homepages are placed on
the Internet by both organizations and individuals for purposes ranging from an effort to
provide information about a government agency, a company, an association, or a specific
subject, to a means of providing a forum for a personal point of view. Homepages vary
greatly in size and complexity, reflecting the Web site which they introduce. A citation to a
Web site is made primarily from the information found on a homepage.
The rules for citing homepages are similar to those for Internet books. Locate the author
or organization with responsibility for the homepage, a title, a place of publication, a
publisher, and a date of publication. Simply adding a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) or
other electronic address to a title is not sufficient. Internet sites disappear with great
frequency, and users of a citation must be given some other identifying information if
they are to locate sites in the future.
Some elements, however, are more difficult to locate when citing homepages. For example,
some poorly constructed sites do not contain dates, and authorship or publishing
responsibility may be unclear or absent. The title may also be difficult to discern from a
collage of graphics. The person doing the citing can only work with the information
provided.
Some elements require expansion for an Internet citation to provide needed information.
For example, the date of publication is required in a citation, but most homepages are
updated or otherwise modified numerous times after the date of publication, i.e., the date
the homepage was first placed on the Internet. The latest date of update/revision should
therefore be included along with the date cited, i.e., the date the person doing the citing
saw the homepage on the Internet. This is necessary in the volatile Internet environment,
where changes can be easily made and a site seen one day may not be the same when
viewed the next day. Producing a print or other copy of crucial pages for future reference
is strongly recommended.
Note also that it is possible to have Web sites within Web sites. For example, the National
Institute on Aging (NIA) is organizationally a part of the National Institutes of Health
(NIH). Each of these bodies has its own Web site with a homepage; the NIA site is not
considered a part of the NIH site. Similarly, the PubMed database on the NLM site stands
alone and is cited as a database, not a part of the NLM site. A URL only reflects server
location and should not necessarily be used to indicate hierarchy or subordinate
relationships for citation purposes. The basic rule is to cite the most specific identifiable
site used.
To cite an entire Web site from the homepage, use the instructions below. To cite only one
component of a Web site, such as a specific page or pages, first determine whether or not
the component can stand alone and be cited separately. A book or other monograph, a
journal, or a database on a Web site should be cited according to the instructions for the
particular type of format. Cite a book on a Web site according to Chapter 22, a journal
according to Chapter 23, and a database according to Chapter 24.
To use the NLM Web site as an example of components that can be cited separately:
A book and similar items on the NLM Web site:
Metagenomics: sequences from the environment [Internet]. Bethesda (MD):
National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biomedical
Information; 2006 [cited 2007 Apr 20]. Available from: http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=metagenomics.TOC
Fact sheet: AIDS information resources [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National
Library of Medicine (US); 2003 May 2 [updated 2007 Feb 20; cited 2007 Mar
Web Sites 1759
26]. [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/

factsheets/aidsinfs.html
An NLM database:
ChemIDplus Lite [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine
(US), Specialized Information Services Division. [2003] - [cited 2007 Mar 26].
Available from: http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/chemidlite.jsp
A publication produced by another organization that resides on the NLM site:
A.D.A.M. medical encyclopedia [Internet]. Atlanta: A.D.A.M., Inc.; c2005
[cited 2007 Mar 26]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/
encyclopedia.html
Cite components of Web sites that cannot stand alone according to Chapter 25B Parts of
Web Sites. Examples of these include a disease page from the MedlinePlus site and a press
release from the AMA site. Never cite as parts those components with authorship distinct
from the authors of the site as a whole. If in doubt about the status of a component, cite it
separately using the instructions in the appropriate chapter.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Homepages.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Homepages.
Citation Rules with Examples for Homepages

it is optional.
Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Content Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) |
Edition (R) | Editor and other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication (R) |
Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of Update/Revision (R) | Date of Citation
(R) | Availability (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author for Homepages (required)

List names in the order they appear on the site

See Editor and other Secondary Authors below if there are no authors but editors
are named

Determining the author
Other surname rules
Box 1. Determining the author.

Some homepages clearly state the names of the authors of the Web site. When they do not:
screen of the homepage
organizations
Do not assume that an individual named in association with a copyright statement,
such as "copyright 1997 by John A. Smith" is the author, either
use that name as the publisher
Many sites will display an organization's name rather than a person's name. In such
cases when the organization appears to be serving as both author and publisher,
place the organization in the publisher position.

Web Sites 1761


[If you cannot determine from the homepage or other screens whether a
surname is compound or a combination of a middle name and a surname,
look elsewhere in the text for clarification. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker
may be interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott Parker E.]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Disregard traditional abbreviations of given names. Some non-US publishers use
For non-English names that are been romanized (written in the roman alphabet),
letter
Web Sites 1763


Examples:

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

If a division or another part of an organization is included on the homepage, give
Web Sites 1765
If both individuals and an organization or organizations appear on the homepage as
authors, use the names of the individuals as the author. Give the organization at the
end of the reference as a note, if desired.
appear on the homepage. Follow a non-English name with a translation when
possible. Place all translations in square brackets.
brackets.
or

treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

with the title of the homepage
Do not use anonymous
Example:
Mesothelioma.com: the web's most trusted source on mesothelioma
[Internet]. New York: Early, Ludwick, Sweeney & Strauss; c2005 [cited 2007
Feb 21]. Available from: http://www.mesothelioma.com/.
Web Sites 1767

Examples for Author

1. Standard citation to a homepage
2. Homepage with author(s)
3. Homepage with full author name(s)
4. Homepage with author role indicated
5. Homepage with an organization(s) as author
6. Homepage with no authors or editors
24. Homepage with author and publisher the same
Author Affiliation for Homepages (optional)



Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society

a space
Web Sites 1769
Insert the e-mail address as it appears on the homepage

Example:
Uijtdehaage S (David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los
Angeles, CA. [email protected]), Dennis S (Spencer S. Eccles Health
Sciences Library, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT.
[email protected]). HEAL: Health Education Assets Library
[Internet]. Oakland (CA): Regents of the University of California; c2000-2005
[cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.healcentral.org/.

Spain).

Translate organizational names in character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese,
etc.)
Kubo A, Ishida T.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Vienna for Wien and Spain for Espana. However, the name found on the Web site
may always be used.
Web Sites 1771

name as found on the Web site may always be used.
Wien becomes Vienna

7. Homepage with author affiliation
Title for Homepages (required)

Reproduce the title of a homepage as closely as possible to the wording on the
screen, duplicating capitalization, spacing, punctuation, and special characters
when possible
already present
square brackets

Determining the title
Box 15. Determining the title.

While many homepages clearly state the title of the Web site, some sites do not. When
there is no clear title:
Look for the title in the source code of the document

character.
E@UP: European Copyright Focal Point [Internet].
OncoLink: the Web's first cancer resource [Internet].
MedConnect: an online resource for medical professionals [Internet].
becomes omega.
Synthesis of -amino acids [Internet].
may become
Synthesis of beta-Amino Acids [Internet].
OncoLink: the Web's first cancer resource [Internet].
may become
OncoLink(TM): the Web's first cancer resource [Internet].

Swedish, etc.)
Societe Francaise de Mycologie Medicale [Internet].
Institut istorii nauki i tekhniki [Internet].
Web Sites 1773

Place translated titles in square brackets.
or
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Use the capitalization found
Senovida [Breast life] [Internet]. [place unknown]: Sociedad Ecuatoriana de
Oncologia; [2007; cited 2007 Mar 28]. Available from: http://
www.senovida.org/. Spanish.
Societe Francaise de Mycologie Medicale [French Society of Medical

Mycology] [Internet]. Paris: The Society; [2007; cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available
from: http://mycolmed.chez-alice.fr/. French.

If a homepage title is written in several languages:
Example:
World Health Organization [Internet]. Geneva (Switzerland): The
Organization; c2007 [cited 2007 Mar 26]. Available from: http://
www.who.int/en/index.html English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian,
Spanish.
If a homepage title is presented with equal text in two or more languages, as often
statement
Example:
Health Canada = Sante Canada [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Health
Canada; [updated 2007 Feb 8; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://
www.hc-sc.gc.ca/. English, French.

Most titles end in a period. Place [Internet] or [homepage on the Internet] inside
the period.
Web Sites 1775
AMA: helping doctors help patients [Internet]. Chicago: American Medical

Association; c1995-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.ama-
assn.org/.
AMA: helping doctors help patients [homepage on the Internet]. Chicago:
American Medical Association; c1995-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available
from: http://www.ama-assn.org/.
Shape Up America! [Internet]. Clyde Park (MT): Shape Up America!;
c2005-2006 [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.shapeup.org/.

Occasionally a homepage does not appear to have any title; it simply begins with the text.
When this occurs:
Examples for Title

8. Homepage with title having a subtitle
9. Homepage with upper/lower case/special characters in the title
10. Homepage with title ending in punctuation other than a period
11. Homepage in a language other than English
12. Homepage published with parallel text in two or more languages
13. Homepage published with optional content type
22. Homepage with title and publisher the same
23. Homepage with title and publisher the same, with publisher name abbreviated
Content Type for Homepages (optional)

Use a content type to tell the user the format of the Internet item being cited
Enter the words "homepage on the"



Most titles end in a period. Place [homepage on the Internet] inside the period.
[homepage on the Internet] with a period
Shape Up America! [homepage on the Internet]. Clyde Park (MT): Shape Up
America!; c2005-2006 [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://
www.shapeup.org/.

Place [homepage on the Internet] after the square brackets for the translation
Example:
Mycology] [homepage on the Internet]. Paris: The Society; [2007; cited 2007
Feb 22]. Available from: http://mycolmed.chez-alice.fr/. French.

Type of Medium for Homepages (required)

Place the word Internet in square brackets following the title (and Content Type, if
present)
Web Sites 1777

Availability below


Give the content type (homepage) before the type of medium (Internet)
Separate them with "on the"
Place both the content type and type of medium in square brackets
End with a period
Examples:
www.shapeup.org/.

Most titles end in a period. Place [Internet] or [homepage on the Internet] inside
the period.
Association; c1995-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.ama-
assn.org/.
[Internet] or [homepage on the Internet] with a period
Shape Up America! [Internet]. Clyde Park (MT): Shape Up America!;
c2005-2006 [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.shapeup.org/.

www.shapeup.org/.

If a translation of a title is provided, give the translation after the original language
or romanized title and place it in square brackets
End with a period
Example:
Mycology] [Internet]. Paris: The Society; [2007; cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available
from: http://mycolmed.chez-alice.fr/. French.

Edition for Homepages (required)

Indicate the edition/version being cited after the Type of Medium (and Content
Type, if present) when a homepage is published in more than one edition or version
adjectives

Word Abbreviation
edition ed.

Web Sites 1779
Word Abbreviation
abbreviated abbr.
abridged abr.
American Am.
augmented augm.
English Engl.
enlarged enl.
expanded expand.
illustrated ill.
modified mod.
original orig.
reprint(ed) repr.
revised rev.
special spec.
translation transl.
translated
period
3rd rev. ed.
1st Engl. ed.
version
release
update
level


familiar one
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Web Sites 1781

period
Examples:
Ed. 1a.
2. ed. veneta.
Nuova ed.
Seconda ed.
familiar one
period
Examples:
2. dopunjeno izd.
2. ekd. epeux.
3. ekd.
Japanese:
Examples:
becomes o
becomes u
Examples:
Shohan.
Dai 1-han.
Web Sites 1783
Dai 3-pan.
Di 3 ban.
Che 6-p'an.
Danish oplag n.a.
udgave
Dutch uitgave uitg.
editie ed.
French edition ed.
Auflage Aufl.
Greek ekdosis ekd.
utgave utg.
publikacija publ.
Spanish edicion ed.
publicacion publ.

If an edition and a version are present, give both, in the order they are presented,
separated by a semicolon and a space
Professional ed.; Rev. version.
Windows version; Office ed.

14. Homepage with an edition or version
Editor and other Secondary Authors for Homepages (optional)

translators, producers, and illustrators.
statement


A Web site may have several types of secondary author.
List all of them in the order they are given in the site
Examples:
illustrators.

List all of them in the order they are given on the Web site
Web Sites 1785

Example:

author into English if possible. However, the wording found on the Web site may
always be used.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
for them:


editeur
German redakteur produzent ubersetzer illustrator
curatore
editore
izdatel
editor productora

On rare occasions an organization may be listed as the editor.
Example:
editor.

15. Homepage with editor(s)
Place of Publication for Homepages (required)

Place is defined as the city where the homepage is published
different locations have the same name, such as Palm Springs (CA) and Palm
Springs (FL)
Web Sites 1787

Locating the place of publication
Non-US cities
Joint publication
Box 33. Locating the place of publication.

When a homepage does not clearly state the place of publication of the Web site:
Look in the source code for the homepage if it is displayed by the Web browser
example, Chicago as the place of publication of a homepage issued by the
American Medical Association.
National Library for Health [Internet]. [London]: NHS; c2005 [cited
2007 Jun 11]. Available from: http://www.library.nhs.uk/.
D'Alessandro DM, D'Alessandro MP. Virtual Pediatric Hospital: a
digital library of pediatric information [Internet]. [Iowa City (IA)]:
Donna M. D'Alessandro; c1992-2007 [revised 2006 Jul 20; cited 2007
Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.virtualpediatrichospital.org/.
Dunn S. The CancerGuide Page [Internet]. [place unknown]: Steve
Dunn; c1995-2004 [updated 2004 Aug 9; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available
from: http://www.cancerguide.org/.
Doctor's Guide [Internet]. Global ed. [place unknown]: Doctor's Guide

Publishing Limited; c1995-2007 [updated 2007 Feb 21; cited 2007 Feb
21]. Available from: http://www.cancerguide.org/.
Huckstep RL, Sherry E. World Ortho [Internet]. [place unknown:
publisher unknown]; [updated 2007 Mar 23; cited 2007 Mar 23].
Available from: http://www.worldortho.com/.

Moskva, if possible. However, the name as found on the Web site may always be
used.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Web Sites 1789
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but
Canada

Two or more organizations may co-publish a Web site.
Use the city of the first organization found on the opening screens as the place of
publication
Uijtdehaage S, Dennis S. HEAL: Health Education Assets Library [Internet].
Oakland (CA): Regents of the University of California; c2000-2005 [cited 2007
Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.healcentral.org/. Joint publication with
the University of Utah and the University of Oklahoma.
Hooper JF. Psychiatry & the Law: Forensic Psychiatric Resource Page
[Internet]. Tuscaloosa (AL): University of Alabama, Department of Psychiatry
and Neurology; 1999 Jan 1 [updated 2006 Jul 8; cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available
from: http://bama.ua.edu/~jhooper/. Jointly published by the University of
Alabama School of Law and the Alabama Department of Mental Health &
Mental Retardation.


If no place of publication can be found on the opening screens, but one can be
found elsewhere on the site or can be reasonably inferred (e.g., Chicago as the place
for a publication of the American Medical Association), place the city in square
brackets, such as "[Chicago]"
National Library for Health [Internet]. [London]: NHS; c2005 [cited 2007 Jun
11]. Available from: http://www.library.nhs.uk/.
D'Alessandro DM, D'Alessandro MP. Virtual Pediatric Hospital: a digital
library of pediatric information [Internet]. [Iowa City (IA)]: Donna M.
D'Alessandro; c1992-2007 [revised 2006 Jul 20; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available
from: http://www.virtualpediatrichospital.org/.
Dunn S. The CancerGuide Page [Internet]. [place unknown]: Steve Dunn;
c1995-2004 [updated 2004 Aug 9; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://
www.cancerguide.org/.
Doctor's Guide [Internet]. Global ed. [place unknown]: Doctor's Guide
Publishing Limited; c1995-2007 [updated 2007 Feb 21; cited 2007 Feb 21].
Available from: http://www.cancerguide.org/.
Huckstep RL, Sherry E. World Ortho [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher
unknown]; [updated 2007 Mar 23; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://
www.worldortho.com/.

16. Homepage with well known place of publication
17. Homepage with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for clarity
Web Sites 1791
18. Homepage with place of publication inferred

19. Homepage with unknown place of publication
Publisher for Homepages (required)

A publisher is defined as the individual or organization issuing the homepage
Record the name of the publisher as it appears on the homepage or opening
screens, using whatever capitalization and punctuation is found there
example, "John Wiley & Sons, Ltd." may become simply "Wiley"
Division.

Determining the publisher
Joint publication
Multiple publishers
Box 38. Determining the publisher.

When a homepage does not clearly state the name of the publisher:
Chemical Society
link
Organization" appears, use ABC Organization as the publisher and XYZ
Corporation as the distributor. Publisher information is required in a citation;

Huckstep RL, Sherry E. World Ortho [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher
unknown]; [updated 2007 Mar 23; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://
www.worldortho.com/.

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society

original language
Web Sites 1793

translation is given on the Web site.
Institute];
are capitalized.]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
translated publisher names in square brackets unless the translation is given on the
Web site.
publisher.

Two or more organizations may co-publish a Web site.
Use the first organization appearing as publisher on the opening screens
desired
Examples:
Web Sites 1795

Mental Retardation.

name given first as the publisher and include the name of the other(s) as a note if
desired.
Examples:
Mental Retardation.


20. Homepage with publisher having subsidiary division
21. Homepage with government agency or other national body as publisher
23. Homepage with title and publisher the same, with publisher name abbreviated
25. Homepage with joint publication
26. Homepage with unknown publisher
Date of Publication for Homepages (required)

Use the date the homepage was first placed on the Internet
such as Jan


Some homepages clearly state the date that the site was placed on the Internet, using such
phrases as "first published", "created", and "began". When they do not:
Look for the date at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen or the bottom of
the homepage
Web Sites 1797
c2006 Medical College of Wisconsin, c2000-2007 National Rural Health
Association.
Look for a date in the text of a link labeled "About this site", "History", or similar
wording
If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found, use the date of
update/revision and/or the date cited
The Kennedy Institute of Ethics [Internet]. Washington: The Institute;
[updated 2007 Mar 16; cited 2007 Mar 22]. Available from: http://
kennedyinstitute.georgetown.edu/.
National Center for Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (US); [reviewed 2007 Feb 15; cited 2007 Feb
20]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/index.htm
Double D. Critical Psychiatry Website [Internet]. Norwich (UK): Duncan
Double; [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://
www.critpsynet.freeuk.com/antipsychiatry.htm

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan

names of seasons.

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Some homepages display both a date of publication and a date of copyright. A copyright
Web Sites 1799

preceding the date. If no date of publication can be found, but the homepage
example c2005.
Examples:
NursingWorld: Official Web site of the American Nurses Association
[Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): American Nurses Association, Inc.; c2007
[updated 2007 Feb 20; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://
www.ana.org/.
APSnet: Plant Pathology Online [Internet]. St Paul (MN): American
Phytopathological Association; c1994-2006 [cited 2006 Dec 4]. Available
from: http://www.apsnet.org/.

The Kennedy Institute of Ethics [Internet]. Washington: The Institute;
[updated 2007 Mar 16; cited 2007 Mar 22]. Available from: http://
kennedyinstitute.georgetown.edu/.
National Center for Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (US); [reviewed 2007 Feb 15; cited 2007 Feb
20]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/index.htm
Double D. Critical Psychiatry Website [Internet]. Norwich (UK): Duncan
Double; [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://
www.critpsynet.freeuk.com/antipsychiatry.htm

The date of publication may follow the author names (or type of medium if there is no
author) in the list of references when the name-year system of in-text references is used.
Use (1) the date of copyright, (2) the date of update/revision, or (3) the date of
Place the date followed by a period after the last named author (or type of medium
if there is no author)
unless they are the only dates available to follow the author(s) (or type of medium)
End the publisher name with a period if it is not followed by a date of update/
revision or date of citation
NLM citation:
from: http://bama.ua.edu/~jhooper/.
Fugh-Berman A. PharmedOUT [Internet]. Washington: Georgetown
University, Department of Physiology and Biophysics; c2006 [cited 2007 Mar
23]. Available from: http://www.pharmedout.org/.
Gene Ontology Consortium. the Gene Ontology [Internet]. [place unknown]:
the Gene Ontology; c1999-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://
www.geneontology.org/.
[Internet]. New York: Early, Ludwick, Sweeney & Strauss; c2005 [cited 2007
Food and Nutrition Information Center [Internet]. Beltsville (MD): National
Agricultural Library (US); [modified 2007 Jan 30; cited 2007 Feb 20].
Available from: http://grande.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?tax_level=1
&info_center=4
StatePublicHealth.org [Internet]. Washington: ASTHO; [cited 2007 Feb 23].
Available from: http://statepublichealth.org/.
Web Sites 1801
Hooper JF. 1999. Psychiatry & the Law: Forensic Psychiatric Resource Page
and Neurology; [updated 2006 Jul 8; cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://
bama.ua.edu/~jhooper/.
Fugh-Berman A. c2006. PharmedOUT [Internet]. Washington: Georgetown
University, Department of Physiology and Biophysics; [cited 2007 Mar 23].
Available from: http://www.pharmedout.org/.
Gene Ontology Consortium. c1999-2007. the Gene Ontology [Internet].
[place unknown]: the Gene Ontology; [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from:
http://www.geneontology.org/.
[Internet]. c2005. New York: Early, Ludwick, Sweeney & Strauss; [cited 2007
Food and Nutrition Information Center [Internet]. [modified 2007 Jan 30].
Beltsville (MD): National Agricultural Library (US); [cited 2007 Feb 20].
Available from: http://grande.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?tax_level=1
&info_center=4
StatePublicHealth.org [Internet]. [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Washington: ASTHO.
Available from: http://statepublichealth.org/.

27. Homepage with month(s)/day(s) included in date of publication
28. Homepage with date of copyright instead of date of publication
29. Homepage with multiple years of publication
32. Homepage with no date of publication or copyright
Date of Update/Revision for Homepages (required)

Homepages are frequently updated or revised after publication dates or copyright
dates
Use whatever word for update or revision is provided, such as updated, modified
2006 May 5
such as Jan


Homepages on the Internet are often updated or revised after first publication. Look for
the date accompanied by such words as updated, modified, revised, reviewed:
the homepage
In the source code for the homepage if it is displayed by the Web browser

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
Web Sites 1803
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Various words are used to show that the content of a Web site has changed. Among them
are: updated, modified, revised, reviewed.
Use the wording supplied on the site
date order
revised 2005 Dec; updated 2006 Mar;
Example:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Bethesda
(MD): The Institute; [updated 2007 Mar 23; modified 2007 Mar 26; cited 2007
Mar 27]. Available from: http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/.

30. Homepage with update/revision date
31. Homepage with a date of update and a date of revision
Date of Citation for Homepages (required)

Always include the date the homepage was seen on the Internet
such as Jan
brackets


Various words are used to show that the content of a homepage has changed. Among
Use the wording for update/revision supplied on the site
square brackets
Example:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Bethesda
(MD): The Institute; [updated 2007 Mar 23; modified 2007 Mar 26; cited 2007
Mar 27]. Available from: http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/.

Availability for Homepages (required)

Insert the Uniform Resource Locator (URL) in its entirety; do not omit http://,
www, or other beginning components
Web Sites 1805
punctuation

Breaking long URLs
Multiple URLs


If more than one URL can be used to locate a homepage:
Give the URL you used in locating the site
Neonatology on the Web [Internet]. [place unknown]: Neonatology on the
Web; 1995 Aug 1 [updated 2006 Dec 22; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from:
http://www.neonatology.org/ ; www.neonatology.net ; www.neonatology.com

The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve the
homepage, i.e., it is not directly addressable.
Example:
Available from: http://www.unimelb.edu.au/mdi/ by using the Related
Homepages link.

33. Homepage with multiple URLs
Language for Homepages (required)


Homepages appearing in more than one language
Box 61. Homepages appearing in more than one language.

If a homepage is written in several languages:
Give the title in the first language found on the homepage
Example:
World Health Organization [Internet]. Geneva (Switzerland): The
Organization; c2007 [cited 2007 Mar 26]. Available from: http://
www.who.int/en/index.html English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian,
Spanish.
If a homepage is written with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs
Give all titles in the order they are presented on the homepage
Example:
Web Sites 1807
Mange Bien, Mange Saintaire = Eat Well, Eat Safe [Internet]. [Guelph
(ON)]: Doug Powell; c2003-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from:
http://www.eatwelleatsafe.ca/frfiles/frindex.htm French, English.
Available from: http://www.who.int/en/index.html ; http://www.who.int/ar/
index.html ; http://www.who.int/zh/index.html ; http://www.who.int/fr/
index.html ; http://www.who.int/ru/index.html ; http://www.who.int/es/
index.html English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian, Spanish.

Notes for Homepages (optional)

Be brief

System requirements
Web master name

Web site.

Examples:
Care2Learn.com: continuing education for healthcare [Internet]. Bradenton
(FL): HealthNow, Inc.; [updated 2007 Feb 22; cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available
from: http://care2learn.com/. System Requirements: Netscape Navigator 3.x or
higher or Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.02 or higher.
PHA: Pulmonary Hypertension Association [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD):
The Association; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://
www.phassociation.org/. System Requirements: PC Windows running
Internet Explorer 5.5 or higher or Macintosh Internet Explorer 5.2 or higher;
Macromedia Flash Player; Adobe Acrobat Reader 4.0 or higher.
Box 63. Web master name.

If a Web master is given, place the name in natural word after the Availability
statement and any language of publication, if desired
Neonatology on the Web [Internet]. [place unknown]: Neonatology on the
Web; 1995 Aug 1 [updated 2006 Dec 22; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from:
http://www.neonatology.org/. Ray Duncan, Web master.

The notes element may be used to provide any further information useful. Begin by citing
the homepage, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:
Information not provided for in the citation rules
Complementary/Integrative Medicine [Internet]. Houston: University of
Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available
from: http://www.mdanderson.org/departments/CIMER/. Some content
available in Spanish and Chinese.
Information on supporting grants or sponsorship
Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.healcentral.org/. This project made
Web Sites 1809
possible by grants from the National Science Foundation, DUE-0085660 and

DUE-0226314, and from the National Library of Medicine, 1 G08
LM007877-01 and 1 G08 LM008054-01.
Available from: http://statepublichealth.org/. Sponsored by the Robert Wood
Johnson Foundation, National Governors Association, and the Association of
State and Territorial Health Officials.
Examples for Notes

34. Homepage with optional system requirements
35. Homepage with Web master named
36. Homepage with supplemental note included
Examples of Citations to Homepages

Complementary/Integrative Medicine [Internet]. Houston: University of Texas, M. D.
Anderson Cancer Center; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://
www.mdanderson.org/departments/CIMER/.
AMA: helping doctors help patients [Internet]. Chicago: American Medical Association;
c1995-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/.
AMA: helping doctors help patients [homepage on the Internet]. Chicago: American
Medical Association; c1995-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.ama-
assn.org/.
2. Homepage with author(s)

Hooper JF. Psychiatry & the Law: Forensic Psychiatric Resource Page [Internet].
Tuscaloosa (AL): University of Alabama, Department of Psychiatry and Neurology; 1999
Jan 1 [updated 2006 Jul 8; cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://bama.ua.edu/
~jhooper/.
D'Alessandro DM, D'Alessandro MP. Virtual Pediatric Hospital: a digital library of
pediatric information [Internet]. [Iowa City (IA)]: Donna M. D'Alessandro; c1992-2007
[revised 2006 Jul 20; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://
www.virtualpediatrichospital.org/.
Huckstep RL, Sherry E. World Ortho [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown];
[updated 2007 Mar 23; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.worldortho.com/.
Fugh-Berman A. PharmedOUT [Internet]. Washington: Georgetown University,
Department of Physiology and Biophysics; c2006 [cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from:
http://www.pharmedout.org/.
3. Homepage with full author name(s)

D'Alessandro, Donna M.; D'Alessandro, Michael P. Virtual Pediatric Hospital: a digital
library of pediatric information [Internet]. [Iowa City (IA)]: Donna M. D'Alessandro;
c1992-2007 [revised 2006 Jul 20; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://
4. Homepage with author role indicated

Clutterbuck J, compiler. The Aspergillus nidulans Linkage Map [Internet]. Glasgow
(Scotland): University of Glasgow, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Division of
Molecular Genetics; [updated 2006 Nov; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://
www.pharmedout.org/.
5. Homepage with an organization(s) as author

Gene Ontology Consortium. the Gene Ontology [Internet]. [place unknown]: the Gene
Ontology; c1999-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.geneontology.org/.
International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Recommendations on
Biochemical & Organic Nomenclature, Symbols & Terminology etc. [Internet]. London:
University of London, Queen Mary, Department of Chemistry; [updated 2006 Jul 24; cited
2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for
Preparedness and Response, Tactical Programs Division, Office of Emergency
Management. Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management: CHEMM [Internet].
Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; [2011] - [cited 2015 Apr 2]. Available
from: http://chemm.nlm.nih.gov Produced in cooperation with the National Library of
Medicine Division of Specialized Information Services and many medical, emergency
response, toxicology, and other types of experts.
6. Homepage with no authors or editors

Mesothelioma.com: the web's most trusted source on mesothelioma [Internet]. New York:
Early, Ludwick, Sweeney & Strauss; c2005 [cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://
www.mesothelioma.com/.
StatePublicHealth.org [Internet]. Washington: ASTHO; [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available
from: http://statepublichealth.org/.
Web Sites 1811
Profiles in Science [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 1998 -
[cited 2011 Jul 8]. Available from: http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov
American Indian Health [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US),
Division of Specialized Information Services, Outreach and Special Populations Branch;
2004 - [updated 2011 Jul 8; cited 2011 Jul 29]. Available from: http://
americanindianhealth.nlm.nih.gov/.
7. Homepage with author affiliation

Uijtdehaage S (David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles,
CA. [email protected]), Dennis S (Spencer S. Eccles Health Sciences Library,
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT. [email protected]). HEAL: Health
Education Assets Library [Internet]. Oakland (CA): Regents of the University of
California; c2000-2005 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.healcentral.org/.
8. Homepage with title having a subtitle

NursingWorld: Official Web site of the American Nurses Association [Internet]. Silver
Spring (MD): American Nurses Association, Inc.; c2007 [updated 2007 Feb 20; cited 2007
Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.ana.org/.
Care2Learn.com: continuing education for healthcare [Internet]. Bradenton (FL):
HealthNow, Inc.; [updated 2007 Feb 22; cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://
care2learn.com/. System Requirements: Netscape Navigator 3.x or higher or Microsoft
growthhouse.org: improving care for the dying [Internet]. San Francisco: Growth House,
Inc.; [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.growthhouse.org/.
American Academy of Pain Medicine: The Physician's Voice in Pain Medicine [Internet].
Glenview (IL): The Academy; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://
www.painmed.org/.
Women's Health Resources: Women's Health Research from NIH [Internet]. Bethesda
(MD): National Library of Medicine (US), Division of Specialized Information Services,
Office of Outreach and Special Populations; 2009 May 1 - [updated 2010 Sep 1; cited
2011 Jul 13]. Available from: http://www.womenshealthresources.nlm.nih.gov/. Created in
partnership with the National Institutes of Health, Office of the Director, Office of
Research on Women's Health.
9. Homepage with upper/lower case/special characters in the title

familydoctor.org [Internet]. Leawood (KS): American Academy of Family Physicians;
c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://familydoctor.org/.
BIRDNET [Internet]. Washington: Ornithological Council; c1999-2006 [updated 2006
Dec 8; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET/.
National Library for Health [Internet]. [London]: NHS; c2005 [cited 2007 Jun 11].
Available from: http://www.library.nhs.uk/.
E@UP: European Copyright Focal Point [Internet]. The Hague (Netherlands): EBLIDA
Secretariat; c2000 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.eblida.org/ecup/.
OncoLink: the Web's first cancer resource [Internet]. Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania, Abramson Cancer Center; c1994-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from:
http://www.oncolink.com/.
MedConnect: an online resource for medical professionals [Internet]. Monmouth Junction
(NJ): Medical Network Inc.; c1995-2006 [cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://
www.medconnect.com/.
Chlamy Center: an Online Informatics Resource for Chlamydomonas [Internet]. Durham
(NC): Duke University, Department of Biology; [modified 2007 Mar 8; cited 2007 Mar
22]. Available from: http://jupiter.biology.duke.edu/.
10. Homepage with title ending in punctuation other than a period

Shape Up America! [Internet]. Clyde Park (MT): Shape Up America!; c2005-2006 [cited
2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.shapeup.org/.

Societe Francaise de Mycologie Medicale [Internet]. Paris: The Society; [2007; cited 2007
Feb 22]. Available from: http://mycolmed.chez-alice.fr/. French.
Senovida [Internet]. [place unknown]: Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Oncologia; [2007; cited
2007 Mar 28]. Available from: http://www.senovida.org/. Spanish.
Max-Planck-Institut fur Experimentelle Medizin [Internet]. Gottingen (Germany): Max-
Planck-Gesellschaft; c2006 [cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.em.mpg.de/
site/. German.
MedlinePlus: Informacion de Salud para Usted [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National
Library of Medicine (US); [updated 2007 Feb 20; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from:
http://medlineplus.gov/spanish/. Spanish.
Senovida [Breast life] [Internet]. [place unknown]: Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Oncologia;
[2007; cited 2007 Mar 28]. Available from: http://www.senovida.org/. Spanish.
Societe Francaise de Mycologie Medicale [French Society of Medical Mycology]
[Internet]. Paris: The Society; [2007; cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://
mycolmed.chez-alice.fr/. French.
Web Sites 1813

Health Canada = Sante Canada [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Health Canada; [updated 2007
Feb 8; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/. English, French.
Mange Bien, Mange Saintaire = Eat Well, Eat Safe [Internet]. [Guelph (ON)]: Doug
Powell; c2003-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.eatwelleatsafe.ca/
frfiles/frindex.htm French, English.
The Virtual Body = El Cuerpo Virtual [Internet]. [place unknown]: HCA; c2001 [cited
2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.medtropolis.com/vbody.asp English, Spanish.

Frankenstein: Penetrating the Secrets of Nature [exhibit on the Internet]. Bethesda (MD):
National Library of Medicine (US), History of Medicine Division; 1998 Feb 13 [updated
2010 Oct 29; cited 2011 Feb 11]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/
frankenstein/index.html
National Jewish Medical and Research Center [homepage on the Internet]. Denver: The
Center; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.njc.org/.
14. Homepage with an edition or version

Doctor's Guide [Internet]. Global ed. [place unknown]: Doctor's Guide Publishing
Limited; c1995-2007 [updated 2007 Feb 21; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://
15. Homepage with editor(s)

Alternative Nature Online Herbal [Internet]. Bergeron K, editor. Erin (TN): Alternative
Nature; 1997 [cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://altnature.com/.
PedsCCM.org: The Pediatric Critical Care Website [Internet]. Markovitz B, Weigle C, Pon
S, editors. [place unknown]: PedsCCM; 1995 [updated 2007 Mar 9; cited 2007 Mar 22].
Available from: http://pedsccm.org/.
16. Homepage with well known place of publication

Psychology in the News [Internet]. Washington: American Psychological Association;
c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://psycport.apa.org/.
17. Homepage with geographic qualifier added to place of publication

for clarity
HDCN: Hypertension, Dialysis & Clinical Nephrology [Internet]. Hinsdale (IL): Medtext,
Inc.; c1995-2006 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.medtext.com/hdcn.htm
Planck-Gesellschaft; c2006 [cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://www.em.mpg.de/
site/. German.
18. Homepage with place of publication inferred

National Library for Health [Internet]. [London]: NHS; c2005 [cited 2007 Jun 11].
Available from: http://www.library.nhs.uk/.
19. Homepage with unknown place of publication

Dunn S. The CancerGuide Page [Internet]. [place unknown]: Steve Dunn; c1995-2004
[updated 2004 Aug 9; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.cancerguide.org/.
Doctor's Guide [Internet]. Global ed. [place unknown]: Doctor's Guide Publishing
Limited; c1995-2007 [updated 2007 Feb 21; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://
20. Homepage with publisher having subsidiary division

ToxMystery [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine, Division of
Specialized Information Services; 2006 - [updated 2011 Feb 1; cited 2015 Jan 26].
Available from: http://toxmystery.nlm.nih.gov/ ; http://toxmystery.nlm.nih.gov/
espanol.html English, Spanish.
21. Homepage with government agency or other national body as

publisher
CDE Working Group of the Trans-NIH BioMedical Informatics Coordinating Committee
(BMIC). Common Data Element (CDE) Resource Portal [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S.
Web Sites 1815
National Library of Medicine; 2012 Jun 18 [updated 2013 Jan 3; cited 2015 Apr 28].
Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cde/.
MedlinePlus [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; [1998 Oct] -
[updated 2015 May 6; cited 2015 May 6]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/
medlineplus/. English, Spanish.
National Center for Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (US); [reviewed 2007 Feb 15; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://
www.cdc.gov/ncidod/index.htm
Healthy People [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Department of Health and Human Services
(US), Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion; [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available
from: http://www.healthypeople.gov/.

PhysOrg.com [Internet]. [place unknown]: PhysOrg.com; c2003 [cited 2007 Feb 22].
Available from: http://www.physorg.com
cancerbackup: informing, understanding, supporting [Internet]. London: Cancerbackup;
c2003 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/.
23. Homepage with title and publisher the same, with publisher name
abbreviated
United States National Library of Medicine [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1993
Oct 10 [updated 2007 Feb 20; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://
www.nlm.nih.gov/.
Johns Hopkins University [Internet]. Baltimore (MD): The University; [cited 2007 Feb
20]. Available from: http://www.jhu.edu/.
International HIV/AIDS Alliance [Internet]. Brighton (UK): The Alliance; [cited 2007 Feb
20]. Available from: http://www.aidsalliance.org/.
The Kennedy Institute of Ethics [Internet]. Washington: The Institute; [updated 2007 Mar
16; cited 2007 Mar 22]. Available from: http://kennedyinstitute.georgetown.edu/.

Double D. Critical Psychiatry Website [Internet]. Norwich (UK): Duncan Double; [cited
2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.critpsynet.freeuk.com/antipsychiatry.htm
25. Homepage with joint publication

Uijtdehaage S, Dennis S. HEAL: Health Education Assets Library [Internet]. Oakland
(CA): Regents of the University of California; c2000-2005 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available
from: http://www.healcentral.org/. Joint publication with the University of Utah and the
University of Oklahoma.
~jhooper/. Jointly published by the University of Alabama School of Law and the
Alabama Department of Mental Health & Mental Retardation.
26. Homepage with unknown publisher

27. Homepage with month(s)/day(s) included in date of publication

Digital Collections [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; [2010
Sep 27] - [cited 2013 Jan 25]. Available from: http://collections.nlm.nih.gov/. All of the
content in Digital Collections is freely available worldwide and, unless otherwise
indicated, in the public domain.
~jhooper/.
28. Homepage with date of copyright instead of date of publication

E@UP: European Copyright Focal Point [Internet]. The Hague (Netherlands): EBLIDA
Secretariat; c2000 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.eblida.org/ecup/.
enc: egg nutrition center [Internet]. Washington: The Center; c2004 [cited 2007 Feb 23].
Available from: http://www.enc-online.org/.
29. Homepage with multiple years of publication

APSnet: Plant Pathology Online [Internet]. St Paul (MN): American Phytopathological
Association; c1994-2006 [cited 2006 Dec 4]. Available from: http://www.apsnet.org/.
Lab Tests Online [Internet]. Washington: American Association for Clinical Chemistry;
c2001-2007 [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://www.labtestsonline.org/index.html

United States National Library of Medicine [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1993
Oct 10 [updated 2007 Mar 22; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://
www.nlm.nih.gov/.
Web Sites 1817
Spring (MD): American Nurses Association, Inc.; c2007 [updated 2007 Feb 20; cited 2007
Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.ana.org/.
Food and Nutrition Information Center [Internet]. Beltsville (MD): National Agricultural
Library (US); [modified 2007 Jan 30; cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://
grande.nal.usda.gov/nal_display/index.php?tax_level=1&info_center=4

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The
Institute; [updated 2007 Mar 23; modified 2007 Mar 26; cited 2007 Mar 27]. Available
from: http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/.
32. Homepage with no date of publication or copyright

EPERC: End of Life / Palliative Education Resource Center [Internet]. Milwaukee (WI):
Medical College of Wisconsin; [updated 2007 Feb; cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from:
http://www.eperc.mcw.edu/.
growthhouse.org: improving care for the dying [Internet]. San Francisco: Growth House,
Inc.; [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available from: http://www.growthhouse.org/.
33. Homepage with multiple URLs

Neonatology on the Web [Internet]. [place unknown]: Neonatology on the Web; 1995 Aug
1 [updated 2006 Dec 22; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://
www.neonatology.org/ ; www.neonatology.net ; www.neonatology.com
34. Homepage with optional system requirements

Care2Learn.com: continuing education for healthcare [Internet]. Bradenton (FL):
HealthNow, Inc.; [updated 2007 Feb 22; cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available from: http://
care2learn.com/. System Requirements: Netscape Navigator 3.x or higher or Microsoft
PHA: Pulmonary Hypertension Association [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): The
Association; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 22]. Available from: http://www.phassociation.org/.
System Requirements: PC Windows running Internet Explorer 5.5 or higher or Macintosh
Internet Explorer 5.2 or higher; Macromedia Flash Player; Adobe Acrobat Reader 4.0 or
higher.
Tox Town [Internet]. U.S. National Library of Medicine, Specialized Information Services
Division, Environmental Health and Toxicology; [2002 Oct] - [updated 2013 May 10;
cited 2015 Jan 26]. Available from: http://toxtown.nlm.nih.gov/. English, Spanish. System
requirements: Windows Media Player or Apple QuickTime to view multimedia files,
Adobe Flash Player to view Flash content, and Adobe Acrobat Reader to view PDF files.
35. Homepage with Web master named

1 [updated 2006 Dec 22; cited 2007 Mar 23]. Available from: http://
www.neonatology.org/. Ray Duncan, Web master.
36. Homepage with supplemental note included

Arctic Health [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine, Division of
Specialized Information Services; 2002 Jul 12 - [last updated 2015 Jan 16; cited 2015 Jan
26]. Available from: http://www.arctichealth.org/. Maintained by the University of Alaska
Anchorages Alaska Medical Library.
Asian American Health [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine,
Division of Specialized Information Services, Office of Outreach and Special Populations;
[2003] - [updated 2013 Sep 30; cited 2015 Jan 26]. Available from: http://
asianamericanhealth.nlm.nih.gov/. Web site is a collaborative effort between the Division
of Specialized Information Services and the Association of Asian Pacific Community
Health Organizations (AAPCHO) to identify and provide specific resources for the Asian
American Community.
Uijtdehaage S, Dennis S. HEAL: Health Education Assets Library [Internet]. Oakland
(CA): Regents of the University of California; c2000-2005 [cited 2007 Feb 20]. Available
from: http://www.healcentral.org/. This project made possible by grants from the National
Science Foundation, DUE-0085660 and DUE-0226314, and from the National Library of
Medicine, 1 G08 LM007877-01 and 1 G08 LM008054-01.
Anderson Cancer Center; c2007 [cited 2007 Feb 21]. Available from: http://
www.mdanderson.org/departments/CIMER/. Some content available in Spanish and
Chinese.
StatePublicHealth.org [Internet]. Washington: ASTHO; [cited 2007 Feb 23]. Available
from: http://statepublichealth.org/. Sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation,
National Governors Association, and the Association of State and Territorial Health
Officials.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Parts of Web Sites

The general format for a reference to part of a Web site, including punctuation:
Web Sites 1819
Examples of Citations to Parts of Web Sites

To cite an entire Web site from the homepage, use the instructions in Chapter 25A. To cite
only one component of a Web site, such as a specific page or pages, first determine
whether or not the component can stand alone and be cited separately. A book or other
monograph, a journal, or a database on a Web site should be cited according to the
instructions for the particular type of format. Cite a book on a Web site according to
Chapter 22, a journal according to Chapter 23, and a database according to Chapter 24.
To use the NLM Web site as an example of components that can be cited separately:
A book and similar items on the NLM Web site:
Metagenomics: sequences from the environment [Internet]. Bethesda (MD):
National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biomedical
Information; 2006 [cited 2007 Apr 20]. Available from: http://
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=metagenomics.TOC
Fact sheet: AIDS information resources [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National
Library of Medicine (US); 2003 May 2 [updated 2007 Feb 20; cited 2007 Mar
26]. [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/
factsheets/aidsinfs.html
An NLM database:
ChemIDplus Lite [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine
(US), Specialized Information Services Division. [2003] - [cited 2007 Mar 26].
Available from: http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/chemidlite.jsp
A publication produced by another organization that resides on the NLM site:
A.D.A.M. medical encyclopedia [Internet]. Atlanta: A.D.A.M., Inc.; c2005
[cited 2007 Mar 26]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/
encyclopedia.html
Components of Web sites that cannot stand alone should be cited according to the
instructions presented here. Examples include a disease page from the MedlinePlus site
and a press release from the AMA site. Never cite as parts components with authorship
distinct from the authors of the site as a whole. Also, be sure that the part is to the Web
site as a whole and not to a book or other separately citable component on a site. If in
doubt about the status of a component, cite it separately using the instructions in the
appropriate chapter.
Note also that it is possible to have Web sites within Web sites. For example, the National
Institute on Aging (NIA) is organizationally a part of the National Institutes of Health
(NIH). Each of these bodies has its own Web site with a homepage; the NIA site is not
considered a part of the NIH site. Similarly, the PubMed database on the NLM site stands
alone and is cited as a database, not a part of the NLM site. A URL in reality only reflects
server location and should not necessarily be used to indicate hierarchy or subordinate
relationships for citation purposes. The basic rule is to cite the most specific identifiable
site used.
the intellectual content of the publication, begin a reference to a part of a Web site with
information about the entire site; follow it with the information about the part.
When citing a part of a print book, the location (pagination) of the part is shown as the
numbers of the pages on which the part resides, such as p. 34-6. When citing a part of a
Web site, unless the part is in PDF (Portable Document Format), standard page numbers
are not available. For non-PDF parts:
Give location as the total extent of the part.
length of the part.
Web sites frequently contain charts, figures, and other illustrative material reproduced
with permission from other sources. Do not cite these as parts using these instructions.
Consult the original publication and cite the particular item from there.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Web Sites.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Parts of Web Sites.
Citation Rules with Examples for Parts of Web Sites

it is optional.
Web Sites 1821
Homepage (R) | Title (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of Update/Revision (R) | Date of
Citation (R) | Location (Pagination) (R) | Availability (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Homepage on the Internet (required)

Cite the homepage according to Chapter 25A Homepages but omit the Date of
Citation (unless there is no Date of Publication or Date of Update/Revision) and
the Availability (URL)
Title for a Part of a Web Site (required)

Enter the title of the part as it appears on the Web site
and initialisms
already present
in square brackets

Titles for parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special
character
Titles preceded by a name and number
No title appears

Swedish, etc.)
Senovida [Internet]. [place unknown]: Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Oncologia;
[2007]. Que tipos de cancer de mama hay?; [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 1
screen]. Available from: http://www.senovida.org/site/info_general/
info_02.htm Spanish.
Sotsial'naia rabota v rossii v kontse XIX-nachale XX veka;

Anchi eijingu igaku;
[Annual progression of swine influenza in Seoul];
Presseinformation 2006 (159), Wenn Nervenzellen kontaktscheu sind;
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Provide an English translation, if possible, after the original language or romanized
title. Place the translation in square brackets.
Principaux marqueurs biologiques de l'etat nutritionnel [Principal biological
markers of nutritional state];
Web Sites 1823
Anchi eijingu igaku [Anti-aging medicine];

If the title of the part is presented with equal text in two or more languages, as often
screens
Place an equals sign with a space before and after between the titles
List all languages, separated by commas, after the Availability (URL)
Example:
Health Canada = Sante Canada [Internet]. Ottawa (ON): Health Canada;
[updated 2007 Mar 28]. Information update 2007-31, Health Canada's revised
assessment of mercury in fish enhances protection while reflecting advice in
Canada's Food Guide = Mise a jour 2007-31, Les normes revisees de Sante
Canada sur le mercure dans le poisson assurent une meilleure protection et
refletent les conseils du Guide alimentaire canadien; 2007 Mar 28 [cited 2007
Mar 29]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/
advisories-avis/2007/2007_31_e.html ; http://hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/
advisories-avis/2007/2007_31_f.html English, French.
Box 67. Titles for parts containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special
character.
capitalized
n-alkenes on capillary columns with stationary phases of C87 hydrocarbon;
von Willebrand factor;
EUP: European Copyright User Platform;
becomes omega.
Mice exposed to different doses of -radiation;
may become
Mice exposed to different doses of gamma-radiation;
Glycoprotein mediated transport of NH3 into red blood cells;
may become
Glycoprotein mediated transport of NH(3) into red blood cells;
Box 68. Title proceeded by a name and number.

Parts of Web sites may have a name and number in addition to a title. For example, a
name such as Table or Figure may precede the title of an illustration, or Press release
precede the text of an announcement.
Provide any name and accompanying number before the title of the part
Capitalize the first word of the name
For names of parts not in English, follow the same rules provided under Titles for
parts not in English and Titles for parts in more than one language
Language Table Figure Chart Section
French Tableau Figure Graphique Section
Schema
German Tabelle Abbildung Schaubild Sektion
Figur Diagramm Abteilung
Italian Tabella Figura Diagramma Parte
Grafico Sezione
Russian Tablitsa Risunok Grafik Sekcija

Web Sites 1825
Language Table Figure Chart Section

Skhema Otdel
Otdelenie
Spanish Tabla Figura Grafico Seccion
Cuadro Parte

Follow the name and any accompanying number with a comma and a space
Examples:
AAMC: Association of American Medical Colleges [Internet]. Washington:
The Association; c1995-2007. Press release, U.S. medical school enrollment
projected to increase by 17 percent; 2007 Feb 12 [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 2
screens]. Available from: http://www.aamc.org/newsroom/pressrel/
2007/070212.htm
Max-Planck-Institut fur Experimentelle Medizin [Internet]. Gottingen
(Germany): Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; c2006. Presseinformation 2006 (159),
Wenn Nervenzellen kontaktscheu sind; 2006 Sep 21 [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [174
KB]. Available from: http://www.mpg.de/bilderBerichteDokumente/dokumen
tation/pressemitteilungen/2006/pressemitteilung20060920/. German.
If the part being cited is clearly a table, figure, or similar part but it is not labeled as
such, place the name in square brackets and follow it with any identifying number
or letter
fruits & veggies - more matters [Internet]. [place unknown]: Produce for
Better Health Foundation; c2007. [Chart], Ways to get more; [cited 2007 Mar
27]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://
www.fruitsandveggiesmorematters.org/?page_id=113&iCat=22
NIAAA: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the National
Institutes of Health [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Institute; 2004 Jun 10
[modified 2007 Feb 28]. [Table], Percent who drink beverage alcohol, by
gender, 1939-2003; [updated 2004 Mar; cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 2 screens].
Available from: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/Resources/DatabaseResources/Quic
kFacts/AlcoholConsumption/PercentAlcoholGender.htm
NIH SeniorHealth [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute on Aging
(US); 2002 Mar 19 [reviewed 2007 Feb 16]. [Video], Diagnosing Alzheimer's
disease; 2002 Mar 19 [reviewed 2007 Mar 12; cited 2007 Mar 28]; [2 min., 31
sec]. Available from: http://nihseniorhealth.gov/alzheimersdisease/symptoms/
08.html

If a video clip, videocast, or podcast is part of a Web site:
Place the word Video, Videocast, or Podcast in square brackets before the title
Follow it with a comma and a space
Enter the length of the item (number of minutes needed to view/listen) in square
brackets after the date of citation
Examples:
sec]. Available from: http://nihseniorhealth.gov/alzheimersdisease/symptoms/
08.html
The Virtual Body = El Cuerpo Virtual [Internet]. [place unknown]: HCA;
c2001. [Video], Animated heart; [cited 2007 Feb 21]; [about 5 sec.]. Available
from: http://www.medtropolis.com/vbody.asp by selecting heart from the
menu. English, Spanish.

Occasionally a part of a Web site does not appear to have a formal title. When this occurs:
[Waist-hip ratio ranges and sizes for women aged 40 to 59];
[Excerpts from "Prescription Pain Medications: Frequently Asked Questions
and Answers for Health Care Professionals"];
Examples for Title

1. Standard part of a Web site
2. Part of a Web site with name and number
Web Sites 1827
3. Part of a Web site with name added

4. Part of a Web site with title ending in punctuation other than a period
5. Part of a Web site not in English
6. Part of a Web site with equal text in two or more languages
Date of Publication for Parts of Web Sites (required)

Include if the date differs from the date of the Web site as it appears on the
homepage
such as Jan

Date of copyright

Some Web sites clearly state the date that the part of the site was placed on the Internet,
using such phrases as "first published", "created", and "began". When they do not:
Look for the date at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen of the part or the
bottom of the last screen of the part
c2006 Medical College of Wisconsin, c2000-2007 National Rural Health
Association. Be sure, however, that this is the copyright date of the part and not the
copyright date of the entire Web site. Many sites place a copyright statement at the
bottom of every page.
Look in the source code for the part if it is displayed by the Web browser
Association; c1995-2007. Medical liability crisis map; [updated 2006 Dec 20;
cited 2007 Mar 28]. [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.ama-
assn.org/ama/noindex/category/11871.html
Lab Tests Online [Internet]. Washington: American Association for Clinical
Chemistry; c2001-2007. ACT; [reviewed 2004 Dec 7; cited 2007 Mar 27];
[about 8 screens]. Available from: http://www.labtestsonline.org/
understanding/analytes/act/glance.html
cancerbackup: informing, understanding, supporting [Internet]. London:
Cancerbackup; c2003. Treating ovarian cancer with chemotherapy; [reviewed
2006 Jul 1; modified 2006 Aug 31; cited 2007 Feb 21]; [about 4 screens].
Available from: http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Cancertype/Ovary/Treatme
nt/Chemotherapy
Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; c2007. Bladder cancer; [cited 2007 Mar
27]. Available from: http://www.mdanderson.org/diseases/bladder/.

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan
Web Sites 1829

names of seasons.

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring
Box 75. Date of copyright.

Some parts of Web sites display a date of copyright. A copyright date is identified by the
symbol , the letter "c", or the word copyright preceding the date. Be sure, however, that
this is the copyright date of the part and not the copyright date of the entire Web site.
Many sites place a copyright statement at the bottom of every page.
If no date of publication for the part can be found, but the part contains a copyright
date, use the date of copyright preceded by the letter "c"; for example c2005
If the part contains a date of publication and a date of copyright
Use only the date of publication unless three or more years separate the two
dates. This alerts a user that the information in the publication is older than
the date of publication implies.

If neither a date of publication nor a date of copyright can be found for the part of a
Web site, use the date of update/revision and/or the date cited
Association; c1995-2007. Medical liability crisis map; [updated 2006 Dec 20;
cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.ama-
assn.org/ama/noindex/category/11871.html
Lab Tests Online [Internet]. Washington: American Association for Clinical
Chemistry; c2001-2007. ACT; [reviewed 2004 Dec 7; cited 2007 Mar 27];
[about 8 screens]. Available from: http://www.labtestsonline.org/
understanding/analytes/act/glance.html
cancerbackup: informing, understanding, supporting [Internet]. London:
Cancerbackup; c2003. Treating ovarian cancer with chemotherapy; [reviewed
2006 Jul 1; modified 2006 Aug 31; cited 2007 Feb 21]; [about 4 screens].
Available from: http://www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Cancertype/Ovary/Treatme
nt/Chemotherapy
Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center; c2007. Bladder cancer; [cited 2007 Mar
27]. Available from: http://www.mdanderson.org/diseases/bladder/.

7. Part of a Web site with a date of publication separate from the date of the Web site
Date of Update/Revision for a Part of a Web Site (required)

Parts of Web sites may be updated or revised after initial publication
modified
Web Sites 1831

2006 May 5
such as Jan


Parts of Web sites on the Internet are often updated or revised after publication. Look for
the date accompanied by such words as updated, modified, revised, reviewed:
At the top, bottom, or sidebar of the first screen for the part or the bottom of the
last screen of the part
In the source code for the part if it is displayed by the Web browser

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Capitalize them
For example:
balvan = Summer
outomno = Fall
hiver = Winter
pomlad = Spring

Various words are used to show that the content of a part of a Web site has changed.
Use the wording on the site
Enter dates in year month day format
Example:

8. Part of a Web site with date(s) of update/revision
Date of Citation for a Part of a Web Site (required)

Always include the date the part of a Web site was seen on the Internet
such as Jan
brackets
Web Sites 1833


Various words are used to show that the content of a part of a Web site has changed.
Begin with the date(s) of update/revision in the year month day format
Use the wording for update/revision supplied in the site
Enter the date cited in year month day format
brackets
Examples:

9. Part of a Web site with date of citation only
Location (Pagination) for a Part of a Web Site (required)

For parts with standard page numbers such as those in PDF:
and p. 663-4.
End location with a period

For parts without page numbers:
whichever is most practical; precede the total with the word about and place it in
square brackets, as [about 15 screens]
If the part is printed out, precede the page total with the word about and place it in


Keep roman numerals when they are used as page numbers
Examples:
Common aquatic invertebrates; [cited 2006 Dec 15]; p. XXI-XXII.
Classification of lung adenocarcinoma; [cited 2006 Dec 13]; p. xv.

If the part of a Web site in PDF (Portable Document Format) has no page numbers:
Example: [20 p.].
If the part of a Web site is in HTML, XML, or other unpaginated format:
"about" for all except the number of paragraphs and bytes
Web Sites 1835
Examples:
[about 6 screens].
[about 23 p.].
[10 paragraphs].
[174 KB].

If a video clip, videocast, or podcast is part of a Web site:
Place the word Video, Videocast, or Podcast in square brackets followed by a
comma and a space
Enter the title of the part, followed by a semicolon and a space
Give the date of update/revision (if known) and the date of citation in square
brackets, separated by a semicolon and a space
End date information with a semicolon and a space
Give extent as the number of minutes needed to view/listen, placed in square
brackets
If the number is not supplied on the site, precede the number with the word "about"
Abbreviate minutes to min. and seconds to sec.
Example:
sec.]. Available from: http://nihseniorhealth.gov/alzheimersdisease/symptoms/
08.html

10. Part of a Web site with traditional page numbers for location (pagination)
11. Part of a Web site with location (pagination) estimated as page numbers
12. Part of a Web site with location (pagination) estimated as number of screens
13. Part of a Web site with location (pagination) shown as number of paragraphs
14. Part of a Web site with location (pagination) shown as number of bytes
15. Part of a Web site with hyperlinks so location (pagination) cannot be provided
16. Part of a Web site that is a video clip
Availability for a Part of a Web Site (required)

Use the URL for the homepage if the part does not have its own URL; check HTML
file properties to be sure
punctuation

Breaking long URLs
Multiple URLs


The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always retrieve the part of the Web
site, i.e., the part is not directly addressable.
Web Sites 1837
Example:

If more than one URL can be used to locate a part:
Example:

17. Part of a Web site with URL not directly addressable
18. Part of a Web site with multiple URLs
Language for a Part of a Web Site (required)



If a part of a Web site is written with equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs
Give all titles in the order they are presented on the title page or on the opening
screens of the part
Separate the titles with an equals sign with a space before and after
Example:

Notes for a Part of a Web Site (optional)

Be brief
Web Sites 1839

System requirements

Web site.
Examples:
sec.]. Available from: http://nihseniorhealth.gov/alzheimersdisease/symptoms/
08.html System Requirements: Windows Media Player for PC or QuickTime
Player for MAC.

The notes element may be used to provide any further information useful. Begin by citing
the homepage, then add the note. Some examples of notes are:
Information not provided for in the citation rules
the American Academy of Pain Medicine: The Physician's Voice in Pain
Medicine [Internet]. Glenview (IL): The Academy; c2007. Consent for chronic
opioid therapy; 1999 [cited 2007 Feb 21]; [2 p.]. Available from: http://www.pa
inmed.org/productpub/statements/pdfs/opioid_consent_form.pdf Approved
by the AAPM Executive Committee on January 14, 1999.
Information on sponsorship
Hurricanes and your health; 2005 Fall [cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 2 screens].
Available from: http://statepublichealth.org/?
template=view_story.php&fs_id=20 Sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson
Foundation, National Governors Association, and the Association of State and
Territorial Health Officials.
Examples for Notes

19. Part of a Web site with optional system requirements
20. Part of a Web site with supplemental note included
Examples of Citations to Parts of Web Sites

c1995-2007. AMA launches exclusive partnership with the ReachMD Channel for medical
professionals; 2007 Mar 26 [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://
(NC): Duke University, Department of Biology; [modified 2007 Mar 8]. Core collections;
[modified 2006 Jan 25; cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://
jupiter.biology.duke.edu/strains.html
U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Index to
drug-specific information [Internet]. Silver Spring (MD): U.S. Food and Drug
Administration; [updated 2009 Jun 4]. Sleep disorder (sedative-hypnotic) drug
information; [updated 2009 May 21; cited 2009 Jun 10]; [about 2 screens]. Available from:
http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/
PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm101557.htm
2. Part of a Web site with name and number

Mar 28]. Information update 2007-31, Health Canada's revised assessment of mercury in
fish enhances protection while reflecting advice in Canada's Food Guide = Mise a jour
2007-31, Les normes revisees de Sante Canada sur le mercure dans le poisson assurent
une meilleure protection et refletent les conseils du Guide alimentaire canadien; 2007 Mar
28 [cited 2007 Mar 29]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/
media/advisories-avis/2007/2007_31_e.html ; http://hc-sc.gc.ca/ahc-asc/media/
Planck-Gesellschaft; c2006. Presseinformation 2006 (159), Wenn Nervenzellen
kontaktscheu sind; 2006 Sep 21 [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [174 KB]. Available from: http://
www.mpg.de/bilderBerichteDokumente/dokumentation/pressemitteilungen/2006/
pressemitteilung20060920/. German.
Web Sites 1841
3. Part of a Web site with name added

fruits & veggies - more matters [Internet]. [place unknown]: Produce for Better Health
Foundation; c2007. [Chart], Ways to get more; [cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 3 screens].
Available from: http://www.fruitsandveggiesmorematters.org/?page_id=113&iCat=22
NIAAA: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism of the National Institutes of
Health [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): The Institute; 2004 Jun 10 [modified 2007 Feb 28].
[Table], Percent who drink beverage alcohol, by gender, 1939-2003; [updated 2004 Mar;
cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.niaaa.nih.gov/
Resources/DatabaseResources/QuickFacts/AlcoholConsumption/
PercentAlcoholGender.htm
NIH SeniorHealth [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute on Aging (US); 2002 Mar
19 [reviewed 2007 Feb 16]. [Video], Diagnosing Alzheimer's disease; 2002 Mar 19
[reviewed 2007 Mar 12; cited 2007 Mar 28]; [2 min., 31 sec.]. Available from: http://
nihseniorhealth.gov/alzheimersdisease/symptoms/08.html
4. Part of a Web site with title ending in punctuation other than a period
NCCAM: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine [Internet].
Bethesda (MD): The Center; [modified 2007 Mar 22]. What is CAM?; [modified 2007 Feb
12; cited 2007 Mar 29]; [about 5 p.]. Available from: http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
whatiscam/.
Senovida [Internet]. [place unknown]: Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Oncologia; [2007]. Que
tipos de cancer de mama hay?; [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 1 screen]. Available from:
http://www.senovida.org/site/info_general/info_02.htm Spanish.

Senovida [Internet]. [place unknown]: Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Oncologia; [2007]. Que
tipos de cancer de mama hay?; [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 1 screen]. Available from:
http://www.senovida.org/site/info_general/info_02.htm Spanish.
with translation
Senovida [Breast life] [Internet]. [place unknown]: Sociedad Ecuatoriana de Oncologia;
[2007]. Que tipos de cancer de mama hay? [What types of breast cancer are there?]; [cited
2007 Mar 28]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.senovida.org/site/
info_general/info_02.htm Spanish.

kontaktscheu sind [Press release 2006 (159), When nerve cells can't make contact]; 2006
Sep 21 [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [174 KB]. Available from: http://www.mpg.de/
bilderBerichteDokumente/dokumentation/pressemitteilungen/2006/

7. Part of a Web site with a date of publication separate from the date of
the Web site
CDE Working Group of the Trans-NIH BioMedical Informatics Coordinating Committee
(BMIC). Common Data Element (CDE) Resource Portal [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S.
National Library of Medicine; 2012 Jun 18 [updated 2013 Jan 3]. Summary Table for NIH
CDE Initiatives; 2012 Nov 21 [updated 2015 Feb 5; cited 2015 Apr 28]; [about 2 screens].
Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/cde/summary_table_1.html
1 [updated 2007 Mar 25]. Clinical resources for neonatology and perinatology:
information about sick newborns for professionals and families; 1995 Oct 31 [modified
2006 Jul 1; cited 2007 Mar 27]. Available from: http://www.neonatology.org/
neo.clinical.html
c1995-2007. AMA launches exclusive partnership with the ReachMD Channel for medical
professionals; 2007 Mar 26 [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://
StatePublicHealth.org [Internet]. Washington: ASTHO; [cited 2007 Mar 27]. Hurricanes
and your health; 2005 Fall [cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://
statepublichealth.org/?template=view_story.php&fs_id=20

(NC): Duke University, Department of Biology; [modified 2007 Mar 8]. Core collections;
Web Sites 1843
[modified 2006 Jan 25; cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://
jupiter.biology.duke.edu/strains.html
c1995-2007. Medical liability crisis map; [updated 2006 Dec 20; cited 2007 Mar 28];
[about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/noindex/category/
11871.html
c2001-2007. ACT; [reviewed 2004 Dec 7; cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 8 screens]. Available
from: http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/act/glance.html
cancerbackup: informing, understanding, supporting [Internet]. London: Cancerbackup;
c2003. Treating ovarian cancer with chemotherapy; [reviewed 2006 Jul 1; modified 2006
Aug 31; cited 2007 Feb 21]; [about 4 screens]. Available from: http://
www.cancerbackup.org.uk/Cancertype/Ovary/Treatment/Chemotherapy
9. Part of a Web site with date of citation only

Anderson Cancer Center; c2007. Bladder cancer; [cited 2007 Mar 27]. Available from:
http://www.mdanderson.org/diseases/bladder/.
Profiles in Science [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 1998 -
. Visual Culture and Health Posters; [cited 2011 Jul 8]. Available from: http://
profiles.nlm.nih.gov/VC/.
10. Part of a Web site with traditional page numbers for location
(pagination)
the American Academy of Pain Medicine: The Physician's Voice in Pain Medicine
[Internet]. Glenview (IL): The Academy; c2007. Consent for chronic opioid therapy; 1999
[cited 2007 Feb 21]; [2 p.]. Available from: http://www.painmed.org/productpub/
statements/pdfs/opioid_consent_form.pdf
11. Part of a Web site with location (pagination) estimated as page

numbers
MedlinePlus [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; [1988 Oct] -
. Heart attack; [updated 2015 May 4; cited 2015 May 6]; [about 20 p.]. Available from:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/heartattack.html
NCCAM: National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine [Internet].
Bethesda (MD): The Center; [modified 2007 Mar 22]. What is CAM?; [modified 2007 Feb
12; cited 2007 Mar 29]; [about 5 p.]. Available from: http://nccam.nih.gov/health/
whatiscam/.
12. Part of a Web site with location (pagination) estimated as number of

screens
Spring (MD): American Nurses Association, Inc.; c2007. American Nurse Today; [cited
2007 Mar 27]; [about 3 screens]. Available from: http://www.ana.org/anajournal/.
c2001-2007. ACT; [reviewed 2004 Dec 7; cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 8 screens]. Available
from: http://www.labtestsonline.org/understanding/analytes/act/glance.html
AAMC: Association of American Medical Colleges [Internet]. Washington: The
Association; c1995-2007. Press release, U.S. medical school enrollment projected to
increase by 17 percent; 2007 Feb 12 [cited 2007 Mar 28]; [about 2 screens]. Available
from: http://www.aamc.org/newsroom/pressrel/2007/070212.htm
13. Part of a Web site with location (pagination) shown as number of

paragraphs
Anderson Cancer Center; c2007. Energy therapies; [cited 2007 Feb 21]; [3 paragraphs].
Available from: http://www.mdanderson.org/departments/cimer/dIndex.cfm?
pn=7B632E4A-56B2-11D5-812100508B603A14
14. Part of a Web site with location (pagination) shown as number of

bytes
15. Part of a Web site with hyperlinks so location (pagination) cannot be

provided
MedlinePlus: Trusted Health Information for You [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National
Library of Medicine (US); [updated 2007 Mar 26]. E. coli infections; [reviewed 2007 Feb
12; updated 2007 Mar 26; cited 2007 Mar 28]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/
medlineplus/ecoliinfections.html
NHS in England [Internet]. London: NHS Connecting for Health; [updated 2007 Mar 27].
History of the NHS; [cited 2007 Mar 28]. Available from: http://www.nhs.uk/england/
aboutTheNHS/history/default.cmsx
Web Sites 1845

Pennsylvania, Abramson Cancer Center; c1994-2007. Caregivers; [cited 2007 Feb 20].
Available from: http://www.oncolink.com/coping/coping.cfm?c=1
BIRDNET [Internet]. Washington: Ornithological Council; c1997-2006 [updated 2007
Mar 19]. Avian influenza; [updated 2005 Dec 30; cited 2007 Mar 28]. Available from:
http://www.nmnh.si.edu/BIRDNET/OC/avianinfluenza.html
16. Part of a Web site that is a video clip

nihseniorhealth.gov/alzheimersdisease/symptoms/08.html
The Virtual Body = El Cuerpo Virtual [Internet]. [place unknown]: HCA; c2001. [Video],
Animated heart; [cited 2007 Feb 21]; [about 5 sec.]. Available from: http://
www.medtropolis.com/vbody.asp by selecting heart from the menu. English, Spanish.
17. Part of a Web site with URL not directly addressable

The Virtual Body = El Cuerpo Virtual [Internet]. [place unknown]: HCA; c2001. [Video],
Animated heart; [cited 2007 Feb 21]; [about 5 sec.]. Available from: http://
www.medtropolis.com/vbody.asp by selecting heart from the menu. English, Spanish.
18. Part of a Web site with multiple URLs

19. Part of a Web site with optional system requirements

nihseniorhealth.gov/alzheimersdisease/symptoms/08.html System Requirements:
Windows Media Player for PC or QuickTime Player for MAC.
20. Part of a Web site with supplemental note included

The American Academy of Pain Medicine: the Physician's Voice in Pain Medicine
[Internet]. Glenview (IL): The Academy; c2007. Consent for chronic opioid therapy; 1999
[cited 2007 Feb 21]; [2 p.]. Available from: http://www.painmed.org/productpub/
statements/pdfs/opioid_consent_form.pdf Approved by the AAPM Executive Committee
on January 14, 1999.
StatePublicHealth.org [Internet]. Washington: ASTHO; [cited 2007 Mar 27]. Hurricanes
and your health; 2005 Fall [cited 2007 Mar 27]; [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://
statepublichealth.org/?template=view_story.php&fs_id=20 Sponsored by the Robert
Wood Johnson Foundation, National Governors Association, and the Association of State
and Territorial Health Officials.
1847
Chapter 26. Electronic Mail and Discussion

Forums
A. Electronic Mail
Examples
B. LISTSERVs and Similar Discussion Lists
Examples
C. Blogs
Examples
D. Wikis
Examples
See also:
Chapter 13 Letters and Other Personal Communication
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Electronic Mail

The general format for a reference to an electronic mail message, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Electronic Mail

Electronic mail or e-mail is a written message sent over communication networks to a

single address or to multiple addressees. E-mail systems are maintained by most computer
networks, and virtually all online services and Internet service providers have them.
E-mail is a form of personal communication and is not often accepted by editors and
others for inclusion in a reference list. Most authorities recommend placing references to
e-mail communications within the running text, not as formal end references. The nature
and source of the cited information should be identified by an appropriate statement.
Place the source information in parentheses, using a term or terms to indicate clearly that
the citation is not in the reference list. For example:
and most of these meningiomas proved to be inoperable (Mar 22, 2007 e-mail
from RS Grant to me; unreferenced, see "Notes") while a few.
The author must provide written permission to the publisher from the cited person (if
living) or from the cited organization if the message is not accessible to scholars via the e-
mail server's archive. The permission should be a statement in an "Acknowledgments" or a
"Notes" section following the text of an article or placed at the end of a book's main text.
These statements may include additional details, such as the reason for the
communication.
It is highly recommended that any message being considered for future citation be saved
to disk or in print because not all e-mail systems use a standard method of saving or
archiving messages.
The rules below apply when an e-mail message is included in a reference list rather than
within the text as described above. References to e-mail messages have a formal structure
to clearly identify the author (initiator) and the recipient (receiver) of the communication.
Because of the lack of other information to include in a citation to an e-mail message,
providing the full names for both author and recipient is recommended as well as
clarifying notes on content.
For information on citing letters, see Chapter 13. For further examples of formats for
author names and titles, see Chapter 1.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Electronic Mail.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Electronic Mail.
Citation Rules with Examples for Electronic Mail

it is optional.
Electronic Mail and Discussion Forums 1849
Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title of Message (R) | Content Type (O) | Type of
Medium (R) | Connective Phrase (R) | Recipient (R) | Recipient Affiliation (O) | Date (R) |
Date of Citation (R) | Extent (Pagination) (O) | Availability (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author for Electronic Mail (required)

communication
periods
use a space

Other surname rules



publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

W. St. John Patterson becomes Patterson, William St. John
Stefan.


or initials
End initials and Jr or Sr with periods
Examples:
James G. Jones II becomes Jones, James G. 2nd

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe


brackets.
or
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Leavitt, Michael O. (Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services,
Washington, DC).

The following format is not NLM practice for citing authors of messages, but is an
acceptable option:
Takagi Y.
Moskowitz MA.
Examples for Author

1. Standard citation to an electronic mail message
2. Electronic mail message with optional initials for author and recipient
3. Electronic mail message with organization as author
Author Affiliation for Electronic Mail (optional)

Follow the affiliation with a comma placed outside the parentheses

Titles in Affiliations

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society

a space
Insert the e-mail address as it appears in the message
Example:

Leavitt, Michael O. (Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services,
Washington, DC).

France).
Romanize (write in the roman alphabet) or translate organization names in Cyrillic,
Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, or Korean. A good authority for romanization is the ALA-
LC Romanization Tables.
Romania).

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

from elsewhere in the message or from knowledge of the writer, put the place name
in square brackets
Wolf, Michael R. (University of Southern California, [Los Angeles], CA).
Gonzales, Roberto ([Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA]).

7. Electronic mail message with affiliations for author and recipient
8. Electronic mail message with position titles for author and recipient included in
affiliation
9. Electronic mail message with e-mail addresses included in affiliation
Title of Message for Electronic Mail (required)

Enter the title of the subject line of a message as it appears on the screen, in the
original language
and initialisms
already present
square brackets

character.
Capitalize the first word of a message title unless the title begins with a Greek letter,
capitalized
c-jun/AP-1 activation and the antiproliferative activity of phenethyl
isothiocyanate
p53 and its downstream proteins as molecular targets of cancer
becomes omega.
Microglial 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
or
Microglial alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
type fonts available, place the superscript or subscript within parentheses
Phospholipase C/IP3 pathway
or
Phospholipase C/IP(3) pathway

Provide the message title in the original language for non-English titles in the
La recherche sur les embryons [Internet].
zabolevanii: klinicheskie ocherki [Internet].

or
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Die Bedeutung der deutschen Arztevereine fur das wissenschaftliche Leben
[Internet].
Perez-Corrazon R. Consideraciones sobre la regulacion de medicamentos
vigente en la Argentina [Issues regarding the legal regulation of drugs in
Argentina] [Internet].

Most message titles end in a period. Place the closing period after the type of
medium.
Backus J. Physician Internet search behavior: detailed study [Internet].
If a message title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that punctuation and
end the type of medium with a period
Joshua P. AAPC announces a new partnertship! [Internet].

Occasionally an author will leave the subject line blank; the message simply begins with
the text. When this occurs:
Examples for Title

Content Type for Electronic Mail (optional)

Use a content type to describe the format of the item being cited
Enter the words "electronic mail on the"


Most message titles end in a period. Place the closing period after the content type
and type of medium.
Backus J. Physician Internet search behavior: detailed study [electronic mail
on the Internet].
end the content type and type of medium with a period
Joshua PA. AAPC announces a new partnership! [electronic mail on the
Internet].

If a translation of a title is provided, give the translation after the original or
romanized title and place it in square brackets
Put "electronic mail on the Internet" in square brackets following the translation
End with a period
Example:
Argentina] [electronic mail on the Internet].

4. Electronic mail message with optional content type
Type of Medium for Electronic Mail (required)

Place the type of medium in square brackets following the title (and Content Type,
if present)
Availability below


Give the content type "electronic mail" before the type of medium separated by "on
the"
Carlyle RC. Stem-cell-based therapies for heart disease [electronic mail on the
Internet].

Most message titles end in a period. Place the closing period after the type of
medium.
Backus J. Physician Internet search behavior: detailed study [Internet].
end the type of medium with a period
Joshua PA. AAPC announces a new partnership! [Internet].

If a translation of a title is provided, give the translation after the original or
Put Internet in square brackets following the translation
End with a period
Example:
Argentina] [Internet].

Connective Phrase for Electronic Mail (required)

Use the phrase "Message to" after the title of the message and the Type of Medium
Follow the phrase with a colon and a space

Recipient for Electronic Mail (required)

General Rules for Recipient
Begin with the given (first) name and any middle name or initials of the person
receiving the communication; follow initials with periods
Give the surname (family or last name)
Capitalize surnames and enter spaces in surnames as they appear in the message.
For example: Van Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.
Separate multiple recipients with a semicolon and a space
End recipient information with a period unless the Recipient Affiliation is given,
then use a space
Specific Rules for Recipient

Other surname rules
Titles in recipient names
Organization as recipient
Options for recipient names

Jean-Louis Lagrot
Keep prefixes, prepositions, or other particles
D'Arcy Hart
W. St. John Patterson
De la Broquerie Fortier
Craig McC. Brooks
Stefan.
Ch. Wunderly
Charles Fr. Erdman

For non-English names that are (written in the roman alphabet), capitalize only the
first letter if an initial is represented by more than one letter
Iu. A. Iakontov

Estelle Palmer-Canton
Ahmed El-Assmy
Alan D. O'Brien
James O. L'Esperance
U. S'adeh
Charles A. St. James

Lama Al Bassit
Jiddeke M. van de Kamp
Gerard de Pouvourville
Sergio Lopez Moreno
Jaime Mier y Teran
Virginie Halley des Fontaines
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
James A. Reed, M.D., F.R.C.S. becomes James A. Reed
Kristine Schmidt, Ph.D. becomes Kristine Schmidt
Robert V. Lang, Major, US Army becomes Robert V. Lang
Sir Frances Hildebrand becomes Frances Hildebrand
Dr. Jane Eberhard becomes Jane Eberhard
Captain R.C. Williams becomes R.C. Williams

Place family designations of rank after the surname
Omit any commas between the surname and the designation
Follow Jr or Sr with a period
Examples:
Vincent T. DeVita, Jr. becomes Vincent T. DeVita Jr.
James G. Jones, II becomes James G. Jones 2nd
John A. Adams III becomes John A. Adams 3rd
Henry B. Cooper IV becomes Henry B. Cooper 4th
Iu. A. Iakontov
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Box 31. Titles in recipient names.

If the recipient's title is given, place it at the beginning of the affiliation, if desired
Message to: Kenneth P. Moritsugu (Acting Surgeon General, Department of
Health and Human Services, Washington, DC).
Box 32. Organization as recipient.

body is the recipient of a message.
If a division or another part of an organization is included, give the parts of the
name in hierarchical order, separated by commas
Committee on Ethics, American Medical Association.
Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry Division, International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistry.

brackets.
or
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Box 33. Options for recipient names.

The following format is not NLM practice for citing recipients, but is an acceptable option:
Given (first) and middle names of recipients may be reduced to initials. See Chapter
1 for instructions on converting names to initials.
Y Takagi
MA Moskowitz
Examples for Recipient

5. Electronic mail message with multiple recipients
6. Electronic mail message with group as recipient
Recipient Affiliation for Electronic Mail (optional)

General Rules for Recipient Affiliation
Follow the affiliation with a semicolon placed outside the closing parenthesis, unless
the affiliation is for the last or only recipient, then use a period
Specific Rules for Recipient Affiliation


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society

Follow the US state, Canadian province, or country of the recipient with a period
and a space
Place the e-mail address within the closing parenthesis for the affiliation
Example:
Message to: Karen Patrias (Public Services Division, National Library of
Medicine, Bethesda MD. [email protected]).
Box 36. Title in affiliations.

If the recipient's title is given, place it at the beginning of the affiliation if desired
Message to: Kenneth P. Moritsugu (Acting Surgeon General, Department of
Health and Human Services, Washington, DC).

and the country name or ISO country code (see Appendix D) if non-US. Surround
the affiliation with parentheses.
Message to: Antoine F. Carpentier (Service de Neurologie, Hopital de la
Salpetriere, Paris, France).
Message to: Mihai Barbulescu (Clinica Chirurgicala, Spitalul Clinic Coltea,
Bucarest, Romania).
Message to: Kanako Susaki (First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

If no affiliation for the recipient is found or the affiliation is incomplete but it can be
determined from elsewhere in the message or from knowledge of the recipient, put
the place name in square brackets
Message to: John G. Grant (University of Utah Health Sciences Center, [Salt
Lake City], UT).
Message to: Roberto Gonzales ([Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA]).
Examples for Recipient Affiliation

8. Electronic mail message with position titles for author and recipient included in
affiliation
Date for Electronic Mail (required)

Begin with the year the message was sent
Convert roman numerals to arabic numbers. For example: MMVII to 2007.
Include the month and day after the year, such as 2007 Apr 30

Time of the message included
Formats for dates
Optional date location
Box 40. Time of the message included.

Follow the date of the message with a comma and a space
Give the time in the format hour:minutes, such as 10:15, and a space
Enter the time as AM or PM
End with a space
Example:
Harris, Pat (National Information Standards Organization, Bethesda, MD).

ISO standards on bibliographic references to be revised [Internet]. Message to:
Karen Patrias (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). 2005 Jul 07, 4:19
PM [cited 2005 Jul 8]. [about 1 screen].
Box 41. Formats for dates.

Dates in US messages usually appear in the format month day, year. For example:
5/1/2007 or April 23, 2007.
2004/12/02
30.07.2004
2004-10-02
14 June 2004
15/06/2005
5/1/2007 becomes 2007 May 1
2004/12/02 becomes 2004 Dec 2
30.07.2004 becomes 2004 Jul 30
2004-10-02 becomes 2004 Oct 2
15/06/2005 becomes 2005 Jun 15
letters
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
Example:

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
Box 43. Optional date location.

The date for the message may follow the author name in the list of references when the
Place the date after the author and any author affiliation, followed by a period and a
space
Keep the date of citation in its standard place
NLM citation:
ISO standards on bibliographic references to be revised. Message to: Karen
Patrias (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). 2005 Jul 07 [cited 2005
Jul 8]. [about 1 screen].
2005 Jul 7. ISO standards on bibliographic references to be revised. Message
to: Karen Patrias (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). [cited 2005
Examples for Date

10. Electronic mail message with time included in date
Date of Citation for Electronic Mail (required)

Give the date the message was first seen
such as Jan
End citation date information with a period placed outside the closing bracket

Messages not in English
Box 44. Messages not in English.

Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters
Enter the year first, then the month and the day, regardless of the format used in the
country of origin
5/1/2007 becomes 2007 May 1
2004/12/02 becomes 2004 Dec 2
30.07.2004 becomes 2004 Jul 30
2004-10-02 becomes 2004 Oct 2
15/06/2005 becomes 2005 Jun 15

Extent (Pagination) for Electronic Mail (optional)

most practical
Precede the total with the word "about" for all except the number of paragraphs and
place it in square brackets, as [about 5 screens]
If the message is printed, precede the page total with the word "about" and place it
in square brackets, as [about 3 p.]
End extent information with a period placed outside the closing bracket

Messages containing an attachment
Box 45. Messages containing an attachment.

If the message contains an attachment in the form of a file or a video, videocast, or
podcast:
Give the number and type of items
2 Word files
1 PowerPoint file
1 videocast
End with a period
Place accompaniment information after the date of citation and any extent provided
Example:
Patrias, Karen. Presentation for May meeting [Internet]. Message to: Mary
Silco. 2007 Feb 7, 1:05 pm [cited 2007 Apr 6]. [about 1 screen]. Accompanied
by: 1 PowerPoint file.

11. Electronic mail message with extent provided
Availability for Electronic Mail (optional)

Provide the access address of the archive if the message is archived by the mail
server
Insert the entire Uniform Resource Locator (URL); do not omit FTP, http://, www,
or other beginning components
punctuation

Breaking long URLs


The URL as displayed may not always be used to retrieve the message, i.e., it is not directly
addressable.
Example:
Available from: http://www.genomic.unimelb.edu.au/mdi/ by using the
Archives link.
Language for Electronic Mail (required)

Give the language of the message if not English
Notes for Electronic Mail (optional)

Be brief

System requirements

podcast:
2 Word files
1 PowerPoint file
1 videocast
End with a period
Place accompaniment information after the date of citation and any extent provided
Example:
Patrias, Karen. Presentation for May meeting [Internet]. Message to: Mary
Silco. 2007 Feb 7, 1:05 pm [cited 2007 Apr 6]. [about 1 screen]. Accompanied
by: 1 PowerPoint file.

message and/or its attachments.
Use the wording supplied by the author; no standardization is needed
Example:
System Requirements: Internet Explorer version 4.0 or greater; Adobe Reader
7.0.

Notes is a collective term for any type of information given after the citation itself.
Examples include:
Any restrictions on use of the archived message
Messages restricted to members.

Explanatory information on the content of the message
Protein Lounge (San Diego, CA). Pathway illustration tool and database
[Internet]. Message to: Karen Patrias (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda,
MD). 2007 May 1, 2:53 pm [cited 2007 May 2]. [about 2 screens]. Describes
ePath3D, a software tool for creating and managing illustrated 3D pathways
for publications and presentations.
Examples for Notes

12. Electronic mail message with a note
Examples of Citations to Electronic Mail

Note: The examples below are derived from actual e-mail messages, but the names and
addresses have been changed in most cases to preserve privacy.

Backus, Joyce. Physician Internet search behavior: detailed study [Internet]. Message to:
Karen Patrias. 2007 Mar 27 [cited 2007 Mar 28]. [2 paragraphs].
Backus J. Physician Internet search behavior: detailed study [Internet]. Message to: K.
Patrias. 2007 Mar 27 [cited 2007 Mar 28]. [2 paragraphs].
3. Electronic mail message with organization as author

Protein Lounge (San Diego, CA). Pathway illustration tool and database [Internet].
Message to: Karen Patrias (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). 2007 May 1
[cited 2007 May 2]. [about 2 screens].

Protein Lounge (San Diego, CA). Pathway illustration tool and database [electronic mail
on the Internet]. Message to: Karen Patrias (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda,
MD). 2007 May 1 [cited 2007 May 2]. [about 2 screens].
5. Electronic mail message with multiple recipients

Garner, Patricia. DSL and cable modem costs [Internet]. Message to: Phillip S. Chu;
Margaret Lyons. 2006 Apr 23 [cited 2006 Apr 24]. [about 1 screen].
6. Electronic mail message with group as recipient

Zerhouni, Elias A. (Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). NIH Roadmap
[Internet]. Message to: NIH staff. 2007 Feb 15 [cited 2007 Feb 15]. [about 3 p.].

Harris, Pat (National Information Standards Organization, Bethesda, MD). ISO standards
on bibliographic references to be revised [Internet]. Message to: Karen Patrias (Public
Services Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). 2005 Jul 07 [cited 2005
8. Electronic mail message with position titles for author and recipient
included in affiliation
Garner, Patricia (Administrative Officer, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD). DSL
and cable modem costs [Internet]. Message to: Phillip S. Chu (Chief, Behavioral and
Social Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD); Margaret Lyons
(Chief, Neuroscience and Neuropsychology and Aging Program, Bethesda, MD). 2006
Apr 23 [cited 2006 Apr 24]. [about 1 screen].
Patrias, Karen (Senior Resource Specialist, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD).
Dates in tables [Internet]. Message to: Lenore Roberts (Editor, Data-Tech, Inc., Ottawa,
ON). 2006 Feb 8 [cited 2006 Feb 9]. [2 paragraphs].

Patrias, Karen (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. [email protected]).
Presentation for May meeting [Internet]. Message to: Mary Silco (Food and Drug
Administration, White Oak, MD. [email protected]). 2007 Feb 7 [cited 2007 Feb 8].
[about 1 screen].

on bibliographic references to be revised [Internet]. Message to: Karen Patrias (Public
Services Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). 2005 Jul 07, 4:19 PM
[cited 2005 Jul 8]. [about 1 screen].
11. Electronic mail message with extent provided

Patrias, Karen (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). Dates in tables [Internet].
Message to: Lenore Roberts (Data-Tech, Inc., Ottawa, ON). 2006 Feb 8 [cited 2006 Feb 9].
[2 paragraphs].
on bibliographic references to be revised [Internet]. Message to: Karen Patrias (National
Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). 2005 Jul 07 [cited 2005 Jul 8]. [about 1 screen].
Zerhouni, Elias A. (Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). NIH Roadmap
[Internet]. Message to: NIH staff. 2007 Feb 15 [cited 2007 Feb 15]. [about 3 p.].
12. Electronic mail message with a note

Patrias, Karen. Presentation for May meeting [Internet]. Message to: Mary Silco. 2007 Feb
7 [cited 2007 Feb 8]. [about 1 screen]. Accompanied by: 1 PowerPoint file.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing LISTSERVs and

Similar Discussion Lists
The general format for a reference to a message from a LISTSERV or similar discussion
list, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to LISTSERVs and Similar Discussion Lists

LISTSERV is a proprietary name for mailing list software that is a registered trademark of
L-Soft International, Inc. However, the term is commonly used as a generic for all mailing
list applications.
Mailing lists are usually subject-oriented and provide a forum for member discussion.
Individuals join a list and post messages that are sent out to all the list members and
receive messages sent by others. Lists may be moderated, i.e., content is filtered before
broadcast, or unmoderated.
Like e-mail in general, messages posted to discussion lists are a form of personal
communication and are not often accepted by editors and others for inclusion in a
reference list. Most authorities recommend placing references to e-mail communications
within the running text, not as formal end references. The nature and source of the cited
information should be identified by an appropriate statement. Place the source
information in parentheses, using a term or terms to indicate that the citation is not
represented in the reference list. For example:
and many nurses involved with such cases (Mar 22, 2007 posting by RS Grant to
the ANPACC Listserv; unreferenced, see "Notes") report
When a reference to a discussion list message is included in a reference list, the author
must provide written permission to the publisher from the cited person (if living) or from
the cited organization if the message is not accessible to scholars via the list server's
archive. The permission should be stated in an "Acknowledgments" or "Notes" section that
follows the text of an article or is placed at the end of a book's main text. These statements
may include additional details, such as the reason for the communication.
Because all discussion lists do not employ a standard method of saving or archiving
messages, it is highly recommended that any message being considered for future citation
be saved to disk or in print.
The rules below apply when a posting to a discussion list is included in a reference list
rather than within the text as described above. Because of the lack of other information to
include in a citation to an e-mail message, providing the full name for the author is
recommended as well as clarifying notes on content.
Some discussion lists post messages consisting entirely of referrals to publications for their
members. Do not cite these as messages on the list, but locate the original publication and
cite it.
To cite an entire LISTSERV or other discussion list rather than a message from one, use
the instructions from Chapter 24A for citing an open serial database. See also example 24.
For information on citing letters, see Chapter 13. For further examples of formats for
author names, titles, place of publication, and publisher see Chapter 1.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for LISTSERVs and Similar Discussion Lists.
Continue to Examples of Citations to LISTSERVs and Similar Discussion Lists.
Citation Rules with Examples for LISTSERVs and Similar

Discussion Lists
it is optional.
Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title for Message (R) | Connective Phrase (R) | Title
(R) | Address (O) | Content Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) | Place of Publication (R) |
Publisher (R) | Date (R) | Date of Citation (R) | Extent (Pagination) (O) | Availability (O) |
Author of Message for Lists (required)

communication
use a space

Other surname rules

Omit other punctuation in surnames
Charles A. St. James becomes St James CA.

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe


Use only the first letter of given names and middle names if they contain a prefix,
preposition, or particle
Stefan.
Charles Fr. Erdman becomes Erdman CF
Georgios Th. Tsakalos becomes Tsakalos GTh

Examples:
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe


brackets.
or
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Leavitt MO (Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services,
Washington, DC).

The following format is not NLM practice for citing authors of messages, but is an
acceptable option:
Full first names of authors may be given
Separate the surname from the given name or initials by a comma and a
space
Follow initials with a period
Examples:
Takagi, Yasushi.
Chiarugi, Alberto M.
Examples for Author

1. Standard citation to a message from a LISTSERV or similar discussion list
2. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with optional full name for author
3. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with organization as author
4. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with e-mail address only for author
Author Affiliation for Lists (optional)


Follow the affiliation with a comma placed outside the closing parenthesis


Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society


a space
Example:
Patrias K (Public Services Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda
MD. [email protected]).

Washington, DC).

France).

Romania).
publications.
Treat letters marked with diacritics or accents as if they are not marked.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters.
treated as ae
treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

from the message content or from knowledge of the writer, put the place name or
other information in square brackets
Wolf MR (University of Southern California, [Los Angeles], CA).
Gonzales R ([Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA]).

5. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with author affiliation
6. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with position title for author in
affiliation
7. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with e-mail address of author included
in affiliation
Title of Message for Lists (required)

Enter the title of the subject line of a message as it appears on the screen, in the
original language
and initialisms
already present
square brackets

Titles with required prefix
Translated titles ending in punctuation other than a period
Box 66. Titles with required prefix.

Some discussion lists require that a message title begin with a specified subject
designation or a category for the type of message, often placed in all capital letters.
Retain such prefixes in the title.
[email protected]. GLAUCOMA: Early vs late intraocular pressure
following trabeculectomy. In: OPHTHAL [Internet]. [place unknown]:
Internet Ophthalmology; 2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 2 screens].
character.
Capitalize the first word of a message title unless the title begins with a Greek letter,
capitalized
c-jun/AP-1 activation and the antiproliferative activity of phenethyl
isothiocyanate.
becomes omega.
Microglial 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
or
Microglial alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
type fonts available, place the superscript or subscript within parentheses
Phospholipase C/IP3 pathway.
or
Phospholipase C/IP(3) pathway.

Provide the message title in the original language for non-English titles in the
La recherche sur les embryons. In:
zabolevanii: klinicheskie ocherki. In:
Anrakushi to keiho. In:
or
[Euthanasia and criminal law]. In:
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Die Bedeutung der deutschen Arztevereine fur das wissenschaftliche Leben.
In:
Argentina]. In:
Box 69. Translated titles ending in punctuation other than a period.

Give a translation after the original or romanized title
If a translated message title ends in another form of punctuation, keep that
punctuation
Place the translated title in the square brackets
End title information with a period.
Example:
Michel D. Peut-on se fier aux statistiques fournies par les banques de donnees
emanant du ministere de la sante? [Can we trust clinical statistics from data
banks of the National Health Service (NHS)?]. In: archivistes hospitaliers
[hospital archivists] ([email protected]) [Internet].
Lyon (FR): CISR; 2007 May 2 [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 3 p.]. French.
Examples for Title

8. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with message title having a subtitle
9. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with required subject preceding
message title
10. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with list title not in English
Connective Phrase for Lists (required)

Use the word "In" after the title of the message
Follow the word with a colon and a space

Title for Lists (required)

Enter the title of the list as it appears on screen, in the original language
Use the capitalization and punctuation found
square brackets
End the title with a space

Titles containing special characters
Box 70. Titles containing special characters.

Retain underlines and other special characters in list titles
RC_WORLD [Internet].
HEALTH_2_0 [Internet].

Provide the list title in the original language for non-English titles in the roman
Swedish, etc.)
DEUTSCHE-LISTE [Internet].
archivistes hospitaliers [Internet].
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
archivistes hospitaliers [hospital archivists] [Internet].
Examples for Title

11. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with optional address for list
Address for List (optional)

General Rules for Address
Give the e-mail address for the list as provided in the message
Use the capitalization and punctuation found
Separate the address from the Title by a space
Place the address in parenthesis
Follow the address with a space
Examples for Address

11. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with optional address for list
Content Type for Lists (optional)

Use a content type to describe the format of the item being cited
Enter the words "discussion list on the"


If a translation of a list title is provided, give the translation after the original or
Put "discussion list on the Internet" in square brackets following the translation
End with a period
Example:
[hospital archivists] [discussion list on the Internet]. Lyon (FR): CISR; 2007
May 2 [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 3 p.]. French.

12. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with optional content type
Type of Medium for Lists (required)

Place the type of medium in square brackets following the title (and Content Type,
if present)


Give the content type "discussion list" before the type of medium separated by "on
the"
Ramirez AG. NPM1 gene mutation in AML. In: AML-Listserv [discussion list
on the Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources; 2007 Jan
12 [cited 2007 Jan 14]. [about 3 screens].

If a translation of a list title is provided, give the translation after the original or
Put Internet in square brackets following the translation
End with a period
Example:
[hospital archivists] [Internet]. Lyon (FR): CISR; 2007 May 2 [cited 2007 May
3]. [about 3 p.]. French.

Place of Publication for Lists (required)

Use for place the city of the individual or organization responsible for the list

Non-US cities

Use the Web site of the list to determine place of publication and publisher
Messages often do not contain information about the place of publication. The e-
mail address for the list only reflects server location, which may or may not be the
location of the list publisher. For example, the MEDLIB-L list currently resides on a
server at the University of Vermont:
[email protected]
but the list is published by the Medical Library Association in Chicago.

Moskva, if possible. However, the name as found on the publication may always be
used.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but
Canada

If no place of publication can be found for the list but one can be reasonably
inferred (e.g., Chicago as the place for a list of the American Medical Association),
place the city in square brackets, such as "[Chicago]"
[New York]: American Lung Association;

[email protected]. GLAUCOMA: Early vs late intraocular pressure
following trabeculectomy. In: OPHTHAL [Internet]. [place unknown]:
Internet Ophthalmology; 2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 2 screens].

13. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with well-known place of publication
14. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with geographic qualifier added to
15. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with unknown place of publication
Publisher for Lists (required)

The publisher is the individual or organization responsible for the list
Record the name of the publisher as it is found on the screen, using whatever
capitalization and punctuation appears
Abbreviate well-known words in publisher names if desired
When a division or another subsidiary part of a publisher is provided, enter the
publisher name first. For example: University of Texas, Comprehensive Cancer
Center.


Use the Web site of the list to determine the publisher
Actual messages often do not contain publishing information. The e-mail address
for the list only reflects server location, which may or may not be the location of the
list publisher. For example, the MEDLIB-L list currently resides on a server at the
University of Vermont:
[email protected]
but the list is published by the Medical Library Association in Chicago.

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society

original language

Institute];
are capitalized]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
publication.
publisher.


16. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with publisher having subsidiary
division
17. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list published by a government agency
Date for Lists (required)

Begin with the year the message was sent
Include the month and day after the year, such as 2007 Apr 30

Time of the message included
Formats for dates
Optional date location
Box 83. Time of the message included.

Follow the date of the message with a comma and a space
Give the time in the format hour:minutes using 12-hour time, such as 10:15, and a
space
Enter the time as AM or PM
End with a space
Example:
Murray GC. A diagram of the UMLS Semantic Network. In: UMLSUSERS-L
[Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007 Apr 23,
11:33 AM [cited 2007 May 2]. [60 lines].
Box 84. Formats for dates.

Dates in US messages usually appear in the format month day year. For example:
5/1/2007 or April 23, 2007.
2004/12/02
30.07.2004
2004-10-02
14 June 2004
15/06/2005
5/1/2007 becomes 2007 May 1
2004/12/02 becomes 2004 Dec 2
30.07.2004 becomes 2004 Jul 30

2004-10-02 becomes 2004 Oct 2
15/06/2005 becomes 2005 Jun 15
letters
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
Example:

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar
Box 86. Optional date location.

The date for the message may follow the author name in the list of references when the
Place the date after the author and any author affiliation, followed by a period
Keep the date of citation in its standard place
NLM citation:
Davis BF. Albuterol versus levalbuterol for treatment of acute asthma. In:
RC_WORLD [Internet]. Indianapolis (IN): IUPUI; 2007 Mar 2 [cited 2007
Mar 2]. [5 paragraphs].
Davis BF. 2007 Mar 2. Albuterol versus levalbuterol for treatment of acute
asthma. In: RC_WORLD [Internet]. Indianapolis (IN): IUPUI; [cited 2007
Mar 2]. [5 paragraphs].
Examples for Date

18. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with time included in date
Date of Citation for Lists (required)

Give the date the message was first seen
such as Jan

Extent (Pagination) for Lists (optional)

most practical
Precede the total with the word "about" for all except the number of paragraphs and
place it in square brackets, as [about 5 screens]
If the message is printed out, precede the page total with the word "about" and place
it in square brackets, as [about 3 p.]
End extent information with a period placed outside the closing bracket


podcast:
2 Word files
1 PowerPoint file
1 videocast
Follow the number and type with a comma and the extent of the attachment, if
desired
Accompanied by: 1 GIF file, 20KB.
Accompanied by: 1 PDF file, 5 p.
Accompanied by: 1 videocast, 3 min.
End with a period
Place accompanying information after the date of citation and any extent provided
Example:
Karns M. Africa goes into negative food balance. In: AFRO-NETS [Internet].
Watertown (MA): AED-SATELLIFE; 2003 May 4 [cited 2007 Apr 25]. 19.55
KB. Accompanied by: 1 GIF file, 20KB. Available from: http://
www.afronets.org/docs-related.php

19. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with extent provided
20. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with accompanying file
Availability for Lists (optional)

If the message is archived by the mail server, the access address of the archive may
be provided
Insert the entire Uniform Resource Locator (URL); do not omit FTP, http://, www,
or other beginning components
punctuation

Breaking long URLs


The URL as displayed may not always be used to retrieve the message, i.e., it is not directly
addressable.
Example:
GPO Customer Contact Center. Cessation of the FDA Consumer in print. In:
FDLP Listserv [Internet]. Washington: Government Printing Office (US);
2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 Apr 27]. [13 lines]. Available from: http://
listserv.access.gpo.gov/ by clicking on Online mailing list archives.

21. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with archive URL provided
22. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with archive not directly addressable
Language for Lists (required)

Give the language of the message if not English

Notes for Lists (optional)

Notes is a collective term for information given after the citation itself
Be brief

Message containing an attachment
System requirements

podcast:
2 Word files
1 PowerPoint file
1 videocast
Follow the number and type with a comma and the extent of the attachment, if
desired
Accompanied by: 1 GIF file, 20KB.
Accompanied by: 1 PDF file, 5 p.
Accompanied by: 1 videocast, 3 min.
End with a period
Place accompanying information after the date of citation and any extent provided
Example:
Karns M. Africa goes into negative food balance. In: AFRO-NETS [Internet].
Watertown (MA): AED-SATELLIFE; 2003 May 4 [cited 2007 Apr 25]. 19.55
KB. Accompanied by: 1 GIF file, 20KB. Available from: http://

www.afronets.org/docs-related.php

System requirements describe the software and hardware needed to view the message
and/or its attachments.
Use the wording supplied by the author; no standardization is needed
Example:
System Requirements: Internet Explorer version 4 or greater; Adobe Reader
7.0.

Notes is a collective term for any type of information given after the citation itself.
Examples include:
Any restrictions on use of the archived message
Messages are restricted to members and may not be shared without written
permission of the author of the message.
Explanatory information on the content of the message
Ramirez AG. NPM1 gene mutation in AML. In: AML-Listserv [Internet]. New
York: Association of Cancer Online Resources; 2007 Jan 12 [cited 2007 Jan
14]. [about 3 screens]. List for acute myelocytic leukemia.
Davis BF. Albuterol versus levalbuterol for treatment of acute asthma. In:
RC_WORLD [Internet]. Indianapolis (IN): IUPUI; 2007 May 2 [cited 2007
Sep 17]. [5 paragraphs]. IUPUI is Indiana University-Purdue University
Indianapolis.
Examples for Notes

23. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with a note
Examples of Citations to LISTSERVs and Similar Discussion Lists

Note: The examples below are derived from actual lists, but the names and other
components have been changed in most cases to preserve privacy.
1. Standard citation to a message from a LISTSERV or similar discussion

list
Ramirez AG. NPM1 gene mutation in AML. In: AML-Listserv [Internet]. New York:
Association of Cancer Online Resources; 2007 Jan 12 [cited 2007 Jan 14]. [about 3
screens].
Ramirez AG. NPM1 gene mutation in AML. In: AML-Listserv [discussion list on the
Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources; 2007 Jan 12 [cited 2007 Jan
14]. [about 3 screens].
2. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with optional full name for
author
Davis, Blake F. Albuterol versus levalbuterol for treatment of acute asthma. In:
RC_WORLD [Internet]. Indianapolis (IN): IUPUI; 2007 Mar 2 [cited 2007 Mar 2]. [5
paragraphs].
3. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with organization as author

GPO Customer Contact Center. Cessation of the FDA Consumer in print. In: FDLP
Listserv [Internet]. Washington: Government Printing Office (US); 2007 Apr 27 [cited
2007 Apr 27]. [13 lines].
4. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with e-mail address only for
author
[email protected]. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and nephrology. In: PEDNEFRO-L
[Internet]. Prague (Czech Republic): Univerzity Karlovy, Lekarska Fakulta; 1998 Jan 4,
10:01 PM [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 3 p.].
5. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with author affiliation

Slack HT (TMD and Orofacial Pain Clinic, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska
Medical Center, Lincoln, NE). Orthodontics for TMD therapy. In: OANDP-L [Internet].
Gainesville (FL): O & P digital Technologies; 2007 Apr 20 [cited 2007 Apr 22]. [about 4
screens].
Ramirez AG (Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular del Cancer, Universidad de

Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain). NPM1 gene mutation in AML. In: AML-Listserv
[Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources; 2007 Jan 12 [cited 2007
Jan 14]. [about 3 screens].
6. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with position title for author
in affiliation
Slack HT (Clinical Administrator, TMD and Orofacial Pain Clinic, College of Dentistry,
University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE). Orthodontics for TMD therapy. In:
OANDP-L [Internet]. Gainesville (FL): O & P digital Technologies; 2007 Apr 20 [cited
2007 Apr 22]. [about 4 screens].
7. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with e-mail address of

author included in affiliation
Theron M (Hopital Marmottan, Paris, FR. [email protected]). WHO revised
global disease standards. In: MEDLIB-L [Internet]. Chicago: Medical Library Association;
2007 Mar 18 [cited 2007 Apr 1]. [1 paragraph].
8. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with message title having a

subtitle
Blake M. Summary: librarian handbooks and guidelines. In: MEDLIB-L [Internet].
Chicago: Medical Library Association; 2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 Apr 28]. [about 2 screens].
9. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with required subject

preceding message title
[email protected]. GLAUCOMA: Early vs late intraocular pressure following
trabeculectomy. In: OPHTHAL [Internet]. [place unknown]: Internet Ophthalmology;
2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 2 screens].
Michel D. Peut-on se fier aux statistiques fournies par les banques de donnees emanant du
ministere de la sante? In: archivistes hospitaliers [Internet]. Lyon (FR): CISR; 2007 May 2
[cited 2007 May 3]. [about 3 p.]. French.
ministere de la sante? [Could we trust clinical statistics from data banks of the National
Health Service (NHS)?]. In: archivistes hospitaliers [hospital archivists] [Internet]. Lyon
(FR): CISR; 2007 May 2 [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 3 p.]. French.
11. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with optional address for
list
Davis BF. Albuterol versus levalbuterol for treatment of acute asthma. In: RC_WORLD
([email protected]) [Internet]. Indianapolis (IN): IUPUI; 2007 May 2
[cited 2007 Sep 17]. [5 paragraphs].
Blake M. Summary: librarian handbooks and guidelines. In: MEDLIB-L (MEDLIB-
[email protected]) [Internet]. Chicago: Medical Library Association; 2007
Apr 27 [cited 2007 Apr 28]. [about 2 screens].
ministere de la sante? [Could we trust clinical statistics from data banks of the National
Health Service (NHS)?]. In: archivistes hospitaliers [hospital archivists]
([email protected]) [Internet]. Lyon (FR): CISR; 2007 May 2
[cited 2007 May 3]. [about 3 p.]. French.
[discussion list on the Internet]. Indianapolis (IN): IUPUI; 2007 May 2 [cited 2007 Sep
17]. [5 paragraphs].
13. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with well-known place of

publication
Blake M. Summary: librarian handbooks and guidelines. In: MEDLIB-L [Internet].
Chicago: Medical Library Association; 2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 Apr 28]. [about 2 screens].
14. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with geographic qualifier

King M. Africa goes into negative food balance. In: AFRO-NETS [Internet]. Watertown
(MA): AED-SATELLIFE; 2003 May 4 [cited 2007 Apr 25]. 19.55 KB.
15. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with unknown place of

publication
[email protected]. GLAUCOMA: Early vs late intraocular pressure following
trabeculectomy. In: OPHTHAL [Internet]. [place unknown]: Internet Ophthalmology;
2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 2 screens].
16. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with publisher having

subsidiary division
Keller CD. Public health training for rural primary care physicians. In: RURALNET-L
[Internet]. Huntington (WV): Marshall University School of Medicine, Department of
Academic Computing; 2007 Apr 15 [cited 2007 Apr 16]. [about 3 screens].
17. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list published by a

government agency
Murray GC. A diagram of the UMLS Semantic Network. In: UMLSUSERS-L [Internet].
Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007 Apr 23, 11:33 AM [cited 2007
May 2]. [60 lines].
18. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with time included in date
Murray GC. A diagram of the UMLS Semantic Network. In: UMLSUSERS-L [Internet].
Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007 Apr 23, 11:33 AM [cited 2007
May 2]. [60 lines].
19. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with extent provided

[Internet]. Indianapolis (IN): IUPUI; 2007 May 2 [cited 2007 Sep 17]. [5 paragraphs].
2007 Apr 27]. [13 lines].
Karns M. Africa goes into negative food balance. In: AFRO-NETS [Internet]. Watertown
(MA): AED-SATELLIFE; 2003 May 4 [cited 2007 Apr 25]. 19.55 KB. Accompanied by: 1
GIF file, 20KB.
10:01 PM [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 3 p.].
screens].

Karns M. Africa goes into negative food balance. In: AFRO-NETS [Internet]. Watertown
(MA): AED-SATELLIFE; 2003 May 4 [cited 2007 Apr 25]. 19.55 KB. Accompanied by: 1
GIF file, 20KB. Available from: http://www.afronets.org/docs-related.php
21. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with archive URL provided
Theron M. WHO revised global disease standards. In: MEDLIB-L [Internet]. Chicago:
Medical Library Association; 2007 Mar 18 [cited 2007 Apr 1]. [1 paragraph]. Available
from: http://listserv.buffalo.edu/archives/medlib-l.html
10:01 PM [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 3 p.]. Available from: http://www.lf2.cuni.cz/cgi-bin/
wilma_hiliter/pednefro-l/199806/msg00000.html?line=80#
22. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with archive not directly
addressable
2007 Apr 27]. [13 lines]. Available from: http://listserv.access.gpo.gov/ by clicking on
Online mailing list archives.
23. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with a note

screens]. List for acute myelocytic leukemia.
[Internet]. Indianapolis (IN): IUPUI; 2007 May 2 [cited 2007 Sep 17]. [5 paragraphs].
IUPUI is Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis.
24. Entire LISTSERV or similar list

AML-Listserv [Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources. 1997 Nov
12 - [cited 2007 May 11]. Available from: [email protected]
MEDLIB-L [Internet]. Chicago: Medical Library Association. 1995 Aug 16 - [cited 2007
May 11]. Available from: [email protected]
C. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Blogs

The general format for a reference to a blog on the Internet, including punctuation:
The general format for a reference to a contribution to a blog, when the contribution is
written by someone other than the blog owner, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Blogs

Blog is a contraction of Web log. A blog is a publicly available Web site that serves as a
personal journal or sounding board for an individual or as an information tool for an
organization. The blog owner posts messages and invites comments from readers. Entries
or messages are displayed in reverse chronological order and the site is usually updated
daily.
In citing a blog, note that:
The word blog may or may not be a part of the title. If it is not, using the content
type "blog" is strongly recommended.
Many blogs are self-published, with the author and the publisher the same
individual.
Place of publication may be absent. Use the author's city as the place if one is not
provided.
Blogs often omit giving the date the blog began. If no beginning date is found, use
the date of the earliest message posted (usually found under Archive) and place it in
square brackets.
Many blogs have new content added daily or very frequently. A date of update/
revision is therefore not useful and is omitted from a citation.
Look at the opening screen(s), the bottom or closing screens, sidebar, and the source code
(viewable through the Web browser), in that order, for authoritative information to use in
citing a blog.
Contributions to a Blog
To cite an entire blog, use the instructions below. To cite a part of, or a contribution to a
blog, examples are provided. For more details, combine the instructions in this chapter
with those in Chapter 24B Parts of Databases on the Internet if the item was posted by the
blog owner or in Chapter 24C Contributions to Databases on the Internet if the item was
written by someone other than the blog owner. See examples 29-30.
Be aware that the message content of many blogs is not moderated. Many blogs also post
articles or other documents that were initially published elsewhere. Do not cite these as
contributions to a blog. Locate the original and cite that item.
Messages posted to discussion lists like a blog are considered a form of personal
communication and are not often accepted by editors or others for inclusion in a reference
list. Most authorities recommend placing references to such communications within the
running text, not as formal end references. The nature and source of the cited information
should be identified by an appropriate statement. Place the source information in
parentheses, using a term or terms to indicate that the citation is not represented in the
reference list. For example:
Nurse Studio Blog; unreferenced, see "Notes") report
When a reference to a blog posting is included in a reference list, the author must provide
written permission to the publisher from the cited person (if living) or from the cited
organization. The permission should be a statement in an "Acknowledgments" or a
"Notes" section that follows the text of an article or is placed at the end of a book's main
text. Such statements may include additional details, such as the reason for the posting.
It is highly recommended that any message being considered for future citation be saved
to disk or in print because blogs may not save or archive messages for retrieval or may
withdraw individual messages.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Blogs
Continue to Examples of Citations to Blogs
Citation Rules with Examples for Blogs

it is optional.
Medium (R) | Editor and other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication (R) |
Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of Citation (R) | Availability (R) | Language
(R) | Notes (O)
Author/Editor for Blogs (required)

List names in the order they appear on the opening screens

Determining the author
Other surname rules
Box 93. Determining the author.

Look first for the author at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the opening screen(s) of
the blog
Try links such as "About", "Contact", and "My Profile" to find the author
Look at the messages posted by the blog owner
Do not assume that an individual named as Web master or Web designer is the
author; he or she most probably is not
Do not assume that an individual named in association with a copyright statement,
such as "copyright 1997 by John A. Smith" is the author
use that name as the publisher



[If you cannot determine whether a surname is compound or a combination
of a middle name and a surname, look elsewhere in the site for clarification
such as an "About" or "My Profile" link. For example, Elizabeth Scott Parker
may be interpreted to be Parker ES or Scott Parker E.]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe


letter

Examples:

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Translate the word found for editor into English when possible. However, the
French redacteur
editeur
German redakteur
herausgeber
Italian redattore
curatore
editore
Russian redaktor
izdatel
Spanish redactor
editor


brackets.
or
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
two letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

If no person or organization can be found as the author but editors are present,
begin the reference with the names of the editors. Follow the same rules used for
author names, but end the list of names with a comma and editor or editors.
Ostrovsky M, Genes N, Odell T, Ostrovsky G, editors. medGadget [blog on the
Internet]. El Granada (CA): Medgadget LLC. [2004 Dec] - [cited 2007 May
16]. Available from: http://www.medgadget.com/.
If no person or organization can be identified as the author and no editors are
given, begin the reference with the title of the blog. Do not use anonymous.
KidneyNotes.com [blog on the Internet]. New York: KidneyNotes. c2006 -
[cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.kidneynotes.com/.

Takagi, Yasushi; Chiarugi, Alberto M.

1. Standard citation to a blog
2. Blog with an individual(s) as author
3. Blog with optional full names for authors/editors
4. Blog with only first name provided for author
5. Blog with only blog name provided for author
6. Blog with an organization as author
7. Blog with editors where there is no author
8. Blog with no authors
29. Part of a blog on the Internet from the blog owner
30. Contribution to a blog on the Internet by someone other than the blog owner
Author Affiliation for Blogs (optional)



Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Soc. for Society

a space
Example:
Patrias K (Public Services Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda
MD. [email protected]).

If the author's title is given, place it at the beginning of the affiliation if desired
Washington, DC).

Carpentier AF. (Service de Neurologie, Hopital de la Salpetriere, Paris,
France).
Romania).

publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe

Wien becomes Vienna

from the message content or from knowledge of the writer, put the place name or
other information in square brackets
Wolf MR (University of Southern California, [Los Angeles], CA).
Gonzales R ([Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA]).

9. Blog with author affiliation
Title for Blogs (required)

Reproduce the title of a blog as closely as possible to the wording that appears on
the screen, duplicating capitalization, spacing, and punctuation
already present
in square brackets


Some blogs do not clearly state the title. Use the following sources in the order given:
Use the "About" or similar link
Look for the title in the source code of the blog if it is displayed by the Web browser

Swedish, etc.)
Fresquet Febrer JL. Blog de Historia de la medicina [Internet]. Valencia
(Spain): Universidad de Valencia. [2005 Dec] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available
from: http://www.historiadelamedicina.org/blog/. Spanish.
Endotoksikoza Blog [Internet].
Chokaku shogai [blog on the Internet].
or
[Hearing impairments] [blog on the Internet].
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Fresquet Febrer JL. Blog de Historia de la medicina [Blog of the history of
medicine] [Internet]. Valencia (Spain): Universidad de Valencia. [2005 Dec] -
[cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://www.historiadelamedicina.org/
blog/. Spanish.

If a blog is written in several languages:
If a blog has equal text in two or more languages, as may occur on Canadian sites:
Example:
Kikanshi kunai choonpa dansoho = Endobronchial ultrasonography
[blog on the Internet]

Most titles end in a period. Place [Internet] inside period.
Bernstein M. Bioethics Discussion Blog [Internet]. Los Angeles: Maurice

Bernstein. 2004 Jul - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://
bioethicsdiscussion.blogspot.com/.
Scalpel or Sword? [Internet]. [Texas]: [publisher unknown]. [2006 Aug] -
[cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://scalpelorsword.blogspot.com/.
Box 114. Titles containing a Greek letter or another special character.

Reproduce the title of a blog as closely as possible to the wording that appears on
eHealth: a blog devoted to ehealth and healthcare information technology
[Internet].
PHARMALOT
A*L*S Blog
Emergiblog
becomes omega.
-Amino Acids
may become
beta-Amino Acids
TiO2 Nanoparticles
may become
Examples for Title

10. Blog title with a subtitle
11. Blog title with upper/lowercase letters, special characters
12. Blog with title ending in punctuation other than a period

13. Blog in a language other than English
Content Type for Blogs (optional)

Use a content type to alert the user that the reference is to a blog, not to a standard
book or Web site
Enter the words "blog on"


of medium.
Silverman E. PHARMALOT [blog on the Internet]. [Newark (NJ)]: Star-
Ledger. 2007 Jan - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://
pharmalot.com/.
Scalpel or Sword? [blog on the Internet]. [Texas]: [publisher unknown]. [2006
Aug] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://
scalpelorsword.blogspot.com/.

If a translation of a title is provided, put the translation in square brackets
Place the content type and type of medium in square brackets after the translation
Endotoksikoza [Endotoxicosis] [blog on the Internet].

14. Blog published with content type given
Type of Medium for Blogs (required)

Place the word "Internet" in square brackets after the title (and Content Type, if
present)
Availability below


Give the content type (blog) and the phrase "on the" before the type of medium
(Internet) in one set of square brackets.
pharmalot.com/.

Most titles end in a period. Place [Internet] before the period.
Cohen MH. CAMLAW: complementary and alternative medicine law blog
[Internet]. Cambridge (MA): Michael H. Cohen, Esq. c2007 - [cited 2007
May 16]. Available from: http://www.camlawblog.com/.
Scalpel or Sword? [Internet]. [Texas]: [publisher unknown]. [2006 Aug] -


End with a period
Example:
Fresquet Febrer JL. Blog de Historia de la medicina [Blog of the history of
medicine] [Internet]. Valencia (Spain): Universidad de Valencia. [2005 Dec] -
[cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://www.historiadelamedicina.org/
blog/. Spanish.

Editor and other Secondary Authors for Blogs (optional)

translators, and producers.
Place the names of secondary authors after the Type of Medium


A blog may have several types of secondary author.

Examples:
Graber AF, Longstreet RG, editors; Johnson CT, Marks C, Huston MA,
illustrators.

Example:
Jones AB, editor and illustrator.

always be used.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Language Moderator Editor Translator Producer Illustrator
French animateur redacteur traducteur producteur illustrateur
moderateur editeur
German diskussionsleiter redakteur ubersetzer produzent illustrator
koodinator herausgeber dolmetscher produzentin
moderator
Italian moderatore redattore traduttore produttore disegnatore
curatore
editore
Russian arbitr redaktor perevodchik rezhisser konstruktor
posryedneek izdatel
Spanish moderador redactor traductor productor ilustrador
editor productora

organization name
editor.

International Kidney Society; European Renal Organization, curators.

15. Blog with secondary authors
Place of Publication for Blogs (required)

Use for place of publication the city where the blog is published
Springs (FL)
as the two-letter ISO country code, when citing lesser known cities or when cities in
different locations have the same name, such as Cambridge (MA) and Cambridge
(England)

Non-US cities

Look at the top, bottom, or sidebar of the opening screens
usually a "contact us", "about", or similar link
Look in the source code for the blog if it is displayed by the Web browser
If the blog is self-published, look for "My Profile" and similar links to determine the
location of the author and use that location as the place of publication
example, Chicago as the place of publication of a blog issued by the American
Silverman E. PHARMALOT [blog on the Internet]. [Newark (NJ)]:
Star-Ledger. 2007 Jan - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://
pharmalot.com/.
Reider J. Family Medicine Notes [blog on the Internet]. [place
unknown]: Jacob Reider. 1999 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from:
http://www.docnotes.net/.

be used.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but
Canada

blog site but the place can be reasonably inferred (e.g., Chicago as the place for a
blog of the American Medical Association), place the city in square brackets, such
as "[Chicago]"
pharmalot.com/.
If the blog is self-published, use the location of the author as the place of
publication
Reider J. Family Medicine Notes [blog on the Internet]. [place unknown]:
Jacob Reider. 1999 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://
www.docnotes.net/.

16. Blog with well known place of publication
17. Blog with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for clarity
18. Blog with place of publication inferred
19. Blog with unknown place of publication
Publisher for Blogs (required)

Use for publisher the individual or organization issuing the blog
Record the name of the publisher as it is found on the title page or opening screens,
using whatever capitalization and punctuation appears
When a division or another subsidiary part of a publisher appears in the
publication, enter the publisher name first. For example: McGraw-Hill, Health
Professions Division.


Chemical Society or John Jones
Try to obtain it from a link within the site, usually under a "contact us", "history", or
similar link
Look in the source code for the blog if it is displayed by the Web browser
If the blog is self-published:
use the full author's name as the publisher
Bernstein M. Bioethics Discussion Blog [Internet]. Los Angeles:
Maurice Bernstein. 2004 Jul - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from:
http://bioethicsdiscussion.blogspot.com/.
if the full author's name cannot be obtained from the site but can be located
elsewhere, place the name in square brackets
Doctor CBB. CodeBlueBlog [Internet]. [Florida]: [Thomas Boyle]. [2004
May] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://
codeblueblog.blogs.com/.

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division

Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society

original language
Institute]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
publication.
publisher.


If the blog is self-published:
use the full author's name as the publisher
Bernstein M. Bioethics Discussion Blog [Internet]. Los Angeles:
Maurice Bernstein. 2004 Jul - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from:
http://bioethicsdiscussion.blogspot.com/.
if the full author's name cannot be obtained from the site but can be located
elsewhere, place the name in square brackets
Doctor CBB. CodeBlueBlog [Internet]. [Florida]: [Thomas Boyle]. [2004
May] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://
codeblueblog.blogs.com/.

20. Blog with publisher having subsidiary division
21. Blog with government agency or other national body as publisher
22. Blog with publisher inferred
23. Blog with unknown publisher
Date of Publication for Blogs (required)

Give the beginning date, i.e., the date the blog was created
such as Jan
For an open blog, give the beginning date of the blog followed by a hyphen and 3
spaces
For a closed blog, give the beginning and ending dates, separated by a hyphen with
a space before and after
If the beginning date is not provided, see No beginning date is provided below
Box 137. No beginning date is provided.

If the date the blog began cannot be found but the date of the earliest (and latest if
closed) postings to the blog can be determined, place date information in square
brackets
Bernhardt JM. Director's Blog [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (US), National Center for Health Marketing. [2006 Jul 13] -
[cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/healthmarketing/
blog.htm
Mik T. Nursing Studio [blog on the Internet]. Seattle: Akon. [2002 May] -
[cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.nursingstudio.net
If the neither the beginning date nor the dates of the earliest postings to the blog
can be determined, but the blog contains a copyright date or date range, use that
date preceded by "c", as c2007
KidneyNotes.com [blog on the Internet]. Viklund A, CSSCreator, illustrators.
New York: KidneyNotes. c2006 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://
www.kidneynotes.com/.
Kim. Emergiblog: The Life & Times of an ER Nurse [Internet]. Ask Shane,
producer. San Francisco: Emergiblog. c2005-2007 - [cited 2007 May 16].
Available from: http://www.emergiblog.com/.
If the date cannot be determined by any of the methods listed above, but the date
can be estimated because of information found elsewhere, follow the date with a
If none of the above can locate a date, use "date unknown" in square brackets


No beginning date is provided
Blog is no longer updated

When a blog does not clearly state the date the blog began (and closed):
Look for the beginning date in a link titled "About", "My Profile", etc., at the top,
bottom, or on the sidebar of the opening screens
If the beginning date is not stated but the date of the earliest (and latest if closed)
postings to the blog can be determined, place date information in square brackets
Bernhardt JM. Director's Blog [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (US), National Center for Health Marketing. [2006 Jul 13] -
[cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/healthmarketing/
blog.htm
Mik T. Nursing Studio [blog on the Internet]. Seattle: Akon. [2002 May] -
[cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.nursingstudio.net
If the neither the beginning date of the blog nor the earliest dates of the postings in
the blog can be determined, but the blog contains a copyright date or date range,
use that date preceded by "c", as c2007
If the beginning date cannot be determined by any of the methods listed above, but
the date can be estimated because of information found elsewhere, follow the date
with a question mark and place date information in square brackets

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan
names of seasons.

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

implies.

If no beginning date of publication can be found, use the earliest date of messages
posted to the blog, usually found under "Archive"
If the neither the beginning date of the blog nor the dates of the earliest messages in
the blog can be determined but the blog contains a copyright date or date range, use
that date preceded by "c", as c2007
Kim. Emergiblog: The Life & Times of an ER Nurse [Internet]. Ask Shane,
producer. San Francisco: Emergiblog. c2005-2007 - [cited 2007 May 16].
Available from: http://www.emergiblog.com/.
Box 138. Blog is no longer updated.

If a blog is closed, i.e., it is no longer posting or receiving comments:
Give the beginning and ending dates of the blog
Separate the two dates with a space, hyphen, space
Examples:
2005 - 2006
2004 Jan - 2007 Feb
2005 Feb 3 - 2006 Dec 31

It is not NLM policy, but the date of publication may follow the author(s) (or title and
type of medium if there is no author) in the list of references when the name-year system
of in-text references is used.
Use the date of the earliest messages or of copyright if there is no publication date
Keep the hyphen following the date when the blog is open
Include both the beginning and ending years if a blog is closed
Place the date unknown after the author(s) (or title and type of medium if there is
no author)
Leave the date of citation in its usual location
NLM citation:
Ostrovsky M, Genes N, Odell T, Ostrovsky G, editors. medGadget [blog on the
Internet]. El Granada (CA): Medgadget LLC. [2004 Dec] - [cited 2007 May
16]. Available from: http://www.medgadget.com/.
Wall Street Journal. HEALTH BLOG: WSJ's blog on health and the business of
health [Internet]. Hensley S, editor. New York: Dow Jones & Company, Inc.
c2007 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://blogs.wsj.com/health/.
Bernstein M. 2004 Jul - . Bioethics Discussion Blog [Internet]. Los Angeles:
Maurice Bernstein. [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://
Ostrovsky M, Genes N, Odell T, Ostrovsky G, editors. [2004 Dec] - .
medGadget [blog on the Internet]. El Granada (CA): Medgadget LLC. [cited
2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.medgadget.com/.
Wall Street Journal. c2007 - . HEALTH BLOG: WSJ's blog on health and the
business of health [Internet]. Hensley S, editor. New York: Dow Jones &
Company, Inc. [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://blogs.wsj.com/
health/.
KidneyNotes.com [blog on the Internet]. c2006 - . Viklund A, CSSCreator,
illustrators. New York: KidneyNotes. [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from:
http://www.kidneynotes.com/.

24. Blog with month/day included in date of publication

25. Blog with multiple years
26. Blog with date of copyright instead of date of publication
27. Blog with date obtained from earliest material in it
Date of Citation for Blogs (required)

Always include the date the blog was seen on the Internet
such as Jan
brackets

Availability for Blogs (required)

Provide the specific URL or Permalink for the content if available
punctuation

Breaking long URLs


The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve the blog,
Example:
Available from: http://www.unimelb.edu.au/adi/ by using the blog link.

30. Contribution to a blog on the Internet by someone other than the blog owner
Language for Blogs (required)


Blogs appearing in more than one language
Box 142. Blogs appearing in more than one language.

If the contents of a blog appear in several languages:
If the first title is not English, follow with a translation when possible. Place the

Notes for Blogs (optional)

Be brief


blog, then add the note. Examples of notes are:
System requirements, such the specific software and hardware needed to view and
interact with the blog
array; 800 x 600 pixels/high with color; Adobe Acrobat Reader 5.0; Internet
Information on access requirements/limitations
Comments accepted from physicians only.
blog
Tripathi M. MAeHC Blog [Internet]. Waltham (MA): Micky Tripathi. [2006] -
[cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://maehc.blogspot.com/. MAeHC is
the Massachusetts eHealth Collaborative.
The name of the organization(s) sponsoring or supporting the blog
Current support from the National Science Foundation Biological Databases
& Informatics Program and MIT's Cell Decision Process Center.
Examples for Notes

28. Blog with supplemental note included
Examples of Citations to Blogs

Bernstein M. Bioethics Discussion Blog [Internet]. Los Angeles: Maurice Bernstein. 2004
Jul - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://bioethicsdiscussion.blogspot.com/.
Holt M. The Health Care Blog [Internet]. San Francisco: Matthew Holt. 2003 Oct - [cited
2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.thehealthcareblog.com/the_health_care_blog/.
KidneyNotes.com [blog on the Internet]. New York: KidneyNotes. c2006 - [cited 2007
May 16]. Available from: http://www.kidneynotes.com/.
2. Blog with an individual(s) as author

Cohen MH. CAMLAW: complementary and alternative medicine law blog [Internet].
Cambridge (MA): Michael H. Cohen, Esq. c2007 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from:
http://www.camlawblog.com/.
Mik T. Nursing Studio [blog on the Internet]. Seattle: Akon. [2002 May] - [cited 2007
May 16]. Available from: http://www.nursingstudio.net
3. Blog with optional full names for authors/editors

Cohen, Michael H. CAMLAW: complementary and alternative medicine law blog
[Internet]. Cambridge (MA): Michael H. Cohen, Esq. c2007 - [cited 2007 May 16].
Available from: http://www.camlawblog.com/.
Ostrovsky, Michael; Genes, Nicholas; Odell, Timothy; Ostrovsky, Gene, editors.
medGadget [blog on the Internet]. El Granada (CA): Medgadget LLC. [2004 Dec] -
[cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.medgadget.com/.
4. Blog with only first name provided for author

Kim. Emergiblog: The Life & Times of an ER Nurse [Internet]. Ask Shane, producer. San
Francisco: Emergiblog. c2005-2007 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://
www.emergiblog.com/.
5. Blog with only blog name provided for author

Doctor CBB. CodeBlueBlog [Internet]. [Florida]: [Thomas Boyle]. [2004 May] - [cited
2007 May 17]. Available from: http://codeblueblog.blogs.com/.
6. Blog with an organization as author

Wall Street Journal. HEALTH BLOG: WSJ's blog on health and the business of health
[Internet]. Hensley S, editor. New York: Dow Jones & Company, Inc. c2007 - [cited 2007
May 16]. Available from: http://blogs.wsj.com/health/.
AARP Issues Blog Team. AARP Issues Blog [Internet]. Washington: AARP. [2005 Jan] -
[cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://aarp.typepad.com/.
7. Blog with editors where there is no author

Ostrovsky M, Genes N, Odell T, Ostrovsky G, editors. medGadget [blog on the Internet].
El Granada (CA): Medgadget LLC. [2004 Dec] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from:
http://www.medgadget.com/.
8. Blog with no authors

KidneyNotes.com [blog on the Internet]. Viklund A, CSSCreator, illustrators. New York:
KidneyNotes. c2006 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://
HealthNex: IBMers and friends on networked, patient-centric healthcare [Internet]. [place
unknown]: IBM. [2006 Sep] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://
healthnex.typepad.com/web_log/.
9. Blog with author affiliation

Myers PZ (University of Minnesota, Morris, MN). Pharyngula [blog on the Internet]. New
York: ScienceBlogs LLC. [2006 Jan] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://
scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/.
Schwitzer G (University of Minnesota, School of Journalism & Mass Communication,
Minneapolis, MN). Schwitzer health news blog [Internet]. Minneapolis (MN):
HealthNewsReview.org. [2004 Sep] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://
blog.lib.umn.edu/schwitz/healthnews/.
10. Blog title with a subtitle

Tenderich A. Diabetes Mine: a gold mine of straight talk and encouragement for people
living with diabetes [blog on the Internet]. San Francisco: Amy Tenderich. [2005 Feb] -
[cited 2007 May 16]. Available from:http://www.diabetesmine.com/.
11. Blog title with upper/lowercase letters, special characters

Silverman E. PHARMALOT [blog on the Internet]. [Newark (NJ)]: Star-Ledger. 2007 Jan
- [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://pharmalot.com/.
Genes N. blogborygmi: a digest of developments in the life of an emergency medicine
resident [Internet]. [place unknown]: Nicholas Genes. [2003 Jun] - [cited 2007 May 16].
Available from: http://blogborygmi.blogspot.com/.
Sharp J. eHealth: a blog devoted to ehealth and healthcare information technology
[Internet]. Cleveland (OH): EHEALTH.JOHNWSHARP.COM. [2006 Sep] - [cited 2007
May 17]. Available from: http://ehealth.johnwsharp.com/.
12. Blog with title ending in punctuation other than a period

Scalpel or Sword? [blog on the Internet]. [Texas]: [publisher unknown]. [2006 Aug] -

Arrington M, Ohayon O. TechCrunch: explorons le Web 2.0 [blog on the Internet].
Arrington M, editor. Paris: Pulpmedia. 2005 Jun 11 - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available
from: http://fr.techcrunch.com/. French.
Martins G. O INTERNO: technologia e anesthesia [blog on the Internet]. Porto
(Portugal): Gustavo Martins. [2006 Jun] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://
ointerno.blogspot.com/. Portuguese.
Fresquet Febrer JL. Blog de Historia de la medicina [Internet]. Valencia (Spain):
Universidad de Valencia. [2005 Dec] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://
www.historiadelamedicina.org/blog/. Spanish.
Fresquet Febrer JL. Blog de Historia de la medicina [Blog of the history of medicine]
[Internet]. Valencia (Spain): Universidad de Valencia. [2005 Dec] - [cited 2007 May 17].
Available from: http://www.historiadelamedicina.org/blog/. Spanish.

Tenderich A. Diabetes Mine: a gold mine of straight talk and encouragement for people
living with diabetes [blog on the Internet]. San Francisco: Amy Tenderich. [2005 Feb] -
[cited 2007 May 16]. Available from:http://www.diabetesmine.com/.
Levy P. RUNNING A HOSPITAL [blog on the Internet]. Boston: Beth Israel Deaconess
Medical Center. [2006 Aug] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://
runningahospital.blogspot.com/.
15. Blog with secondary authors

16. Blog with well known place of publication

Levy P. RUNNING A HOSPITAL [blog on the Internet]. Boston: Beth Israel Deaconess
Medical Center. [2006 Aug] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://
runningahospital.blogspot.com/.
17. Blog with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for

clarity
Ostrovsky M, Genes N, Odell T, Ostrovsky G, editors. medGadget [blog on the Internet].
El Granada (CA): Medgadget LLC. [2004 Dec] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from:
http://www.medgadget.com/.
Schwab S. Surgeonsblog [Internet]. Puget Sound (WA): Sid Schwab. [2006] - [cited 2007
May 16]. Available from: http://surgeonsblog.blogspot.com/.
Pho K. Kevin, M.D.: medical Weblog [Internet]. Nashua (NH): Kevin Pho. [2004 May] -
[cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://kevinmd.com/blog/.
Martins G. O INTERNO: technologia e anesthesia [blog on the Internet]. Porto
(Portugal): Gustavo Martins. [2006 Jun] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://
ointerno.blogspot.com/. Portuguese.
18. Blog with place of publication inferred

Silverman E. PHARMALOT [blog on the Internet]. [Newark (NJ)]: Star-Ledger. 2007 Jan
- [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://pharmalot.com/.
Hunscher D. Future Scenarios for Health IT [blog on the Internet]. [Ann Arbor (MI)]:
Dale Hunscher. [2006 Aug] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://
hunscher.typepad.com/futurehit/.
19. Blog with unknown place of publication

Reider J. Family Medicine Notes [blog on the Internet]. [place unknown]: Jacob Reider.
1999 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.docnotes.net/.
Genes N. blogborygmi: a digest of developments in the life of an emergency medicine
resident [Internet]. [place unknown]: Nicholas Genes. [2003 Jun] - [cited 2007 May 16].
Available from: http://blogborygmi.blogspot.com/.
20. Blog with publisher having subsidiary division

Gottesman MM The DDIR's COI Blog [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of
Health (US), Office of the Director, Office of Intramural Research. 2005 Mar 25 - [cited
2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.nih.gov/ddir/COIBlog/COIBlog.htm
21. Blog with government agency or other national body as publisher

Bernhardt JM. Director's Blog [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (US), National Center for Health Marketing. [2006 Jul 13] - [cited 2007 May
16]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/healthmarketing/blog.htm
22. Blog with publisher inferred

Doctor CBB. CodeBlueBlog [Internet]. [Florida]: [Thomas Boyle]. [2004 May] - [cited
2007 May 17]. Available from: http://codeblueblog.blogs.com/.

24. Blog with month/day included in date of publication

Holt M. The Health Care Blog [Internet]. San Francisco: Matthew Holt. 2003 Oct - [cited
2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.thehealthcareblog.com/the_health_care_blog/.
Gottesman MM The DDIR's COI Blog [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of
Health (US), Office of the Director, Office of Intramural Research. 2005 Mar 25 - [cited
2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.nih.gov/ddir/COIBlog/COIBlog.htm
25. Blog with multiple years

26. Blog with date of copyright instead of date of publication

27. Blog with date obtained from earliest material in it

Bernhardt JM. Director's Blog [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (US), National Center for Health Marketing. [2006 Jul 13] - [cited 2007 May
16]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/healthmarketing/blog.htm
Mik T. Nursing Studio [blog on the Internet]. Seattle: Akon. [2002 May] - [cited 2007
May 16]. Available from: http://www.nursingstudio.net
28. Blog with supplemental note included

[cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://scalpelorsword.blogspot.com/. Topic is
emergency medicine.
Tripathi M. MAeHC Blog [Internet]. Waltham (MA): Micky Tripathi. [2006] - [cited
2007 May 17]. Available from: http://maehc.blogspot.com/. MAeHC is the Massachusetts
eHealth Collaborative.

Reider J. Family Medicine Notes [blog on the Internet]. [place unknown]: Jacob Reider.
1999 - . CRP again ...; 2004 Apr 2 [cited 2007 May 23]; [about 1 screen]. Available from:
http://www.docnotes.net/001763.html
Doctor CBB. CodeBlueBlog [Internet]. [Florida]: [Thomas Boyle]. [2004 May] - . i-
Mammo part II: breasts, lies and videotapes; 2005 Apr 15 [cited 2007 May 23]; [about 4
screens]. Available from: http://codeblueblog.blogs.com/codeblueblog/2005/04/
part_ii_and_the.html
Kraft M. The Krafty Librarian [blog on the Internet]. [Cleveland (OH)]: Michelle Kraft.
[2004 Jun] - . Collaborative technologies and science: more tools or more risk? 2008 Jan
21 [cited 2008 Apr 28]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://kraftylibrarian.com/
2008/01/collaborative-technologies-and-science.html
with author affiliation
Leavitt M (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC). Secretary
Mike Leavitt's Blog [Internet]. [Washington]: U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services. 2007 Aug 13 - . Health information technology; 2008 Jan 24 [cited 2008 Apr
28]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://secretarysblog.hhs.gov/my_weblog/2008/01/
health-informat.html
30. Contribution to a blog on the Internet by someone other than the

blog owner
Mantone J. Head trauma haunts many, researchers say. 2008 Jan 29 [cited 2008 Apr 28].
In: Wall Street Journal. HEALTH BLOG [Internet]. New York: Dow Jones & Company,
Inc. c2008 - . [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://blogs.wsj.com/health/2008/01/29/
head-trauma-haunts-many-researchers-say/.
Teresa. Comment on: "Flo's pledge: deal or no deal?" 2007 May 12 [cited 2007 May 16]. In:
Kim. Emergiblog: The Life & Times of an ER Nurse [Internet]. San Francisco: Emergiblog.
c2005-2007 - . [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.emergiblog.com/2007/05/
flos-pledge-deal-or-no-deal.html scroll down to comments.
Lanard J (Western Pacific Regional Office of the World Health Organization, Manila,
Philippines). Comment on: "This blog can save your life!" and "Health Communication:
Science and Art." 2006 Oct 15 [cited 2007 May 17]. In: Bernhardt JM. Director's Blog
[Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National Center for
Health Marketing. [2006 Jul 13] - . [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://
www.cdc.gov/healthmarketing/blog_101106.htm scroll down to locate comment.
Campbell A (Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA). Diabetes and alcohol: do the two mix?
(Part 2). 2008 Jan 28 [cited 2008 Apr 28]. In: Diabetes Self-Management Blog [Internet].
New York: Diabetes Self-Management. [2006 Aug 14] - . 2 p. Available from: http://
www.diabetesselfmanagement.com/blog/Amy_Campbell/
Diabetes_and_Alcohol_Do_the_Two_Mix_Part_2
D. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Wikis

The general format for a reference to a wiki on the Internet, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Wikis

A wiki is a multi-authored or collaborative Web site that permits users to create additional
content for the site and to edit existing content. Users may also add comments to content,
ask questions, and reply to questions posed by others. The term wiki is derived from the
Hawaiian "wiki wiki", which means quick. Wikipedia is perhaps the most widely known
general wiki. Most other wikis are devoted to a particular subject, like AIDS Wiki or
WIKISURGERY.
To cite a wiki:
Always begin with the title. If the word wiki is not included, using the content type
"wiki" is strongly recommended.
Enter as secondary authors those named as editors, curators, moderators, and other
similar roles.
Look to the opening screen(s), the sidebar, links from the site, and the source code
(viewable through the Web browser), in that order, for authoritative information to
use in citing a wiki.
If publication facts are absent from these sources, look for a link labeled "About this
site", "History", or similar wording.
Contributions to a Wiki
To cite an entire wiki, use the instructions below. To cite a contribution to a wiki, combine
the instructions in this chapter with those in Chapter 24C Contributions to Databases on
the Internet if the contribution has an author named or with Chapter 24B Parts of
Databases on the Internet if the contribution has no author named. See also examples
25-26.
Be aware, however, that many wikis are not moderated. Since anyone can post text to
most wikis, the validity of the content may be questionable. Even for moderated sites, the
content is generally only reviewed after posting and the content may remain online for
some time before review. Note also that many wikis post articles or other documents that
were initially published elsewhere. Do not cite these as contributions to a wiki. Locate the
original and cite that item.
Messages or other content posted to discussion lists including wikis are a form of personal
communication and not often accepted by editors or others for inclusion in a reference
list. Most authorities recommend placing references to such communications within the
running text, not as formal end references. The nature and source of the cited information
should be identified by an appropriate statement. Place the source information in
parentheses, using a term or terms to indicate that the citation is not represented in the
reference list. For example:
Nurse Wiki; unreferenced, see "Notes") report
When a reference to a wiki posting is included in a reference list, the author must provide
written permission to the publisher from the cited person (if living) or from the cited
organization. The permission should be a statement in an "Acknowledgments" or a
"Notes" section that follows the text of an article or is placed at the end of a book's main
text. These statements may include additional details, such as the reason for the posting.
It is highly recommended that any message/content considered for future citation be
saved to disk or in print because all wikis may not save or archive message content for
retrieval or may withdraw some content.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Wikis.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Wikis.
Citation Rules with Examples for Wikis

it is optional.
Title (R) | Content Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) | Editor and other Secondary Authors
(O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of Update/
Revision (R) | Date of Citation (R) | Availability (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Title for a Wiki (required)

Reproduce the title of a wiki as closely as possible to the wording that appears on
already present
in square brackets

Titles containing a Greek letter or another special character

Some wikis do not clearly state the title. Use the following sources in the order given:
Use the "About" or similar link
Look for the title in the source code of the wiki if it is displayed by the Web browser

Swedish, etc.)
PflegeWiki [Internet]. Gelsenkirchen (Germany): Verein zur Forderung Freier
Informationen fur die Pflege e.V. 2004 Aug - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available
from: http://de.nursingwiki.org/. German.
Endotoksikoza [Internet].
Chokaku shogai [Internet].
or
[Hearing impairments] [Internet].
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
PflegeWiki [Nursing Wiki] [Internet]. Gelsenkirchen (Germany): Verein zur
Forderung Freier Informationen fur die Pflege e.V. 2004 Aug - [cited 2007
May 5]. Available from: http://de.nursingwiki.org/. German.

If a wiki is written in several languages:
Example:
Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia [Internet]. St. Petersburg (FL):
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2001 - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from:
http://www.wikipedia.org/. English, French, Japanese, Italian, Spanish,
German, Polish, Dutch, Portuguese, Swedish, and others.
If a wiki has equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in Canadian
publications:
statement
Example:
Kikanshi kunai choonpa dansoho = Endobronchial ultrasonography
[Internet]

Most titles end in a period. Place [Internet] before the period.
The RHIO Wiki [Internet]. Washington: Center for Health Transformation.
2006 Aug 21 - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.socialtext.net/
rhiowiki/index.cgi
Interns Wiki! [Internet].
Box 148. Titles containing a Greek letter or another special character.

Reproduce the title of a wiki as closely as possible to the wording that appears on
xanthusBase
RxWiki
WIKISURGERY
A*L*S Wiki
becomes omega.
-amino acids
may become
beta-amino acids
TiO2 Nanoparticles
may become
Examples for Title

1. Standard citation to a Wiki
2. Wiki title with subtitle
3. Wiki title with upper/lowercase letters and symbols
4. Wiki title in a language other than English
5. Wiki in multiple languages
Content Type for a Wiki (optional)

Use a content type to alert the user that the reference is to a wiki, not to a standard
book or Web site
Enter the phrase "wiki on the"


of medium.
OpenWetWare [wiki on the Internet]. Cambridge (MA): Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Biological Engineering Division. 2005 May -
[modified 2007 Mar 4; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://
openwetware.org/.
Health for You! [wiki on the Internet].

If a translation of a title is provided, put it in square brackets
Place the content type and type of medium in square brackets after the translation
Endotoksikoza [Endotoxicosis] [wiki on the Internet].

6. Wiki with optional content type
Type of Medium for a Wiki (required)

Place the word "Internet" in square brackets after the title (and Content Type, if
present)
Availability below


Give the content type (wiki) and the phrase "on the" before the type of medium
(Internet) in one set of square brackets
openwetware.org/.

Most titles end in a period. Place [Internet] before the period
WIKISURGERY [Internet]. London: Surgical Associates Ltd. 2006 Sep -
[modified 2007 Jan 30; cited 2007 May 3]. Available from: http://
www.wikisurgery.com/.
Health for You! [Internet].

End with a period
Example:
PflegeWiki [Nursing Wiki] [Internet]. Gelsenkirchen (Germany): Verein zur
Forderung Freier Informationen fur die Pflege e.V. 2004 Aug - [cited 2007
May 5]. Available from: http://de.nursingwiki.org/. German.

Editor and other Secondary Authors a Wiki (optional)

Place the names of secondary authors, such as editors, curators, and moderators,
after the Type of Medium
named curator with a comma and the word curator or curators, etc.

Role not named

Box 154. Role not named.

If a name or names are given for the individuals clearly responsible for the wiki's
content but the specific role such as editor or curator is not provided, use the term
"moderator" or "moderators"
Jones J, moderator.
Phillips SA, Sanger RG, moderators.
If the same name(s) are given as publisher, do not also give them here as a
secondary author

A wiki may have several types of secondary author.
Examples:
Smith BC, editor; Carson HT, moderator.
Graber AF, Longstreet RG, moderators; Johnson CT, Marks C, Huston MA,
editors.

Example:
Jones AB, editor and moderator.

always be used.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
French animateur redacteur traducteur producteur illustrateur
moderateur editeur
German diskussionsleiter redakteur ubersetzer produzent illustrator
koodinator herausgeber dolmetscher produzentin
moderator
Italian moderatore redattore traduttore produttore disegnatore
curatore

editore
Russian arbitr redaktor perevodchik rezhisser konstruktor
posryedneek izdatel
Spanish moderador redactor traductor productor ilustrador
editor productora

organization name
editor.
International Kidney Society; European Renal Organization, curators.

7. Wiki with editors or curators named
Place of Publication for a Wiki (required)

Use for place of publication the city where the wiki is published
province to avoid confusion when citing lesser known cities, or when cities in
Springs (FL)
as the two-letter ISO country code, when citing lesser known cities or when cities in
different locations have the same name, such as Cambridge (MA) and Cambridge
(England)

Non-US cities
Joint publication

usually under a "contact us", "history", or similar link
Look in the source code for the wiki if it is displayed by the Web browser
example, Chicago as the place of publication of a wiki issued by the American
Clinfowiki [Internet]. [Portland (OR)]: Dean F. Sittig. 2005 Jul 25 -
[cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://www.informatics-
review.com/wiki/index.php/Main_Page
WikiOmics: open bioinformatics [Internet]. [place unknown]:
Wikiomics. 2005 Nov - [cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://
wikiomics.org/.

be used.
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
Montreal (QC):
Ottawa (ON):
Vancouver (BC):
London:
Rome:
Paris:
Madrid:
but

Canada

Two or more organizations may co-publish a wiki.
Use the city of the first organization found on the opening screens (or on "contact
us", "history", or other links if no place information appears on the opening
screens), as the place of publication
desired
rhiowiki/index.cgi Jointly published by eHealth Initiative and CHIME.


site but the place can be reasonably inferred (e.g., Chicago as the place for a
such as "[Chicago]"
Clinfowiki [Internet]. [Portland (OR)]: Dean F. Sittig. 2005 Jul 25 - [cited
2007 May 4]. Available from: http://www.informatics-review.com/wiki/
index.php/Main_Page.

WikiOmics: open bioinformatics [Internet]. [place unknown]: Wikiomics.
2005 Nov - [cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://wikiomics.org/.

8. Wiki with well known place of publication
9. Wiki with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for clarity
10. Wiki with place of publication inferred
11. Wiki with unknown place of publication
Publisher for a Wiki (required)

Use for publisher the individual or organization issuing the wiki
Record the name of the publisher as it is found on the title page or opening screens,
using whatever capitalization and punctuation appears
Division.

Joint publication
Multiple publishers

Chemical Society or Coastal Research Group
Try to obtain it from a link within the site, usually under a "contact us", "history", or
similar link
Look in the source code for the wiki if it is displayed by the Web browser

Examples:
Acad. for Academy
Co. for Company
Coll. for College
Div. for Division
Ltd. for Limited
Soc. for Society

original language
Institute]
are capitalized]
publications.
treated as A
treated as O
treated as C
treated as L
treated as a
treated as g
treated as n
treated as u
letters
treated as ae
treated as oe
publication.
publisher.
Do not confuse the publisher with the distributor of documents for the publisher. If
wording such as "this site is maintained by XYZ Corporation for ABC Agency"
appears, consider ABC Agency the publisher and XYZ Corporation the distributor.
Publisher information is required in a citation; distributor information may be
included as a note.

Two or more organizations may co-publish a wiki.
Use the name of the first organization found on the opening screens (or on "contact
us", "history", or other links if no publisher information appears on the opening
screens), as the publisher
desired
Example:

If more than one publisher is found on the opening screens, use the first one given
or the one set in the largest type or bold type
a note if desired.

ganfyd [wiki on the Internet]. [United Kingdom]: [publisher unknown]. [date
unknown] - [modified 2007 May 4; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://
www.ganfyd.org/.

12. Wiki with publisher having subsidiary division
13. Wiki with government agency or other national body as publisher

14. Wiki with individual as publisher
15. Wiki with joint publishers
16. Wiki with publisher inferred
17. Wiki with unknown publisher
Date of Publication for a Wiki (required)

Give the beginning date, i.e., the date the wiki was created
Include the month and day, if desired, after the year, such as 2004 May 6
such as Jan

No date of creation is provided
Wiki is no longer accepting contributions

When wikis do not clearly state the date the wiki began (and closed):
Look for a link titled "About", "History", etc., at the top, bottom, or on the sidebar of
the opening screens
If the beginning date cannot be found but the date of the earliest (and latest if
closed) content posted to the wiki can be determined, place date information in
square brackets
HLWiki [Internet]. Giustini D, Barsky E, Rowell G, Saunders J, Cho A,
Stibravy R, curators. [Vancouver (BC)]: University of British Columbia. [2006
Aug] - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://hlwiki.slais.ubc.ca/.
If the neither the beginning date nor the dates of the earliest content posted to the
wiki can be determined but the wiki contains a copyright date or date range, use
xanthusBase [wiki on the Internet]. [Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University,
Welch Laboratory]. c2006 - [modified 2007 Mar 2; cited 2007 May 5].
Available from: http://www.xanthusbase.org/.
If the date cannot be determined by any of the methods listed above, but the date
can be estimated because of information found elsewhere, follow the date with a
Wikikidney.org [Internet]. Fadem SZ, curator. [Houston (TX)]: Nephron
Information Center. [2002?] - [modified 2007 Apr 25; cited 2007 May 4].
Available from: http://wikikidney.org/.
HealthGrid [Internet]. [place unknown]: HealthGrid.org. [date unknown] -
[updated 2007 May 4; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://
wiki.healthgrid.org/.

2002-2003
1997-1998
1999-2000
1999 Oct-2000 Mar
2002 Dec-2003 Jan
2005 Jan-Feb
1999 Dec-2000 Jan

names of seasons.

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

implies.

If no beginning date of publication can be found, use the earliest date of content/
messages posted to the wiki
If the neither the beginning date of the wiki nor the dates of the earliest content
posted to the wiki can be determined, but the publication contains a date of
xanthusBase [wiki on the Internet]. [Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University,
Welch Laboratory]. c2006 - [modified 2007 Mar 2; cited 2007 May 5].
Available from: http://www.xanthusbase.org/.
Student Doctor Network Wiki [Internet]. [Granite Bay (CA)]: Coastal

Research Group. c1999-2007 - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://
studentdoctor.net/wiki//index.php/Main_Page
Box 176. No date of creation is provided.

If the date the wiki began cannot be determined but the date of the earliest (and
latest if closed) messages/content posted to the wiki can be determined, place date
information in square brackets
If the neither the beginning date nor the earliest dates of the content posted to the
wiki can be determined but the wiki contains a copyright date or date range, use
xanthusBase [Internet]. [Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University, Welch
Laboratory]. c2006 - [modified 2007 Mar 2; cited 2007 May 5]. Available
from: http://www.xanthusbase.org/.
If the date cannot be determined by any of the methods listed above, but the
beginning date can be estimated because of information found elsewhere, follow
the date(s) with a question mark and place date information in square brackets
Wikikidney.org [Internet]. Fadem SZ, curator. [Houston (TX)]: Nephron
Information Center. [2002?] - [modified 2007 Apr 25; cited 2007 May 4].
Available from: http://wikikidney.org/.
HealthGrid [Internet]. [place unknown]: HealthGrid.org. [date unknown] -
[updated 2007 May 4; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://
wiki.healthgrid.org/.
Box 177. Wiki is no longer accepting contributions.

If a wiki is closed, i.e., it is no longer accepting comments or contributions:
Give the beginning and ending dates of the wiki

Separate the two dates with a space, hyphen, space
Examples:
2005 - 2006
2004 Jan - 2007 Feb
2005 Feb 3 - 2006 Dec 31

It is not NLM policy, but the date of publication may follow the title and type of medium
in the list of references when the name-year system of in-text references is used.
Keep the hyphen following the date when the wiki is open
Include both the beginning and ending years if a wiki is closed
Place the year(s) or [date unknown] after the title and type of medium
Leave any date of update/revision and the date of citation in their usual locations
NLM citation:
Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia [Internet]. St. Petersburg (FL): Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc. 2001 - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://
en.wikipedia.org/.
Clinfowiki [Internet]. [Portland (OR)]: Dean F. Sittig. 2005 Jul 25 - [cited
2007 May 4]. Available from: http://www.informatics-review.com/wiki/
index.php/Main_Page
xanthusBase [Internet]. [Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University, Welch

Laboratory]. c2006 - [modified 2007 Mar 2; cited 2007 May 5]. Available
from: http://www.xanthusbase.org/.
Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia [Internet]. 2001 - . St. Petersburg (FL):
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://
en.wikipedia.org/.
Clinfowiki [Internet]. 2005 - . [Portland (OR)]: Dean F. Sittig. [cited 2007
May 4]. Available from: http://www.informatics-review.com/wiki/index.php/
Main_Page
xanthusBase [Internet]. c2006 - . [Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University, Welch
Laboratory]. [modified 2007 Mar 2; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://
www.xanthusbase.org/.
Student Doctor Network Wiki [Internet]. c1999-2007 - . [Granite Bay (CA)]:
Coastal Research Group. [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://
HLWiki [Internet]. [2006 Aug] - . Giustini D, Barsky E, Rowell G, Saunders J,
Cho A, Stibravy R, curators. [Vancouver (BC)]: University of British
Columbia. [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://hlwiki.slais.ubc.ca/.

18. Wiki with month/day included in date of publication
19. Wiki with date of copyright instead of date of publication
20. Wiki with date obtained from earliest additions
21. Wiki with date estimated
22. Wiki with unknown beginning date of publication
Date of Update/Revision for a Wiki (required)

Use the word for update or revision provided, such as updated or modified
2006 May 5
such as Jan


Wikis on the Internet are often updated or revised after initial presentation. Look for the
date accompanied by such words as updated, modified, revised, reviewed:
At the top, bottom, or sidebar of the opening screens
In the source code for the wiki if it is displayed by the Web browser

Capitalize them
Examples:
mayo = May
luty = Feb
brezen = Mar

Various words are used to show that the content of a wiki has been changed, including
updated, modified, revised, reviewed.
Use the wording supplied in the wiki
date order
Example:
New York: Longworth. 2006 - [reviewed 2006 Sep; updated 2006 Dec; cited
2007 Feb 1].

23. Wiki with update/revision date
Date of Citation for a Wiki (required)

Always include the date the wiki was seen on the Internet
such as Jan
brackets


Various words are used to show that the content of a wiki has been changed, including
updated, modified, revised, reviewed.
Use the wording for update/revision supplied in the wiki
brackets
Example:
openwetware.org/.

Availability for a Wiki (required)

punctuation

Breaking long URLs
Multiple URLs


The URL as displayed by the Web browser may not always be used to retrieve the wiki, i.e.,
it is not directly addressable.
Example:
Available from: http://www.unimelb.edu.au/adi/ by using the wiki link.

If more than one URL can be used to locate a wiki:
Give the URL you used in locating the wiki
Example:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page ; http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Accueil ; http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauptseite ; http://it.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Pagina_principale ; http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portada

Language for a Wiki (required)


Wikis appearing in more than one language
Box 186. Wikis appearing in more than one language.

If the contents of a wiki appear in several languages:
Example:
Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia [Internet]. St. Petersburg (FL):
Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2001 - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from:
http://www.wikipedia.org/. English, French, Japanese, Italian, Spanish,
German, Polish, Dutch, Portuguese, Swedish.
If a wiki has equal text in two or more languages, as often occurs in Canadian
publications:
Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia [Internet]. St. Petersburg (FL): Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc. 2001 - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page ; http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accueil ;
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauptseite ; http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/
Pagina_principale ; http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portada English, French,
German, Italian, Spanish
If no title is in English, follow with a translation when possible. Place the translation
in square brackets.

Notes for a Wiki (optional)

Notes is a collective term for any further information given after the citation itself
Be brief

System requirements

System requirements describe the software and hardware needed to view and interact with
the wiki.
Example:
array; 800 x 600 pixels/high with color; Adobe Acrobat Reader 5.0; Internet

wiki, then add the note. Examples of notes are:
Names of any previous titles for the wiki
Radiopaedia.org [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]. 2005 Dec 6

- [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.radiopaedia.org/. Formerly
called Wikiradiology.
ganfyd [wiki on the Internet]. [United Kingdom]: [publisher unknown]. [date
unknown] - [modified 2007 May 4; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://
www.ganfyd.org/. Content/comments accepted from physicians only.
wiki
rhiowiki/index.cgi RHIO = Regional Health Information Organizations.
The name of the organization(s) sponsoring or supporting the wiki
WikiOmics: open bioinformatics [Internet]. [place unknown]: Wikiomics.
2005 Nov - [cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://wikiomics.org/.
Funded by the Godzik lab at the Burnham Institute for Medical Research in
San Diego, CA.
openwetware.org/. Current support from the National Science Foundation
Biological Databases & Informatics Program and MIT's Cell Decision Process
Center.
Examples for Notes

24. Wiki with supplemental note included
Examples of Citations to Wikis

WIKISURGERY [Internet]. London: Surgical Associates Ltd. 2006 Sep - [modified 2007
Jan 30; cited 2007 May 3]. Available from: http://www.wikisurgery.com/.
Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia [Internet]. St. Petersburg (FL): Wikimedia Foundation,
Inc. 2001 - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/.
OpenWetWare [wiki on the Internet]. Cambridge (MA): Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, Biological Engineering Division. 2005 May - [modified 2007 Mar 4; cited
2007 May 4]. Available from: http://openwetware.org/.
2. Wiki title with subtitle

Inc. 2001 - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/.
WikiOmics: open bioinformatics [Internet]. [place unknown]: Wikiomics. 2005 Nov -
[cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://wikiomics.org/.
3. Wiki title with upper/lowercase letters and symbols

OpenWetWare [Internet]. Cambridge (MA): Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Biological Engineering Division. 2005 May - [modified 2007 Mar 4; cited 2007 May 4].
Available from: http://openwetware.org/.
xanthusBase [Internet]. [Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University, Welch Laboratory]. c2006 -
[modified 2007 Mar 2; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.xanthusbase.org/.
ganfyd [Internet]. [United Kingdom]: [publisher unknown]. [date unknown] - [modified
2007 May 4; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.ganfyd.org/.

Informationen fur die Pflege e.V. 2004 Aug - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://
de.nursingwiki.org/. German.
PflegeWiki [Nursing Wiki] [Internet]. Gelsenkirchen (Germany): Verein zur Forderung
Freier Informationen fur die Pflege e.V. 2004 Aug - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from:
http://de.nursingwiki.org/. German.

Inc. 2001 - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.wikipedia.org/. English,
French, Japanese, Italian, Spanish, German, Polish, Dutch, Portuguese, Swedish.

2007 May 4]. Available from: http://openwetware.org/.
ganfyd [wiki on the Internet]. [United Kingdom]: [publisher unknown]. [date unknown] -
[modified 2007 May 4; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.ganfyd.org/.
PubDrug [wiki on the Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]. 2006 Nov 8 -
[cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.pubdrug.org/.
7. Wiki with editors or curators named

RxWiki [Internet]. Proctor KA, Staffa E, Roberts B, editors. Alexandria (VA): Community
MTM Services, Inc. [2007?] - [cited 2007 May 23]. Available from: http://
www.rxwiki.com/.
Wikikidney.org [Internet]. Fadem SZ, curator. [Houston (TX)]: Nephron Information
Center. [2002?] - [modified 2007 Apr 25; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://
wikikidney.org/.
AskDrWiki: a medical Wiki with the goal of creating a collective online memory for
physicians, nurses, and medical students [Internet]. Civello K, Jefferson B, Bailey S,
McWilliams M, editors. [place unknown]: Open Access Medical Informatics Group. 2006
Nov - [modified 2007 May 3; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://
www.askdrwiki.com/.
HLWiki [Internet]. Giustini D, Barsky E, Rowell G, Saunders J, Cho A, Stibravy R,
curators. [Vancouver (BC)]: University of British Columbia. [2006 Aug] - [cited 2007
May 5]. Available from: http://hlwiki.slais.ubc.ca/.
8. Wiki with well known place of publication

The RHIO Wiki [Internet]. Washington: Center for Health Transformation. 2006 Aug 21 -
[cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.socialtext.net/rhiowiki/index.cgi
9. Wiki with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for

clarity
Informationen fur die Pflege e.V. 2004 Aug - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://
de.nursingwiki.org/. German.
10. Wiki with place of publication inferred

Clinfowiki [Internet]. [Portland (OR)]: Dean F. Sittig. 2005 Jul 25 - [cited 2007 May 4].
Available from: http://www.informatics-review.com/wiki/index.php/Main_Page
Student Doctor Network Wiki [Internet]. [Granite Bay (CA)]: Coastal Research Group.
c1999-2007 - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://studentdoctor.net/wiki//
index.php/Main_Page
Flu Wiki [Internet]. [Virginia]: Melanie Mattson. 2005 Jun - [modified 2007 Feb 21; cited
2007 May 4]. Available from: http://www.fluwikie.com/.
11. Wiki with unknown place of publication

[cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://wikiomics.org/.
www.askdrwiki.com/.
AIDS Wiki [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]. 2006 Jan - [modified 2007
Apr 26; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://www.reviewingaids.org/awiki/.
12. Wiki with publisher having subsidiary division

COLAB: an open Collaborative Work Environment (CWE) to support networking among
Communities of Practice [Internet]. Washington: General Services Administration (US),
Intergovernmental Solutions Division. [date unknown] - [edited 2007 May 1; cited 2007
May 5]. Available from: http://colab.cim3.net/cgi-bin/wiki.pl?WikiHomePage#nid35OA
13. Wiki with government agency or other national body as publisher

14. Wiki with individual as publisher

Flu Wiki [Internet]. [Virginia]: Melanie Mattson. 2005 Jun - [modified 2007 Feb 21; cited
2007 May 4]. Available from: http://www.fluwikie.com/.
15. Wiki with joint publishers

[cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.socialtext.net/rhiowiki/index.cgi Jointly
published by eHealth Initiative and CHIME.
16. Wiki with publisher inferred

xanthusBase [wiki on the Internet]. [Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University, Welch
Laboratory]. c2006 - [modified 2007 Mar 2; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://
17. Wiki with unknown publisher

AIDS Wiki [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]. 2006 Jan - [modified 2007
Apr 26; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://www.reviewingaids.org/awiki/.
18. Wiki with month/day included in date of publication

www.askdrwiki.com/.
19. Wiki with date of copyright instead of date of publication

xanthusBase [wiki on the Internet]. [Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University, Welch
Laboratory]. c2006 - [modified 2007 Mar 2; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://
Student Doctor Network Wiki [Internet]. [Granite Bay (CA)]: Coastal Research Group.
c1999-2007 - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://studentdoctor.net/wiki//
index.php/Main_Page
20. Wiki with date obtained from earliest additions

WikiMD [Internet]. Philadephia: Prab R. Tumpati. [2004] - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available
from: http://69.60.110.99/wikimd/index.php?title=Main_Page
HLWiki [Internet]. Giustini D, Barsky E, Rowell G, Saunders J, Cho A, Stibravy R,
curators. [Vancouver (BC)]: University of British Columbia. [2006 Aug] - [cited 2007
May 5]. Available from: http://hlwiki.slais.ubc.ca/.
21. Wiki with date estimated

Wikikidney.org [Internet]. Fadem SZ, curator. [Houston (TX)]: Nephron Information
Center. [2002?] - [modified 2007 Apr 25; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://
wikikidney.org/.
www.rxwiki.com/.
22. Wiki with unknown beginning date of publication

HealthGrid [Internet]. [place unknown]: HealthGrid.org. [date unknown] - [updated
2007 May 4; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://wiki.healthgrid.org/.

HealthGrid [Internet]. [place unknown]: HealthGrid.org. [date unknown] - [updated
2007 May 4; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://wiki.healthgrid.org/.
24. Wiki with supplemental note included

[cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.socialtext.net/rhiowiki/index.cgi RHIO
= Regional Health Information Organizations.
GANFYD stands for Get A Note From Your Doctor.
[cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://wikiomics.org/. Funded by the Godzik lab at
the Burnham Institute for Medical Research in San Diego, CA.
2007 May 4]. Available from: http://openwetware.org/. Current support from the National
Science Foundation Biological Databases & Informatics Program and MIT's Cell Decision
Process Center.
www.rxwiki.com/. Content accepted only from licensed pharmacists.
Radiopaedia.org [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]. 2005 Dec 6 - [cited
2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.radiopaedia.org/. Formerly called
Wikiradiology.
25. A contribution to a wiki with authorship given

McEvoy D. The symptoms of IBS. c2006 [cited 2007 May 14]. In: WIKISURGERY
[Internet]. London: Surgical Associates Ltd. 2006 - . [5 paragraphs]. Available from:
http://www.wikisurgery.com/index.php?title=The_symptoms_of_IBS
Gardner PP (Molecular Evolution Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of
Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark). RNA phylogenetics. 2006 Sep 11 [modified 2006
Oct 4; cited 2007 May 14]. In: WikiOmics: open bioinformatics [Internet]. [place
unknown]: Wikiomics. 2005 Nov - . [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://
wikiomics.org/wiki/RNA_phylogenetics
26. A contribution to a wiki without authorship given

MTM Services, Inc. [2007?] - . Celecoxib; [modified 2007 May 9; cited 2007 May 23];
[about 5 p.]. Available from: http://www.rxwiki.com/~medicati/index.php?title=Celebrex
2007
Appendixes
2009
Appendix A. Abbreviations for Commonly Used

English Words in Journal Titles
Created: October 10, 2007; Updated: October 2, 2015.
For a comprehensive list of title word abbreviations in many languages, or to search for an
abbreviation, use the ISSN International Centre's LTWA (LTWA stands for List of Title
Word Abbreviations, go to Access to the LTWA). The Centre updates this list annually.
When NLM created Citing Medicine, access to the LTWA source was only by subscription.
The Centre adds new words and their abbreviations and changes abbreviations of some
words over time. Because we do not regularly update the listing here (it was only updated
once in 2009) and the LTWA is now free online to search or download, we have decided
to remove this list from our publication.
Two general rules originally provided still apply, so we are retaining them here. The first is
that you never abbreviate journal titles consisting of a single word, and the second is that
you do not abbreviate journal titles in character-based languages.
2011
Appendix B. Additional Sources for Journal Title

Abbreviations
Created: October 10, 2007; Updated: October 2, 2015.
ISO 4 (International Organization for Standardization. Information and documentation -

rules for the abbreviation of title words and titles of publications. Geneva (Switzerland):
The Organization; 1997.) is the recognized authority for abbreviating words in journal
titles. The LTWA (List of Title Word Abbreviations) for this standard is maintained by and
available as a service from the ISSN International Centre in Paris.
The Source List below is selected alternative sources for journal title abbreviations for
titles not found in the NLM Catalog in the Journals referenced in the NCBI databases list.
These sources are considered authoritative within their specific area or discipline. Be
aware that some do not use the ISO standard as their basis. For example, ISO does not
permit abbreviations of the romanized words from titles appearing in character-based
languages but some of these sources do permit it.
For abbreviations of individual words in a journal title, see Appendix A: Abbreviations for
Commonly Used English Words in Journal Titles. Please note that you may see
contradictory abbreviations for some words in titles because journal title abbreviations do
not usually change when rules for specific words change.
Source List
Abbreviations of names of serials [Internet]. Providence (RI): American Mathematical
Society; [revised 2015 Apr 1; cited 2015 May 5]. [30 p.]. Available from: http://
www.ams.org/msnhtml/serials.pdf List gives the form of references used in Mathematical
Reviews.
Alkire LG Jr., editor. Periodical title abbreviations: by title. 17th ed. Detroit (MI):
Thompson Gale; c2007. 2 vol. Vol. 1, By abbreviation; vol. 2, By title. For the Kindle there
is an 18th ed., c2013 published by Expedient Solutions (Spokane, WA).
All That JAS: Journal Abbreviation Sources [Internet]. [Fair Lawn (NJ)]: Stands4 LLC.;
[200?] - [cited 2015 May 5]. Available from: http://www.abbreviations.com/jas.php
Originally compiled by Gerry McKiernan, Science and Technology Librarian and
Bibliographer, Science and Technology Department, Iowa State University Library, Ames,
IA.
Authors' guide [Internet]. 4th ed. Version 20081103. Boston (MA): American
Meteorological Society; c2008. Appendix C: Standard journal abbreviations; [cited 2015
April 27]; p. 77-82. Available from: https://wiki.ucar.edu/download/attachments/
52003891/authguide.pdf
BIOSIS serial sources. Vol. 2004. Philadelphia (PA): Thomson; 2004. 612 p.
CAS: a division of the American Chemical Society [Internet]. Columbus (OH): Chemical
Abstracts Service; c2015. CAplus Core Journal Coverage List; [last updated 2014 Mar;
cited 2015 April 27]; [about 65 p.]. Available from: http://www.cas.org/content/references/
corejournals
Coghill AM, Garson LR, editors. The ACS style guide: effective communication of
scientific information. 3rd ed. Washington (DC): American Chemical Society; 2006.
CASSI abbreviations for the 1000+ most commonly cited journals; p.328-39.
EMBASE list of journals indexed. St. Louis (MO): Elsevier; 2006? Current online search
tool available at http://www.embase.com/#journalsSearch/default
Genamics JournalSeek [Internet]. Hamilton (New Zealand): Genamics; [date unknown] -
[updated 2015 Feb 26; cited 2015 May 5]. Available from: http://journalseek.net/
index.htm
HCMR Library. List of journal titles abbreviations [Internet]. Anavyssos (Greece):
Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (GR), Library, Documentation & Information
Centre; c2008-2010 [cited 2015 April 27]. [about 65 p.]. Available from: http://
www.hcmr.gr/gr/listview3.php?id=703
Inspec list of journals. London (England): Institution of Engineering and Technology
(IET); 2007. 550 p. Later versions are available for purchase and download in XML format
through the IET shop
ISI journal title abbreviations [Internet]. Pasadena (CA): Caltech Library System; c2008
[cited 2008 Oct 21]. Available from: http://library.caltech.edu/reference/abbreviations/.
Journal Citation Reports [Internet]. Sci. ed. New York: Thomson Reuters; 1998 -
[updated 2008 Jun 23; cited 2008 Oct 24]. Available from: http://
www.thomsonreuters.com/products_services/scientific/Journal_Citation_Reports By
subscription only, updated annually.
Journal titles and abbreviations (BIOSIS format) [Internet]. Gainesville (FL): University of
Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Entomology and Nematology
Department; [cited 2015 April 27]. [about 39 p.]. Available from: http://
entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/pubs/all_journals.htm
Lindstrom K, editor. Science and Engineering Journal Abbreviations [Internet].
Vancouver (CA): University of British Columbia, Woodward Library; [updated 2015 May
11; cited 2015 May 18]. Available from: http://woodward.library.ubc.ca/research-help/
journal-abbreviations/.
List of Serials Indexed for Online Users [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library
of Medicine. 1983 - [cited 2015 May 20]. Available from: http://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/
serials/lsiou.html Need to first read the Terms and Conditions, then can follow directions
to download the current file. Updated annually.
Additional Sources for Journal Title Abbreviations 2013
Patton G (National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD), editor. Biological

journals and abbreviations [Internet]. Frederick (MD): [publisher unknown]; c1996-2013
[cited 2015 May 18]. Available from: http://home.ncifcrf.gov/research/bja/.
2015
Appendix C. Abbreviations for Commonly Used

English Words in Bibliographic Description
Created: October 10, 2007.
A F P
abridged = abr. facsimile = facs. pamphlet = pamph.
abstract = abstr. faculty = fac. paperback = pbk.
academy = acad. figure = fig. part = pt.
adaptation = adapt. foundation = found. periodical = period.
American = Amer. frontispiece = front. photography = phot.
and others = et al. picture = pict.
annotation = annot. G portrait = portr.
annual = annu. gazette = gaz. posthumous = posth.
association = assoc. government = gov. preface = pref.
augmented = augm. preliminary = prelim.
authorized = authoriz. H preparation = prep
handbook = handb. preprint = prepr.
B printed = print.
biannual = biannu. I proceedings = proc.
bibliography = bibliogr.
illustration = ill. professor = prof.
bimonthly = bimonth. illustrator = ill. program = progr.
biography = biogr. impression = impr. pseudonym = pseud.
brochure = broch. inch = in. publication = publ.
bulletin = bull. inclusive = incl. publisher = publ.
incomplete = incompl.
C index = ind. Q
catalog = cat. information = inform. quarterly = quart.
centimeter = cm. institute = inst.
chapter = chap. international = intern. R
commission = commiss. introduction = introd. reference = ref.
company = co. invariable = invar. reprint = repr.
compiler = comp. reproduction = reprod.
conference = conf. L responsible = resp.
column = col. laboratory = lab. revised = rev.
corporation = corp. library = libr.
literature = lit. S
D scientific = sci.
department = dept. M section = sect.
diagram = diagr. manual = man. separate = sep.
dictionary = dict. manuscript = ms. series = ser.
director = dir. meeting = meet. session = sess.
directory = dir. microfiche = mfiche. society = soc.
dissertation = diss. microfilm = mf. special = spec.
distribution = dist. millimeter = mm. successor = success.
division = div. miscellaneous = misc. summary = summ.
Doctor = Dr. modified = mod. supplement = suppl.
document = doc. monograph = monogr. symposium = symp.
monthly = month.
E T
N table = tab.
Table continues on next page...
Table continued from previous page.

edition = ed. national = nat. translation = transl.
editor = ed. new series = n.s. translator = transl.
encyclopedia = encycl. newspaper = newsp. transliteration = translit.
English = Engl. notice = not.
enlarged = enl. number = no. U
European = Europ. university = univ.
executive = exec. O
explanation = expl. observation = observ. V
extract = extr. original = orig. volume = vol.
Y
year = y.
yearbook = yb.
2017
Appendix D. ISO Country Codes for Selected

Countries
Source: International Organization for Standardization. Codes for the representation of

names of countries and their subdivisions. Part 1: Country codes. Geneva (Switzerland):
The Organization; 1997. (ISO 3166-1: 1997).
Country Two-letter Country Two-letter
Abbreviation Abbreviation
Afghanistan AF Laos LA
Albania AL Latvia LV
Algeria DZ Lebanon LB
Andorra AD Lesotho LS
Angola AO Liberia LR
Antigua and Barbuda AG Libya LY
Argentina AR Liechtenstein LI
Armenia AM Lithuania LT
Australia AU Luxembourg LU
Austria AT Macedonia MK
Azerbaijan AZ Madagascar MG
Bahamas BS Malawi MW
Bahrain BH Malaysia MY
Bangladesh BD Maldives MV
Barbados BB Mali ML
Belarus BY Malta MT
Belgium BE Marshall Islands MH
Belize BZ Mauritania MR
Benin BJ Mauritius MU
Bhutan BT Mexico MX
Bolivia BO Micronesia FM
Bosnia and Herzegowina BA Moldova MD
Botswana BW Monaco MC
Brazil BR Mongolia MN
Brunei Darussalam BN Morocco MA

Bulgaria BG Mozambique MZ
Burkina Faso BF Myanmar MM
Burundi BI Namibia NA
Cambodia KH Nauru NR
Cameroon CM Nepal NP
Canada CA Netherlands NL
Cape Verde CV New Zealand NZ
Central African Republic CF Nicaragua NI
Chad TD Niger NE
Chile CL Nigeria NG
China CN Norway NO
Colombia CO Oman OM
Comoros KM Pakistan PK
Congo, Democratic CD Palau PW
Republic
Congo, Peoples Republic CG Panama PA
Costa Rica CR Papua New Guinea PG
Cote d'Ivoire CI Paraguay PY
Croatia (Local Name: HR Peru PE
Hrvatska)
Cuba CU Philippines PH
Cyprus CY Poland PL
Czech Republic CZ Portugal PT
Denmark DK Qatar QA
Djibouti DJ Puerto Rico PR
Dominica DM Romania RO
Dominican Republic DO Russian Federation RU
East Timor TL Rwanda RW
Ecuador EC Saint Kitts and Nevis KN
El Salvador SV Saint Lucia LC
Equatorial Guinea GQ Saint Vincent and the VC
Grenadines
ISO Country Codes for Selected Countries 2019

Eritrea ER Samoa WS
Estonia EE San Marino SM
Ethiopia ET Sao Tome and Prncipe ST
Fiji FJ Saudi Arabia SA
Finland FI Senegal SN
France FR Serbia and Montenegro CS
Gabon GA Seychelles SC
Gambia GM Sierra Leone SL
Georgia GE Singapore SG
Germany DE Slovakia (Slovak Republic) SK
Ghana GH Slovenia SI
Greece GR Solomon Islands SB
Grenada GD Somalia SO
Greenland GL South Africa ZA
Guatemala GT Spain ES
Guinea GN Sri Lanka LK
Guinea-Bissau GW Sudan SD
Guyana GY Suriname SR
Haiti HT Swaziland SZ
Honduras HN Sweden SE
Hong Kong HK Switzerland CH
Hungary HU Syrian Arab Republic SY
Iceland IS Tajikistan TJ
India IN Tanzania TZ
Indonesia ID Taiwan TW
Iran IR Tanzania TZ
Iraq IQ Thailand TH
Ireland IE Togo TG
Israel IL Tonga TO
Italy IT Trinidad and Tobago TT
Jamaica JM Tunisia TN

Japan JP Turkey TR
Jordan JO Turkmenistan TM
Kazakhstan KZ Tuvalu TV
Kenya KE Uganda UG
Kiribati KI Ukraine UA
Korea, Democratic KP United Arab Emirates AE
People's Republic
Korea, Republic KR United Kingdom GB
Kuwait KW United States US
Kyrgyzstan KG Uruguay UY
2021
Appendix E. Two-Letter Abbreviations for

Canadian Provinces and Territories and U.S.
States and Territories
Canadian Provinces and Territories Two-Letter Abbreviation

Alberta AB
British Columbia BC
Manitoba MB
New Brunswick NB
Newfoundland and Labrador NL
Northwest Territories NT
Nova Scotia NS
Nunavut NU
Ontario ON
Prince Edward Island PE
Quebec QC
Saskatchewan SK
Yukon YT
U.S. States and Territories Two-Letter Abbreviation

Alabama AL
Alaska AK
American Samoa AS
Arizona AZ
Arkansas AR
California CA
Colorado CO
Connecticut CT
Delaware DE
District of Columbia DC
Federated States of Micronesia FM
Florida FL
Georgia GA

Guam GU
Hawaii HI
Idaho ID
Illinois IL
Indiana IN
Iowa IA
Kansas KS
Kentucky KY
Louisiana LA
Maine ME
Marshall Islands MH
Maryland MD
Massachusetts MA
Michigan MI
Minnesota MN
Mississippi MS
Missouri MO
Montana MT
Nebraska NE
Nevada NV
New Hampshire NH
New Jersey NJ
New Mexico NM
New York NY
North Carolina NC
North Dakota ND
Northern Mariana Islands MP
Ohio OH
Oklahoma OK
Oregon OR
Palau PW
Pennsylvania PA
Two-Letter Abbreviations for Canadian Provinces and Territories and U.S. States and 2023
Territories

Puerto Rico PR
Rhode Island RI
South Carolina SC
South Dakota SD
Tennessee TN
Texas TX
Utah UT
Vermont VT
Virgin Islands VI
Virginia VA
Washington WA
West Virginia WV
Wisconsin WI
Wyoming WY
2025
Appendix F. Notes for Citing MEDLINE /

PubMed
Citing Medicine rules follow the National Information Standards Organization (NISO)
recommendations. NLM practice does not always follow NISO standards in MEDLINE/
PubMed citations for a variety of reasons.
The following are exceptions to NISO standards and Citing Medicine for ten citation
elements found in Chapter 1A Journal Articles and Chapter 23A Journal Articles on the
Internet.
1. For Author
MEDLINE/PubMed:
also shows the full names of authors, when available, in MEDLINE and XML
displays (since 2002)
records the organization names as given in the journal article. There are no
standardization rules
places editor or translator names in the author position of a citation when an
author name can't be found. However, the role of "editor" or "translator" does not
follow the name
makes a distinction between authorship and investigators (also known as
collaborators). The latter were implemented in journal citations created in late
March 2008 forward; they are individuals who contributed to the research study but
are not necessarily authors.
MEDLINE/PubMed does not:
display ISO country codes following organization names of national bodies that
don't include nationality in the name
translate non-English organizational names
Return to Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles / Author, or
Chapter 23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal Articles on the Internet / Author
2. For Author Affiliation

MEDLINE/PubMed:
includes the affiliation of the first author only; took the affiliation as given in the
article (1988-2013)
includes "USA" at the end of the affiliation for all US authors (1995-2013)
includes affiliation for each author if supplied by publisher (December 2013 - )
includes multiple affiliations for each author or contributor if supplied by publisher

(December 2014 - )
MEDLINE/PubMed does not:
standardize the author affiliation field
add information about the city, state or country of an organization
change the order of the organization and department. The order is as the publisher
gives it in the article.
Return to Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles / Author Affiliation, or
Chapter 23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal Articles on the Internet / Author
Affiliation
3. For Article Title

MEDLINE/PubMed:
displays only the English language title for two or more equal languages, but
indicates all languages of publication. Displays the transliterated or vernacular title
submitted by the publisher in place of an English translation provided by the
human indexer when that English translation is not yet available.
omits the fonts of superscripts and subscripts when they cannot be reproduced and
the meaning is not compromised. For example, H20 is commonly recognized as
water; however, 106 will be displayed as 10(6).
displays the article title in the case style used by the journal itself, effective June 15,
2015. Prior to this date, NLM edited the journal article title case to be sentence style
(capitalize only the first word of a title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms,
and initialisms) for citations dating from about 1966 forward. Pre-1966 citations
were converted from the original print indexes (Cumulated Index Medicus and
Current List of Medical Literature) and use the case from the print index.
Return to Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles / Article Title, or
Chapter 23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal Articles on the Internet / Article Title
4. For Article Type

MEDLINE/PubMed does not index individual meeting abstracts or book reviews
Letters to the editor and editorials are indicated only under publication type in the
Abstract display, and in the PT field in the MEDLINE view
Interviews are indicated by publication type in the Abstract display, and in the PT
field in the MEDLINE view
The interviewers name was included after the article title and introduced with the
phrase "Interview by" through 2014. Effective 2015, the interviewee is the first
author and the interviewer is the second author.
Notes for Citing MEDLINE /PubMed 2027
Return to Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles / Article Type, or

Chapter 23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal Articles on the Internet / Article Type
5. For Journal Title (Journal Title Abbreviation)

After NLM establishes an abbreviation for a title, it usually stays that way in MEDLINE/
PubMed, even if the rules change. You may see contradictory abbreviations for some
words in titles; for example:
Academy of Management Journal abbreviated as Acad Manage J in 1963
but
Access Management Journal abbreviated as Access Manag J in 2003
Return to Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles / Journal Title, or
Chapter 23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal Articles on the Internet / Journal Title
6. For Edition
After NLM establishes an abbreviation for a title with an edition, the abbreviation usually
stays that way in MEDLINE/PubMed, even if the rules change. You may see contradictory
abbreviations for some titles with editions; for example:
Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition. was established as
Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed
not
Arch Dis Child (Fetal Neonatal Ed)
but
British Medical Journal. Clinical Research Edition. was established as Br Med J (Clin
Res Ed)
Return to Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles / Edition, or
Chapter 23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal Articles on the Internet / Edition
7. For Type of Medium

NLM indexes Internet journals, but does not currently display a type of medium for
them in most PubMed displays; however, users may determine the type of medium
that NLM used for creating the citation and indexing the article by viewing the
PubMed XML format display. The version used is in the XML element <Journal
Issue CitedMedium=>. Valid values after the equals sign are Print for the hard copy
of a journal, and Internet for the Web-based version.
NLM does not currently index journals in microform, CD-ROM, DVD, or

audiovisual format
Return to Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles / Type of Medium, or
Chapter 23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal Articles on the Internet / Type of
Medium
8. For Physical Description

NLM does not currently index journals in microform, CD-ROM, DVD, or
audiovisual format
Return to Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles / Physical Description
9. For Language
MEDLINE/PubMed displays citation information only in English, but indicates all
languages of publication. Translated article titles are shown in brackets to indicate a
translation.
Return to Chapter 1. Journals / A. Journal Articles / Language, or
Chapter 23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal Articles on the Internet / Language
10. For Location (Pagination or Notes)

MEDLINE/PubMed permits publishers to choose between using traditional
pagination or electronic article numbers, or using both. In cases where publishers
supply article numbers as electronic location data only (not as pagination), these
numbers appear as notes and pagination is absent. The unique identifiers for a
citation may also appear as notes.
MEDLINE/PubMed example, a publisher-supplied article number for
pagination:
J Med Internet Res. 2008 Apr 18;10(2):e11. PubMed PMID: 18440918;
PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2483923.
MEDLINE/PubMed example, publisher-supplied article number as a locator
without calling it pagination, no pagination (pii means Publisher Item
Identifier):
Euro Surveill. 2008 May 8;13(19). pii: 18863. PubMed PMID: 18761981.
MEDLINE/PubMed example showing the use of article number as both
pagination and a note (doi means Digital Object Identifier):
Notes for Citing MEDLINE /PubMed 2029
BMJ. 2008 Jul 1;337:a295. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a295. PubMed PMID:

18595903; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC2453298.
Return to Chapter 23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal Articles on the Internet /
Location (Pagination), or
Chapter 23. Journals on the Internet / A. Journal Articles on the Internet / Notes.
2031
Appendix. Content Updates

Created: December 21, 2009; Updated: March 17, 2017.
The Content Updates Appendix includes an inventory of the publications updates and
corrections since its publication in October 2007. The most recent updates and
corrections appear at the top of the page.
The updates and corrections are organized by:
Update Highlights updates to the Citing Medicine user interface, content delivery,
and the NCBI Bookshelf, the internal management system.
Change Log Identifies the location of the content updates and corrections within
the Citing Medicine chapter sections and appendixes.
Change Log for March 17, 2017

Chapter/Appendix Section Updated Update/Correction
Chapter 13: Letters and Other Introduction Updated Chapter 13 See Also reference for
Personal Communication the newly renamed Chapter 14: Manuscripts
and Preprints.
Chapter 14: Manuscripts and C. Preprints: Added new section. Updated chapter title
Preprints Introduction and (was "Manuscripts")
Examples
Change Log for August 10, 2016

Chapter 24A: Entire Databases/ Examples of Added two new citations to end of section.
Retrieval Systems on the Internet Citations
Chapter 21: Additional Sources for Added link to the above as "Examples of
Journal Title Abbreviations Citations to Computer Programs (Software)
on the Internet".
Change Log for October 2, 2015

Chapter/Appendix Section Update/Correction
Updated
Appendix A: Abbreviations for Replaced list of abbreviations for commonly used
Commonly Used English Words in English words in journal titles with link to the ISSN
Journal Titles International Centre's LTWA.
Appendix B: Additional Sources for Updated information about the ISSN International
Journal Title Abbreviations Centre's LTWAs online availability in first
paragraph.
Change Log for August 11, 2015

Multiple Chapters Citation Rules Minor changes for consistency for using doi rather than
with Examples DOI when not used as a heading or as part of a name in
multiple examples
Multiple Chapters Citation Rules Minor changes for consistency of Korean for Names in
with Examples non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew,
Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese)
and Romanize names in Cyrillic (Russian, Bulgarian, etc.),
Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean, or character-based
languages, such as Chinese and Japanese
Multiple Chapters Citation Rules Corrected jaargan g to jaargang in all instances for
with Examples Non-English names for volume
Multiple Chapters Citation Rules Changed sostavityel to sostavitel in all instances of
with Examples Non-English names for secondary authors for consistency
2015 Foreword Added new forward commenting on ANSI/NISO Z39.29
Bibliographic References
Chapter 1A: Journal Citation Rules Corrected information about citing BMJ or British Medical
Articles with Examples Journal based on publication date in General Rules for
Journal Title
Chapter 2A: Entire Citation Rules Added example to 39. Book with date of publication and
Books with Examples date of copyright
Chapter 3A: Conference Citation Rules Corrected 2003 Apr 30-Mar 2 to 2003 Apr 30-May 2 for
Proceedings with Examples Dates cross months for Specific Rules for Date of
Conference
Chapter 3B: Conference Citation Rules Corrected subscripted characters in citation examples for
Papers with Examples Titles of papers containing a Greek letter, chemical
formula, or another special character to Specific Rules for
Title
Chapter 3C: Parts of Citation Rules Corrected citation in 9. Part of a paper with no page
Conference Papers with Examples number provided
Chapter 4A: Entire Citation Rules Corrected citation for 1. Standard report written and
Reports with Examples published by the sponsoring organization
Chapter 5. Dissertations Citation Rules Added citation in Titles not in English
and Theses with Examples
Chapter 6A: Entire Citation Rules Corrected punctuation in heading for 5. Bibliography with
Bibliographies with Examples organization as compiler
Chapter 8: Newspaper Introduction Corrected punctuation in citation diagram
Articles
Chapter 8: Newspaper Citation Rules Minor clarification of volume and issue information in
Articles with Examples Date of Publication for Newspaper Articles and Optional
Content Updates 2033

volume and issue numbers used instead of section
information
Chapter 16B: Journal Citation Rules Removed an example from No volume number present in
Titles in Audiovisual with Examples Specific Rules for Volume Number and No issue number
Formats present in Specific Rules for Issue Number
Chapter 17A: Individual Citation Rules Removed link to Chapter 16 in Type of Medium for
Prints and Photographs with Examples Individual Prints and Photographs
Chapter 18: Books and Citation Rules Added link to 36. Book on CD-ROM, DVD, or disk in
Other Individual Titles with Examples more than one medium to Extent (Pagination) and
on CD-ROM, DVD, or Physical Description
Disk
Chapter 20: Databases Citation Rules Corrected example in 22. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or
on CD-ROM, DVD or with Examples disk with government agency or other national body as
Disk publisher
Chapter 21: Computer Citation Rules Corrected title from Non-English names for programs to
Programs on CD-ROM, with Examples Non-English names for months in Date of Update/
DVD, or Disk Revision
Chapter 22A: Entire Citation Rules Added examples to 7. Book on the Internet with an
Books and Other with Examples organization as author, 23. Book on the Internet with
Individual Titles on the qualifier added to place of publication for clarity, and 39.
Internet Book on the Internet that is a video, videocast, or podcast
Chapter 22B: Parts of Citation Rules Corrected End with a semicolon placed outside the closing
Books on the Internet with Examples bracket in Both a date of update/revision and a date of
citation in Specific Rules for Date of Citation and Part is
a video clip, videocast, or podcast in Specific Rules for
Name and Number/Letter and Specific Rules for Location
(Pagination)
Chapter 22C: Citation Rules Corrected example in Both a date of update/revision and a
Contributions to Books with Examples date of citation in Specific Rules for Date of Citation
on the Internet
Chapter 23A: Journal Citation Rules Added examples to 12. Journal article on the Internet not
Articles on the Internet with Examples in English, 15. Journal article on the Internet with
optional article type, 30. Journal article on the Internet
with location expressed as standard page numbers, 34.
Journal article on the Internet with location/extent
expressed as estimated number of pages, and 36. Journal
article on the Internet with location/extent expressed as an
article number
Chapter 23B: Journal Citation Rules Corrected examples for Journals appearing in more than
Titles on the Internet with Examples one language in Specific Rules for Title and Specific
Rules for Language and No issue number present in
Chapter 24A: Entire Citation Rules Corrected acronym for BOND in example for Other types
Databases/Retrieval with Examples of material to include in notes in Specific Rules for Notes
Chapter 24A: Entire Citation Rules Added examples to 1. Standard citation to an open serial
Databases/Retrieval with Examples database, 5. Database/retrieval system on the Internet
Systems on the Internet with an individual as author, 7. Database/retrieval system
on the Internet with an organization as author, 8.
Database/retrieval system on the Internet with editors
where there is no author, 18. Database/retrieval system on
the Internet with an edition or version, 24. Database/
retrieval system on the Internet title with government
agency or other national body as publisher, 27. Database/
retrieval system on the Internet title with month/day
included in date of publication, 31. Database/retrieval
system on the Internet with date estimated, 33. Database/
retrieval system on the Internet with update/revision date
and 37. Database/retrieval system on the Internet with
supplemental note included. Modified example in 13.
Database/retrieval system on the Internet title with upper/
lowercase letters and symbols for consistency.
Chapters 24B: Part of a Citation Rules Corrected date known to date unknown in Locating
Database on the with Examples the date of publication and Locating the date of
Internet publication if there is no standard title page
Chapter 24B: Parts of Citation Rules Removed an example from 6. Part of a database on the
Databases on the with Examples Internet with a date of publication separate from the date of
Internet the database as a whole
Chapter 24C: Citation Rules Added examples to 2. Standard contribution to a database
Contributions to with Examples on the Internet with a separate date for the item, 8.
Databases on the Contribution to a database on the Internet with extent
Internet provided by the database, and 11. Contribution to a
database on the Internet with a note
Chapter 24C: Citation Rules Corrected example for 9. Contribution to a database on
Contributions to with Examples the Internet with extent calculated
Databases on the
Internet
Chapter 25A: Citation Rules Added examples to 5. Homepage with an organization(s)
Homepages with Examples as author, 20. Homepage published with publisher having
subsidiary division, 21. Homepage with government
agency or other national body as publisher, 27. Homepage
with months/days included in date of publication, 34.
Homepage with optional system requirements, and 36.
Homepage with supplemental note included
Chapter 25B: Parts of Citation Rules Corrected example for No date of publication or copyright
Web Sites with Examples can be found in Specific Rules for Date of Publication
Chapter 25B: Parts of Citation Rules Corrected placement of semicolon in rule for Both a date
Web Sites with Examples of update/revision and a date of citation in Specific Rules
for Date of Citation
Chapter 25B: Parts of Citation Rules Corrected example in 8. Part of a Web site with date(s) of
Web Sites with Examples update/revision
Chapter 25B: Parts of Citation Rules Added examples to 7. Part of a Web site with a date of
Web Sites with Examples publication separate from the date of the Web site and 11.
Part of a Web site with location (pagination) estimated as
page numbers
Chapter 26C: Blogs Citation Rules Corrected date known to date unknown in No
with Examples beginning date is provided and Locating the date of
publication
Chapter 26D: Wikis Citation Rules Corrected date known to date unknown in Locating the
with Examples date of publication and No date of creation is provided
Appendix B: Additional Revised introduction and updated all of the resources in the
Sources for Journal Title Source List
Abbreviations
Appendix F: Notes for Revised 2. For Author Affiliation, 3. For Article Title,
Citing MEDLINE / and 4. For Article Type. Changed nine to ten citation
PubMed elements in introduction.
Change Log for September 15, 2011

Chapter 1A: Journal Citation Rules Minor changes for consistency to Names in non-roman
Articles with Examples alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew) or character-
based languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) in Specific
Rules for Authors, and Discontinuous page numbers in
Chapter 1A: Journal Examples of Modified citation and added citation to 75. Other types of
Articles Citations notes for journal articles
Chapter 2D: Citation Rules Minor changes for consistency to Other surname rules in
Contributions to Books with Examples Specific Rules for Author/Editor
Chapter 4A: Entire Citation Rules Minor changes for consistency to Other surname rules in
Reports with Examples Specific Rules for Author/Editor
Chapter 8: Newspaper Citation Rules Minor changes for consistency to Designations of rank in a
Articles with Examples family, such as Jr and III and Names in non-roman
alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew) or character-
Rules for Authors
Chapter 12: Papers and Citation Rules Minor changes for consistency to Designations of rank in a
Poster Sessions with Examples family, such as Jr and III and Names in non-roman
Presented at Meetings alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew) or character-

Rules for Authors
Chapter 14A: Individual Examples of Added citation to 27. Manuscript with supplemental note
Manuscripts Citations included
Chapter 16A; Journal Citation Rules Minor changes for consistency to Names in non-roman
Articles in Audiovisual with Examples alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew) or character-
Formats based languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) in Specific
Rules for Authors
Chapter 19A: Journal Citation Rules Minor changes for consistency to Names in non-roman
Articles on CD-ROM, with Examples alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew) or character-
DVD, or Disk based languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) in Specific
Rules for Authors
Chapter 20: Databases Examples of Added citation to 15. Database on CD-ROM, DVD, or
on CD-ROM, DVD, or Citations disk with an edition or version
Disk
Chapter 22: Books and Introduction Revised first paragraph in the introduction.
Other Individual Titles
on the Internet
Chapter 22A: Entire Examples of Added citation to 39. Book on the Internet that is a video,
Books and Other Citations videocast, or podcast
Individual Titles on the
Internet
Chapter 22C: Citation Rules Changed semicolon to period in last rule in General Rules
Contributions to Books with Examples for Date of Citation
on the Internet
Chapter 23: Journals on Table of Contents Changed link from Chapter 1C: Entire Journal Titles to
the Internet Chapter 1B Parts of Journal Articles
Chapter 23: Journals on Introduction Revised first paragraph in the introduction
the Internet
Chapter 23A: Journal Citation Rules Minor changes for consistency to Designations of rank in a
Articles on the Internet with Examples family, such as Jr and III and Names in non-roman
alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew) or character-
Rules for Authors. Added link to 43. Part of journal article
on the Internet in Examples for Article Title. Removed
link to 43. Part of journal article on the Internet in
Examples for Notes. Minor correction to the Non-
English journal titles.
Chapter 23A: Journals Examples of Added citations to 21. Journal article on the Internet
on the Internet Citations updated/revised after publication, 42. Journal article on
the Internet with note, and 43. Part of a journal article on
the Internet
Chapter 24A: Entire Examples of Added citations to 1. Standard citation to an open serial
Databases/Retrieval Citations database on the Internet, 11. Database/retrieval system on
Systems on the Internet the Internet title with subtitle, 18. Database/retrieval
system on the Internet with an edition or version, and 27.
Database/retrieval system on the Internet with month/day
included in date of publication. Updated citation in 30.
Database/retrieval system on the Internet with date
obtained from earliest material in it.
Chapter 24B: Parts of Examples of Added citations to 2. Standard part of a database on the
Databases on the Citations Internet without a name or number/letter and 4. Part of a
Internet database on the Internet with title containing special
scripts/characters
Chapter 24C: Examples of Added citations to 9. Contribution to a database on the
Contributions to Citations Internet with extent calculated
Databases on the
Internet
Chapter 25A: Examples of Added citations to 6. Homepage with no authors or
Homepages Citations editors, 8. Homepage with title having a subtitle, and 13.
Homepage published with optional content type. Minor
correction to citations in 11. Homepage in a language
other than English.
Chapter 25A: Citation Rules Minor corrections to citation in Titles not in English
Homepages with Examples
Chapter 25B: Parts of Citation Rules Minor correction to citation in Titles for parts not in
Web Sites with Examples English
Chapter 25B: Parts of Examples of Minor corrections to citations in 1. Standard part of a Web
Web Sites Citations site, 4. Part of a Web site with title ending in punctuation
other than a period, 5. Part of a Web site not in English,
and 11. Part of a Web site with location (pagination)
estimated as page numbers. Added citation to 9. Part of a
Web site with date of citation only.
Table of Contents Part Title Updated title from Citing Material on the Internet to
Citing Material on the Internet (Online)
Update for May 2010

A zip file containing the PDF versions of all of the chapters and appendixes was added to
Citing Medicine. It is available from the All Chapters link under the Download section
on every page of the Web site.
Update for December 2009

The Content Updates Appendix was added to Citing Medicine.
Change Log for October 21, 2009

Chapter 1: Journals Introduction Added paragraph with explanation about journals and
magazines as type of periodical.
Chapter 2C: Parts of Books Examples of Added notes to the citation examples in 21. Unnamed
Citations parts in a book without numbers or letters and 55.
Book with other note included.
Chapter 22B: Parts of Books Citation Rules with Added link to citation example for 12. Other
on the Internet Examples unnamed parts of books on the Internet in Specific
Rules for Name and Number/Letter.
Chapter 22B: Parts of Books Examples of Added citation examples to 12. Other unnamed parts
on the Internet Citations of books on the Internet.
Chapter 23: Journals on the Introduction Added paragraph with explanation about journals and
Internet magazines as type of periodical.
Chapter 23A: Journal Examples of Corrected DOI information in 3. Journal article on
Articles on the Internet Citations the Internet with many authors (give all).
Chapter 24B: Parts of Examples of Added citation examples to 12. Part of a Database on
Databases on the Internet Citations the Internet with a URL not directly addressable.
Chapter 24C: Contributions Examples of Added citation example to 2. Standard contribution
to Databases on the Internet Citations to a database on the Internet with a separate date for
the item.
Chapter 25B: Parts of Web Examples of Updated citation example for 1. Standard part of a
Sites Citations Web site.
Appendix A Revised introduction and updated URLs for LTWA
on-line.
Appendix B Revised a resource in the Source List.
Appendix F 10. For Location Added information about unique identifiers appearing
(Pagination or in notes to the rule and included examples of unique
Notes) identifiers in the citation examples in 10. For
Location (Pagination or Notes).
Update for August 2009

The Citing Medicine XML was migrated from the NLM PubMed Central Book DTD to the
DTD version of the NCBI Book Tag Set, part of the NLM Journal Archiving and
Interchange Tag Suite. An updated version of the Citing Medicine user interface based
on the XML changes was also released.
Change Log for January 14, 2009

Chapter 1A: Journal Articles Examples of Corrected citation examples in 65. Journal article
Citations that is a retraction notice and 71. Journal article
with DOI provided.
Chapter 2C: Parts of Books Examples of Added citation example to 1. Standard chapter in a
Citations book.
Chapter 2D: Contributions to Examples of Added citation example to 1. Standard reference to
Books Citations a contributed chapter.
Chapter 5A: Entire Citation Rules with Corrected General Rules for Place of Publication.
Dissertations and Theses Examples
Chapter 8: Newspaper Sample Citations Added paragraph on citing a newspaper article on
Articles and Introduction the Internet.
Chapter 8: Newspaper Citation Rules with Updated rules regarding the Internet in General
Articles Examples Rules for Type of Medium.
Chapter 8: Newspaper Examples of Added citation example to 23. Newspaper article on
Articles Citations the Internet.
Chapter 10: Legal Documents Code of Federal Corrected citation example in Code of Federal
Regulations Regulations.
Chapter 11A: Forthcoming Citation Rules with Added new rule and citation example about
Journal Articles Examples electronic version of authors manuscript to 36.
Other types of material to include in notes in
Specific Rules for Notes.
Chapter 11A: Forthcoming Examples of Added new citation example to 18. Forthcoming
Journal Articles Citations article with other types of note.
Chapter 22A: Entire Books Examples of Corrected a citation example in 8. Book on the
and Other Individual Titles Citations Internet with an organization as author having
on the Internet subsidiary division.
Chapter 23A: Journal Articles Citation Rules with Added links from General Rules for Location
on the Internet Examples (Pagination) and General Rules for Notes to the
exceptions in Location (Pagination or Notes) in
Appendix F: Notes for Citing MEDLINE/
PubMed.
Chapter 23A: Journal Articles Citation Rules with Added two rules and citation examples about unique
on the Internet Examples identifiers and article access to Other types of
material to include in notes in Specific Rules for
Notes.
Chapter 23A: Journal Articles Citation Rules with Updated citation example for Article numbers used
on the Internet Examples for location in Specific Rules for Location
(Pagination).
Chapter 23A: Journal Articles Example Citations Updated author names for citation examples in 7.
on the Internet Journal article on the Internet with compound
author surnames.
Chapter 23A: Journal Articles Example Citations Updated citation example with location/pagination
on the Internet information for 36. Journal article on the Internet
with location/extent expressed as an article number.
Chapter 23A: Journal Articles Example Citations Added notes to citation examples for 39. Journal
on the Internet article on the Internet with DOI provided and 42.
Journal article on the Internet with note.
Chapter 24A: Entire Citation Rules with Added rule about no authors or editors found to
Databases/Retrieval Systems Examples General Rules for Author/Editor.
on the Internet
Chapter 24A: Entire Examples of Added date information to citation example 37.
Databases/Retrieval Systems Citations Database/retrieval system on the Internet with
on the Internet supplemental note included.
Chapter 24B: Parts of Examples of Added citation example to 7. Part of a database on
Database/Retrieval system on Citations the Internet with a date of update/revision.
the Internet
Chapter 26C: Blogs Examples of Minor correction to citation example for 30.
Citations Contribution to a blog on the Internet by someone
other than the blog owner.
Appendix A: Abbreviations Minor corrections.
for Commonly Used English
Words in Journal Titles
Appendix B: Additional Revised the resources for the Source List.
Sources for Journal Title
Abbreviations
Appendix F: Notes for Citing 1. For Author Added rule about distinguishing authorship from
MEDLINE /PubMed contributor to MEDLINE/PubMed in 1. For
Author.
Appendix F: Notes for Citing 5. For Journal Title Added information to clarify type of medium to
MEDLINE /PubMed MEDLINE/PubMed in 1. For Author and 5. For
Journal Title (Journal Title Abbreviation).
Appendix F: Notes for Citing 10. For Location Added new section 10. For Location (Pagination or
MEDLINE /PubMed Notes).
Change Log for May 7, 2008

Chapter 1A: Journal Citation Rules with Added information about content designator and other
Articles Examples article types to the General Rules for Article Type.
Chapter 1A: Journal Citation Rules with Added citation examples to Options for issues in
Articles Examples Specific Rules for Issue Number.
Chapter 1A: Journal Citation Rules with Added rule and citation examples to Other types of
Articles Examples material to include in notes in Specific Rules for
Notes.
Chapter 1A: Journal Examples of Added citation examples to 24. Journal article with
Articles Citations type of article indicated and 75. Other types of notes
for journal articles.
Chapter 3C: Parts of Sample Citation Updated introduction with information about the
Conference Papers and Introduction conference titles for conference proceedings and added
an additional citation diagram for a title for the book of
proceedings as well as a conference title.
Chapter 3C: Parts of Examples of Updated citation example for 7. Part of a paper with a
Conference Papers Citations constructed title.
Chapter 12: Papers and Citation Rules with Added citation examples to Conference Proceedings
Poster Sessions Presented Examples for Paper or Poster Presented for 1. Standard paper
at Meetings presented with a separate name for the conference; 2.
Standard paper presented without a separate name for
the conference; 3. Standard poster presented with a
separate name for the conference; 4. Standard poster
presented without a separate name for the conference;
and 15. Paper/poster with optional specific location of
the conference.
Chapter 15: Books and Citation Rules with Changed [videorecording] to [videocassette] in citation
Other Individual Titles in Examples example for Audiovisual titles not in English in the
Audiovisual Formats Specific Rules for Title.
Chapter 15: Books and Examples of Changed [videorecording] to [videocassette] in citation
Other Individual Titles in Citations example for 24. Audiovisuals with editors when there is
Audiovisual Formats no author.
Articles on CD-ROM, Examples article types to the General Rules for Article Type.
DVD, or Disk
Chapter 19A: Journal Citation Rules with Added citation examples to Options for dates in
Articles on CD-ROM, Examples Specific Rules for Date of Publication, and Options
DVD, or Disk for issues in Specific Rules for Issue Number.
Chapter 20: Databases on Citation Rules with Added rules and examples to Titles containing a Greek
CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk Examples letter, chemical formula, or another special character in
Specific Rules for Title.
Articles on the Internet Examples article types to the General Rules for Article Type.
Chapter 23A: Journal Citation Rules with Added citation examples to Options for dates in
Articles on the Internet Examples Specific Rules for Date of Publication, Options for
issues in Specific Rules for Issue Number, and Other
types of material to include in notes in Specific Rules
for Notes.
Chapter 23A: Journal Examples of Corrected citations for 15. Journal article on the
Articles on the Internet Citations Internet with optional article type and 42. Journal
article on the Internet with note.
Chapter 24A: Entire Citation Rules with Added links to Appendixes D and E to Organizations
Databases/Retrieval Examples as author in Specific Rules for Author/Editor.
Chapter 24C: Citation Rules with Changed Extent (Pagination) from optional to
Contributions to Examples required.
Databases on the Internet
Chapter 26C: Blogs Sample Citation Added citation example and information about citing
and Introduction parts of a blog.
Chapter 26C: Blogs Citation Rules with Added links to citation examples to Author/Editor for
Examples Blogs for 29. Part of a blog on the Internet from the
blog owner and 30. Contribution to a blog on the
Internet by someone other than the blog owner.
Chapter 26C: Blogs Citation Rules with Added rule to General Rules for Date of Publication
Examples about a closed blog.
Chapter 26C: Blogs Citation Rules with Added rule to General Rules for Availability for Blogs
Examples about providing a specific URL and a link to the citation
example for 1. Standard citation to a blog.
Chapter 26C: Blogs Citation Rules with Added rules to General Rules for Date of Publication
Examples and General Rules for Availability.
Chapter 26C: Blogs Examples of Added citation examples 29. Part of a blog on the
Citations Internet from the blog owner, and 30. Contribution to
a blog on the Internet by someone other than the blog
owner.
Appendix A: Sample Citation Added information and link for the ISSN International
Abbreviations for and Introduction Centres LTWA on-line Index.
Commonly Used English
Words in Journal Titles
Appendix B: Additional Sample Citation Added information about abbreviations and linked to
Sources for Journal Title and Introduction Appendix A.
Abbreviations
Appendix F: Notes for For Article Title Corrected citation example in For Article Title.
Citing MEDLINE /
PubMed
Appendix F: Notes for For Article Type Added information about book reviews, editorials, and
Citing MEDLINE / interviews in For Article Type.
PubMed
Update for February 2008

Individual PDFs were released for all chapters and appendixes of Citing Medicine. Links to
the PDF appear next to the chapter title on the Table of Contents page, or to the right of
the title in the chapter or appendix.
Update for October 2007

Citing Medicine was published on the NCBI Bookshelf.

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Karen Patrias Dan Wendling

Last Updated: March 17, 2017

National Library of Medicine (US)

Citing Medicine provides assistance to authors in compiling lists of

2015 Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................ xv

Citing Published Print Documents ........................................................................................... 1

Chapter 2 Books............................................................................................................................................... 123

Chapter 3 Conference Publications ............................................................................................................. 289

Chapter 4 Scientific and Technical Reports................................................................................................ 387

Chapter 5 Dissertations and Theses............................................................................................................. 455

Chapter 6 Bibliographies ............................................................................................................................... 495

Chapter 7 Patents............................................................................................................................................. 557

Chapter 8 Newspaper Articles ..................................................................................................................... 597

Chapter 9 Maps ............................................................................................................................................... 625

Chapter 10 Legal Documents........................................................................................................................... 675

Citing Unpublished Material .........................................................................................................677

Chapter 12 Papers and Poster Sessions Presented at Meetings .............................................................. 755

Chapter 13 Letters and Other Personal Communication........................................................................... 777

Chapter 14 Manuscripts and Preprints.......................................................................................................... 813

Citing Audio and Visual Media (audiocassettes, videocassettes,

Chapter 16 Journals in Audiovisual Formats............................................................................................... 955

Chapter 17 Prints and Photographs...............................................................................................................1035

Citing Material on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk .....................................................................1101

Chapter 19 Journals on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk .......................................................................................1165

Chapter 20 Databases on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk ...................................................................................1241

Chapter 21 Computer Programs on CD-ROM, DVD, or Disk..................................................................1305

Citing Material on the Internet (Online) ...........................................................................1363

Chapter 23 Journals on the Internet...............................................................................................................1501

Chapter 24 Databases/Retrieval Systems on the Internet.........................................................................1623

Chapter 25 Web Sites .......................................................................................................................................1757

Chapter 26 Electronic Mail and Discussion Forums ...................................................................................1847

Appendix B Additional Sources for Journal Title Abbreviations ..............................................................2011

Appendix C Abbreviations for Commonly Used English Words in Bibliographic Description..........2015

Appendix D ISO Country Codes for Selected Countries ............................................................................2017

Appendix F Notes for Citing MEDLINE /PubMed................................................................................2025

Appendix Content Updates ...........................................................................................................................2031

About this Book

presented in a list called references, end references, literature cited, or bibliography.

Citing Published Print

A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Journal Articles

Examples of Citations to Journal Articles

Citation Rules with Examples for Journal Articles

Author for Journal Articles (required)

Specific Rules for Author

Box 1. Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them.

Box 1 continued from previous page.

Charles A. St. James becomes St James CA

Box 2. Other surname rules.

Box 2 continued from previous page.

Box 3. Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle.

Box 4. Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name.

Box 4 continued from previous page.

Robert V. Lang, Major, US Army becomes Lang RV

Box 5. Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III.

Box 6. Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or

Box 6 continued from previous page.

Box 7. Organizations as author.

Box 7 continued from previous page.

National Academy of Sciences (US).