The Dynamics of Disease Transmission
The Dynamics of Disease Transmission
The Dynamics of Disease Transmission
Direct Indirect
Skin-skin Common vehicle:
Mucous- Food
mucous
Water
Vertical
Air
transmission
Fomites
Vector
4 Direct transmission
Through person-to-person
contact like kissing,
touching, biting, sexual
intercourse.
Skin-skin: Herpes type 1
Mucous-mucous: STI
Vertical transmission:
HIV, Zika
5
6 Indirect transmission
Common vehicle:
Food: Staphylococci, salmonella
Water: Cholera, hepatitis A
Air: Chickenpox, influenza
Fomites: Cooking utensils, bedding,
clothing, surgical, medical instrument
7
Vector: An animal (normally invertebrate) that carries and
spreads infectious agent.
Fleas (plague)
Aedes (zika, dengue fever)
Anopheles (malaria)
9 Natural history of disease
10
11 Subclinical infection
Unapparent, covert,
missed or abortive cases
Disease agent multiply in
the host but dose not
manifest to clinical disease
Contaminates the
environment!!
Carriers
12 Carriers
Inadequate treatment
Inadequate immune response
13
14 Latent disease
15 Endemic Epidemic -
Pandemic
Endemic: The habitual presence of a disease within a
geographic area, or usual occurrence of a given of a
given disease.
Epidemic: The number of cases excess of normal
expectancy disease outbreak
Pandemic:
When
epidemics
occur at
several
continents
global
epidemic
16 Disease outbreaks
The occurrence, in a defined community or region, of
cases of an illness with a frequency clearly in excess of
normal expectancy Heymann, D. (2004)
Primary case: The case that bring infection into the
population
Attack rate
Secondary case: Persons who were infected by a
primary case
Secondary attack rate T
S
Susceptible P
S
Immune
S
T
Sub-clinical
Clinical
17 Attack rate
Attack rate:
people who ate egg salad: 135/175 x 100 = 77.1%
People who didnt: 85/250 = 34.0%
19 Cross-tabulation
Epidemic refers to
a. A disease that has a low rate of occurrence but that is
constantly present in a community or region
b. An attack rate in excess of 10 per 1,000 population
c. The occurrence of illness of similar nature clearly in
excess of the normal expectation for that population
at that time
d. Diseases of the respiratory system that occur
seasonally
e. The annual case rate per 100,000 population
Table 1. Total number of people who ate specified
combination of food items
24
Did not Eat
Ate Pheasant
Pheasant
Ate caviar 100 100
Did not eat caviar 100 100