Kentucky

Snakes

Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources

 Fish & Wildlife
Mission Statement

T o conserve and enhance fish and

wildlife resources and provide opportunity

for hunting, fishing, trapping, boating and

other wildlife-related activities.

Kentucky Snakes

Dr. Jonathan Gassett, Commissioner

Compiled by
Bill Moore
Wildlife Diversity Biologist

and

Tim Slone
Information and Education Director

Photographs by John MacGregor

April 2002
Reprinted December 2007

The Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources does not discriminate on
the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, religion, age or disability in employment
or the provision of services, and provides, upon request, reasonable accommodation
including auxiliary aids and services necessary to afford individuals with disabilities
an equal opportunity to participate in all programs and activities.
 Preface
The purpose of this booklet is to assist in the identification of
Kentuckys snakes. While some snakes can be easily identified with a
quick comparison to a photograph, others can be a little more difficult.
Therefore, in addition to photographs, this booklet contains brief writ-
ten descriptions and range maps. The general range where each species
is known to occur within the state is indicated by blue on these maps. If
you discover a snake in the field, observe it from a safe distance. In addi-
tion to the snakes color and pattern, also pay attention to its behavior as
this can sometimes provide clues to its identification. In those situations
where a snake is discovered in a place where it may be a problem, this
booklet contains some suggestions on ways to discourage its presence.

Acknowledgements
Appreciation is extended to the following department employees
for their reviews and/or edits: Steve Bonney, Laura Burford, Brian Gray,
Danny Watson, and Traci Wethington. A special thanks is extended to
Rick Hill for the cover artwork and to John A. Boone for his guidance
and many hours spent on layout and design.
We are also indebted to John MacGregor for graciously providing the
photographs in this booklet. John MacGregor is the states leading herpe-
tologist and a noted wildlife photographer. John has spent most of his life
helping to understand and protect Kentuckys wildlife. His many talents
and interest have greatly expanded our knowledge of snakes in Kentucky.

What is the Wildlife Diversity Program?

The Wildlife Diversity Program contributes to the departments mis-
sion by focusing on the conservation of those species, which are typically
referred to as nongame species. Nongame species are those species that
are not hunted or fished. We seek to accomplish this task through such
activities as inventory, monitoring, research, and public education. This is
a big task considering there are more than 242 species of fish, 105 species
of mussels, 54 species of crayfish, 105 species of reptiles and amphibians,
350 species of birds, and 69 species of mammals known from Kentucky.

2
 Kentucky
Snakes
Introduction
Snakes are one of the most interesting groups of animals in
Kentucky. They range in size from the tiny 7-inch worm snake
to the impressive 6-foot black rat snake. Some like the slender
green snake are masters of camouflage while others like the scar-
let kingsnake display themselves with brilliant colors. Not only
do snakes come in many sizes and colors but they are found in a
variety of habitats. Snakes may be found anywhere in Kentucky
from deep in the forest to your own backyard. Depending on the
species of snake its diet may include insects, mice, toads, birds,
and even other snakes.
Despite their bad reputation, snakes are very beneficial. They
eat many of the slugs, insects, mice, and rats that we consider
pests. In addition to their ecological value, snakes are widely used
in medical research. Unfortunately, these things dont come to
mind when most people encounter a snake. Many people fear
and dislike snakes, often because they believe they are venom-
ous. However, of the 32 types of snakes found in Kentucky, only
four are venomous. Thus, most snakes encountered are quite
harmless. With a little information, it is easy to distinguish a
venomous snake from one of the many harmless snakes found in
Kentucky.

3
 Contents
Identifying Kentuckys Venomous Species............................................ 5
Family Viperidae (Venomous)
Copperhead........................................................................................... 7
Western Cottonmouth.......................................................................... 8
Timber Rattlesnake............................................................................. 10
Western Pigmy Rattlesnake................................................................ 12
Family Colubridae (Non-venomous)
Black Rat Snake.................................................................................. 13
Black Racer.......................................................................................... 14
Black Kingsnake.................................................................................. 15
Prairie Kingsnake................................................................................ 16
Milk Snake.......................................................................................... 16
Corn Snake.......................................................................................... 17
Scarlet Kingsnake................................................................................ 18
Scarlet Snake....................................................................................... 18
Eastern Hognose Snake...................................................................... 19
Northern Pine Snake........................................................................... 20
Eastern Garter Snake.......................................................................... 20
Eastern Ribbon Snake......................................................................... 21
Western Ribbon Snake........................................................................ 21
Rough Green Snake............................................................................ 22
Northern Redbelly Snake.................................................................... 23
Worm Snake........................................................................................ 23
Smooth Earth Snake........................................................................... 24
Kirtlands Snake................................................................................... 25
Brown Snake....................................................................................... 25
Ringneck Snake................................................................................... 26
Southeastern Crowned Snake............................................................. 26
Northern Water Snake........................................................................ 27
Diamondback Water Snake................................................................. 28
Copperbelly Water Snake.................................................................... 29
Queen Snake....................................................................................... 30
Western Mud Snake............................................................................ 30
Broad-banded Water Snake................................................................ 31
Mississippi Green Water Snake.......................................................... 31
Dealing with Snakes in Unwanted Places .......................................... 32

4
Identifying Kentuckys
Venomous Species
Kentuckys venomous snakes are the copperhead, cottonmouth,
timber rattlesnake, and pigmy rattlesnake. All four species belong to a
group of snakes called pit vipers. The name pit viper comes from the pit
or small opening located on each side of the head between the eye and
nostril (Fig. 1). Pits
are sensory organs that VENOMOUS
aid in the capture of Vertical pupil
warm-blooded prey.
Another characteristic
unique to venom-
ous snakes is eyes
with vertical pupils.
Kentuckys harmless
Pit
snakes all have round
pupils (Fig. 2). On Figure 1
venomous snakes,
scales underneath the tail will be in a single undivided row. The same
scales on harmless snakes will be in two distinct rows (Fig. 3). Venomous
snakes in Kentucky bear live young; therefore, any snake eggs encoun-
tered are from a harmless species.
Other techniques such as head shape and tail vibrating are not as
reliable in distinguishing between venomous and harmless snakes. It is
true that all four of Kentuckys venomous species have triangular or spade
shaped heads with the
back of the head being
NON-VENOMOUS wider than the neck.
However, many harmless
species will imitate this
characteristic by flat-
tening their heads when
threatened, which makes
Round pupil the head appear much
Figure 2 wider. Likewise, a sud-
den buzzing noise does
not always indicate the presence of a rattlesnake. Rattlesnakes are not the
only snakes that will vibrate their tails when alarmed.

5
 Many harmless snakes will
rapidly vibrate their tails.
When this is done in dry VENOMOUS
vegetation, it can produce NON-VENOMOUS
a sound similar to a rattle-
snake.
Although snakebites are
rare, the majority of bites
occur when someone tries
to capture, kill, or otherwise
harass a snake. The best Anal
advice is to leave the snake plate
alone and enjoy watching
it from a distance. Even if
a venomous snake has been
killed, you should not at-
tempt to handle it. Due to
reflex action, a snake can
still deliver a venomous bite
for a short period after it has
been killed.
If you are one of the
unlucky few to be bitten,
most sources agree that the
best first aid is a set of car
keys to get the victim to pro- Figure 3
fessional medical care. Other first
aid techniques that have been used for snakebite
include tourniquets or constricting bands, venom extraction devices,
cutting across the fang marks, and even electric shock. However, most
experts believe these devices are not effective and in some cases may
do more harm than good. The important thing is to remain calm. It is
estimated that on average only 9-15 deaths occur in the U.S. each year
from snakebites.

Snakes are reptiles. The scientific

study of amphibians and reptiles is
called herpetology.

6
 Family: Viperidae (Venomous)
Copperhead indictaes ranges

(Agkistrodon contortrix)
Average length 8 - 40

A large number of harmless snakes are killed each year in the

mistaken belief they are copperheads. In Kentucky, the copperhead
can vary in general coloration from reddish brown (coppery-red) to
brown, which is similar to several of the common harmless species.
However, a good identifying characteristic for copperheads is the
chestnut crossbands that are wide on the side of the body and nar-
rower across the back. These bands are often described as having
an hour glass or bow tie shape when viewed from above. Some of

Note the yellow tail tip on the

juvenile copperhead.

7
 the bands may be broken or incom-
plete along the middle of the back and
do not form a perfect hour glass shape.
These partial or incomplete bands will
still be wider on the sides of the body,
narrowing in the middle of the back.
Small dark spots are often present
on the body between the crossbands.
Note the facial pit and vertical Young copperheads are similar to the
pupil, both of which indicate this is adults with the exception of a yellow or
a venomous species. greenish-yellow tail tip that they use as
a lure to attract small frogs and insects
within striking distance. This tail coloration will gradually disap-
pear with age.
Adult copperheads prey on mice and other small mammals but
will also take frogs, lizards, insects, and the occasional small bird.
Copperheads mate in the spring and the young are born alive in
late summer or early fall. Studies indicate that female copperheads
only give birth every other year. It is believed that copperheads may
live for up to 15 years in the wild. The copperhead is a common
snake in many parts of the state.

Western Cottonmouth
(Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma)
Average length 8 - 46

This is typically a dark heavy-bodied snake. However, young

cottonmouths look similar to young copperheads with dark
crossbands and yellowish tail tips, but this pattern rapidly fades
with age.
The lack of obvious markings can make identification of adult
cottonmouths difficult in the field, but behavior can offer some
clues. On land, the harmless water snakes almost always drop
into the water or flee quickly when approached. In contrast, cot-
tonmouths often stand their ground in an open-mouthed threat
display, revealing the whitish interior of the mouth, and often rap-
8
idly vibrate their tail. On the rare occasion when a harmless water
snake gapes, with mouth open wide, the interior of the mouth will
be pinkish in color. Harmless water snakes do not vibrate their
tail. Another interesting distinction is that cottonmouths have a
scale above their eyes that sticks out slightly so that when viewing
the snakes head from above or behind (such as when it swims by
the boat), you cannot see the eyes. This may explain why cotton-
mouths almost always swim with their head held completely out of
the water. In contrast, the harmless water snakes eyes can be seen
from above, and they normally swim
with their head right on the waters
surface. Also pay attention to the
range map. The cottonmouth has a
limited distribution in Kentucky.
Cottonmouths are usually found
in or around water, but they may
be encountered in upland areas in
the spring or fall as they move to or Juvenile cottonmouth
from their hibernating sites. Cot-
tonmouths have a wide range of prey species including fish, frogs,
other snakes, lizards, and rodents. Females give birth to live young
in late summer or early fall.

9
 Timber Rattlesnake
(Crotalus horridus)
Average length 8 - 60

The timber rattlesnake is the states largest venomous snake.

It is a heavy-bodied snake with dark, sometimes V-shaped cross-
bands, on a yellow, gray, brown or sometimes greenish background
color. The crossbands are always present except on completely
black individuals, which occasionally occur.
An obvious characteristic for this and other rattlesnake species
is the rattle on the tip of the tail. Timber rattlesnakes, however,
typically do not rattle unless provoked. Other snakes including
some harmless species will rapidly vibrate their tail when alarmed.
If this is done in dry vegetation, it may sound similar to a rattle.
A forest animal, this species is found in the heavily wooded
areas of Kentucky. They prefer south and southwest facing slopes
with rocky outcrops and bluffs. Rodents make up the bulk of their

10
 A common urban
legend that peri-
odically circulates
throughout portions
of the state is that fish
and wildlife is stock-
ing rattlesnakes. Some
of the more color-
ful accounts include
dropping them out of
airplanes. However,
the state has never
stocked rattlesnakes

Rick Hill Illustrations

in Kentucky.

diet with squirrels being a major prey item. An ambush predator,

a snake will position itself along a rodent trail and wait motionless
for its prey to appear. Timber rattlesnakes are a secretive, nonag-
gressive species. Their main defense is to lie motionless on the
forest floor, relying on their color and pattern to camouflage them
from predators. Females are 4-6 years old before they give birth.
The young are born alive in late summer or early fall. A female
gives birth every other year, although, in more northern states fe-
males may only give birth every third year. Timber rattlesnakes are
long-lived animals and may survive for up to 25 years in the wild.
Timber rattlesnakes are undergoing severe population declines
throughout their range. Kentucky is one of the few states with a
relatively healthy population.
11
 Western Pigmy Rattlesnake
(Sistrurus miliarius steckeri)
Average length 5 - 20

This snake is a light, grayish brown with dark spots or short

bars on its back and sometimes sides. A faint reddish brown or
rusty stripe may be present down its back. It has a skinny tail and
very small rattle that can be hard to hear; and has been compared
to the sound of an insect buzzing. Like copperheads and cotton-
mouths the very young have a yellow tail tip.
The pigmy rattlesnake has a very limited range in Kentucky
where it is only known to occur in Calloway, Lyon, and Trigg
counties. Very little is known about the species habits within the
state. However, in other portions of its range, it is typically found
near water where it feeds on mice, lizards, small snakes, and frogs.

Rattlesnakes add a rattle every time they shed their skin, which may be
as often as five times a year. In addition rattles may sometimes break
off. Thus, counting the rattles is not a reliable way to age a rattlesnake.
12
Family: Colubridae (Non-venomous)

Black Rat Snake

(Elaphe o. obsoleta)
Average length 9 - 72

The black rat snake is one of Ken- Young Black Rat Snakes
tuckys largest snakes. A large shiny
brown to black (sometimes grayish)
snake with occasional cream or yellowish coloring between its
scales. These light areas are most visible when the snake is ex-
tended. The belly coloration is light, usually with some indications
of black and white checkering. The young are grayish with darker
blotches (saddles) down the back clearly extending onto the tail.
Rat snakes are good climbers and can often be seen on tree limbs
or barn rafters. It is a beneficial species to have
around the barnyard where it will feed on mice
and rats, which it kills by constriction.

13
 Black Racer
(Coluber c. constrictor)
Average length 8 - 60

This is a long, slender, black (sometimes bluish-gray) snake

with a white chin. The belly is uniformly gray to black. The young
look much different appearing grayish with dark blotches down the
back. These blotches are less distinct or more likely absent from the
tail. As their name implies, racers are usually quick to flee at the
first hint of danger, and like the rat snake, they are good climbers.
However, if cornered, a racer may rapidly vibrate its tail and strike
aggressively.
Unlike many other snakes, racers actively hunt during daylight
hours. Contrary to its scientific name, the racer is not a constrictor.
Instead, it grabs its prey and quickly pins it to the ground until it
stops struggling.

14
Black Kingsnake
(Lampropeltis getula nigra)
Average length 9 - 45

A black snake with small white or yellow spots that are typi-
cally concentrated on the head and sides of the body. On young
snakes, these spots connect forming a chain-like pattern down
the back. Occasionally, this pattern is faintly visible on adults.
The belly is black and white checkered. Kingsnakes truly are king
among snakes in that a common food item is other snakes, includ-
ing venomous ones. Kingsnakes are apparently immune to the
venom of Kentuckys pit vipers.

Some people believe the bite of a black snake will make you sick.
As with any scrape, there is always the chance for an infection.
However, a bite from a black snake or any other non-venomous
snake in and of itself will not make a person sick.

15
 Prairie Kingsnake
(Lampropeltis c. calligaster)
Average length 9 - 42

A tan to brownish-gray snake with large darker blotches (sad-

dles) down its back. These blotches usually have a black border.
A row of smaller alternating blotches are typically present down
each side of the body. It has a brown (yellowish) checkered belly.
As its name implies, this species can be found in and around
grassland areas and open woods where it feeds on rodents, birds,
and other reptiles.

Milk Snake
(Lampropeltis triangulum)
Average length 6 - 36

This is a light gray to brown snake with brown or red black-

edged blotches (saddles) down its back. Occasionally, a row of smaller
blotches will be present down each side of the body. The belly is
checkered with black on white. This snakes common name comes

16
 from the myth that it
will suck milk from
cows. However, milk
snakes are incapable of
achieving such a feat.
Its occasional presence
in barns is more likely
due to an abundance of
mice, which is its pri-
mary prey item.

Corn Snake
(Elaphe g. guttata)
Average length 6 - 48

This snake can vary from orange to brown or gray. Orange or

reddish blotches with black borders occur down the back. The belly
is black and white checkered with black and white stripes under
the tail. Sometimes called the red rat snake, the corn snake is a
good climber but it also spends time underground searching for
rodents. This species has limited distribution in Kentucky occur-
ring in two widely disjunct (separated) populations.

17
 Scarlet Kingsnake
(Lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides)
Average length 5 - 24

The scarlet
kingsnake is a
beautiful snake
with red, yellow,
and black rings.
These rings enter
upon the belly and
sometimes com-
pletely encircle the
body. Unlike the
venomous coral
snake, which does
not occur in Kentucky, the kingsnakes red and yellow rings are
always separated by black on the kingsnake. This species of king-
snake is uncommon in Kentucky.

Scarlet Snake
(Cemophora coccinea)
Average length 5 - 20

A colorful little
snake with red and
yellow bands down the
back separated by black.
Unlike the scarlet king-
snake, the scarlet snake
has a plain white belly.
This species is uncom-
mon in Kentucky.

18
Eastern Hognose Snake
(Heterodon platirhinos)
Average length 5 - 36

The overall coloration of this snake varies from yellowish or

greenish with dark blotches down its back, or it can be all black.
As its name suggests, it has a unique upturned snout (like a pig).
Its behavior is also a good identifying characteristic. When feeling
threatened, it will flatten its head and neck and hiss loudly. If that
doesnt work, it may roll over and play dead. Its behavior has earned
it some colorful names including puff adder and blow viper.
This snakes scientific name Heterodon means different tooth,
referring to enlarged teeth found in the back of the snakes mouth.
A favorite food item of hognose snakes is toads, which commonly
puff themselves up with air making them appear too large to swal-
low. However, hognose snakes get around this tactic by using their
specialized teeth to pop the air out of toads just like a balloon.

19
 Northern Pine Snake
(Pituophis m. melanoleucus)
Average length 12 - 72

A large black and white snake

with a noisy hiss. The belly is
white. Although this is one of
our largest snakes, its habit of
burrowing underground makes it
extremely difficult to find. As its
name implies, the northern pine
snake is often associated with
pinewoods, but it can be found in
other upland forest habitats with
sandy/loose soils. It is considered
uncommon in Kentucky.

Eastern Garter Snake

(Thamnophis s. sirtalis)
Average length 5 - 26

Normally, a relatively small snake with three yellow stripes down

its back, but the stripes can vary in color. Occasionally, the stripes may
be virtually absent and replaced with dark spots occurring more or less
in rows down the back. The
belly is greenish or yellow,
often with two rows of dark
spots. This is a common
species in Kentucky that
can be found in urban areas.
Although harmless, it may
sometimes bite if picked up
and/or release a smelly musk
that some people may find
offensive.
20
Eastern Ribbon Snake
(Thamnophis s. sauritus)
Average length 7 - 28

This animal is a very

slim, ribbon-like snake with
an exceptionally long tail.
Three yellow or orange
stripes extend down the
length of the body. Ribbon
snakes are found along the
edges of streams and swamps
where they hunt for frogs and
salamanders.

Western Ribbon Snake

(Thamnophis p. proximus)
Average length 9 - 30

The western ribbon snake is similar to the eastern ribbon snake in

appearance and habitat. Like the broad-banded and the green water
snakes it is restricted to the extreme western edge of Kentucky.

21
 The outstanding scientific discovery of the twentieth century
is not television, or radio, but rather the complexity of the land
organism. Only those who know the most about it can appreci-
ate how little we know about it. The last word in ignorance is the
man who says of an animal or plant: What good is it? If the land
mechanism as a whole is good, then every part is good, whether
we understand it or not. If the biota, in the course of aeons, has
built something we like but do not understand, then who but a
fool would discard seemingly useless parts? To keep every cog and
wheel is the first precaution of intelligent tinkering.
- Aldo Leopold

Rough Green Snake

(Opheodrys aestivus)
Average length 6 - 32

Perhaps the easiest snake in Kentucky to identify, it is a slender,

unmarked green snake with a white belly. Recently killed individu-
als may appear blue. Usually found in trees or bushes this snake
feeds on spiders and insects. It will sometimes bend and wave to
imitate a branch moving in the wind.
22
Northern Redbelly Snake
(Storeria o. occipitomaculata)
Average length 3 - 15

This is a small
brownish snake with
a bright red or orange
belly. Narrow longitu-
dinal stripes are some-
times present down
the back. Light spots
are usually present
on the neck. There is
typically a small white
spot below the eye.

Worm Snake
(Carphophis amoenus)
Average length 3 - 12

A small, plain brown

snake with a pinkish-red
belly. Belly coloration
extends slightly onto the
lower sides of the body.
Note a spiny point
on the tip of the tail.
Like many of the small
snakes found within the
state, the worm snake is
easily overlooked. How-
ever, it can occasionally
be found under logs or rocks in forested areas. Its diet includes
earthworms and other soft-bodied invertebrates.
23
 Smooth Earth Snake
(Virginia valeriae)
Average length 3 - 10

This is a small, brown to gray snake. It is usually unmarked

but there may be a faint, light line down the middle of the back.
The belly is yellowish to white in color. The smooth earth snake is
a secretive snake that is most commonly found after heavy rains.
At other times, it may be found under rocks, logs, or other debris
where it feeds on earthworms, slugs, and other soft-bodied items.

All snakes are carnivorous, meaning they eat other

animals. Some snakes are capable of swallowing prey that
is up to three times the diameter of their head.

24
Kirtlands Snake
(Clonophis kirtlandii)
Average length 4 - 18

Kirtlands snake
has a reddish belly
and a row of dark
spots down each side.
While Kirtlands
snake is often found
in wet meadows and
swamps it may also
be found on lightly
wooded hillsides.

Brown Snake
(Storeria dekayi)
Average length 3 - 14

Small brown snakes with a double row of dark spots down the
back. The belly is lighter in color than the back. There is a dark,
downward streak on the side of the head behind the eye. Young
brown snakes
possess a
yellowish
collar that
superficially
resembles
a ring neck
snake.

25
 Ringneck Snake
(Diadophis punctatus)
Average length 5 - 15

A small, gray to black snake with a yellow neck ring. Belly is

yellow, occasionally with one or two rows of black dots down the
middle. When held, this snake will not bite; however, it will often

release a smelly musk. The ringneck can be found under rocks,

logs, within garbage piles, etc. where it feeds on worms, slugs, small
reptiles, and amphibians. Interestingly, several female ringneck
snakes may lay their eggs in a single communal nest.

Southeastern Crowned Snake

(Tantilla coronata)
Average length 3-10

Small, secretive snakes with black heads and a tan or brown

bodies. A light colored band extends across the rear of the head.

26
 The belly is white or
pink. Crowned snakes
are most active at night.
They feed on spiders,
earthworms, and insect
larvae. Females lay 1-3
eggs. This snake may
be found in a variety
of habitats that range
from wet areas to dry
wooded hillside.

Northern Water Snake

(Nerodia s. sipedon)
Average length 7 - 42

Superficially resembling a copperhead, this variable snake can

be reddish, brownish, or light gray. Dark crossbands are nearly al-
ways present but are harder to see in adults that sometimes darken
with age resulting in a plain dark brown or even black snake. When
present, the crossbands will be as wide or wider on the middle of
the back, unlike the hourglass shape present on the copperhead.

27
 These aquatic snakes nearly always make a hasty retreat into water
when approached. The northern water snake or its subspecies the
Midland Water Snake (Nerodia sipedon pleuralis) is found in nearly
every body of water in Kentucky. See the cottonmouth description
for more behavioral cues on how to tell this and other harmless wa-
ter snakes from the venomous cottonmouth.

Diamondback Water Snake

(Nerodia r. rhombifer)
Average length 8 - 48

A big, thick-bodied, brownish-yellow to greenish snake that is

covered by a dark chain-like pattern on back and sides. The chin
and belly are pale yellow with dark spots or half moons on the
belly. Male diamondback water snakes are unique in our area in
that several raised papillae or bumps cover their chin. However,
you probably wouldnt want to tickle its chin as it, like other water
snakes, has a reputation as being a fierce fighter when handled.
See the cottonmouth description for some behavioral cues on how
to tell this and other harmless water snakes from the venomous
cottonmouth.

28
Copperbelly Water Snake
(Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta)
Average length 8 - 48

The copperbelly water snake is a subspecies of the plainbelly

water snake. It has a dark black back and a surprising, bright or-
ange-red belly. Young are boldly patterned with large dark blotches
down the back and smaller alternating blotches on sides, all on a
pinkish ground color. The yellowbelly water snake (Nerodia eryth-
rogaster flavigaster) is also found in Kentucky. The yellowbelly is
similar in appearance to the copperbelly but it has a gray or green-
ish-gray back and a yellow belly. See the cottonmouth description
for some behavioral cues on how to tell this and other harmless
water snakes from the venomous cottonmouth.
A snake of swamps, sloughs, and bottomland hardwood forests.
Populations of the copperbelly water snake have declined dramati-
cally as the wetlands where they live have been drained or altered.
Copperbelly water
snakes are a protected
species in Kentucky
and may not be killed
or collected. Copper-
bellies feed primarily
on frogs, salamanders,
and tadpoles. Females
give live birth to the
young in the fall.
The southern
populations of the
copperbelly water
snake are protected
by Habitat Conserva-
tion Agreements. Kentucky, Indiana, and Illinois have entered into
these agreements to help protect the snakes remaining habitat. The
agreements have also prevented the need to add the copperbelly to
the federal list of threatened and endangered species.

29
 Queen Snake
(Regina septemvittata)
Average length 6 - 24

This is a brown, unmarked snake except for a yellowish stripe

on the lower sides of the body. The belly is pale yellowish with
four dark stripes. This snake is most commonly associated with
small streams
where it primarily
feeds on crayfish
and other aquatic
invertebrates.
Queen snakes are
harmless, but they
emit a foul smell-
ing musk when
handled.

Western Mud Snake

(Farancia abacura reinwardtii)
Average length 6 - 54

A shiny black snake

with a red belly. The
belly color extends
noticeably up onto the
sides. This snake is
sometimes referred to
as the horned snake due
to it pointed tail tip, but
it is quite harmless. It
is found in the swamps
and sloughs of western
Kentucky where it feeds
on salamanders.
30
Mississippi Green
Water Snake
(Nerodia cyclopion)
Average length 8 - 45

An undistinguished snake, the green water snake can be diffi-

cult to identify without first capturing the animal. The green water
snake has a row of scales between the lip and the eye scales that
allows for positive identification. This snake is found in extreme
western Kentucky.

Broad-Banded Water Snake

(Nerodia fasciata confluens)
Average length 7 - 36

This snake is
distinguished from
other water snakes
by its broad, dark,
bands. The broad-
banded water snake
is found only at the
extreme western
edge of Kentucky.

31
 Dealing with Snakes
in Unwanted Places
While snakes are an important part of the environment, there are
situations where a person may want to discourage their presence. Al-
though some chemical agents like naphthalene (mothballs) and cayenne
pepper have been proposed as potential deterrents, their effectiveness is
questionable. The best way of discouraging snakes is to make an area less
appealing to them by removing shelter and food sources.
Although there is no way to guarantee that you will never find a
snake in your yard, there are ways to make your home and yard less at-
tractive to snakes. Snakes are attracted to piles of wood, tin, rock, and
other debris. Such piles not only provide shelter for snakes, but also
rodents and other prey species. It is also a good idea to keep your grass
cut short. Another recommendation is to stack firewood on a rack, away
from the house, and to elevate the stack off the ground.
Occasionally snakes get into basements, crawl spaces under homes,
and/or in outbuildings. While few people may actually see snakes in their
basement, it is not unusual to find shed skins in these or other places. If
you find a fairly intact skin, it is easy to tell if it came from one of Ken-
tuckys venomous species. Take a look at the underside of the tail behind
the anal plate. If the scales directly behind the anal plate are divided into
two rows, you can be assured the skin came from a harmless species. If
these scales are in a single row, caution should be taken if searching for
the offending animal (Page 6, Fig 3).
To keep snakes from entering unwanted places look around the
exterior (or interior) for any openings of 1/4 or more. These openings
can be filled with mortar, 1/8 hardware cloth, or caulk around win-
dows, wiring, etc.

32
 For a list of the snakes and other wildlife species likely
to occur in Kentucky you can visit the Kentucky Fish and
Wildlife Information System, which is maintained by the
Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources at
fw.ky.gov. This site is being updated regularly.

Rick Hill Illustrations

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