AMP DigitalEdition July August

SEPTEMBER 2016 | VOL 174 | NO 8
AN ASM INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION
NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING
ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS
MONITORS CORROSION
P.21
NEUTRONS CHARACTERIZE
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NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING
ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS
MONITORS CORROSION
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A P R I L 9 -1 2 , 2 0 1 7
CHARLESTON AREA CONVENTION CENTER | CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA, USA
CALLING ALL
Abstracts are currently being solicited for
(but not limited to) the following topical programs:
AUTHORS!
Additive Manufacturing Integrated Computational
Advanced Forming and Materials Engineering
Thermomechanical Low Cost Manufacturing
Processing and Affordable Structures
The AeroMat 2017 technical program will focus Advances in Coatings and Magnesium Alloy
on innovative aerospace materials, fabrication Surface Modification Technology
and manufacturing methods that improve Aluminum Alloy Non-Destructive
performance, and more. Technology Evaluation Techniques
Composite Materials & Sustainable Materials &
To present your research at AeroMat Structures Processes
in front of your peers, submit an abstract by Emerging Materials & Space Materials &
November 7, 2016. Processes Applications
Failure Analysis of Titanium Alloy Technology
To view the full list of topics and to submit an Aerospace Components
Welding & Joining
abstract, visit: High Temperature &
Turbine Materials
asminternational.org /aeromat
Organized by: Hosted by:

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A DV A N C E D M AT E R I A L S & P RO C E S S E S | S E P T E M B E R 2 0 1 6
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NEUTRON CHARACTERIZATION OF ADDITIVELY
MANUFACTURED INCONEL 718
Hassina Bilheux, et al.
Recent advances in neutron sources and detector technologies enable new contrast
mechanisms to determine crystalline information for metal components.
21 30 49
TECHNICAL SPOTLIGHT METALLURGY LANE ASM NEWS
USING ELEMENTAL THE INTEGRATED STEEL The monthly publication about ASM
members, chapters, events, awards,
ANALYSIS TO MANAGE INDUSTRYPART III conferences, affiliates, and other Soci-
INDUSTRIAL CORROSION Charles R. Simcoe ety activities.
Detailed analysis of residual elements The advent of Little Steel and the
in steel framework and equipment can strike of 1937 had a lasting impact on
help monitor corrosion. the domestic steel industry and labor
relations.
3
FEATURES
23 M
ATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
2016 SHOW PREVIEW
MS&T is the leading forum addressing structure, proper-
ties, processing, and performance across the materials
community. This years meeting in Salt Lake City will
bring together the best and brightest minds in materials
science and engineering.
28 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM FOR

TESTING AND FAILURE ANALYSIS 2016 7
SHOW PREVIEW
The International Symposium for Testing and Failure
Analysis will feature an exciting mix of education, tech-
nology, networking, an exhibit hall, and more.
33 HTPro
he official newsletter of the ASM Heat Treating Society.
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This quarterly supplement focuses on heat treating tech-
nology, processes, materials, and equipment, along with
Heat Treating Society news and initiatives.
10 62
Advanced Materials & Processes (ISSN 0882-7958,
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July/August and November/December, by ASM Interna-
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4
GOING FOR THE GOLD

T
ASM International he Rio 2016 Olympic Games were just as inspiring as
9639 Kinsman Road, Materials Park, OH 44073 ever, watching the human form do things that seem
Tel: 440.338.5151 Fax: 440.338.4634 completely impossible and against all laws of phys-
ics and gravity. Mastering the sheer willpower, courage,
Frances Richards, Editor-in-Chief and years of training it takes to compete at the highest lev-
[email protected]
els of sport is beyond the grasp of most of us, and is what
Julie Lucko, Editor
[email protected] makes viewing these events so enjoyable. But what about
Ed Kubel and Erika Steinberg, Contributing Editors the medals themselves? Now heres something that metal-
Jim Pallotta, Creative Director lurgists and materials scientists of all disciplines will likely appreciate more than
[email protected] other people.
Kate Fornadel, Layout and Design Interestingly, the last Olympic gold medal actually made of pure gold was
Kelly Sukol, Production Manager awarded in 1912. Now, the National Olympic Committee (NOC) permits signif-
[email protected]
icant freedom to the host city with
Press Release Editor
regard to the exact medal compo-
[email protected]
sition and design, although certain
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE rules must be followed. Gold med-
Jaimie Tiley, Chair, U.S. Air Force Research Lab als must be awarded for first place,
Somuri Prasad, Vice Chair, Sandia National Lab
measure at least 60 mm in diameter
Yu-Ping Yang, Past Chair, EWI
Ellen Cerreta, Board Liaison, Los Alamos and 3 mm thick, contain a minimum
National Lab of 92.5% silver, and be covered
Steven Claves, Alcoa Technical Center with at least six grams of pure gold.
Mario Epler, Carpenter Technology Corp.
Adam Farrow, Los Alamos National Lab Further, although the host city is
Nia Harrison, Ford Motor Co. allowed to design the medals, the 2016 Olympic medals are made of mercury-
Yaakov Idell, NIST NOC has the final say on approval.
John Shingledecker, EPRI free gold and recycled silver and bronze,
Kumar Sridharan, University of Wisconsin Each host city also must mint its and come with sustainable, recycled wood-
own medals. en cases. Courtesy of Tomaz Silva/Brazil
ASM BOARD OF TRUSTEES In Rio, the medals theme Agency.
Jon D. Tirpak, President focused on sustainability with this
William E. Frazier, Vice President
Sunniva R. Collins, Immediate Past President
year being the first time the awards were made with more than 30% recycled
Craig D. Clauser, Treasurer precious metal for both silver and bronze. The silver was recycled from mirrors
Ellen K. Cerreta and x-ray sheets, while the copper used in the bronze medals was salvaged and
Kathryn Dannemann
repurposed from the local mints old, discarded machinery. In addition, the gold
Ryan M. Deacon
Jacqueline M. Earle used in the medals is free of mercury in order to prevent pollution and to be
John R. Keough more health-conscious for the miners. Finally, the medal cases are made of cer-
Zi-Kui Liu
tified recycled wood that comes from a sustainable environmental management
Sudipta Seal
Tirumalai S. Sudarshan area in Brazil.
David B. Williams In other news regarding materials innovations, the U.S. Department of
Tom Dudley, Interim Managing Director
Energy announced in mid-August that it will invest $16 million to accelerate
STUDENT BOARD MEMBERS design of new materials by using supercomputers. Two four-year projects, one
Swetha Barkam, Allison Fraser, Rachael Stewart led by DOEs Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the other by Lawrence Berke-
Individual readers of Advanced Materials & Processes may,
ley National Laboratory, intend to use the superfast computers at DOEs labs by
without charge, make single copies of pages therefrom for per- developing software to design fundamentally new functional materials destined
sonal or archival use, or may freely make such copies in such
numbers as are deemed useful for educational or research to revolutionize applications in alternative and renewable energy, electronics,
purposes and are not for sale or resale. Permission is granted and a wide range of other fields. Teams include experts from universities as well
to cite or quote from articles herein, provided customary
acknowledgment of the authors and source is made. as other national labs.
The acceptance and publication of manuscripts in Advanced According to the DOE, researchers are expected to develop sophisticated
Materials & Processes does not imply that the reviewers, open-source software to capture the physics of relevant systems, which can then
editors, or publisher accept, approve, or endorse the data,
opinions, and conclusions of the authors. be used by the broader research community and industry to accelerate design of
new functional materials. Who knows? Results may prove important enough to
win a Nobel Prize, a medal still made of pure gold.
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6
MARKET SPOTLIGHT
POWDER METALLURGY INDUSTRY SEES STEADY GROWTH

According to analysis from the
Metal Powder Industries Federation,
market. Further, the aluminum pow-
der market for PM parts applications is
FEEDBACK
Princeton, N.J., the powder metallurgy undergoing a new surge as automotive
(PM) industry will see modest growth designers seek lighter weight parts. The
in 2016, following a healthy 2015. Con- use of higher-strength aluminum alloys The ASM Materials Education Foundation supports
ventional press-and-sinter companies with metal matrix composites is experi- educators through a free materials science work-
shop called ASM Materials CampTeachers. This
and metal powder producers report encing renewed interest to reduce mass
weeklong lab experience shows educators how to
good business levels, as do companies and provide improved properties, and use applied engineering techniques in their class-
involved with metal injection molding, this focus is currently a project within rooms. Several 2016 camps have already taken
metal additive manufacturing (MAM), the Lightweight Innovations for Tomor- place with more scheduled throughout the year.
and hot isostatic pressing. However, row consortium. Below are a few recent comments.
refractory metal demand has continued While MAM hype has moderated,
to decline. an estimated 50-100 companies and AWESOMESAUCE
Developing metal powders for organizations are actively developing I cannot overstate how awesome this
MAM via gas atomization is a new programs that use metal powders. To camp was on a multitude of levels. I could
trend likely to be accelerated by most this end, machine sales are surging, but have gone for a week and a half just so
leading powder makers, say analysts. most MAM installations produce parts in we could get to and finish composites.
Meanwhile, successful use in the aero- short runs of up to 100 units. The aero- There was so much material and so
space and medical sectors continues space and medical industries are leading many ideas presented that it was almost
to pave the way for future applications. adopters of this developing technology. overwhelming. The instructors did a great
Although the MAM market currently So far, the main MAM powder materials job of explaining the material and how to
remains small and limited to about include 316 and 17-4 PH stainless steel, present it to students.
15 commercially available materials, cobalt chrome, and titanium. Other Justin Orlando
it offers exciting promise for PM in the materials used in MAM include Inconel
years ahead. 625 and 718 alloys, platinum, molybde-
REFRESHING WORKSHOP
The instructors were incredibly knowl-
Another trend is the growing num, and tungsten. Most companies in
edgeable and accommodating. They
need for precision machining of PM the PM industry view MAM as a comple-
went out of their way to help everyone
parts. Powder suppliers are introduc- mentary technology and an opportunity
understand the material, feel comfort-
ing high-performance lubricants and to enter a new technology sector.
able enough to implement it, and made
additives for the press-and-sinter PM For more information, visit mpif.org. adjustments to fit my schedule. I conduct
professional workshops myself and am
North American Iron Powder Shipments pretty demanding about my expecta-
tions for professional development. As a
seasoned educator, I often find that other
programs lack appropriate materials or
presentation style. Not so with the ASM
workshop. Instead of my usual critical
attitude, I found this workshop to be a
refreshing example of how one should be
conductedwith pertinent lessons, excel-
lent instructors, and practical materials to
implement.
Kathleen Dwyer
We welcome all comments

Courtesy of Metal Powder Industries Federation. and suggestions. Send letters to
[email protected].
7
OMG!
OUTRAGEOUS MATERIALS GOODNESS
The artificial bone will also enable test-

3D-PRINTED BONES ADVANCE ing and development of medical devic-
MEDICAL RESEARCH es and training for surgical procedures.
Advanced Bone Technology, Far- advancedbonetech.com.
go, N.D., is hoping to reduce cadaver
use in medical research by 3D printing LIGHT-EMITTING CEMENT
artificial bones. SimuBone is an arti- SAVES ELECTRICITY
ficial bone platform that can be man-
Jos Carlos Rubio at the Univer-
ufactured on demand at a fraction of
sity of San Nicolas Hidalgo-Michoac-
the cost of alternatives. It combines
an, Mexico, created a cement additive
engineered materials with a specialized
that absorbs solar energy during the
additive manufacturing process to pro-
day and then emits light for up to 12
duce what is said to be the most realis-
hours after dark. The glow-in-the-dark
tic alternative to human bone available.
cementwhich would eliminate the
A block of wood is made transpar- High-resolution manufacturing precise-
ent at the University of Maryland. need for electricity to light highways
ly reproduces every detail of the desired
is the latest innovation in concrete and
bone, including the contour of cortical
cement products. Rubio modified the
WOOD YOU LOOK AT THAT? hard bone and the intricate structure
microstructure of the cement, allow-
Liangbing Hu and his team at of trabecular spongy bone. SimuBones
ing the concrete to take in solar energy
the University of Maryland, College performance against engineered ma-
and convert it into light. He says the
Park, removed the molecule in wood terials and processes is comparable to
material could last as long as 100 years
ligninthat makes it rigid and dark in live bone and tailorable to a specific
and the intensity of blue or green light
color. They left behind the colorless sex, age, disorder, or even a particular
can be adjusted depending on need.
cellulose cell structures, filled them patient. By modifying the geometry
Unlike plastic fluorescents, which have
with epoxy, and created a version of and performance to customer specifi-
an average lifespan of three years due
the wood that is mostly see-through. cations, SimuBone devices reportedly
to decay from UV rays, Rubio explains
It can be used in automobiles when meet needs ranging from repeatable
that his cement will not degrade as a
the wood is made both transparent and lab tests to personalized healthcare.
result of sunlight exposure. In addition,
high strength, says Hu. You could also the only byproduct of the manufactur-
use it as a unique building material. ing process is steam. www.umich.mx.
Xylem and phloem pass water and
nutrients up and down the tree. These
vertically aligned channels in the wood
are a naturally grown structure that can
be used to pass light along, after the
wood has been treated. The resulting
3-in. block of wood features both high
transparency and high haze, the ability
to scatter light. This would be useful,
says Hu, in making devices comfortable
to look at. It would also help solar cells Glow-in-the-dark cement.
trap light because the light could easily
enter through the transparent function, Are you working with or have you
but the high haze would keep it bounc- discovered a material or its properties
that exhibit OMG - Outrageous
ing around near where it would be Materials Goodness?
absorbed by the solar panel. For more Send your submissions to
information: Liangbing Hu, binghu@ SimuBone could replace cadavers in Julie Lucko at
[email protected].
umd.edu, www.umd.edu. medical research.
8
METALS | POLYMERS | CERAMICS

GOLD BOOSTS TITANIUM

KNEE STRENGTH
Titanium is the leading material for
artificial knee and hip joints because it is
strong, wear resistant, and nontoxic, but
adding gold might make implants even
better. It is about three to four times
harder than most steels, says Emilia
Morosan, a materials science professor
at Rice University, Houston. The proper-
ties of a 3-to-1 mixture of titanium and
Thor, a 3D-printed flying model, took off for its maiden flight in Germany last gold with a specific atomic structure
November. impart the hardness. Its four times
harder than pure titanium, which is
propellers, and 90% of its structural whats currently being used in most den-
PRINT ME AN AIRPLANE components were 3D-printed from tal implants and replacement joints. Its
Airbus, France, is using a mini plastic polyamide powder. not clear that Morosan and former grad-
aircraft project known as Thor (test- uate student Eteri Svanidze were the first
This mini aircraft does not repre-
ing high-tech objectives in reality) as a to make a pure sample of the ultrahard
sent an actual airliner design Airbus is
testbed for futuristic aircraft technolo- beta form of the compound. However,
considering, rather it is a platform to
giesfrom 3D-printed structural parts due to a couple of lucky breaks, they
enable low-risk and fast-track devel-
to advanced aerodynamics and even are the first to document the materials
opment of different technologies in
artificial intelligence. The initial Thor remarkable properties.
real flying conditions, explains Detlev
version weighs approximately 21 kg
Konigorski, who oversees the project. Researchers measured the hard-
and can fit in a 44 m square. It is pow-
The first version was to test whether ness of the beta form of the crystal and
ered by two 1.5-kW electrically-driven
the slogan Print me an airplane can be also performed other comparisons with
converted into reality.
BRIEFS
A major advantage of Thor is the
short lead time of 3D printing, which
Polyscope Polymers B.V., the significantly reduces development time
Netherlands, expanded its Xiran for producing the technology demon-
heat boost range. Originally strator compared to traditional man-
introduced to increase the high ufacturing methods. Using an existing
temperature resistance of acry- design concept, it took seven weeks
lonitrile butadiene styrene and to print the aircrafts 60 structural
acrylonitrile styrene acrylate, Xiran segments, followed by one week for
heat boosters can now increase the assembly and three days to fine tune
heat performance of other styrenic the electrical systems before it was Crystal structure of beta titanium-3-gold.
polymers, such as polystyrene and flight-ready. airbus.com. Courtesy of E. Morosan/Rice University.
styrene acrylonitrile, as well as
polymethylmethacrylate.
www.polyscope.eu. Stainless steel rebar produced by Outokumpu, Finland, is being used to
reinforce a spill basin at the new liquefied natural gas Gate Terminal on
Rotterdams North Sea coast. Both the basins concrete and reinforce-
ment must withstand the extreme conditions of a cryogenic environment
and temperatures as low as -165C. outokumpu.com/rebar.
Xiran heat boosters resist high

temperatures.
9
titanium. For biomedical implants, for
example, two key measures are bio-
compatibility and wear resistance.
Because titanium and gold by them-
selves are among the most biocom-
patible metals and are often used in
medical implants, the team believed
titanium-3-gold would be comparable.
In fact, tests determined that the new
alloy was even more biocompatible
than pure titanium. The story proved
much the same for wear resistance:
Titanium-3-gold also outperformed
pure titanium. rice.edu.
Rare earth metals are used in everything from wind turbines and cell phones to electric cars
NONTOXIC METHOD and precision weapons. Courtesy of Wikicommons.
EXTRACTS RARE EARTHS
Researchers from the Harvard than hydrochloric acid. They immo- the filter. With each successive pH
John A. Paulson School of Engineer- bilized a bacteria from marine algae wash, different rare earths detached.
ing and Applied Sciences (SEAS), Cam- on an assay filter and passed a solu- Researchers found that lighter lan-
bridge, Mass., may have found a clean tion of mixed rare earths (lanthanides) thanides, such as europium and pra-
alternative to extracting rare earth met- through it. The bacteria bioabsorbed all seodymium, desorbed with higher-pH
als. David Clarke, the materials profes- of the elements as they passedpluck- washes while heavier lanthanides, such
sor at SEAS, and his graduate student ing them out of the solution and fixing as thulium, lutetium, and ytterbium,
William Bonificio, developed a method them to their surface. desorbed with lower pH. For more
to separate rare earths using bacteria Next, researchers pumped solu- information: David Clarke, clarke@seas.
filters and solutions with pH no lower tions of various pH balances through harvard.edu, www.seas.harvard.edu.
60TH ANNUAL
TECHNICAL CONFERENCE
RHODE ISLAND CONVENTION CENTER | PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND | APRIL 29-MAY 4, 2017
May 1-4: TECHNICAL PROGRAM April 29-May 4: EDUCATION PROGRAM

featuring a Symposium on Problem-Solving Tutorial Courses
Coatings for Healthcare, Biometric
Monitoring, and Bio-Interfaces May 1-4: INTERACTIVE NETWORKING
Forums, Discussion Groups, Experts Corner
Key Deadline: OCTOBER 3, 2016
Abstract Submission Deadline May 2-3: EQUIPMENT EXHIBIT
Sponsored Student Application Deadline Dedicated to Vacuum Coating Technologies
[email protected] | 440.338.5151 | www.svc.org

10
TESTING | CHARACTERIZATION
small as possible, and if you know how

to control the probe, you can pick up a
magnetic signature. Idrobo suggests
that the new technique could ulti-
mately lead to smaller magnetic hard
drives. In addition, it can complement
existing methods such as x-ray spec-
troscopy and neutron scattering that
are considered the gold standard in
studying magnetism but are limited
in their spatial resolution. ornl.gov,
www.uu.se/en.
AN EIT CHECKUP FOR

STRUCTURAL HEALTH
Engineers at the University of
Delawares Center for Composite
Materials, Newark, developed a new
approach to assess invisible damage
that can occur in structures like bridges
Juan Carlos Idrobo helped develop an electron microscopy technique to measure
and buildings over time or after cat-
magnetism at the atomic scale.
astrophic events. The method uses a
distributed carbon nanotube compos-
atomic level. While researchers com-
ATOMIC-LEVEL MAGNETISM ite sensor in conjunction with electri-
monly correct distortions that arise in
COMES INTO FOCUS the electron-optical lens, blurring the
cal impedance tomography (EIT). The
relatively inexpensive, mechanically
Scientists from the DOEs Oak Ridge resulting images, this team took advan-
robust smart skin sensor is electri-
National Laboratory (ORNL), Tenn., and tage of these aberrations, purposely cally isotropic and can adhere to virtu-
Uppsala University, Sweden, developed adding a four-fold astigmatism to col- ally any shape. While carbon nanotube
a new electron microscopy technique lect atomic-level magnetic signals from composites have been used as sensors
that detects magnetic behavior at the a lanthanum-manganese-arsenic oxide before, typically a series of one-dimen-
material. sional measurements are collected
BRIEFS Magnetism has its origins at the
atomic scale, but the techniques that
from a 2D area, confining possible
damage locations to the grid points of
The King Abdullah University of we use to measure it usually have spa- the measurements. With EIT, however,
Science and Technology (KAUST), tial resolutions much larger than one a true 2D algorithm can be used.
Saudi Arabia, will establish a new atom, explains ORNLs Juan Carlos The team evaluated the method-
Center of Excellence at the KAUST Idrobo. With an electron microscope, ology on composite laminate, first with
Research and Technology Park the electron probes can be made as well-defined damage, then with more
on campus. KAUST purchased
electron microscopy equipment
from FEI, Hillsboro, Ore., includ- Henkel, Germany, opened a new state-of-
ing a Titan Themis transmission the-art testing facility in Heidelberg. At the
electron microscope and a Helios Composite Lab, customers can perform
G4 DualBeam. Later this year, the trials using high-pressure resin transfer
new systems will be added to 17 molding equipment, including a 380-ton
FEI electron microscopes already press and injection equipment for
installed at the site. www.kaust. polyurethanes and epoxy materials.
edu.sa, fei.com. composite-lab.com.
The new Composite Lab at Henkel.
11
A NEW LOOK AT
POLYCRYSTALLINE METALS
By combining established testing
technologies in a novel way, research-
ers from Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, and colleagues
devised a new approach to characterize
the microstructure of polycrystalline
metals. The method marries optical A new method combines optical micros-
and electron microscopy. It is also fast, copy (left, pink) with electron backscatter
affordable, accurate, and accessiblea diffraction (right, green) to measure char-
acteristics of the boundaries between
combination not yet achieved with
Thomas Schumacher (left) and Erik crystal grains. Courtesy of Matteo Seita.
current testing methods for these met-
Thostenson are leading research on a
new technique to monitor the health of als, which are comprised of a random
side. Using software, grain boundaries
structures such as roads and bridges. matrix of multiple small crystals rather
were connected from one side to the
than a single, large crystal, making
other, reconstructing their 3D orienta-
them difficult to analyze. tion. This data was combined with elec-
realistic damage. While there were
some discrepancies between the size Quantifying the characteristics tron microscope images to show the
and shape of cracks on the resulting EIT of interfaces between crystals in poly- orientation of individual crystal lattices
maps and data from visual inspection crystalline metals allows their material within each grain and how they relate
and thermograms, overall the approach properties to be determined. To do this, to those of adjacent grains. The new,
detected damage well before it was researchers took optical microscope nondestructive method determines all
visible with infrared thermography. images of both sides of a sheet of poly- five necessary characteristics of grain
udel.edu. crystalline metal foil thin enough for boundaries, whereas previous methods
single grains to be seen from either achieved only two or three. mit.edu.
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12
EMERGING TECHNOLOGY
Smart glass goes from clear to opaque

and back again, millions of times.
of times and kept in either state for as

long as desired. The composites can be
A molecular model of a new MOF that selectively traps xenon, a gas released produced in a roll-to-roll process and
during reprocessing of nuclear fuel. printed onto plastic. The main com-
ponent of Smectic A, a smectic liquid
characteristics. They identified SBMOF-1
NEW MATERIAL NETS BETTER with a pore size close to that of a xenon
crystal, is comprised of molecules with
similar directional ordering arranged in
NUCLEAR FUEL RECYCLING atom as the best candidate. Laboratory stacked layers, which confine the move-
An international collaboration tests confirmed that SBMOF-1 trapped ment of ionic additives.
including researchers from the DOEs xenon until the gas saturated the mate- When voltage is applied, molecules
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, rial, and in the absence of xenon it cap- align themselves with the electric field,
Richland, Wash., and Lawrence Berkeley tured krypton, indicating that a mixture rendering the glass transparent. When
National Laboratory, Calif., is investigat- could be passed through SBMOF-1 twice voltage direction is changed, the ionic
ing whether metal organic frameworks to capture both gases. In high humidity, additives disrupt the crystal layer struc-
(MOFs) could improve nuclear fuel recy- SBMOF-1 retained more than 85% the ture, making the glass appear milky.
cling by capturing radioactive xenon and amount of xenon as in dry conditions, Increasing voltage frequency freezes
krypton at ambient temperature, avoid- and after 10 cycles of vacuuming, it col- out ionic additive movement, reverting
ing the expensive, energy-intensive lected just as much xenon as in the first the pane to transparent. These transi-
cryogenics necessary in current practice. cycle, indicating a high degree of stabil- tions happen in a fraction of a second,
MOFs contain tiny pores as small as a ity for long-term use. pnnl.gov, lbl.gov. and when the voltage is cut, the mate-
rial remains in its current state until the
single molecule. When gaseous mixtures
are passed through MOF walls, certain NOW YOU SEE IT, user changes itso unless the material
is actively switching states, it requires
gases adsorb to the material, while the NOW YOU DONT no power. You could have smart win-
rest sift through. Researchers at the University of dows in an office building that auto-
To determine which MOFs out of Cambridge, UK, developed a type of matically become more or less opaque,
125,000 possibilities could be used for smart glass that switches from trans- depending on the amount of sunlight
xenon and krypton separation, com- parent to opaque and back using mini- coming through, explains Professor
putational chemists used machine mal energy. The glass is embedded with Daping Chu. The smart glass could also
learning techniques to evaluate the Smectic A composites, which can be be used in automotive applications and
materials based on seven predictive changed from clear to cloudy millions advertising. www.cam.ac.uk.
BRIEF
A team of researchers from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
Calif., and University of California, Santa Cruz devised a method for dou-
bling the performance of 3D-printed graphene-base supercapacitors. The
technique involves sandwiching lithium ion and perchlorate ion between
layers of graphene in aerogel electrodes, substantially improving electrode
capacity while maintaining an excellent rate capability. llnl.gov, ucsc.edu.
Cheng Zhu mixes ink material while colleagues observe. Courtesy of Julie Russell/LLNL.
13
PROCESS TECHNOLOGY
English ivy secretes one of the most
powerful glues found in nature.
previously unknown nanoparticles,

which are composed primarily of arab-
Savannah Bachman explores potential retrieval of rare earth elements from water inogalactan proteins. When climbing,
used in oil and gas production. ivy secretes these tiny nanoparticles that
make initial surface contact, explains
The team aims to develop a data- Mingjun Zhang, professor of biomedical
RECOVERING RARE EARTHS base of rare earth elements and trace engineering. Due to their high uniformi-
FROM INDUSTRIAL WATER metals from oil and gas-produced wa-
ty and low viscosity, they can attach to
Researchers from the University large areas on various surfaces.
ters from some of the nations most
of Wyoming (UW), Idaho National Lab- prolific hydrocarbon basins, identify Investigating further, Zhang and
oratory (INL), and the U.S. Geological similar oil and gas reservoirs, and cre- his team found that the driving force be-
Survey (USGS) are investigating wheth- hind the glues curing process is a calci-
ate a mathematical screening tool to
er rare earth elements can be recov- um-mediated interaction between these
test national geochemical databases.
ered from the high-temperature fluid proteins and pectin in the gelatinous liq-
UW researchers recently demonstrated
byproducts associated with energy uid that oozes from the ivy as it climbs,
an accurate method to measure rare
extraction. In recent years, demand for finding its way into openings invisible to
earth concentrations in highly saline
rare earths has increasedand so has the naked eye. After the moisture evap-
fluids, paving the way for the current
their coststimulating interest in new orates, a chemical bond forms. To con-
research. uwyo.edu, inl.gov, usgs.gov.
recovery methods. The UW-INL-USGS firm their discovery, scientists used the
nanoparticles to reconstruct a simple
collaboration is one of four groups to
BIOADHESIVE PROCESS glue that mimics ivy adhesive.
receive $4 million from the U.S. DOE to
determine the feasibility of obtaining REVEALED Understanding the proteins that
these critical materials from the by- Researchers at The Ohio State Uni- give the glue its strength could lead to
products of oil and gas production and versity, Columbus, discovered the mech- new adhesives for medical and indus-
geothermal projects. anism at work behind one of the stron- try products, according to Zhang, who
gest adhesives in natureglue used by foresees bioadhesives that could aid in
English ivy to cling to walls and trees, wound healing. Others, notably the U.S.
BRIEFS which is powerful enough to withstand military, are interested in surface-coat-
a hurricane. Examining this glue with ing applications that could strengthen
L&S Machine Co. LLC, Latrobe, an atomic force microscope revealed armor systems. osu.edu.
Pa., received ISO 9001:2008 and
AS9100C accreditation for the
manufacture and fabrication of Houghton International Inc., Norris-
buildtoprint metal and phenolic town, Pa., acquired the metalworking
parts. The certifications apply to fluid and industrial lubricant manufac-
the companys precision machin- turer Wallover Enterprises, Strongsville, Ohio. Wallover supplies indus-
ing, welding, waterjet cutting, and trial markets throughout the U.S. and Canada and provides technical
electrical discharge machining as expertise in electrical discharge machining fluids and cold rolling oils for
well as prototyping and inspection stainless steel. houghtonintl.com.
services. lsmachineco.com.
14
SURFACE ENGINEERING
The device contains a stored res- that penetrates glass while minimizing
ervoir of corrosion inhibitor. It works manufacturing costs.
by channeling aggressive electrolyte The material used to make this
anions into the coating, triggering the unique glass coating is metal oxide
release of the inhibitor on demand, thus based, which when coated on a glass
preventing corrosion. The system pre- pane, lets in an ample amount of sun-
vents the onset of corrosion for over 24 light while blocking solar infrared radi-
hours compared to less than two hours ation. This technique helps to maintain
for the current market leader, says a neutral and natural appearance at a
Professor Geraint Williams. We have much lower manufacturing cost than
demonstrated that the rate of corrosion conventional coatings. By avoiding
can be slowed down significantly once the need to repeat the vapor deposition
it has started. This is by far the best technique several times, we reduced
result seen in 15 years of research on the complexity and energy requirement
this topic. For more information: Ger- of the manufacturing process, as well as
aint Williams, geraint.williams@swan- the manufacturing cost, contributing to
sea.ac.uk, www.swansea.ac.uk. a more sustainable production process
and product, says Gougam. For more
A steel panel with the new anti-
corrosion treatment after being
GLAZING GLASS FOR information: Adel Gougam, agougam@
exposed to hundreds of hours of GREENER BUILDINGS masdar.ac.ae, www.masdar.ac.ae.
salt spray shows virtually no signs The amount of energy needed to
of corrosion. Courtesy of Patrick cool and ventilate all-glass buildings
Dodds, Swansea University.
can make them extremely heavy users
of resourcesan expense that has
CORROSION-PROOF STEEL both ecological and economic conse-
A team from Swansea University, quences. This is why glazing technolo-
UK, which is developing a new smart gies play a critical role in the future of
release corrosion inhibitor for use in glass manufacturing and sustainable
coated steel products, is working on an urban development.
alternative to hexavalent chromatea In an effort to make all-glass build-
common corrosion inhibitor facing an ings more sustainable and energy-effi-
EU ban in 2019. Corrosion inhibitors cient, assistant professor of mechanical
are commonly used in a wide range of and materials engineering Adel Gou-
sectors, including coated steel products gam of Masdar Institute, United Arab The iconic Aldar Headquarters building
used to construct industrial, commer- Emirates, is leading a team that devel- in Abu Dhabi has a panoramic glass
cial and other buildings; aerospace and oped a low-cost glass coating that can facade glazed with an energy efficient,
aircraft; and the automobile industry. significantly reduce the amount of heat low emissivity coating.
BRIEF
Pipe Restoration Technologies, Las Vegas, was granted its 15th U.S. patent for the ePIPE epoxy coating system.
The system effectively and safely seals leaks and protects pipes from lead leaching. Pipes as small as 0.5 in. diameter
can be protected from lead leaching and restored by sealing leaks in-place using the minimally invasive technique.
aceduraflo.com.
15
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) to develop
a technology that could achieve that
goal.
The nanofoam the team is devel-
opinga nanocellular composite with
super thermal insulation and sound-
proofinguses gas bubbles less than
100 nm in diameter to block the trans-
fer of heat and sound through glass
Researchers sandwich lithium ion and perchlorate ion between layers of graphene, windows while allowing visible light
substantially improving 3D-printed aerogel supercapacitor performance. to pass through and maintain a clar-
ity similar to normal windows. Thats
This two-step electrochemical
BOOSTING PERFORMANCE process increases the surface area of
really the trick, blocking the heat and
sound transfer while maintaining
OF 3D-PRINTED GRAPHENE graphene-based materials for charge transparency, says Ralph Muehleisen,
AEROGEL SUPERCAPACITORS storage, as well as the number of principal building scientist. Its fairly
Researchers from Lawrence Liver- pseudo-capacitive sites that con- simple to develop a coating that insu-
more National Laboratory (LLNL), Calif., tribute additional storage capacity, lates, but getting one that is thin and
along with a team from the University says Zhu. In the future, I think every you can still see through is a substan-
of California, Santa Cruz devised a device will be customized, so you need tial technical challenge.
method to double the performance of the unique architecture or shape (for The nanofoam, which will be
3D-printed graphene-based superca- the supercapacitor), he says. If extruded into sheets about 3 mm
pacitors. The procedure, which involves you can 3D print it, you can make thick, thermally insulates by using tiny
sandwiching lithium ion and perchlo- any shape you want. Everyone could bubbles to reduce collisions among
rate ion between layers of graphene design their own iPhone. For more gas molecules, thereby reducing heat
in aerogel electrodes, substantially information: Cheng Zhu, zhu6@llnl. energy transfer. When bubbles are
improves the capacity of the electrodes gov, www.llnl.gov. reduced to that scale, super thermal
while maintaining the devices excel- insulation becomes possible. Accord-
lent rate capability. NANOMATERIALS ENHANCE ing to ARPA-E, single-pane windows
This is a unique process that sig- WINDOW EFFICIENCY make up 30-40% of windows in the
nificantly raises the performance of Researchers at the U.S. Depart- U.S., depending on the region. Sin-
previous graphene aerogel supercapac- ment of Energys Argonne National Lab- gle-pane windows conduct at least
itors, says LLNL engineer Cheng Zhu. oratory, Ill., are using nanomaterials to twice as much heat as double paned,
Weve modified the devices and found improve the energy efficiency of exist- so retrofitting all those windows could
the best recipe. The technique involves ing single-pane windows in commercial save about $12 billion a year in energy
two ion-intercalation steps, followed by and residential buildings. The team was costs. For more information: Ralph Mue-
hydrolysis of perchlorate ion intercala- recently awarded a $3.1 million grant hleisen, [email protected], www.
tion compounds. from DOEs Advanced Research Projects anl.gov.
BRIEF BRIEFS
Malvern Instruments, UK, Cleveland,
Aleris, released an automated
offers a new 7017analyzer
aluminum that uses
alloy in dynamic light for
North America scattering
commercialto measure
plate andthe size of
defense
nanoparticles in suspensions
uses. Afterand emulsions.
extensive reviewTheandZetasizer ATU.S.
testing, the provides timely and
Army Research Lab reliable data that enables
issued MIL-DTL-32505 for usetracking
in armor
of processes in the sub-micron size
applications. range,
7017 offerssuch
highas emulsification,
strength, dispersion,
good weldability, milling and
and corrosion homogenization,
resistance. while
It is currently usedatin
the same time eliminating
Europetheanddelays
Asia onand inefficiencies
combat vehicles toassociated with manual
achieve superior analysis. malvern.com.
ballistic protection. aleris.com.
16
NONDESTRUCTIVE METHODS
NEUTRON CHARACTERIZATION
OF ADDITIVELY MANUFACTURED
INCONEL 718
Recent advances in neutron sources and

detector technologies enable new contrast
mechanisms to determine crystalline
information for metal components.
Hassina Bilheux, Gian Song, Ke An,

Jean Bilheux, Alexandru Stoica, Michael Kirka,
Ryan Dehoff, Louis Santodonato, Sarma Gorti,
Balasubramaniam Radhakrishnan,
and Qingge Xie, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tenn.
17
R
eactor-based neutron radiogra- processing-microstructure databases
(3)
phy is a nondestructive, noninva- are needed to develop and validate pre-
sive characterization technique dictive modeling tools for AM. where t is the time of detection and L
used extensively to characterize engi- is the distance between the source and
neering materials[1]. It is often used PRINCIPLES OF NEUTRON detector. Such wavelength dependent
to inspect[2,3], evaluate porosity, and RADIOGRAPHY information is collected at a reactor
to observe parts in-operando[4]. Neu- source, for example, by using a crystal
Neutron radiography (nR) mea-
tron radiography has been flourish- monochromator (a crystal that trans-
sures neutron beam attenuation
ing at reactor facilities for more than mits a selected band of neutron wave-
caused by absorption and scattering
four decades, but is relatively new to
within a sample using a 2D, position- length). However, using this method
accelorator-based neutron sources[5].
sensitive detector that measures trans- reduces incident intensity by almost
Recent advances in neutron sources
mitted neutron flux. Neutron computed two orders of magnitude. All wave-
and detector technologies include the
tomography (nCT) measures neutron lengths within a pulse are collected at
spallation neutron source (SNS) at Oak
beam attenuation in 3D by rotating a an accelerator-based or TOF neutron
Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and
sample to record attenuation for mul- source, and wavelength (or energy)
the microchannel plate (MCP) detec-
tiple beam paths through an object. is sorted by the time each neutron is
tor[6-8], respectively. These advances
The sample is usually rotated from 0 observed, reducing acquisition time
enable new contrast mechanisms using
to 180, assuming the beam is parallel. from several days to a few hours. This
neutron scattering Bragg features for
Data quality is improved by scanning enables acquiring neutron data at the
crystalline information, such as average
over the full 360 range (super-sam- highest TOF resolution achievable and
lattice strain[9], crystalline plane orien-
pling technique). Computational recon- post-processing the data in 2D and 3D
tation, and identification of phases in a
struction enables virtual visualization images. Because neutron cross sections
neutron radiograph[10].
of the sample in 3D. are wavelength dependent, the inten-
This new capability can help vali-
sity of each pixel of the radiograph, I,
date emerging additive manufacturing Neutrons can be used to study obtained at different wavelength ranges
(AM) processes. AM holds enormous defects, grain orientation and size, displays a different contrast. In non-
potential to revolutionize manufac- residual stress, and phase distribution textured crystalline materials, narrow
turing by enabling new designs with using both imaging and diffraction dips and abrupt edges in pixel intensity
complex geometries[11] that are not techniques. The principle of neutron occur at precise neutron wavelengths
feasible with conventional manufac- radiography is based on the Beer- specified by Braggs law:
turing processes. However, the tech- Lambert law given by:
nique lacks process optimization and (4)
control standards compared with tradi- (1)
tional processes. Residual stresses that where dhkl is the interplanar distance
commonly occur when materials are where I() is the transmitted beam for the (hkl) atomic planes and hkl are
machined, heat treated, hot and cold intensity for a neutron of wavelength the Bragg angles (angles between the
worked, and welded significantly affect ; I0() is the incident beam intensity; incident neutron beam and crystalline
mechanical properties and durability. and i() is the linear attenuation coef- planes). At a given (hkl) and for hkl <
Residual stresses can also occur during ficient of element i, of thickness xi, as 90 or hkl > 90, neutrons scatter/dif-
AM. For example, defects in AM parts seen by neutrons. The linear attenua- fract or transmit, respectively. At hkl =
such as internal cracks can propagate tion coefficient, i is given by: 90, the neutron wavelength reaches
over time as the component relaxes = hkl, neutrons reach the lowest
after removal from the build plate. (2) transmission, and the darkest pixels are
Because AM parts can only be indicative of the hkl orientation, thus
assessed after completion, it is impos- where i() is the neutron total cross effectively creating a map of preferred
sible to identify defects early enough to section (sum of scattering and absorp- crystalline plane orientations averaged
minimize expensive reruns. Current val- tion cross sections) of element i, i is through the thickness of a material.
idation of AM materials and processes material density, NA is Avogadros num- The wavelength resolution of a
occurs mainly through expensive tri- ber, and Mi is the element molar mass. neutron instrument, /, and the
al-and-error experiments at the compo- At a time-of-flight (TOF) neutron source, absence/presence of texture define
nent level. By comparison, the level of such as the SNS, neutrons are produced the shape of the Bragg edge. Assum-
confidence in predictive computational in pulses after being kinetically cooled ing sufficient wavelength resolution[10],
modeling in conventional processes or moderated by light atoms, resulting sharp Bragg edges are indicative of
is high enough to allow process and in an uncertainty in the time of emis- texture-free material. The position of
materials optimization through compu- sion, te, when the neutrons leave the the Bragg edge is defined by the applied
tational approaches. Thus, nondestruc- moderator. Neutron wavelength, , is or residual stress in the sample[9,12]. The
tive characterization techniques and determined by: precise location of the Bragg edge as a
18
function of spatially related applied or

residual stress conditions can directly

measure d-spacing of an imaged sam-
ple over the entire view area with single
pixel size defining the gauge volume,
leading to potentially increased spatial
resolution of the strain maps.
Using neutrons to image residual
stress enables nondestructive pene-
tration deep into large components.
Hard (high energy) x-rays offer similar
Fig. 1 Examination of AM Inconel 718 turbine blade using neutron computed tomography:
penetration capability (depending on
(a) nCT rendered volume; (b) virtual section from yellow outlined area in nCT data; (c) engineer-
the material), but the relevant diffrac-
ing drawing contours (yellow) overlapping neutron slice (gray); (d) color map of blade internal
tion angles are very small, so gauge structure shows variance from engineering drawing (purple and pink).
volumes are needle-like, which is prob-
lematic for measuring one component can be performed for the complete vol-
of the stress. Therefore, the two tech- ume. Overlapping the outline virtually
niques are highly complementary and enables various nondestructive mea-
are increasingly used in combination. surements including:
A limitation of the residual stress and Dimensional accuracy (printing
Bragg-edge imaging techniques is the tolerance)
ability to time-stamp neutrons at a Distortion (Fig. 1c)
very high temporal resolution to pro-
Defects and surface roughness of
vide a mechanism to detect Bragg
internal structure not reachable
shifts. Analysis of the imaging pattern using conventional characterization
using single Bragg peak fit or full pat- techniques without cutting (Fig. 1d)
tern Rietveld refinement gives an accu- Porosity Fig. 2 Total neutron cross section as a
rate value for the interplanar spacing, function of wavelength for Inconel 718 powder.
Figure 1d also shows an inter-
dhkl, from which the lattice strain, , can Increase of statistical noise at higher wave-
nal air path with acceptable deviation
be determined by: lengths is due to the decrease of neutron flux at
(0.08 mm) from the engineering draw-
these wavelengths. The gap between (311) and
(5) ing (indicated from red to blue), and
(222) is due to a detector acquisition time-out.
outside tolerance (indicated in pink and
where d0 is the reference interplanar purple). A shift of the channel walls (in
nontextured sample) measured at the
spacing under stress-free conditions. pink and purple) may have occurred
SNS Vulcan diffractometer. Edges are
For tensile strain, dhkl is greater than d0, due to the part relaxing after printing.
sharp (as expected for a powder sam-
which means the Braggs peak shifts to A video of the overlap of the turbine
ple that has no preferred grain orien-
a smaller angle; for compressive strain, blade design and nCT is available at
tation), and their respective positions
dhkl is smaller than d0. https://youtube.com/watch?v=eLTJl-
correspond to theoretical Bragg edge
bqICno&feature=youtu.be.
values calculated using d-spacing (d =
PUTTING NCT TO WORK The study is done systemati-
3.595 ) of Inconel 718 at the SNS Vul-
A 70-mm-tall Inconel 718 turbine cally at the resolution capability of
can beamline. Powder data represent
blade made by AM was measured using the neutron imaging system (50 m in
the ideal case and Bragg edge is drasti-
nCT at the high flux isotope reactor this case), and is fed back to model-
cally altered in a textured sample with a
(HFIR) CG-1D neutron imaging beam- ing capabilities to optimize printing
parameters. In particular, areas of grain size distribution.
line at ORNL[13]. Figure 1a shows the
blades rendered volume obtained from material removal and surplus can be Bulk samples were prepared from
nCT using fake coloring. Virtual studies tracked down throughout the sample the Inconel powder mentioned previ-
can be performed on a selected sec- volume, including internal structures ously using electron beam melting at
tion of the part (Fig. 1b) or on a slice- (Fig. 1c). In addition, it is possible the ORNL Manufacturing Demonstra-
by-slice basis (Fig. 1c). Figure 1c shows to directly measure the evolution of tion Facility. Samples were fabricated
the nCT attenuation slice in gray scale defects by measuring a standard sam- while manipulating the electron beam
overlapped with the outline of the ple before and after removal of the to form a real melt, which resulted in
component (in yellow) from the engi- build plate and overlapping nCT scans. solidification of grains in a random
neering drawing from which the part Figure 2 illustrates the Inconel 718 manner. Figure 3a shows a represen-
was printed. This direct comparison powder Bragg edges (equivalent to a tative electron back scatter diffraction
19
neutron diffraction strain mapping and
ESBD. Bragg edge radiography provides
grain orientation average over the thick-
ness of a sample, with differences in neu-
tron transmission due to the Bragg edge
scattering at wavelengths specific to
each crystal lattice plane. This technique
effectively measures crystal plane orien-
tation, assesses single crystal quality,
and quantifies Bragg edge shifts, which
Fig. 3 (a) Electron back scatter diffraction map and (b) neutron radiograph before compres- are indicative of average strain through
sion of equiaxed sample; (c) neutron radiograph of equiaxed sample after compression. the thickness of the material at a neu-
tron pulsed source such as the SNS.
While interest in additive manufac-
turing is increasing, the role of process-
ing variables on microstructure is still not
sufficiently understood to enable pre-
dictive finite element modeling design.
Experimental measurements were per-
formed at the SNS Vulcan diffractometer,
which revealed localized reorientation
and refinement of grains due to compres-
sion. These preliminary results highlight
Fig. 4 Bragg edge mapping of as-fab- Fig. 5 Bragg edge mapping comparison of
the potential of TOF neutron radiography
ricated (undeformed) and compressed Inconel 718 powder and equiaxed deformed
(deformed) EQ8 and EQ6 equiaxed sam- sample EQ6. to contribute to the understanding of
ples, respectively. Bragg edges of unde- AM materials characteristics. However, a
formed sample show presence of preferred the Bragg edges of the uncompressed pixel-by-pixel study would provide more
grain orientation (bumps between Bragg sample EQ8 is likely due to the presence detailed information. Further devel-
edges), whereas Bragg edges of deformed of grains with a preferred orientation in opments are aimed at enabling a pix-
sample are similar to Inconel 718 powder, the sample (Fig. 3b). el-by-pixel study, with potential spatial
indicating a local change in grain orien- After compression, sample EQ6 has resolution on the order of tens of microns
tation due to compression. Technique greater similarity to the Inconel powder and modeling of the Bragg edges to fur-
provides pixel-by-pixel mapping of prefer- ther understand microstructure and its
sample (Fig. 2), indicating the absence
ential grain reorientation. evolution. ~AM&P
of preferred crystallite orientationas
if sample grains reoriented during com-
(EBSD) grain orientation map for one of pression. A direct comparison between ACKNOWLEDGMENT
the equiaxed samples. Inconel powder and the deformed EQ6 The team thanks M. Frost and
After solidification and removal sample is shown in Fig. 5. Bragg edges H. Skorpenske for setting up the detec-
from the stainless steel base plate, are similar for both, while the (200) edge tor at the SNS beamlines. Resources at
samples were compressed 13% and for powder is higher, illustrating that the the High Flux Isotope Reactor and Spall-
compared with their uncompressed (200) orientation is more predominant ation Neutron Source, U.S. DOE Office
counterpart using Bragg edge radi- in the deformed sample. Also, the (511) of Science User Facilities operated by
ography (Fig. 3). Before compression, Bragg edge in the deformed sample is ORNL, were used in this research. This
grains with the same orientation are poorly defined, which is likely due to the research is also sponsored by the Lab-
visible in the radiograph (Fig. 3b), but preferred grain orientation in the sam- oratory Directed Research and Devel-
they realign preferentially due to comple rather than instrument wavelength opment Program of ORNL, managed by
pression (Fig. 3c). These results are also resolution, because all measurements UT-Battelle LLC, for DOE.
reflected in Bragg edge image analy- were performed at the SNS Vulcan dif-
sis (Fig. 4). Before compression, Bragg fractometer under the same beam optic For more information: Hassina Bilheux
edges are not as pronounced as in the configuration. is neutron imaging lead instrument
powder sample despite the fact that the scientist for the HFIR CG-1D and SNS
samples were printed with no preferred CONCLUSIONS VENUS beamlines, Oak Ridge National
grain orientation. A trend similar to that ORNL has recently implemented Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd., Oak
in the powder sample (Fig. 2) might be neutron radiography based on detect- Ridge, TN 37831, [email protected],
expected. The presence of bumps in ing Bragg edge features to complement 865.384.9630, neutrons.ornl.gov.
20
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Neutron Imaging and Measurements and Methods in Physics Research nation of Stresses from Time-of-Flight
on a Rotating Engine, Nuclear Instru- Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Neutron Transmission Spectra, J. App.
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Detectors and Associated Equipment, 8. A.S. Tremsin, et al., Transmission ization for Additive Manufacturing, Adv.
542(1-3), p 142-147, 2005. Bragg Edge Spectroscopy Measure- Matls. & Proc., 171(3), p 23-27, 2013.
SUPERB CHEMICAL RESISTANCE

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48-72 hours at 75F
Hackensack, NJ USA 07601 +1.201.343.8983 [email protected]

www.masterbond.com
21
TECHNICAL SPOTLIGHT
USING ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS TO
MANAGE INDUSTRIAL CORROSION
As industrial infrastructure continues to age, the risk of corrosion-related
incidents becomes greater, increasing the need for detailed analysis of
residual elements in steel framework and equipment.
I
n the chemical, oil and gas, fossil fuel, Is the need for materials analysis
and nuclear power industries, pipe greater today than in the past?
and equipment corrosion is a major Industrial infrastructure across the
cause of leaks and other issues that can country is aging, with many oil refining
lead to early replacements, unplanned and petrochemical sites using the same
outages, and incidents potentially pipe they did 30 or 40 years ago. As
resulting in plant and factory damage piping and components age, the abil-
and injury to workers. To learn more ity to verify their elemental makeup is
about this topic, Advanced Materi- essential in order to prevent leaks and
als & Processes spoke with Brian Wil- ruptures that could adversely impact
son, business development manager, worker safety and plant reliability. In
energy markets, portable analytical the past, metals analysis primarily
instruments, for Thermo Fisher Scien- focused on heavy elements that made
tific, about the causes and dangers of up the largest proportion of the alloy
infrastructure corrosion and how por- matrix. Today, we are learning more
about corrosion mechanisms and the Thermo Scientific Niton XL5 XRF analyzer
table analysis tools can help facilities inspects finished welds in steel piping.
save time and improve safety. need to analyze residual, or trace ele-
ments, which require more sensitive
Can you discuss the importance of testing technology to measure. It is can corrode at an accelerated rate when
analyzing element concentrations in critical that refineries and plants imple- exposed to hydrogen containing sulfur
industrial infrastructure? ment a material verification program compounds at elevated temperatures.
Throughout the chemical, oil (MVP) proactivelybefore a costly fail- Using materials analysis technology,
and gas, fossil fuel, and nuclear power ure occursas infrastructure ages. technicians can measure the elemental
industries, there is an increased focus composition of piping and components
What are the main causes of corro- and detect the presence of alloying
on measuring residual elements in the sion across the industrial sectors?
carbon and microalloyed steels used elements (such as silicon, vanadium,
A number of variables cause niobium, and titanium) that can reduce
in piping and components. It is imper-
corrosion at industrial sites, mainly the rate of deterioration, in addition to
ative to understand the expected life
stemming from sustained equipment residual elements that can contribute
and performance of the infrastructure. use and elevated levels of residual to corrosion.
As carbon steel manufacturing has elements. One cause, in particular, is
become more dependent on recycled flow-accelerated corrosion. This occurs Several technologies are available
metal scrap, residual element concen- when the protective oxide layer on the to analyze the elemental content
trations in materials have increased. inside surface of carbon and low alloy of metals. Which approach do
These can significantly impact mate- steel pipe dissolves as iron oxides that you recommend for industrial
rial propertiesincluding corrosion naturally form on the pipes exposed infrastructure?
resistancewith regard to melting and surface are removed by hot water flow- For metals analysis, materials
maintenance of piping and compo- ing over it. Elevated levels of residual characterization is generally performed
nents. We have seen elemental analysis elements such as chromium, copper, using methods such as x-ray fluores-
become increasingly important for both and nickel can also cause corrosion in cence (XRF), optical emission spec-
installed and newly purchased indus- hydrofluoric acid alkylation units, while trometry (OES), and lab analysis. Over
trial framework and equipment. carbon steels with low silicon content the years, the materials characteri-
22
Repeat measurements
Low- and high-standard silicon in carbon steel measurement results using the
Niton XL5 XRF analyzer.
Elemental content of steel piping inspec-

tion with the Niton XL5 XRF analyzer.
zation field has seen XRF technology

evolve and even match OES in terms of
performance and reliability. XRF is now
incorporated into much smaller instru-
mentation than ever before, allowing
easier access to hard-to-reach areas
such as corner welds, inside vessels
and exchangers. Inherent to its smaller,
lightweight design, it can also help
reduce operator fatigue.
How is XRF technology used in plants

and refineries? Microalloy element measurements of carbon steel samples using the Niton XL5 XRF analyzer
The greatest advantage of XRF agree with laboratory test results.
technology is user productivity. Mod-
ern XRF equipment can take a mea-
surement in a few seconds with little What are you seeing with regard to samples to a lab, industrial sites can
sample preparation and produce real- standards and legal requirements? prove to regulators that they have a
time results that allow users to make
In the United States, we are see- program in place to monitor and man-
immediate decisions. XRF analysis is
ing increased pressure from regulatory age corrosion. As the oil refining and
also nondestructive. These are major
groups like the EPA (Environmental petrochemical industries continue to
advantages compared to lab testing, Protection Agency) and OSHA (Occu- require more inspection and data col-
which often requires removing a seg- pational Safety and Health Adminis- lection, we expect that use of portable
ment of the sample and sending it to an tration) demanding that asset holders XRF metal analyzers will become even
offsite lab for results. Another advan- know the composition of materials they more common. ~AM&P
tage is ease of use. Modern XRF ana- have in place. Because portable ana- For more information: Brian Wilson is
lyzers are smaller, faster, and smarter lyzers are easier to use than earlier ver- business development manager, energy
instruments than previous generations. sions, employees at industrial sites are markets, portable analytical instruments,
This allows users without extensive beginning to conduct materials analysis Thermo Fisher Scientific, 2 Radcliff Rd.,
materials analysis training to measure themselves. By enabling onsite workers Tewksbury, MA 01876, 713.380.1287,
the elemental composition of a metal to conduct measurements without hir- [email protected], ther-
pipe or component onsite. ing a third-party contractor or sending mofisher.com/portableid.
23
MATERIALS SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY 2016
OCTOBER 2327
SALT PALACE CONVENTION CENTER SALT LAKE CITY
T
he MS&T partnership brings
together scientists, engineers,
students, suppliers, and other
professionals to discuss current
research and technical applications,
and to shape the future of materials sci-
ence and technology. In addition to the
four organizing societies, NACE Interna-
tional will co-sponsor MS&T16.
PLENARY LECTURES
TUESDAY, OCTOBER 25
8:00 10:40 a.m.
ACerS Edward Orton Jr.

The Salt Palace Convention Center boasts 515,000 sq ft of exhibit space, 164,000 sq ft of
Memorial Lecture
meeting space including a 45,000-sq-ft grand ballroom, and 66 meeting rooms. Courtesy
Designing Ceramics for Next-
of Adam Barker.
Generation Energy Systems
Bruce Dunn, professor, Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, high energy density of battery mate- metal failures at peak applied loads or
University of California, Los Angeles rials. Key advances as well as future stress levels less than required to cause
The ability to design the chemis- trends will be discussed. permanent deformation. In this pre-
try and nanostructure of ceramics will sentation, selected historical aspects
AIST Adolf Martens Memorial
continue to have a profound effect on of fatigue testing and failures will be
Steel Lecture
the performance of electrode materi- presented, the fundamental basis for
Enhancing the Fatigue Performance
als for electrochemical energy storage. fatigue will be reviewed, and oppor-
of Steel: Have We Learned
One significant contribution to the lithi- tunities to increase the fatigue perfor-
Anything from the Past?
um-ion battery field is the development mance, and thus safety, of operating
of nanoscale materials whose shorter David K. Matlock, University Emeritus equipment will be discussed.
ion and electron path lengths have led professor, Colorado School of Mines
ASM/TMS Joint Distinguished Lecture
to improvements in energy and power Fatigue failures in operating equip-
in Materials and Society
densities. The development of core- ment continue to occur even though
Elegant Solutions: Exploration
shell architectures represents another extensive research has been done since
and Outcomes that Matter
substantial advancement in the design the mid-1800s when the important
of electrode materials. Pseudocapac- basic aspects of fatigue were identified Julie A. Christodoulou, FASM, Director,
itors based on transition metal oxides after multiple railroad axle failures led Office of Naval Research
offer the promise of a new generation of to several catastrophic accidents in New tools and new ways of using
energy storage materials that combine Europe. At that time, it was realized that existing instruments are made available
the high power of capacitors and the application of cyclic loads could lead to to us on a near-daily basis. Materials
24
Correlative Light and Electron

Microscopy of Metals
12:00 4:30 p.m.
Instructor: John Peppler
Light microscopy and electron
microscopy each offer specific advan-
tages and limitations when applied
to the analysis of metallic materials.
Correlating light microscopy images
obtained with a variety of illumination
and contrast techniques to SEM/EDS
images at the same locations provides
valuable information for interpretation
of results.
Sugarhouse Park Duck Pond is a 110-acre park located at the heart of the Sugar House neigh- Essential Microstructure
borhood of Salt Lake City. Courtesy of Adam Barker. Interpretation
8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m.
Instructor: Frauke Hogue
researchers can now explore structure yield the best possible parts. Different This one-day course focuses on
at scales where chemical and physi- additive manufacturing (AM) processes practical interpretation, phase dia-
cal phenomena occur, allowing more will be compared and contrasted as to grams, and thermodynamics. Slides of
confident identification and control of how they manipulate the starting pow- over 200 structures will be observed to
ultimate properties. In-situ and in-ope- der and how that affects the ultimate find out and discuss what each struc-
randi tools provide critical insight into material properties. ture tells about the type of material,
manufacturing methods used, heat
the complicated and rapidly changing
A Design Mindset for Additive treatment, mechanical properties, and
environments in which real materials
Manufacturing sometimes even failure modes.
perform, challenging hypotheses and
8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m.
assumptions and forcing the develop- Failure Mechanisms and Analysis
ment of more rigorous analysis. Instructor: Howard A. Kuhn 8:30 a.m. 12:00 p.m.
This short course focuses on a Instructor: Ronald J. Parrington
formalized approach to design for This half-day short course is based
TECHNICAL PROGRAM AM by briefly reviewing the materials on the very popular ASM course: Princi-
MS&T16 focuses on 11 major sym- and characteristics of AM processes, ples of Failure Analysis. Whether made
posia themes covering the breadth of describing various research accom- of metallic or nonmetallic materials,
materials science and engineering. plishments and successful commercial components fail by distortion, corro-
These include additive manufacturing; applications, and summarizing these sion, wear, and/or fracture. Numerous
observations into a set of rules, proce- examples and case studies are illus-
biomaterials; ceramic and glass materi-
dures, and mindset for realizing genu- trated with photographs, fractographs,
als; electronic and magnetic materials;
ine value propositions for AM in metallic and photomicrographs.
energy; fundamentals, characteriza-
tion, and computational modeling; iron and ceramic materials. Testing and Qualification in
and steel (ferrous alloys); materials-en- Additive Manufacturing
Computational Modeling of Thermal
vironment interactions; nanomaterials; 8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m.
Processes for Metallic Parts
processing and manufacturing; and Instructor: Prabir K. Chaudhury
8:30 a.m. 4:30 p.m. This short course will address the
special topics.
Instructor: B. Lynn Ferguson role of testing and qualification for
This one-day course covers a por- industrial implementation of various
EDUCATION COURSES tion of the broad field of computation AM processes.
modeling of materials, but it will illus-
SUNDAY, OCTOBER 23 trate the concepts of integrated compu- THURSDAY, OCTOBER 27
Additive Manufacturing of Metals tational materials engineering (ICME). AND FRIDAY, OCTOBER 28
8:30 a.m. 12:00 p.m. Computational modeling of thermal Sintering of Ceramics
Instructor: Eric Bono processing of metallic parts is the focus, Instructor: Mohamed N. Rahaman
This course looks at some of the with emphasis on microstructure con- This two-day course follows key
conditions and what impact they may trol, dimensional change, and stress topics in the textbook, Sintering of
have on final components as well as during and as a consequence of the Ceramics, by M. N. Rahaman (book
how to manage and control them to process. included) and will be supplemented by
25
Extending the Range of the Glassy State:
New Insights from the Novel Properties
of Metallic Glasses
1:00 2:00 p.m.

ACerS Frontiers of Science and
SocietyRustum Roy Lecture
Cato T. Laurencin
University of Connecticut
Regenerative Engineering: A Conver-
gence Approach to Next Generation
Grand Challenges
SPECIAL EVENTS
SUNDAY, OCTOBER 23
MS&T Women in Materials
Science Reception
Salt Lake Citys Main Library opened in February 2003 and remains one of the most architec- 6:00 7:00 p.m.
turally unique structures in Utah. Courtesy of Dana Sohm. Enjoy the chance to network with
professionals and peers in a relaxed
detailed case studies of the sintering of Yoshiki Iwazaki environment.
specific ceramics and systems. Taiyo Yuden Co. Ltd.
Material Design of Dielectric and
MONDAY, OCTOBER 24
Experience Salt Lake City
SPECIAL LECTURES Piezoelectric Materials with First-
Principles Calculation
9:00 10:00 a.m.
Meet with local tour organizers
MONDAY, OCTOBER 24 James G. Hemrick who will provide information on local
9:00 10:00 a.m. Reno Refractories Inc. activities, sites, and self-guided tours
ACerS/NICE Arthur L. Friedberg A Future for Refractory Ceramic in Salt Lake City. The knowledgeable
Ceramic Engineering Tutorial and Technology Based on a Rich Past local staff will assist in getting your day
Lecture Tomoyuki Nakamura planned and started. Advance registra-
Aldo R. Boccaccini Murata Manufacturing Co. Ltd. tion is not required.
University of Erlangen-Nuremberg
Development of Dielectrics for
Bioactive Glasses in Soft Tissue Repair: Welcome Reception and
Monolithic Ceramic Capacitor
What Do We Know So Far? Exhibit Opening
Bryan D. Huey 4:30 6:00 p.m.
2:00 5:00 p.m. University of Connecticut Network with your colleagues,
ACerS Alfred R. Cooper High Speed and Tomographic AFM meet new people, and learn about the
Award Session of Functional Materials exciting membership offerings of the
Cooper Distinguished Lecture organizing societies.
G. Neville Greaves 2:30 4:00 p.m.
Cambridge University and Alpha Sigma Mu Lecture ACerS 118th Annual Meeting
Wuhan University of Technology Alton D. Romig, Jr. 1:00 2:00 p.m.
Where Inorganic Meets Organic in the Executive Officer, National Academy Newly elected officers take their
Glassy State: Hybrid Glasses and Dental of Engineering positions during the annual member-
Cements National Academy of Engineering ship meeting. All ACerS members and
Grand Challenges for Engineering guests are welcome.
2:00 4:20 p.m.
ACerS Richard M. Fulrath ASM Women in Materials
Award Session TUESDAY, OCTOBER 25 Engineering Breakfast
Tadachika Nakayama 12:45 1:45 p.m. 7:00 9:00 a.m.
Nagaoka University of Technology ASM Edward DeMille Campbell Join colleagues and listen to a
Ceramics/Polymer Hybrids and its Memorial Lecture lively discussion of relevant topics with
Processing with Nano Pulsed Power A. Lindsay Greer featured speakers. Tickets can be pur-
Technology University of Cambridge chased via the registration form.
26
EXHIBITOR LIST
Company Booth Company Booth

ACerS 132 Micromeritics Instrument 119
AdValue Technology 218 MSE Supplies LLC 328
Advanced Abrasives Corp. 327 MTI Corp. 500
Agilent Technologies 506 MTS Systems Corp. 431
Akrometrix LLC 105 Nabertherm Inc. 207
Aldrich Materials Science 233 Nanovea 111
Alfred University (CACT) 405 Netzsch Instruments N.A. LLC 413
Allied High Tech 400 National Institute of Standards and Technology 419
American Stress Technologies 408 NSL Analytical Services 430
Anton Paar USA 204 Oxford Instruments 212
Applied Test Systems 306 PANalytical 205
ASM International 100 Photron USA Inc. 427
Boise State University 524 Precision Surfaces International 508
Cameca Instruments Inc. 522 Premier Lab Supply Inc. 330
Carl Zeiss Microscopy LLC 401 Proto Manufacturing Inc. 502
Centorr Vacuum Industries 322 Pulstec 420
CM Furnaces 421 Renishaw 221
CompuTherm 321 Rigaku 332
EBSD Analytical Inc. 424 Sente Software 411
EDAX Inc. 422 Setaram 118
Electron Microscopy Sciences 211 Springer 407
FEI Co. 318 Struers 310
FlackTek Inc. 423 TA Instruments 323
Gasbarre Products Inc. (PTX) 418 Taylor & Francis 133
Goceram 325 TEC (Technology for Energy Group) 309
Goodfellow Corp. 426 Tescan USA 201
Granta Design 512 TevTech LLC 425
Harper International 526 Thermcraft Inc. 305
Heraeus Platinum Labware 121 Thermo-Calc Software Inc. 432
Hitachi High Technologies America 410 Thinky USA Inc. 331
HORIBA Scientific 333 TMS 520
Hysitron 219 UES Inc. 223
International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) 101 Union Process 232
JEOL 301 Unitron Ltd. 112
Keyence Corp. 208 Verder Scientific Carbolite 311
Leco Corp. 300 John Wiley & Sons 307
Metal Samples Co. 319
Metcut Research 213 Exhibitor list current as of July 11.
27
MS&T16 Exhibit
Happy Hour Reception
4:00 6:00 p.m.
Network with colleagues and build
relationships with qualified attendees,
buyers, and prospects.
ASM Awards Dinner

7:15 9:30 p.m.
Celebrate the wonderful accom-
plishments of this years award recip-
ients and the 2016 Class of Fellows.
Tickets can be purchased via the regis-
tration form.
Salt Lake City was founded in 1847. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was
originally named Great Salt Lake Citythe word great was dropped from the official
EXHIBITION
MS&T16 brings together profes-
name in 1868. Courtesy of Douglas Pulsipher.
sionals from virtually every field of
materials sciencemetals, polymers,
ASM Leadership Awards Luncheon Union Pacific Depot; and more. Pur- ceramics, and composites. Almost every
11:30 a.m. 1:00 p.m. chase tickets at registration. industry is represented including auto-
ASMs organizational unit awards, motive, aerospace, instrumentation,
as well as awards and scholarships of ASM Geodesic Dome Design medical, oil and gas, and energy. Reach
the ASM Materials Education Founda- Competition Domesday potential customers from all markets in
tion, will be presented. ASMs incoming 10:15 a.m. 1:30 p.m.* a single venue. There is also a Profes-
Committee/Council chairs will also be Can these domes take the weight? sional Recruitment & Career Pavilion.
recognized for their leadership. Visit the exhibit hall for the display,
ASM 103rd Annual Business Meeting

judging, and selection of winners at the EXHIBIT DATES, HOURS,
4:00 5:00 p.m.
third ASM Geodesic Dome Design Com-
petition. To register as a contestant and
AND ACTIVITIES*
Attend our annual business meet-
ing where officers will be elected for the
for more information, visit asminterna- MONDAY, OCTOBER 24
tional.org/domesday. Welcome reception and exhibition
2016-2017 term and other ASM busi-
ness will be transacted. ASM members grand opening.
Ceramic Mug Drop Contest
and guests are welcome. 11:15 a.m. 12:15 p.m.* 4:30 6:00 p.m.
Mugs fabricated by students from
ASM Canada Council Suite
ceramic raw materials are judged on
TUESDAY, OCTOBER 25
9:00 p.m. 12:00 a.m. ASM Mini-Materials Camp:
Experience Canadian hospitality. aesthetics and breaking thresholds.
9:00 a.m. 2:00 p.m.
The mug with the highest successful
ACerS 118th Annual Honors Exhibition hours: 10:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m.
drop distance wins. Visit matscitech.
and Awards Banquet Football feature: 10:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m.
org/students for more information.
6:45 10:00 p.m. Career pavilion: 10:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m.
Enjoy dinner, conversation, and Ceramic Disc Golf Contest Food court: 12:00 2:00 p.m.
presentation of Society awards. Pur- 12:30 1:30 p.m.* Happy hour reception: 4:00 6:00 p.m.
chase tickets for $90 via meeting Students create discs from
registration. ceramic or glass materials to meet cer-
WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 26
Exhibition hours: 9:00 a.m. 2:00 p.m.
tain specifications, and the discs are
TUESDAY, OCTOBER 25 thrown into a regulation disc golf bas-
ASM Mini-Materials Camp: 9:00 a.m.
Salt Lake City Tour 2:00 p.m.
ket. Each disc will be judged in the cat-
Poster viewing: 9:30 a.m. 2:00 p.m.
8:30 a.m. 2:00 p.m. egories of farthest distance achieved
Football feature: 9:30 a.m. 2:00 p.m.
Includes visits to Temple Square; and artistic merit.
Food court: 12:00 2:00 p.m.
the State Capitol Building; This is the
Place Heritage Park; historic districts MS&T Young Professionals Reception
with mansions and cathedrals; Uni- 4:30 6:00 p.m.
versity of Utah; Pony Express Station; Meet and network with fellow *Times are tentative and subject to
historic Fort Douglas; Trolley Square; young professionals. change
28
42nd INTERNATIONAL
SYMPOSIUM FOR TESTING

AND FAILURE ANALYSIS
NOVEMBER 610
FORT WORTH CONVENTION CENTER, TEXAS
T
he theme of ISTFA 2016 is Next
Generation, and it is truly infused
into all levels of the program.
There are opportunities to meet and
discuss research with students work-
ing on various failure analysis topics,
and to possibly find an engineer to fill
a future job opening. However, a Next
Generation engineer is raresome even
think there is a crisis fueled by a lack of
relevant academic education. Christian
Boit and Philipp Scholz address this
in their keynote presentation, which
proves the opposite is true.
Opening in 1968, the Fort Worth Convention Center is noted for its indoor arena, resembling
The technical program is poised to
a flying saucer.
be excellent, with papers coming from a
record number of abstract submissions.
For networking and relaxation, there is a
Electrostatic Discharge in full conference attendee receives a
lively, Texas-inspired evening event. As
Robotic Manufacturing Lines ticket as part of registration.
always, the exposition attracts top com-
Instructor: Peter Jacob
panies in the industry to demonstrate
next-generation equipment and products.
EMPA Duebendorf
TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 8
More than 60 companies are showcased.
MONDAY, NOVEMBER 7 Plenary session
9:00 10:30 a.m.
Tools of the Trade Tour
EDUCATION SHORT 5:00 6:00 p.m.
Christian Boit, professor at the
Technische Universitt Berlin, former
COURSES This tour allows select ISTFA
director of failure analysis at Infineon
attendees exclusive access to attend
Technology, and general chair of ISTFA
SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 5 and view product demonstrations from
2002 demonstrates, together with
Beam-Based Defect Localization top companies prior to the exhibit hall
Philipp Scholz, that it is possible for a
Instructor: Edward Cole, Jr. opening. Reception to follow.
university to equip engineers with great
Sandia National Laboratories Social event skills and knowledge. His students suc-
Fault Isolation Techniques for 7:00 10:00 p.m. cessfully find internships and employ-
Failure Analysis Enjoy a fun-filled evening at the ment in failure analysis at tier one
Instructor: David Vallett iconic Billy Bobs Texas including semiconductor companies not only in
PeakSource Analytical LLC food, drinks, and entertainment. Every Europe, but also in the U.S.
29
EXHIBITOR LIST
Company Booth Company Booth Company Booth
Advanced Circuit Engineers 122 Hi-Rel Laboratories 524 Oxford Instruments 401
Advantest Corp. 504 HiLevel Technology Inc. 224 Park Systems Inc. 101
Akrometrix LLX 125 Hitachi High Technologies 305 Quantum Focus Instruments 225
Allied High Tech 201 ibss Group 118 Quartz Imaging 121
Analytical Solutions 505 Imina Technologies SA 113 Robson Technologies Inc. 415
Anasys Instruments 114 IXRF Systems Inc. 414 Sage Analytical Lab 500
Angstrom Scientific Inc. 231 JEOL USA 200 Samco International 216
Applied Beams 419 Jiaco Instruments 103 Sela USA Inc. 331
Attolight AG 423 Keysight Technologies 411 Semicaps 324
Balazs Nanoanalysis 222 Kleindiek Nanotechnik 330 Sonoscan 210
Barnett Technical Services 421 LatticeGear 420 South Bay Technology 115
Bruker 313 Left Coast Instruments/RKD 212 SPI Supplies 204
BSET EQ 321 Materials Analysis Technology 120 Synopsys 109
Carl Zeiss Microscopy 211 Mentor Graphics 306 Ted Pella 425
Checkpoint Technologies 301 Mesoscope Technology Co. Ltd. 518 Tescan USA Inc. 317
Control Laser Corp. 502 Muegge GmbH 124 TMC Ametek 105
Electron Microscopy Sciences 409 Nanolab Technologies 322 ULTRA TEC 221
Evans Analytical Group 117 Nikon Metrology 501 XEI Scientific 427
EXpressLO LLC 126 Nippon Scientific Co. Ltd. 416 Yxlon FeinFocus 116
FEI Co. 106 Nisene Technology Group 311 Zurich Instruments AG 112
Gatan 208 Neocera LLC 111
Hamamatsu Corp. 207 Nordson Dage 127
HDI Solutions - Hitachi 223 Olympus 412 Exhibitor list current as of July 11.
Expo Welcome Reception

5:00 6:40 p.m.
EXHIBITION HOURS
Attendees are encouraged to min- Tuesday, November 8 Wednesday, November 9
gle on the exhibit floor with exhibitors 9:00 a.m. 6:40 p.m. 9:30 a.m. 3:30 p.m.
while enjoying an assortment of appe-
tizers and beverages.
WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 9
EDFAS General Membership Meeting
and Luncheon
12:15 1:30 p.m.
SPECIAL CONTESTS
EDFAS Video ContestWinners will
be showcased with their three-minute
films about failure analysis results or
interesting artifacts.
EDFAS Photo ContestThe best
images in optical microscopy, ray/UV Fort Worth was established in 1849 as an army outpost on a bluff overlooking the Trinity Riv-
micrographs, photon emissions, and er. Today, the city still embraces its Western heritage and traditional architecture and design.
more will be displayed.
30
METALLURGY LANE
Metallurgy Lane, authored by ASM life member Charles R. Simcoe, is a continuing series dedicated to the early history of the U.S.
metals and materials industries along with key milestones and developments.
THE INTEGRATED STEEL INDUSTRYPART III

THE ADVENT OF LITTLE STEEL AND THE STRIKE OF 1937 HAD
A LASTING IMPACT ON THE DOMESTIC STEEL INDUSTRY
AND LABOR RELATIONS IN PARTICULAR.
S
teel companies that emerged in for workers was corrected during the
the Midwest to serve the grow- Franklin D. Roosevelt administration.
ing manufacturing markets in
Ohio, Illinois, and Michigan were much NATIONAL LABOR
smaller than United States Steel Corp. RELATIONS ACT
(USS), and therefore referred to as Lit- Congress passed a labor bill writ- Founded in 1936, the Congress of Indus-
tle Steel. These companies included ten by Senator Robert F. Wagner of trial Organizations (CIO) achieved victory
Youngstown Sheet and Tube Co. (YS&T) New York that became known as the when it forced the Little Steel compa-
in Ohio, Inland Steel Co. in Chicago, National Labor Relations Act, signed nies to finally recognize the Steel Workers
Jones & Laughlin Steel Co. (J&L) in by President Roosevelt on July 5, 1935. Organizing Committee as the bargaining
Pittsburgh, The American Rolling Mill The Act gave workers the right to orga- agent for its steelworkers in 1942. Courte-
Co. (ARMCO) in Middletown, Ohio, nize and bargain with management sy of explorepahistory.com.
Republic Steel Co. in Cleveland, and for wages, hours, and other benefits.
National Steel Corp. in Detroit. These six The Act also established a National the SWOC for its 225,000 workers. How-
companiescombined with Bethlehem Labor Relations Board (NLRB) to over- ever, Lewis had misjudged the reac-
Steel who joined them in their crusade see elections and examine company tion of the Little Steel companies and
to prevent employees from forming a labor policies. Forty-five years after the Bethlehem Steel. With regard to Taylor,
uniongained notoriety by displaying worker struggle at Homesteadwhere Lewis was working with an individual
the worst reaction to organized labor Henry Frick faced down strikers with with a background in law and finance
in the history of American steelmaking. 300 armed guardslabor finally had as well as experience in industries other
Labor unrest was common in the the backing of the federal government than steel. However, with Little Steel
steel industry. Low wages, a hot and for the right to form unions to negotiate and Bethlehem, Lewis faced two of the
dirty work environment, unsafe con- with management. most anti-union men in the history of
ditions, and poor treatment of work- However, the immediate problem steelEugene Grace and Tom Girdler.
ers lead to strikes. One serious strike was finding an organization that could
occurred at YS&T in 1916 where work- assist steelworkers with organizing a GRACE AND GIRDLER
ers were fired on by company guards, nationwide union movement. John L. Eugene Grace began work as a
killing two and wounding more than Lewis, president of the national United crane operator at Bethlehem in 1898
100. The incident resulted in a riot Mine Workers union for coal miners, right out of Lehigh University. Under
that burned down part of the city of formed a Steel Workers Organizing Com- Charles Schwab, he advanced to pres-
Youngstown. These isolated strikes mittee (SWOC). Using officials from his ident within 16 years. He adopted his
were often limited to one company or own union, he recruited workers from attitude toward labor from Schwab who
one plant and were therefore never suc- the steel industry. He selected Philip had been superintendent of the Home-
cessful. Steelworkers were unable to Murray to head the activity. The SWOC stead plant during the 1892 strike. From
form an organization that would lead to demanded a $5 per day, 40-hour work that event, Schwab formed his extreme
industry-wide action and there was no week, plus time and a half for overtime. attitude toward unions.
legal basis for workers to join a union Lewiss first goal was to organize Tom Girdler was another enemy of
like those that protected corporations. the largest steel companies, believing the labor unions. He became president
Therefore, company officials could call that the smaller firms would follow. of J&L, but left to take over the newly
on the police or the National Guard His breakthrough came in March 1937 formed Republic Steel Co. in 1930. To pro-
to break up a strike and protect their when he and Myron Taylor, president of tect their companies during the unrest of
property. This lack of legal protection USS, signed an agreement to recognize the 1930s, Bethlehem and Republic Steel
31
When talks broke down, things started
to escalate. As the crowd began to press
forward, they were met with tear gas
and gunshots into the air. As people
in the back kept pushing forward, the
police responded by throwing more tear
gas and firing into the crowd. Everyone
turned to escape as the gunfire con-
tinued along with beatings by police
clubs. The police continued to chase the
crowd, clubbing and shooting as men,
Senator Robert F. Wagner of New York,
women, and children ran for their lives.
Tom Girdler, president of Republic Steel,
author of the Wagner Act that allowed testifying before the Senate Post Office Ten men were killed and over 100
workers to organize unions. Courtesy of Committee in June 1937. Courtesy of strikers needed medical attention.
Library of Congress. Library of Congress. Afterward, the police, newspapers, and
Republic Steel all blamed the workers
for the massacre. Later investigations
along with other Little Steel companies There were already 33,000 steelwork-
by Congress found that all of the dead
began stockpiling guns, ammunition, ers on strike at other Little Steel plants.
were shot in the back or side while try-
clubs, and tear gas. Managements con- The company had prepared by trucking
ing to flee the area. It was Congress that
tentious attitude toward labor had not in food and cots to house the workers
finally published the true and detailed
changed since the Homestead strike. to be replaced with supervisors, man-
facts of what happened during the
However, after the Wagner Act, agers, and imported stand-ins for the
Memorial Day Massacre.
which legalized recruitment of union strikers. Republic intended to keep
The strike failed and workers
members and encouraged elections, operating during the strike.
returned to their jobs. Many were fired
the companies ignored the law against
worker resistance just as they had in MEMORIAL DAY MASSACRE for their union activities and some
were blackballed so they could never
the past. The SWOC asked for a meet- OF 1937 find work in their communities. But
ing with Grace and Girdler to discuss Toward the end of May 1937, the SWOC did not accept the situation.
an agreement on holding elections to SWOC members attempted to demon- They turned to the federal government
determine if the majority of their work- strate at the gates in front of the plant and the courts for help. In the spring
ers wanted a union or not. Girdlers and each time they were turned away of 1938, the NLRB found that Republic
answer was to close a plant in Canton, by the police. On Sunday, May 30, the Steel had violated the Wagner Act. They
Ohio, and lay off the workers. The SWOC men made a new attempt to reach the ordered the company to rehire thou-
then met with Philip Murray where both gates. It was Memorial Day and wives sands of workers with back pay, and to
parties agreed to bargain over wages and children joined them along with award payment to the injured and the
and hours, but Murray refused to hold workers from other steel plants and vol- families of those killed. The company
elections or sign to recognize a union. unteers from the public. They were met appealed the order but the court ruled
Grace, Girdler, and Murray were all in by a line of 200 police to prevent them in favor of the NLRB.
violation of the Wagner Act. from reaching the gates. Strike leaders
During the next several years, the
The SWOC was prepared to act at tried to bargain with the police to let union added enough workers to reach
the Republic plant in South Chicago. them through for a peaceful picket line. its goal of more than 50% member-
ship. The NLRB supervised the election
and certified that the company had to
sign a contract with the union. Repub-
lic appealed to the courts again, but in
1942 the Supreme Court handed down
the decision that Republic was in viola-
tion of the Wagner Act. The Little Steel
industry finally had to give up its fight
to avoid union shops. The workers won,
but at a price they would never forget.
The whole affair would poison manage-
ment-labor relations for years to come.
The Memorial Day Massacre in 1937 killed 10 men and wounded more than 100. For more information: Charles R.
Simcoe can be reached at crsimcoe1@
gmail.com.
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Organized By:
SEPTEMBER 2016 | VOLUME 4 | ISSUE 3
PASSING YOUR 6
NADCAP AUDIT: PART II
BORONIZING
14
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33
EDITOR
Frances Richards
TECHNICAL ADVISORS
OBTAINING NADCAP
Aymeric Goldsteinas ACCREDITATION: HELPFUL
Stephen Feldbauer GUIDELINES FOR PASSING
Valery Rudnev
YOUR AUDIT, PART II
Olga Rowan
6
Nathan Durham
HTS R&D Committee Learn how to ease the process of receiving Nadcap
CONTRIBUTING EDITOR accreditation for your heat treating facility by paying heed
to some of the challenges others have experienced.
Ed Kubel
PRODUCTION MANAGER
CONTINUOUS DEW POINT
Kelly Sukol
MONITORING SYSTEM FOR
NATIONAL SALES MANAGER
Erik Klingerman
10 A SINTERING FURNACE
Liang He, Zbigniew Zurecki, Donald Bowe,
440.338.5151, ext. 5574
and Ranajit Ghosh
[email protected] Accurate dew point measurement is key to maintaining
HEAT TREATING SOCIETY the atmosphere composition required to achieve high
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE quality and consistency of sintered products.
Stephen G. Kowalski, President
Roger Alan Jones, BORONIZING ADDITIVELY
Immediate Past President MANUFACTURED INCONEL 718
James Oakes, Vice President Craig Zimmerman
Boronizing 3D-printed Inconel 718 achieves results
similar to those obtained for wrought 718.
EDITORIAL OPPORTUNITIES
FOR HTPro IN 2016
14
The editorial focus for HTPro in 2016
reflects some key technology areas
DEPARTMENTS 1
2 | EDITORIAL
wherein opportunities exist to lower
manufacturing and processing costs,
3 | HEAT TREATING SOCIETY NEWS

reduce energy consumption, and
improve performance of heat treated
components through continual
research and development.
November Atmosphere/Vacuum ABOUT THE COVER
Heat Treating During an internal audit, it is important to review past leak tests and maintenance logs as
To contribute an article to one of the well as past surveys, system accuracy tests, and industry specifications for heat treatment.
upcoming issues, contact Frances Courtesy of Ipsen, ipsenusa.com.
Richards at frances.richards@asmint-
ernational.org.
To advertise, contact Erik Klingerman HTPro is published quarterly by ASM International, 9639 Kinsman Road, Materials Park, OH 44073, 440.338.5151,
asminternational.org. Vol. 4, No. 3. Copyright 2016 by ASM International. All rights reserved.
at erik.klingerman@asminternational.
org. The acceptance and publication of manuscripts in HTPro does not imply that the editors or ASM International accept,
approve, or endorse the data, opinions, and conclusions of the authors. Although manuscripts published in HTPro
are intended to have archival significance, authors data and interpretations are frequently insufficient to be directly
translatable to specific design, production, testing, or performance applications without independent examination
and verification of their applicability and suitability by professionally qualified personnel.
34
FEATUREEDITORIAL
GUEST
H
eat treating is an important Globally, there is a strong demand for consistent specifica-
topic wherever you travel tions. For example, a heat treating specification written in
in the world. Like it or not, France through collaboration with captive and commercial
todays heat treating industry is heat treaters resulted in the French Standard NF A 02-053.
global. This is reflected in the num- A new working group is now creating a draft of a new ISO
ber of recent conferences and events document based on this French standard to replace CQI-9. In
taking place around the globe. Last addition, standards once perceived as strictly for aerospace
April, the ASM/IFHTSE 23rd Heat specifications, such as AMS 2759 or AMS 2750, are now being
Treatment and Surface Engineering adopted into the realm of automotive heat treatment.
Congress was held in Savannah, Ga. This event attracted In the U.S., it is sometimes said that the various heat
attendees from 22 different countries and virtually every treating conferences are too theoretical and not practical.
continent to discuss heat treating. In May, the IFHTSE Euro- However, a recent paper in Savannah from CHTE described
pean Conference on Automotive Heat Treatment and Sur- the practical benefits of extending the life of furnace and
face Engineering took place in Prague. In Russia, a large fixture alloys by surface engineering. In Prague, Thomas
tradeshow and conference on Innovation Technologies of Lubbens provided practical examples of distortion mitiga-
Heat Treatment will be held September 13-14. Next, ASM has tion and control of distortion in heat treated components.
its own event in Queretaro, Mexico, from September 20-23. Methods to increase production in carburizing and reduce
Another event in September is the IFHTSE 3rd Mediterranean intergranular oxidation were also presented. These are all
Conference on Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering in useful topics that directly impact a heat treaters bottom
Portoroz, Slovenia. Following shortly thereafter is the Fur- line, whether commercial or OEM.
naces North America tradeshow in Nashville. Finally, the 5th Without our participation in these events as either
Asian Conference on Heat Treatment and Surface Engineer- speakers or attendees, and learning from the global commu-
ing will take place November 12-14 in Hangzhou, China. nity of heat treaters, the U.S. heat treating industry will fall
In addition to the sheer number of conferences, the behind.
industry itself is expanding and much activity is taking place.
In fact, demand for heat treating equipment and services is D. Scott MacKenzie, Ph.D., FASM
growing at 2-4% while the global economy is growing at 1%. Houghton International Inc.
20HEAT TREAT
SEPTEMBER 20-23, 2016
2 16MEXICO
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REGISTER NOW!
Registration is open for Heat Treat Mexico, the new international show from the ASM Heat Treating Society (HTS).
For the extremely low price of $265 USD (member)/$285 USD, (nonmember), get:
Education Short Course, Metallurgy for the Non- Dedicated networking times with exhibitors
Metallurgist, including class materials Special Networking Event, with open bar
3-Day Heat Treating Symposium Free membership in ASM/HTS for nonmembers
Visit asminternational.org/htmexico to view

Online registration is open atthe
www.asminternational.org/htmexico
entire agenda
35
HEAT TREATING SOCIETY NEWS
industrial management and a J.D. degree in law (both from
HTS NAMES NEW BOARD MEMBERS FOR 2017 University of Akron, Ohio). In addition to his membership
The Heat Treating Society (HTS) board, at the recom- with HTS, he is also an active member of the Metal Treating
mendation of the HTS Awards and Nominating Committee, Institute and the Forging Industry Association Technical
named new board members including Robert Cryderman Committee and serves as a STEM school advisor with Akron
and Joseph Powell to serve on the HTS Board for the 2016- City Schools.
2019 term, and Blake Whitley to serve as student board Blake Whitley is pursuing a
member for the 2016-2017 term. Olga Rowan, who served a Ph.D. in metallurgical engineering in
partial term on the board, has been reappointed to serve a the Advanced Steel Processing and
full term during 2016-2019 and Hannah Noll has been reap- Products Research Center at the Col-
pointed to serve a second term from 2016-2017 as a young orado School of Mines. His research
professional board member. Terms begin September 1. Con- focuses on the effects of advanced
tinuing on the board are Stephen Kowalski (president), Jim thermomechanical processing and
Oakes (vice president), Roger Jones (past president), Timo- heat treatment on the microstruc-
thy De Hennis (member), Eric Hutton (member), Nathan ture and properties of steel. He also
Chupka (member), Michael Pershing (member), and Craig earned a B.S. in metallurgical and
Zimmerman (member). Leaving the board are Stephen materials engineering at the University of Alabama. His
Mashl, FASM (member), Jin Xia (member), and Zbigniew industrial background includes consulting work with Gen-
Zurecki, FASM (member). Rachel Sylvester, who has com- eral Motors and serving as a metallurgical engineering intern
pleted a one-year term as a student board member, will stay at Alstom in Chattanooga. Whitley received the Alpha Sigma
on as ex officio for one year. Mu Outstanding Undergraduate Student Award (2012) and
Robert Cryderman is research numerous fellowships and scholarships. He served as a stu-
associate professor of the Advanced dent board member on the ASM International Board of Trust-
Steel Processing and Products ees and president of his local Material Advantage Chapter in
Research Center at the Colorado 2012. In addition, Whitley is a member of the ASM Rocky
School of Mines. He received BSE Mountain Chapter Executive Committee (2012-2016), junior
and MSE degrees in metallurgical mentor at the ASM Eisenman Materials Camp, and team cap-
engineering from the University of tain of the 1st place Materials Bowl Team at the TMS Annual
Michigan and has over 45 years of Meeting in 2015.
experience in the steel producing Olga Rowan is senior engineer
industry. While employed at Climax in Advanced Materials Technology,
Molybdenum Co., he was the first to publish a paper that Caterpillar Inc. Rowan received her
characterized the martensite-austenite constituent in low Ph.D. in materials science and engi-
carbon sheet steels using transmission electron microscopy. neering from Worcester Polytechnic
Cryderman worked at LTV Steel in Pittsburgh and Aliquippa, Institute in 2007, where she was an
Pa., before moving to CF&I Steel in Pueblo, Colo. There he active member of the Center for Heat
started up production of head hardened rails. At Gerdau Spe- Treating Excellence. She joined Cat-
cial Steels in Monroe, Mich., he was the technical leader in erpillar in 2007 working in heat treat
developing and commissioning a new, world class bar heat
treating and inspection facility. Cryderman has published
R&D, gear heat treat production sup-
port, and supplier development. Areas of expertise include
3
over 30 technical papers, has been awarded nine patents, gas atmosphere and vacuum heat treat, energy and business
and has served HTS as a technical reviewer and session chair. case analyses for new capital introduction, and heat treat
Joseph Powell is president and process control and optimization. She is a member of ASM,
owner of Akron Steel Treating Co. active in the Peoria chapter and on the national level. She
(AST) in Ohio and president and part served as a co-chair of the ASM Emerging Professionals Com-
owner of IQ Technologies Inc. He has mittee and as a member of the ASM Education Committee.
over 32 years of experience in com- She has also been an active volunteer and workshop mentor
mercial heat-treating operations. in the ASM Materials Camp, Central Illinois area, since 2008.
Powell is one of the developers of the Rowan co-authored two articles in the ASM Handbook, Vol
IntensiQuench process for 3D heat 4A, Steel Heat Treating Fundamentals and Processes, and has
treating processes for steels, as well published 18 peer-review journal articles and conference
as IQDI for intensively quenched duc- publications.
tile iron and DFIQ for direct from the forge IntensiQuench. Hannah Noll earned her B.Sc. in metallurgical engi-
AST performs Nadcap heat-treating services in vacuum, con- neering from Missouri University of Science and Technology
trolled atmosphere, and molten salt furnaces for over 1200 in 2010, and her M.E. in materials science and engineering
different metalworking companies. Powell has a B.S. in at North Carolina State University in 2015. After graduating
36
HEAT TREATING SOCIETY NEWS

from Missouri S&T, she joined ATI the local chapter and national society
Specialty Materials as product engi- level, as well as his longstanding vol-
neer and later served as process unteerism for the Heat Treat Society.
engineer at ATI Specialty Materials Established in 1988, the award recog-
Richburg Operations where she was nizes the exemplary efforts of various
responsible for Ni/Ti/Fe-base alloy outstanding members of ASM Interna-
heat treatment, continuous bar roll- tional on behalf of the Society to further
ing, and coil processing. She recently its objectives and goals. The purpose
accepted the position of superinten- of this award is to recognize those individuals whose contri-
dent at the new ATI Bakers Powder Operations in Monroe, butions have been especially noteworthy and to whom the
N.C., which will make powder for the aerospace industry. Society owes a particularly great debt of appreciation.
Noll has been a member of the executive board of the ASM
Carolinas Southern Piedmont Chapter since 2012 and is CAI RECEIVES 2016 ASM HTS/BODYCOTE
currently chapter chair. She is a contributing member of
BEST PAPER IN HEAT TREATING AWARD
engineergirl.org, directed the first Union County JobReady
Xiaoqing Cai (center)
Partnership Women in Engineering summer camp for mid-
received the 2016 ASM HTS/
dle school girls in 2014, and also directed the camp in 2015.
Bodycote Best Paper in Heat
Treating Award from Dean
Hoffmann of Bodycote (left)
HTS MEMBERS RECEIVE ASM AWARDS at Worcester Polytechnic
Three HTS members have been named as recipients Institutes Center for Heat
of 2016 ASM Awards. The awards will be presented at ASMs Treating Excellence on June
annual Awards Dinner, taking place October 25 in Salt Lake 15 during their spring meeting. She received assistance on her
City, during MS&T16. winning paper entitled, Microstructure Development in AISI
4140 Steels During Tempering from her advisor, Dr. Richard
Distinguished Life Membership
D. Sisson, Jr., FASM (right). Cai is a Ph.D. student in materi-
Mr. William R. Jones, FASM,
als science and engineering at WPI. She is currently working
owner/CEO, Solar Atmospheres Inc.,
Souderton, Pa., will receive this years on a research project focused on furnace and induction tem-
award for innovations in the field pering of steel. The award includes a plaque and $2500 prize
of vacuum furnace technology and endowed by Bodycote Thermal Process-North America.
applying this technology to enhance
metallurgical thermal processes SOLICITING PAPERS FOR ASM HTS/BODYCOTE
around the world. BEST PAPER IN HEAT TREATING CONTEST
Prof. Diran Apelian, FASM, The ASM HTS/Bodycote award was established by
Alcoa-Howmet professor of mechani- HTS in 1997 to recognize a paper that represents advance-
4 cal engineering, Worcester Polytechnic
Institute, Mass., will receive this years
ment in heat treating technology, promotes heat treating
in a substantial way, or represents a clear advancement
award for his leadership and vision in managing the business of heat treating. The award is
for establishing and executing a model endowed by Bodycote Thermal Process-North America.
for industry-university collaborative
The contest is open to all students, in full-time or part-
research, and for his pioneering work in
time education, at universities (or their equivalent) or col-
metal processing.
leges. It is also open to those students who have graduated
The medal was established in 1943 to recognize out- within the past three years and whose paper describes work
standing knowledge and great versatility in the application
completed while an undergraduate or post-graduate stu-
of science to the field of materials science and engineering,
dent. The winner receives a plaque and check for $2500.
as well as exceptional ability in the diagnosis and solution of
diversified materials problems. To view rules for eligibility and paper submission, visit
hts.asminternational.org, Membership & Networking, and
Allan Ray Putnam Service Award Society Awards.
Mr. Robert J. Gaster, senior staff engineer, Deere & Paper submission deadline is March 1, 2017. Sub-
Co. Technology Innovation Center, John Deere, Moline, Ill., missions should be sent to Joanne Miller, ASM Heat Treat-
will receive this years award for continuous and enthusi- ing Society, 9639 Kinsman Rd., Materials Park, OH 44073,
astic promotion of ASM membership and volunteerism at 440.338.5151 ext. 5513, [email protected].
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38
FEATURE
OBTAINING NADCAP ACCREDITATION: HELPFUL GUIDELINES

FOR PASSING YOUR AUDIT, PART II
Learn how to simplify the process of obtaining Nadcap accreditation for your heat treating
facility by paying heed to some of the challenges others have experienced.
Nathan Durham, Ipsen USA, Cherry Valley, Ill.
A
erospace Material Specification (AMS) standards
and the Nadcap accreditation process play key roles
in ensuring that manufacturers performing heat
treating and other special processes adhere to consistent,
high-quality standards for producing aerospace products.
While preparing for a Nadcap audit can seem daunting, a
series of articles has been developed that discusses some
of the recommended resources for obtaining a better under-
standing of how to prepare for and execute a successful
audit. The first part of this series (June 2016, HTPro) looked
at preparing for and scheduling an audit. This article looks at
the internal audit process, nonconformances, and complet-
ing the internal audit.
UNDERSTANDING THE INTERNAL

AUDIT PROCESS A key step for performing a successful Temperature Uniformity
It is necessary to understand exactly what is required Survey is ensuring the survey fixture is carefully placed within
when preparing for an official Nadcap audit. Internal audits the hot zone. Courtesy of Ipsen.
involve performing quality system audits (e.g., AS9001 or
AC7004) and real job audits, as well as reviewing past tem-
perature uniformity surveys (TUS), system accuracy tests While discussing best practices for performing an inter-
(SAT), leak back tests, maintenance logs, and industry nal audit, we found that the requirement of conducting
specifications. It is required that audit checklists (available live job audits (with either real or sample aerospace parts)
on eAuditNet) are used during an internal audit to ensure makes it easier to identify potential nonconformances that
adherence to key specifications, as well as to help identify the auditor might find during the official Nadcap audit. It is
any potential findings. also required to review a balance of live and historical job
6
audits; specifically, you must perform a minimum of 10 job
Prior to submitting internal audit results to Per-
audits, with at least two job audits for each Prime. However,
formance Review Institute (PRI) as proof of completion,
regardless of which audits are performed or prepared, it is
some recommend performing additional internal audits to
essential to make sure all records are in order for the official
become more familiar with the process of going through
audit as the auditor could ask to see anythingfrom paper-
an audit, as well as to work through the implementation of
work for a job that occurred three months ago to TUS results
any necessary corrective actions. An alternative approach is
for initial surveys from several years ago.
to hire an outside consultant to perform the internal audit,
which could provide a more realistic perspective of what
might occur during the official audit. PREPARING FOR JOB AUDITS
Throughout the audit, you must record where system There are some recommended best practices for per-
requirements are met and where there is objective evidence forming job audits during the internal and official audit that
of compliance. Examples of objective evidence include notes can help contribute to a successful audit process.
that refer the auditor to a specific section in the Quality Man- Do you know the instrumentation type? As part of the job
ual, reference training files in the production managers audit, auditors will verify that you are meeting all the require-
office, or direct the auditor to the sales manager for cus- ments of AMS 2750. Therefore, it is essential to have records
tomer satisfaction surveys. on hand that clearly demonstrate you are meeting the
39
FEATURE
requirements. It is also required that you define your instru- available on eAuditNet. Reviewing these lists before starting
mentation classes and types, work zones, etc., and have your internal audit makes it easier to determine the extent
proper documentation available. Thus, during the internal to which you might need to make adjustments, implement
audit, you must review this information when performing job additional training, etc., before the official audit occurs.
audits to ensure everything is in order for the official audit. Two common nonconformances that frequently occur
Do you know the soak time requirements? During the from year to year are:
job audit, the auditor will review the heat-treat cycle data to 1. Not having a documented procedure in place, or not
ensure the cycle complies with customer requirements for correctly following documented procedures
the beginning and end of the soaking time. Therefore, you 2. Not providing intervals for retraining and evaluations
must review your cycle data during the internal audit pro- Being familiar with common nonconformances helps
cess. Another important step is to verify your customers ini- you to avoid them during the accreditation process, and
tial soak requirements prior to running a cycle and listing this helps to refine and improve other aspects of your heat treat-
information on the process sheet in the job traveler. If there ment processes. We will discuss some best practices for
is any uncertainty about start- and end-time requirements, avoiding nonconformances, including knowing which spec-
you must refer to the guaranteed soak-in table (available on ifications to take note of and understanding why you are
eAuditNet in Section 12.3.3 of AC7102), or to other industry required to define retraining intervals.
and customer specifications that provide this information.
Incorporating documented procedures. Reviewing audit
Do you understand flowdown procedures? It is required checklists during the internal audit is another required step.
that you understand how flowdown procedures work when For example, it allows you to know how to correctly docu-
reviewing production cycles during job audits, whether it is ment procedures and know exactly what needs to be done.
for the internal or official audit. First, you must have all mate- One of the questions on the audit checklists touches on this,
rial testing parameters listed on the PO and internal docu- asking, Does the supplier have an internal procedure or
ments, such as the job traveler. In addition, if material testing procedures for pyrometry addressing all the aspects of AMS
is outsourced, these specifications need to be provided to 2750E and other customer specifications applicable to their
the calibration service provider, who should document the operations?[1]. The question essentially asks whether you
specifications on their test reports. have procedures in place that (1) state what you do to fully
Another required aspect of flowdown procedures is comply with AMS 2750E and (2) incorporate any additional
knowing the Prime and/or end user of the part. For exam- Prime specifications to which you are required to adhere.
ple, a supplier could run more than 400 production orders Occasionally, this requirement leads to a nonconfor-
in one day, but they are still required to know the Prime (i.e., mance as some suppliers might forget to note any addi-
find out if any of the components will be used for a specific tional applicable Prime specifications, which can be found in
aerospace Prime and which one). This is important because, AC7102/S. It is also required that you know which specifica-
depending on who the end user is, the requirements for the tions take precedent over others (i.e., Prime or AMS 2750E) so
parts could change. when it is time to conduct the official audit, you can be sure
However, knowing how to perform job audits cor- you are adhering to the strictest applicable requirements.
rectlyfrom verifying instrumentation type to understand- Not having any documented procedures in place will result
ing flowdown proceduresis just one aspect of performing in a nonconformance. In addition, not documenting how SAT 7
an internal audit. It is also required that you review commonly or TUS are performed as part of the procedures followed to
experienced nonconformances as part of your internal audit comply with AMS 2750E will also lead to a nonconformance.
process. This assists with identifying nonconformances that We found that some suppliers only present the auditor
will require root-cause analysis and corrective actions before with the SAT and TUS reports submitted by their calibration
the scheduled official Nadcap audit. service provider. However, it is required that you also include
and submit the internal procedures form number on the
REVIEWING NONCONFORMANCES SAT and TUS reports, as well as have the calibration service
Reviewing PRIs list of common nonconformances is a providers procedures readily available. This common non-
valuable step prior to starting your internal audit, as well as conformance illustrates the importance of preparing for the
for confirming you are in compliance while going through the audit process and going through each relevant audit check-
internal audit process. PRI creates this list every year, which list to make sure you fully understand and adhere to each
highlights the most common nonconformance reports (NCR) listed requirement.
written during the previous year. The list, as well as other Implementing training and retraining intervals. Another
NCR-related materials (e.g., ineffective NCR responses), are common nonconformance involves advancing employees
40
FEATURE
Performing root-cause analysis

Implementing corrective actions
Reviewing findings. A finding is essentially a nonconfor-
mance identified during the internal audit, or that the audi-
tor identifies during the official audit. Nonconformances are
classified as minor and major. A minor nonconformance is
any single system failure or lapse in conformance with the
applicable standard or audit criteria[3]. A major nonconfor-
mance is either the absence of, or systemic breakdown of,
the process control and/or quality management system or
any nonconformance where the effect impacts or has the
potential to impact the integrity of the product[4]. In other
words, a minor nonconformance is a small deviation from
Nadcap/AMS specifications or customer standards that does
During performance of the internal audit, it is important to
not impact the product (e.g., a typographical error). By com-
review past leak tests and maintenance logs, as well as past
surveys, System Accuracy Tests, and industry specifications
parison, a major nonconformance can imply a lack of control
for heat treatment. Courtesy of Ipsen. over the process or product quality, or that the safety of the
product is significantly compromised. However, if a minor
nonconformance could affect the product (e.g., not having
general knowledge of the processes that are run within a thermocouple calibration document on hand), then it
their companys equipment, as well as having a procedure becomes a major nonconformance.
in place for training, retraining, and periodic employee eval- When reviewing findings of the internal audit, you
uations. The checklist question asks, Do records indicate should prioritize the findings and establish the order in
that training is scheduled and attended in accordance with which they should be addressed. Once this step is complete,
procedures and documented Do records indicate that the the root cause of each nonconformance should be deter-
evaluations are performed at documented frequencies and mined. The recommended approach is to starting with the
the results reviewed with employees in a program of con- most drastic finding(s), e.g., major nonconformance so as to
tinuous improvement of personnel?[2]. When reviewing this immediately ensure basic product safety and quality.
question during a typical official audit, the auditor not only
Performing root-cause analysis. Determining a root
wants to confirm that procedures for training, retraining, and
cause (i.e., the reason why a nonconformance occurred)
evaluations are in place, but also verify that procedures state
requires defining the 5-Whys noted by PRI[5]. This helps
the rate at which retraining and evaluations will occur.
identify chronological events that led to the ultimate root
Our experience with companies striving to receive Nad- cause. If answers to the why questions are as a result of
cap accreditation shows that not having documentation of or because, then the true root cause has not yet been iden-
these events, or not having a procedure in place, will result tified and further investigation is required.
in a nonconformance as they are both major findings. There-
A common misconception concerning appropriate root
fore, when creating procedures for training, retraining, and
causes is that you can list the immediate contributing factors
8
evaluations, it is not only required that you include intervals
or simply list human error (e.g., the operator did not adhere
for retraining and retesting employees, but that you also
to the correct process when positioning the load thermocou-
define these intervals and provide documentation.
ples in the furnace). However, the root cause was not human
Overall, nonconformances can result from a range of error. Rather, a more acceptable root cause might be that
oversights, from noncertified overtemperature thermocou- a procedure was not in place to provide the operator with
ples to not documenting the uniformity tolerance at each appropriate training and retraining at regular intervals.
surveyed temperature. This is why it is imperative you eval-
Consider how a root cause of an issue might be deter-
uate every item referenced on the applicable Nadcap audit
mined. For example, if the problem is that you were late to
checklists, AMS specifications, and PRIs list of common non-
work, you might ask yourself, Why was I late? An answer
conformances prior to the official audit.
of the car wouldnt start, is a contributing cause, mean-
ing the true root cause has not yet been identified. As such,
FINISHING THE INTERNAL AUDIT more why questions are required (e.g., why didnt the
After concluding the internal audit, the proper steps car start) until the answers are no longer as a result of or
outlined by PRI must be followed in preparation for the offi- because and you discover the true root cause, such as the
cial audit, including: battery was old. The true root cause has been found when
Reviewing findings (i.e., nonconformances) continuing to ask why no longer adds value, meaning any
41
FEATURE
further possible answers would not help prevent a recur- auditors will verify that the corrective actions are still in place
rence, reduce erratic results, or provide cost savings[6]. during the official Nadcap audit. Generally, implementing
Applying corrective actions. After determining root corrective actions for internal audit findings is one of the
causes for all internal audit findings, the corrective action final steps in performing an internal audit. After that, ensure
taken to address the issue must be defined and the timing of that all proper documentation from the internal audit is sub-
the implementation cited. If a corrective action implemented mitted to PRI at least 30 days before the official audit.
as a result of an internal audit has not yet been fully applied The final part of this series will discuss the official audit,
due to time constraints, the Nadcap auditor might not write auditor interaction, and finishing the audit process.
an NCR for the same finding as long as you are working to
apply corrective actions. This depends on the exact finding, For more information: Nathan Durham is an electrical solu-
as well as the auditors ability to later verify that the correc- tions manager at Ipsen. For technical information, contact
tive action was truly implemented. [email protected] or 844.464.7736 (select 1). Ipsen
USA, 984 Ipsen Rd., Cherry Valley, IL 61016, ipsenusa.com.
For example, if a nonconformance was identified in
relation to a typographical error that had no product impact
in the calibration report for the overtemperature control- References
ler, the root cause might be a lack of quality resources for 1. Performance Review Institute, AC7102/8: Nadcap Audit
reviewing calibration reports. However, if the calibration ser- Criteria for Heat Treating Pyrometry, p 1, 2014.
vice provider is not available to correct the root cause within 2. Performance Review Institute, AC7102 Rev. H: Nadcap
the 30 days before the scheduled audit, it should be noted Audit Criteria for Heat Treating, p 6, 2014.
in the internal audit report that the corrective action will be 3. P. Evans and E. Jacklin, Nadcap Supplier Tutorial, Per-
fully implemented and verified during the next calibration formance Review Institute, p 28, 2013.
with the future date. After the official audit, the auditor will 4. Ibid.
verify that the corrective action was implemented by the 5. Performance Review Institute, Root Cause Corrective
aforementioned date. Documenting the implementation of Action Nadcap Style, p 1-11, 2014.
any corrective actions after the internal audit is required as 6. Ibid., 7.
Busted!
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42
FEATURE
CONTINUOUS DEW POINT MONITORING SYSTEM

FOR A SINTERING FURNACE
Accurate dew point measurement is key to maintaining the atmosphere composition
required to achieve high quality and consistency of sintered products.
Liang He,* Zbigniew Zurecki, FASM,* Donald Bowe, and Ranajit Ghosh,*
Air Products & Chemicals Inc., Allentown, Pa.
C
ommon powder metallurgy (PM) techniques involve ture is simply a product of powder oxides reduced by hydro-
compacting a blend of metal powder with lubricant gen introduced into the furnace, as well as belt reduction
and graphite (for ferrous parts) into a green part in and air ingression. Properties of sintered parts, such as
a press, and sintering the part in a batch or continuous fur- surface hardness and strength, are affected if uncontrolled
nace. Continuous mesh-belt furnaces are widely used for carburization or decarburization occurs. In a carbon-neutral
mass production of PM parts[1]. They typically have at least atmosphere based on nitrogen with hydrogen addition, the
three zonesa preheating (or de-lubrication) zone, a hot (or actual hydrogen-to-moisture ratio in the sintering zone can
sintering) zone, and a cooling zone. In addition, some con- be used as the control parameter. For example, in nitrogen
tinuous sintering furnaces have a specially designed rap- and hydrogen sintering atmospheres, maintaining an atmo-
id-cooling zone between the hot and cooling zones for sinter sphere dew point (DP) below 30F ensures a reducing and
hardening steel parts. Figure 1 shows a typical continuous carbon-neutral hot zone for common steel grades used in
sintering furnace design. gear manufacturing[3].
Thus, monitoring and controlling hot-zone atmosphere
WHY DEW POINT IS IMPORTANT DP is necessary for better sintering process control and pro-
duction cost control[4]. Continuously measuring DP enables
Atmosphere quality plays a key role in the final prop-
erties of a sintered part. Dimensional accuracy as well as real-time monitoring of the furnace condition. For example,
characteristics such as hardness, ductility, carbon content, a sudden, extremely high (wet) DP reading may indicate a
microstructure, and magnetic properties are influenced not leak in the muffle or cooling zone inside the furnace.
only by time and temperature, but also by furnace atmo-
sphere composition, flow rate, and stability. Different fur- SELECTING THE CORRECT DP SENSOR
nace zones require varying degrees of oxidizing or reducing Ceramic and polymer-based capacitance DP sensors
power to develop optimum final sintered part properties[2]. are popular in the heat treating industry due to their low
Generally, a reducing and carbon-neutral atmosphere is cost, fast response, and long service life. Alumina (Al2O3) is
desired in the hot zone for ferrous parts. a preferred ceramic sensing material for DP sensors, and
The reducing potential determines the rate at which current Al2O3 DP sensors are fabricated by an anodization
10 powder particle surface oxides are reduced, which directly
influences sintering bonding between particles in the com-
process. One limitation of these sensors is that significant
degradation in sensitivity and drift in capacitance charac-
pact. A dry or slightly humidified[1] nitrogen-hydrogen blend teristics occur after long exposure to high humidity. This is
is used for steel PM operations. The hydrogen-to-moisture attributed to the gradual decrease of effective surface area
ratio in the hot zone determines reducing capability. Mois- and porosity caused by water absorption[5].
Fig. 1 Typical design of a continuous sintering furnace.
*Member of ASM International

44
FEATURE
In polymer-based DP sensors, a polymer film is filled

with micropores for water vapor condensation, and its phys- TEMPERATURE CONTROL AND FILTRATION
ical properties change with the amount of water absorp- A change in DP sensor temperature affects the DP
tion[5]. The hot-zone atmosphere in a sintering furnace is very reading due to the intrinsic physical properties of the sensor
complicated upon reaching equilibrium with the steel parts, material. Thus, maintaining a stable sampled gas tempera-
belt, and trace hydrocarbon gas additions that are occasion- ture and sensor temperature is the initial challenge in consid-
ally used to adjust carbon potential. This could include water ering the complicated operating environment of the system
vapor, metallic or organic vapors of green-body lubricant to achieve continuous, reliable DP measurement. The new
and carbon particles (soot), carbon monoxide, carbon diox- system incorporates an air conditioning system designed for
ide, and methane[6]. Polymer-based DP sensors have been the filtration unit and DP sensor container, which enables
developed to resist particulate contamination, oil vapors, continuous, precise control of the sampled gas and DP sen-
and most chemicals. This type of thin-film polymer DP sensor temperatures.
sor ensures continuous, reliable DP measurements. Reliable, accurate DP measurement of the complex
hot-zone atmosphere requires a well-designed filtering sys-
CASE STUDY: CONTINUOUS DP tem. If contaminants in the sampled gas are not removed,
MONITORING SYSTEM they affect the measurement by permanently poisoning the
Although a thin-film polymer sensor is resistant to par- instruments, especially the DP sensor, and shortening the
ticulate contamination, condensation, and most chemicals, service life of the entire system. The Air Products system
it can still be permanently damaged after long exposure in incorporates a staged filtration unit designed with several
the hot, toxic sintering atmosphere. Thus, a special sampling sintered stainless steel filters to completely remove different
and monitoring system was designed to reliably and contin- kinds of contaminants.
uously measure the DP of a hot-zone atmosphere with less
maintenance. REDUCED MAINTENANCE
The Air Products DP measurement solution enables Integrating a periodic self-cleaning function into this
sampling hot-zone atmosphere from the point of interest system eliminates frequent (sometimes monthly) calibra-
using a vacuum pump. Passing the gas sample through a tions of the DP sensor as well as sampling system mainte-
temperature-controlled filtering system conditions the gas nance. This function ensures the cleanliness of the filtering
before entering the DP sensor. DP measurements and other system and DP sensor itself. Drifts/changes of DP readings
information are collected and sent to a cloud server, and are on the calibration gas were not observed after more than
easily accessed by visiting webpages using a computer or six months of operation. It is recommended that the DP
smartphone. A schematic of the continuous dew point mon- sensor is calibrated once a year. The filtration system can be
itoring system is shown in Fig. 2. replaced or regenerated in a few minutes at minimal cost.
12
Fig. 2 Schematic of continuous dew point monitoring system.

45
FEATURE
References
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND CLOUD SERVER
1. A. Wehr-Aukland and D. Bowe, Service-Life Extension
The new system also features a wireless data storage
of Stainless Steel Wire-Mesh Belts for Sintering Furnaces.
function. DP readings and operating parameters are recorded
PowderMet 2011 Conf., 2011.
and sent to a cloud server every two minutes, and can be
2. T. Philips, et al., Techniques and Tips to Optimize,
adjusted to meet user requirements. Process engineers can
Control and Stabilize the Atmosphere Inside a Continuous
observe the DP reading locally in front of the system inter-
Sintering Furnace, http://www.airproducts.com, 2016.
face and check historical data by accessing a customized
3. T. Philips, et al., Controlling Properties of Sintered Steel
website. Stored historical data can help identify and address
Powder Metal Components Using Atmosphere Composi-
furnace operation issues quickly and proactively. For exam-
tion as a Variable, 2006.
ple, analysis of DP readings could facilitate planning fur-
4. J. Tennermann, Furnace Performance Depends on Dew
nace shutdowns and scheduling preventive maintenance,
Point Measurement Accuracy, Heat Treating Progress, ASM
which saves the cost of unnecessary maintenance work and
International, 2006.
reduces the possibility of unexpected downtime.
5. Z. Chen and C. Lu, Humidity Sensors: A Review of Mate-
SUMMARY rials and Mechanisms, Sensor Letters, Vol. 3, p 274-295,
2005.
In the sintering industry, continuous monitoring and 6. Zirconia Sensor Theory, http://www.supersystems.
control of furnace atmosphere is increasingly important com/wp-content/uploads/T4401-1-R1-May2009.pdf, 2016.
to improve quality control and reduces costs. Air Products
continuous dew point monitoring system is designed to
overcome common obstacles to analyzing sintering atmo- For more information: Liang He is principal application
spheres. The system can also be upgraded with an atmo- engineer, Air Products & Chemicals Inc., 7201 Hamilton Blvd.,
sphere control function to automatically adjust flow rates of Allentown, PA 18195, 800.654.4567, gigmrktg@airproducts.
nitrogen and hydrogen. com, www.airproducts.com/mp.
13
Order Yours Today: www.asminternational.org/handbook4e
5444G_Handbook_4E_Prepub_HalfPage.indd 1 8/17/16 5:04 PM

46
FEATURE
BORONIZING ADDITIVELY MANUFACTURED INCONEL 718

Boronizing 3D-printed Inconel 718 produces results similar to those obtained for wrought 718.
Craig Zimmerman,* Bluewater Thermal Solutions, Chicago
A
dditive manufacturing (AM) is becoming an increas-
ingly popular production method for making metal
parts with complex geometries. AM offers a solu-
tion for producing components with geometrical features
that are difficult to create through traditional casting, forg-
ing, forming, and machining methods. One example is a
3D-printed Inconel 718 component used in fluid flow control.
The component has many small, intricate internal passage-
ways that control and moderate the flow of an abrasive fluid.
The small holes, internal twisting passageways, and open-
ings would be very difficult to machine from a solid piece of
material. Traditionally, investment casting would be used to
Fig. 1 Test segment of 3D-printed Inconel 718.
produce a near-net-shape part, but some machining is still
required to add intricate features. AM offers an alternative
production method to near-net-shape casting, post machin-
ing, and grinding.
BORONIZING FOR IMPROVED

WEAR RESISTANCE
Erosion wear of flow control unit internal surfaces
from abrasive fluid flow affects flow rates, which in turn af-
fects the proper function of the unit. Increasing wear resis-
tance is therefore necessary to improve the units service
life. Boronizing is a proven method for reducing wear and
erosion of metal surfaces on parts produced using tradi-
Fig. 2 Ground surface on small end of test segment.
tional manufacturing methods. However, it was unknown
how an AM part would respond to boronizing. To explore
this idea, Bluewater Thermal Solutions investigated what prevent laves phase or grain boundary carbide precipitation
effects, if any, AM Inconel 718 material had on its boroniz- during simultaneous boronizing and aging.
14 ing process.
Boriding tests were conducted on a sample of TEST RESULTS
3D-printed Inconel 718, which represented a portion of a Figure 3 shows the boronized as-printed and ground
3D-printed component (Fig. 1). The investigation was per- surfaces. The ground surface remained smoother than the
formed to determine if a 3D-printed surface has a negative unground surface, and it was difficult to visually identi-
effect on boronizing results compared with typical results fy the ground surface. Sectioning the sample provided a
for boronized conventional wrought Inconel 718 material. cross section containing both the boronized ground and
Because the as-printed surface was fairly rough, the unground surfaces. The cross section was mounted and
smaller end of the sample was ground using a belt sander examined metallographically to determine boride layer
to remove some as-printed surface material (Fig. 2). This depth. Vickers microindentation hardness (50 g load) of
enabled a determination to be made regarding whether the boride layer was measured in three locations. Core
surface roughness or surface defects from the printing pro- hardness (HRC) was measured in four locations on the
cess negatively affect boride layer formation. cross section in the mount. No difference was observed
The test sample was packed in Bluewaters propri- between the ground and unground sides of the part. Both
etary boronizing powder inside a sealed retort and pro- sides had a boride layer with similar appearance (Fig. 4).
cessed in a furnace at a temperature of 1475F for 8 hours to Figure 5 shows the core microstructures.
*Member of ASM International
47
FEATURE
(a) (b)
(a)
Fig. 3 Boronized surfaces: (a) unground and (b) ground.
(b)
(a) (b)
Fig. 5 Core microstructures. Etchant:
Fig. 4 Boride layer on (a) ground and (b) as-printed surfaces. Boride layer depth Marbles reagent; (a) original magnifica-
range: 0.0010-0.0011 in. Boride layer hardness (three locations): 2670, 2778, and 2892 tion 50x and (b) original magnification
HV (50 g load). Core hardness (four locations): 36.5, 39, 39, 39 HRC. Etchant: Marbles 200x.
reagent. Original magnification 200x.
Fig. 6 Boride layer on wrought Inconel 718 test bar. Boride

layer depth range: 0.0012-0.0013 in. Boride layer hardness
(three locations): 3014, 2778, and 2892 HV (50 g load). Etchant: 15
Marbles reagent. Original magnification 200x.
COMPARING WROUGHT AND AM MATERIALS

A sample of Inconel 718 bar stock material was also
processed to compare results with those of the 3D-printed
material. Figure 6 shows the microstructure of the boride
layer on the bar stock test bar. It was concluded that boroniz-
ing of 3D-printed Inconel 718 is possible, and boride layer
depth, hardness, and microstructure are similar to results
for wrought Inconel 718.
For more information: Craig Zimmerman is technical

director, Bluewater Thermal Solutions, 414.573.2832,
[email protected], www.bluewater-
thermal.com.
trust
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49
ASMNEWS
ASM ANNOUNCES 2016 CLASS OF FELLOWS
I
n 1969, ASM established the Fellow of the Society honor Dr. Kathryn Dannemann, FASM
to provide recognition to members for their distinguished Principal Engineer
contributions to materials science and engineering and to Southwest Research Institute,
develop a broadly based forum of technical and professional San Antonio, Texas
leaders to serve as advisors to the Society. Following are the For advancing the understanding of
members recognized by their colleagues for 2016. Additional dynamic response of materials in metals,
Fellows may be elected to this distinguished body in subse- ceramics, and glasses; and for mentoring students in mate-
quent years. The solicited guidance, which the Fellows provide, rials science and engineering, especially as an advocate of
will enhance the capability of ASM as a technical community of materials education and the materials profession.
materials science and engineering in the years ahead. Awards
will be presented at ASMs annual Awards Dinner, Tuesday, Dr. Rollie Dutton, FASM
October 25, in Salt Lake City, during Materials Science & Tech- Chief, Manufacturing and Industrial Technolo-
nology 2016. gies Division
Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and
Dr. Beverly J.M. Aikin, FASM Manufacturing Directorate
R&D Engineer Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio
Los Alamos National Laboratory, N.M. For outstanding scientific and engineering achieve-
For advancing microstructure, property, ments in the processing of metallic and composite materials,
and processing relationships in metals and and for national leadership in the development of inte-
intermetallics; enhancing the safe handling, grated computational materials science and engineering.
security, and recycling of beryllium; and for commitment to
ASMNEWS
K-12 student outreach in STEM. Mr. Joe Epperson, FASM
Senior Metallurgist
Dr. Michael P. Brady, FASM National Transportation Safety
Distinguished R&D Staff Board, Washington
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tenn. For outstanding contributions and
For innovative development of novel advancements in the field of failure analysis,
alloy design principles for the control of sur- including leadership and service to transportation safety
face chemistry in structural and functional with high professional and societal impact.
materials with widespread scientific, engineering, and soci-
etal impact. Dr. James Hall, FASM
Senior Principal Engineer, Retired
Dr. Ellen Cerreta, FASM Honeywell Engines, Phoenix
Group Leader For outstanding contributions and lead-
Los Alamos National Laboratory, N.M. ership in the research, development, and
For outstanding contributions in the commercial application of titanium and other
fields of dynamic and shock behavior of mate- heat resistant alloys; and as a generous and profoundly
rials, as well as structure/property effects on influential teacher and mentor of materials scientists and
mechanical behavior and damage evolution in materials. engineers.
In This Issue
49 52 54 55 58
Class of Fellows ASM Chapter Emerging Members in In
Honor Roll Professionals the News Memoriam
Submit news of ASM and its members, chapters, and affiliate societies to Frances Richards, editor, ASM News | ASM International
9639 Kinsman Road | Materials Park, OH 44073 | P 440.338.5151 ext. 5563 | F 440.338.4634 | E [email protected]
Contact ASM International at 9639 Kinsman Road, Materials Park, OH 44073 | P 440.338.5151 ext. 0 or 800.336.5152 ext. 0 (toll free in U.S.
and Canada) | F 440.338.4634 | E [email protected] | W asminternational.org
50
HIGHLIGHTS CLASS OF FELLOWS

Dr. Susan E. Hartfield-Wunsch, FASM Dr. Thomas A. Siewert, FASM

Technical Fellow Group Leader, Retired
General Motors, Livonia, Mich. National Institute of Standards and Technology,
For advancing the state-of-the-art in alu- Wylie, Texas
minum sheet technology and implementation For leadership in the development of con-
of same in the automotive industry. sumable weld wire enabling austenitic stain-
less steel welding for cryogenic applications and expertise
Dr. Peggy E. Jones, FASM in nondestructive evaluation.
Senior Project Engineer
General Motors, Saginaw, Mich. Dr. Dileep Singh, FASM
For the application of ICME and fracture Group Leader
mechanics based design to aluminum auto- Argonne national Laboratories, Ill.
motive castings, including creation of the Vir- For pioneering contributions and global
tual Cast Component Design system. leadership in the science and technology of
advanced ceramic materials and systems for
Dr. Lee Knauss, FASM energy generation, efficiency, storage, and environmental
Chief, Technology Transition applications.
IARPA, Washington
For the development and advancement Prof. Raman Singh, FASM
of magnetic current imaging fault isolation Professor
techniques used in microelectronics failure Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
analysis. For outstanding contributions in under-
standing and mitigating material degradation
Dr. Manish Mehta, FASM through novel/disruptive approaches, and
President and CEO for successfully establishing and leading interdisciplinary
M-Tech International LLC, Ann Arbor, Mich. teams advancing science and technology.
For sustained contributions in materials
and process technology transfer programs to Prof. Marcel A.J. Somers, FASM
accelerate global commercialization. Professor
Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby
Prof. Matt OKeefe, FASM For sustained, innovative, and outstand-
Professor and Chair ing contributions to the field of thermochem-
Missouri University of Science ical surface engineering through fundamental
&T echnology, Rolla and applied research, teaching, and transfer of technology
For distinguished contributions in mate- to practice.
rials science related to understanding corro-
sion mechanisms, leading to the development and use of Dr. Donald Susan, FASM
sustainable rare earth based coatings for lightweight metal- Principal Member of Technical Staff
lic alloys. Sandia National Laboratories,
Albuquerque, N.M.
Dr. Philippe Perdu, FASM For sustained contributions in the areas
Microelectronic Senior Expert of physical metallurgy and joining research,
CNES, Toulouse, France materials characterization, and failure analysis.
For outstanding leadership and techni-
cal contributions towards the development of Mr. David Vallett, FASM
novel defect localization and failure analysis Owner
techniques applied to microelectronics and microsystems PeakSource Analytical LLC, Fairfax, Vt.
devices. For sustained outstanding technical
contributions, leadership, dissemination of
knowledge, and education in microelectronic
IC fault isolation and failure analysis technology and mag-
netic imaging applications, and for articulating and publi-
cizing major analytical technology hurdles and challenges
throughout the industry.
51
CLASS OF FELLOWS HIGHLIGHTS
Prof. Yunzhi Wang, FASM Deadline for nominations for the class of 2017 is
Professor November 30, 2016. Complete information including rules
The Ohio State University, Columbus and user-friendly nomination forms is available at asmint-
For pioneering foundational work on ernational.org/membership/awards/asm-fellows or by con-
phase field modeling with seminal achieve- tacting Christine Hoover 440.338.5151, ext 5509 or christine.
ments in diffusive molecular dynamics, and [email protected].
for the application of these methods to challenging prob-
lems in the structure-properties-processing of materials.
ASM Indian Institute of Metals Announces
Recipients of 2016 ASM/IIM Visiting
Dr. George G. Wicks, FASM Lectureship
CTO The cooperative Visiting Lecturer program of ASM Inter-
Applied Research Center, Aiken, S.C. national and the Indian Institute of Metals (IIM) is pleased to
For international leadership in materials announce the five distinguished individuals named to par-
science and technology research that benefits ticipate in the 2016 Visiting Lecturer program: Prof. Anton-
safe nuclear waste containment and storage, ello Astarita, University of Naples; Prof. Surojit Gupta,
energy, and medical innovations. University of North Dakota; Prof. Federico Rosei, FASM,
Centre for Energy Materials and Telecommunications; Prof.
Prof. Wendelin Wright, FASM
Fiorenzo Vetrone, Institute National de la Recherche Sci-
Associate Professor
entifique, University of Quebec; and Prof. Jingyang Wang,
Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pa.
Shenyang National Laboratory. The award includes an $800
For developing and conducting high
honorarium to be used for travel expenses within India
temporal resolution studies of deformation
during the lecturers visit.
mechanisms in bulk metallic glasses and for
contributions to our understanding of the fundamental
nature of shear banding processes in these materials.
Official ASM Annual Business

Meeting Notice
The Annual Business Meeting of members of ASM Inter-
national will be held in conjunction with MS&T16 on:
Monday, October 24
4:00 - 5:00 p.m.
Salt Palace Convention Center, Astarita Gupta Rosei
Salt Lake City
The purpose of the ASM Annual Business Meeting is the
election of officers for the 2016-17 term and transaction of
other Society business.
Nomination Deadline for the 2017 Class

of Fellows is Fast Approaching
The honor of Fellow of the Society was established to
provide recognition to ASM members for distinguished con-
tributions in the field of materials science and engineering, Vetrone Wang Mukopadhyay
and to develop a broadly based forum for technical and pro-
fessional leaders to serve as advisors to the Society.
Criteria for the Fellow award include:
Outstanding accomplishments in materials science or
engineering
Broad and productive achievement in production,
manufacturing, management, design, development,
research, or education
Five years of current, continuous membership
Raja Upadhyaya Chatterjee
52
HIGHLIGHTS ASM CHAPTER HONOR ROLL

ASM is also pleased to announce two distinguished New Members Join Shape Memory and
individuals who have been named to participate in the 2016 Superelasticity Editorial Advisory Board
ASM-IIM Visiting Lecturer North American Program: Prof. The latest exceptional indi-
Amartya Mukopadhyay, Indian Institute of Technology, viduals to join the editorial advi-
and Dr. V.S. Raja, Indian Institute of Technology. Prof. Anish sory board of the Shape Memory
Upadhyaya, Indian Institute of Technology, and Prof. Kau- and Superelasticity journal
shik Chatterjee, Indian Institute of Science were awarded include Gunay Anlas, Bogazici
the Lectureship in 2015 and will be recognized along with University, Turkey; Samantha
the 2016 lecturers. The award includes a $2000 honorarium Daly, University of California,
to be used for travel expenses within the U.S. and Canada Santa Barbara; Ken Gall, Duke
during the lecturers visit. All recipients will receive a certif- University; Reginald Hamilton,
icate of recognition to be presented at the ASM Leadership Penn State University; Ryosuke
Awards Luncheon scheduled for October 24 in Salt Lake City Kainuma, Tohoku University,
during MS&T16. Japan; Ibrahim Karaman, Texas
A&M University, Christian Lexcellent, University of Besan-
Seeking Applicants for SMST Fellowship
con, France; Alan Pelton, G. Rau Inc., and Aaron Stebner,
The International Organization on Shape Memory &
Colorado School of Mines. To view the full announcement
Superelastic Technologies (SMST), an affiliate society of
and the first two years of Shape Memory and Superelastic-
ASM International, is seeking applicants for the 2017 SMST
ity for free, visit http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/
Fellowship. The intent of the fellowship is to provide a cur-
s40830-016-0071-2.
rent use gift to a deserving graduate student(s) with the pur-
pose of initiating interest in a unique path of research for
shape memory materials such as Nitinol. The award, which ASM CHAPTER
is financially supported in 2017 by Edwards Lifesciences,
includes a stipend of up to $50,000. The recipient will pres-
HONOR ROLL
ent research results at the 2019 SMST Conference to be held The ASM Volunteerism Committee proudly announces
in Constance, Germany. Application deadline is January 9, the 2016 Chapter Volunteer Honor Roll recognizing individu-
2017. For more information, visit http://bit.ly/29pjIkD or als whose performance is exemplary and essential for ASMs
contact [email protected]. success. All Chapters were invited to nominate one person
and Chapter Executive Committees were encouraged to
select a member who serves as a volunteer in an ongoing
capacity. Submissions for the 2017 Honor Roll will open in
March 2017. Join us in recognizing the following 2016 Chap-
ter Honor Roll volunteers who will receive an ASM MVP tie
or scarf.
Buffalo ChapterLee Gearhart

Lee Gearhart has been involved in the Buffalo Chapter
in a big way for more than 35 years. He has served in every
position of responsibility and has willingly and graciously
orchestrated many memorable meetings and events over
the years. His spirit and good will are exemplary to all he
encounters and he always works to keep the Chapter ener-
Seeking Nominations for Thermal
gized and vital.
Spray Hall of Fame
The Thermal Spray Hall of Fame, established in 1993 Central MassachusettsFrank Blanchard
by the Thermal Spray Society of ASM International, recog- Frank Blanchard is the backbone of this Chapters
nizes and honors outstanding leaders who have made sig- executive committee, having served on it for 32 years, with
nificant contributions to the science, technology, practice, over 20 as treasurer. He has also served as chairman, vice
education, management, and advancement of thermal chair, social activities chair, and sustaining membership
spray. For a copy of the rules, nomination form, and list of chairman. He resurrected the Chapters annual golf out-
previous recipients, visit tss.asminternational.org or con- ing by creating a friendly team competition and ensuring
tact [email protected]. Nominations are it was financially sound for the past 23 years. Blanchard is
due September 30. a huge asset due to his infectious enthusiasm for ASM par-
53
ASM CHAPTER HONOR ROLL HIGHLIGHTS
ticipation and his willingness to help whenever needed, Milwaukee ChapterSusan Kerber
including volunteering at the Materials Experience camp for Susan Kerber has supported the Chapter for many
local high school students. His professionalism as treasurer years. She leads the summer Materials Camp for students
has helped the Chapter remain financially solvent, even in and has founded outreach programs at area high schools.
tough times. Nominating Blanchard for the Chapter Honor She has an additional leadership role for the EGMF commit-
Roll was a unanimous decision. The fact that he became an tee for student scholarships at Wisconsin universities. Ker-
ASM Life Member this year makes it that much more appro- ber actively participates in Chapter board meetings as well
priate for 2016. as monthly meetings. Her strength and determination are
essential to leading the organization.
Chicago Regional ChapterJohn Hasier
John Hasier, a graduate student member of the Chap- Minnesota ChapterKurt Schenk
ter through Material Advantage, inherited the treasurer Kurt Schenk has served as Chapter treasurer for over
position under tough circumstances. His dedication while nine years. He created the Chapters website and now main-
also working to complete his Ph.D. has proven invaluable. tains ita volunteer job all by itself. He has also been a
Hasiers efforts have kept finances in order and helped take full-time mentor at the Chapters Materials Camp since its
the Chapter to the next level in terms of updating policies inception 10 years ago. In addition, he helps select students
and recordkeeping, as well as guiding the Chapter toward for the camp, not an easy task with almost 100 applications
a more streamlined financial system for the next season. and only 30 spaces available. As treasurer, the Chapter
Hasier is nominated for his diligence, dedication, and efforts counts on Schenk to remember past costs and keep a sound
in making the Chapter a better place by serving in one of its budget. It is great to have a long-term officer in such a key
most time consuming roles. role. The Chapter is indebted to Schenk for all of his support
and knowledge.
Edmonton ChapterConnie Williams
Connie Williams is currently the secretary and techni- Oak Ridge ChapterDongwon Shin
cal dinner meeting chair for the Chapter. She has been an Dongwon Shin has served admirably as treasurer for
active volunteer for ASM Edmonton, ASM Canada Council, many years and provides much needed continuity in that
and for a number of other technical societies in the Edmon- position. His efforts and attention to detail are greatly
ton region over the past several years. Williams has gone appreciated by the Chapter.
above and beyond to recruit speakers and organize monthly
dinner meetings. She is one of the most active members Pittsburgh ChapterTimothy Hosch
of the Chapters executive team and often plays host to Timothy Hosch did an outstanding job of organizing
invited guests and speakers from out of town. She also par- the Chapters annual Young Members Night in February,
ticipates in other Chapter activities including helping with drawing more than 120 participants. He created a team of
award nomination packages, general communications, and student volunteers who solicited funding from local indus-
outreach. tries to organize this event. The area businesses and sus-
taining member companies were very interested in this
Houston ChapterLeo Vega event as they had the opportunity to directly interface with
Leo Vega has been a loyal member and volunteer to students from local universities. This turned out to be a
the Chapters executive committee for at least 10 years. He great platform for both students and industry representa-
has been a valuable contributor and resource to the educa- tives as some of the students ended up securing internships
tion committee as well, providing course locations, speak- at local companies.
ers, and countless hours.
Quad Cities ChapterSara Moser
Lehigh Valley ChapterMark Burton Sara Moser has been a key enabler of the Chapters
Mark Burton has filled numerous roles in the Chapter Materials Day Camp for a number of years. She has faithfully
over the years. He was instrumental in revitalizing edu- and tirelessly developed the camp schedule, recruited vol-
cational offerings, which comprise a large portion of the unteers, arranged transportation for factory tours, ordered
Chapters income. Burton transitioned from education chair food for students and volunteers, and worked with volun-
to vice chair, and then to chair. Currently, he is filling in as teers to buy supplies for experiments. It would be a huge
interim chair due to the previous chair moving away. Addi- challenge to replace the work and enthusiasm that Moser
tionally, he has participated in Materials Camps as a chap- brings to the camp experience.
erone and guest speaker. He brings enthusiasm to his roles
and has volunteered for numerous positions within the
Chapter.
54
HIGHLIGHTS WOMEN IN ENGINEERING

EMERGING What attracted you to engineering?

I really like the problem solving and continual learn-
PROFESSIONALS ing aspects of engineering. I have always been interested in
EPC Announces Emerging Materials learning how and why things behave the way they do, so in
Professionals Symposium at MS&T that sense, being a materials engineer is the perfect fit for
The Emerging Professionals Committee (EPC) is orga- me. Every project I work on, I have had to learn something
nizing the 9th annual Perspectives for Emerging Materi- new, which is another thing that is so appealing about engi-
als Professionals symposium at MS&T16 in Salt Lake City, neering. There is always something new to learn or gain a
October 23-27. The Symposium is an excellent opportunity deeper understanding of.
for new professionals in the field of materials science and What are you working on now?
engineering (MSE) to see what career paths are available. My work centers on the processing, immobilization,
Given the variety of fields that MSE encompassesevery- and disposition of legacy nuclear waste. This year, my pri-
thing from medical devices and instrumentation to heavy mary project is establishing erosion and corrosion wear
industrial equipment, consumer electronics devices, and allowances for a nuclear waste processing facility being built
morefinding the right spot within the materials world in Washington State. I am also working on two additional
can be unclear. The symposium will bring speakers and projects: The first is using additive manufacturing to assist
panelists together to share insights from years of experi- with tritium processing at the Savannah River Site and the
ence in a variety of sectors including military, aerospace, second is investigating novel methods to better retain prob-
medical devices, and more across academia, industry, and lematic contaminants in immobilized nuclear waste.
national labs.
Speakers and panelists will also share tips on profes- What does your typical workday look like?
sional development, ways to meet goals, the importance of Im not sure that I have a typical workday. Currently I
diversity, emerging opportunities in computational mod- am doing a lot of traveling but when I am back at SRNL, I am
eling, and taking on management roles. ASMs incoming either in the laboratory, writing reports, or attending meet-
president, Dr. William Frazier, FASM, will deliver the keynote ings. It depends on the stage of the projects I am working on.
presentation and highlight opportunities that exist for MSE
What part of your job do you like most?
professionals. For more information or to get involved in
I like that the challenge and diversity of my job requires
future symposia, contact Andrew DeVillier at andrew.devil-
me to expand outside my comfort zone. I am involved with
[email protected].
several different projects that keep my day-to-day techni-
cally interesting and challenge me to learn new things.
WOMEN IN
If a young person approached you for career advice
ENGINEERING about pursuing engineering, what would you tell them?
This new profile series intro- Go for it! There are so many opportunities in science
duces leading materials scientists and engineering that you can define your own career path. I
from around the world who hap- would encourage them to talk to experienced people in the
pen to be females. Here we speak field they are interested in. There is so much you can learn
with Marissa Reigel, principal engi- in school, but do not underestimate the knowledge gained
neer for Savannah River National from hands-on experience and learning through mentoring.
Reigel
Laboratory (SRNL).
Hobbies?
What is your engineering background? Volleyball, softball, hanging out with my dogs and hus-
I have my B.S. and Ph.D. in metallurgical and materi- band, hiking, and renovating my house.
als engineering from the Colorado School of Mines. During
undergrad, I had internships at a Chevron gas refinery and Last book read?
NASA Glenn Research Center, both of which verified that I am in the middle of Skunk Works by Ben Rich and
I had made the right choice of majors. However, I guess Leo Janos. I highly recommend it for anyone with an inter-
you could say that my engineering background goes back est in engineering and spy novels.
even further since I was always helping my dad with his
business, which required creative technical solutions to ASMs Women in Materials Engineering Committee is
get telephone and computer wiring from one place to actively seeking candidates for award nominations. Contact
another. [email protected].
55
CHAPTERS IN THE NEWS HIGHLIGHTS
CHAPTERS IN THE NEWS
Canton-Massillon Hosts Student Night
In May, the Canton-Massillon Chapter held its annual
Student Night to end the years technical programming.
Special guest speaker Laurie Moline of United Way of Stark
County Womens Leadership Council spoke about some of
the student programs she coordinates. One such program,
GetConnected, is a mentoring program established to con-
nect students with professionals and local industry through
tours and other types of interactive events.
The evening was filled with networking, student project
displays, presentations, and a panel discussion. The panel William Jandeska (right) accepts the Kempton H. Roll PM
was composed of students, mentors, and local Project Lead Lifetime Achievement Award from Patrick McGeehan, president
the Way instructors, who shared about their program expe- of MPIF.
riences and the effect that the mentoring relationships have
had on them. Feedback was also requested on how to utilize
these kinds of partnerships. During the discussion, mem- Vander Voort Honored
bers shared their own mentoring advice with the students by Drexel University
as well. It was a great opportunity for students to experience On May 7, George
a professional meeting and practice networking skills. Vander Voort, FASM, was
honored by Drexel University
at its annual alumni week-
end when they gave him the
schools top alumnus honor,
the Service to the Profession
Award. George was accom-
panied by his wife, Elena, and
by Phyllis and Fred Schmidt, From left, George Vander
FASM. Schmidt also received Voort and Fred Schmidt
his B.S. in metallurgical engi- at the bust of Anthony J.
neering from Drexel. Vander Drexel.
Voort then traveled to Chen-
nai, India, for the 2nd International Conference and Exhibi-
tion on Heat Treatment and Surface Engineering organized
Canton-Massillon Chapter members enjoy Student Night. by ASMs Chennai Chapter, where he gave the first keynote
MEMBERS IN THE NEWS

Jandeska Receives Lifetime
Achievement Award
William Jandeska, Jr., FASM, president, Midwest
Metallurgical Ltd., received the Kempton H. Roll PM Life-
time Achievement Award from the Metal Powder Industries
Federation (MPIF) during Powdermet2016 in Boston. The
award was established in 2007 to recognize individuals
with outstanding accomplishments and achievements who
have devoted their careers to the field of PM and related Vander Voort receives a plaque from the Baroda Chapter of the
technologies. Indian Institute of Metals after his lecture in Vadodara, India.
56
HIGHLIGHTS MEMBERS IN THE NEWS

lecture and another talk after lunch on the opening day. Hillman Named Rockwell Collins Fellow
Later in May and early June, Vander Voort presented sem- David Hillman is among six
inars on metallography and failure analysis at various loca- Rockwell Collins engineers hon-
tions throughout India, Italy, Poland, and Russia. ored for leadership, innovation,
and technical expertise as well
Anderson, Choquette Win Outstanding as dedication to mentoring oth-
Technical Paper Award ers. He was named to the compa-
The Howard I. Sanderow Outstanding Technical Paper nys third annual class of Fellows
Award was presented to Iver Anderson, FASM, senior met- during a special ceremony on July
allurgist, Ames Laboratory, and Stephanie Choquette, 19 in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Hillman
graduate research assistant, for their paper, Liquid-Phase is a principal material and process engineer in advanced
Diffusion Bonding: Temperature Effects and Solute Redistri- operations engineering. He is also the recognized Rockwell
bution in High-Temperature Lead-Free Composite Solders. Collins enterprise technical expert and leading authority for
They were officially recognized during the industry lun- matters related to soldering materials and processes, solder
cheon held during Powdermet2016 in Boston. The award joint reliability, lead-free materials and processes, and met-
was established in 1993 to recognize authors of excellent allurgy and finishes.
manuscripts submitted for publication at the annual tech-
nical conference organized by the Metal Powder Industries Murty Appointed Progress Energy
Federation (MPIF) and APMI International. Distinguished Professor
K.L. Murty, FASM, profes-
sor and director of graduate pro-
grams for the nuclear engineering
department at NC State University,
was recently appointed Progress
Energy Distinguished Professor in
the department of nuclear engi-
neering. Murty joined NC State in
1981 following industrial expe-
rience at Westinghouse Research Center and Lynchburg
Research Center of Babcock & Wilcox Co. Prior to that, he
was an AINSE Research Fellow at the University of Newcas-
tle and a research metallurgist in the Inorganic Materials
Iver Anderson, center, and Stephanie Choquette, right, receive Research Division of Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory at the
the Howard I Sanderow Outstanding Technical Paper Award University of California, Berkeley.
from James Trombino of MPIF.
Henein Named 2016

Distinguished Lecturer
Hani Henein, FASM, pro-
fessor, department of chemicals
and materials engineering, Uni-
versity of Alberta, was selected by
the Canadian Institute of Mining,
Metallurgy and Petroleum (CIM)
as a Distinguished Lecturer for
2016. Speakers are chosen based
on accomplishments in scientific,
technical, management, or educational activities related to
the minerals industry, and speak at CIM branch and student
chapter meetings across Canada. Founded in 1898, CIM is
the leading not-for-profit technical society of professionals
in the Canadian minerals, metals, materials, and energy
industries.
REGISTER TODAY!
Technical Meeting and Exhibition
Themes for 2016 include:

Additive Manufacturing
Biomaterials
Ceramic and Glass Materials
Electronic and Magnetic Materials
Energy
Fundamentals, Characterization, and
Computational Modeling
RG
Iron and Steel (Ferrous Alloys)
.O Materials-Environment Interactions
C H
I TE Nanomaterials
SC Processing and Manufacturing
AT
M Special Topics
Organizers:
SALT LAKE CITY
SALT PALACE CONVENTION CENTER | SALT LAKE CITY, UTAH USA
C A LV I N L . R A M P T O N S A LT PA L A C E CONVENTION
OCTOBER 23 - 27, 2016
OCTOBER 23CENTER
27, 2016
Sponsored by:
Organized By: Sponsored By:
58
HIGHLIGHTS IN MEMORIAM
IN MEMORIAM
John T. Venard passed away Man H. Yoo, FASM, passed
May 11 at age 78. Born in Indi- away on August 12, 2015, at
anapolis on July 10, 1937, he 80 years old. After graduating
grew up near Zionsville, Ind. from the famous Kyunggi High
In 1961, Venard began grad- School in Korea, he traveled
uate training in metallurgical to the U.S. in 1956 to advance
engineering at Oak Ridge and his studies, earning multiple
Knoxville, Tenn. He was the first degrees from Michigan State
of his family to attend college University. After receiving his
and trained as a metallurgical Ph.D. in materials science,
engineer at Purdue Univer- he joined Oak Ridge National
sity and the University of Tennessee, with a masters Laboratory in 1967 and retired in 2003. His accom-
degree conferred in 1967. In 1978, he earned an MBA plishments include significant contributions to the
through the Executive Program at the University of Chi- fundamental understanding of plastic deformation,
cago. Before his 1999 retirement, Venard spent his pro- radiation damage, and high temperature flow and
fessional career as a research engineer, manager, and fracture. His pioneering achievements substantially
technology transfer program administrator at both Oak increased the understanding of both intermetallic
Ridge and Argonne National Laboratories, and later at materials and hexagonal close-packed metals and
Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. In addition to alloys. Yoo received the Humboldt Research Award for
ASM, he was a member of Sigma Xi, Aircraft Owners and senior U.S. scientists and the Mathewson Gold Medal
Pilots Association, Sigma Gamma Epsilon, Technology in 2002. After retirement, he finally satisfied his desire
Transfer Society, Licensing Executives Society, and the to teach by joining the faculty at KAIST in Daejon,
Association of University Technology Managers. Venard South Korea, and later received an appointment to
joined ASM in 1957 and was a Life Member. Seoul National University in 2005.
ASME NQA-1
COMPLIANT
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ASM is actively seeking proposals in the subject areas of materials
selection, processing, evaluation and performance. As a leading
publisher of technical books, magazines and journals related to
materials science, ASM can help you build credibility and respect
within your industry. We invite you to submit a book proposal or
share your interest in contributing to magazines or journals.
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62
STRESS RELIEF
COFFEE CUP TAKES ON WHOLE NEW MEANING

3DomFuel, Fargo, N.D., created specialty 3D-printing filaments by add-
ing value to waste byproducts. Buzzed is the first beer filament, made using
byproducts from the brewing process. The outcome creates visible grain frag-
ments and natural color gradients on the finished 3D-printed products.
There is also a filament made partially with coffee waste, called Wound
Up. It has a distinct coffee color, and even smells like coffee while printing. The
filament generates products with a rich brown color and a noticeable natural
grain. Using Wound Up, c2renew, also in Fargo, created a 3D-printed coffee
mug, so people can literally drink coffee out of a coffee cup.
Finally, 3DomFuel released a hemp filament called Entwined, which uses
no dyes, allowing it to maintain a natural brown hue. It is almost iridescent in Wound Up, a 3D-printing filament made partially from
its ability to showcase different shades and densities within the same printed coffee waste, was used to 3D print this coffee cup.
object. 3dfuel.com.
COIN TOSS COULD CURE POLITICAL UNCERTAINTY

At Long-Stanton Manufacturing Co., West Chester, Ohio, the similarity of
the presidential race of 1860 and 2016 lies not in the issues but in the name of
the companys founder, John Stanton. Records show that before Stanton start-
ed Long-Stanton Manufacturing in 1862, he owned a company in Cincinnati
that provided the illustrations, made the stamping die, and minted many of the
campaign coins of the 1860 presidential candidates. The coins contained the
etched, illustrated likeness of each candidate and were handed out to voters
asking for their support.
Today, the company honors this legacy by minting an Indecision 2016
campaign coin. One side features an illustrated likeness of Republican nomi-
nee Donald Trump and the other features Democratic challenger Hillary Clin-
Etched likeness of Democratic candidate Hillary ton. But dont take this coin into the voting boothit could be distracting to
Clinton facing left and Republican candidate Don- those who have already made up their mind, or they may ask to borrow it.
ald Trump facing right. Courtesy of Business Wire. longstanton.com.
3D PRINTING OVERCOMES HAIRY CHALLENGE

Researchers in Massachusetts Institute of Technologys Media Lab, Cam-
bridge, found a way to bypass a major design step in 3D printing, to quickly and
efficiently model and print thousands of hairlike structures. Instead of using
conventional computer-aided design (CAD) software to draw thousands of
individual hairs on a computera step that takes hours to computethe team
built a new software platform called cilllia that lets users define the angle,
thickness, density, and height of thousands of hairs, in just a few minutes.
Using the new software, researchers designed arrays of hairlike structures
with a resolution of 50 m. Playing with various dimensions, they designed and
MIT researchers attached 3D-printed hairs to a ring.
then printed arrays ranging from coarse bristles to fine fur, onto both flat and
curved surfaces, using a conventional 3D printer. Could the technology be used to print wigs and hair extensions? Possibly, say
researchers. But that is not their end goal. Instead, they are seeing how 3D-printed hair could perform useful tasks such as sensing,
adhesion, and actuation. news.mit.edu.
INNOVATION Technical
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1976 Ipsen develops a kiln that

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Blog
1948 Ipsen is founded

by Harold Ipsen, and
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64
3D PRINTSHOP
range of additive techniques, including

BAMBOO BOOSTS its Ampliforge process that combines
SUSTAINABILITY additive and traditional manufacturing.
Researchers at Oak Ridge Nation- With this new technique, a nearly com-
al Laboratory, Tenn., are using bamboo plete 3D part is printed then finished
fiber in 3D-printing experiments to de- with another process such as forging.
termine whether bio-based feedstock alcoa.com.
materials are feasible in additive manu-
facturing. Chopped bamboo fibers were PARTNERSHIP TO DEVELOP
added to a bio-polymer resin to create COMPUTING TOOLS
bamboo-based pellets, resulting in a
A new collaboration between
more sustainable material that can be
Ansys Inc., Pittsburgh, and the Uni-
used for manufacturing molds, proto- Alcoa opened a state-of-the-art, 3D-
versity of Pittsburgh (Pitt) aims to
types, appliances, and furniture. In one printing metal powder production
solve some of the industrys toughest
experiment, a table that contains 10% facility located at the Alcoa Technology
additive manufacturing (AM) problems.
bamboo fiber composite was 3D-print- Center near Pittsburgh. Courtesy of
Printing metal is particularly challeng-
ed. We are investigating the use of Business Wire.
ing because it involves lasers, which op-
different types of cellulose fibers to
timize density but can also melt metal
develop feedstock materials with bet- ALCOA OPENS METAL in unexpected ways. In addition, rapid
ter mechanical performance that can
increase the number of available com-
POWDER FACILITY heating and cooling creates stresses
Alcoa Inc., Pittsburgh, recently that can deform the end product. Ansys
posites and opportunities for sustain-
opened a state-of-the-art, 3D-printing and Pitt are working together to simu-
able practices, explains Soydan Ozcan,
metal powder production facility. Lo- late those deformations before printing
R&D scientist. For more information:
cated at the Alcoa Technology Center to ensure products have the desired
Soydan Ozcan, 865.241.2158, ozcans@
near Pittsburgh, the company will pro- shape and perform as expected. As part
ornl.gov, www.ornl.gov.
duce titanium, nickel, and alu- of the collaboration, the university is
minum powders optimized for opening a 1200-sq-ft Ansys Additive
3D-printed aerospace parts. Al- Manufacturing Research Laboratory
coa has also invested in a range in the Swanson School of Engineering.
of technologies to further The new facility will also support fac-
develop additive processes, ulty and students conducting collab-
product design, and qualifi- orative research with Ansys and other
cation. The facility will form industry partners, including those in
part of Arconic following the biomedical, aerospace, and defense
separation from Alcoas tra- industries. Lab workers will have access
ditional commodity busi- to a variety of Ansys software, enabling
ness in the second half of them to explore, simulate, and analyze
2016. The plant is part of solutions for stress and fatigue on criti-
a $60 million investment cal components designed for the auto-
in advanced 3D-printing motive, aerospace, and medical device
materials and processes industries. ansys.com.
that builds on the companys
capabilities in California, Geor-
A 3D-printed table was manufactured gia, Michigan, Pennsylvania, and
using 10% bamboo fiber, an initial step
Texas. In addition to producing pow-
toward sustainable practices using
ders, Alcoa is focused on advancing a
bio-derived materials.
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SEPTEMBER 2016 | VOL 174 | NO 8

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