International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)

ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-11, November 2014

A Smart Self-Adjusting Sensor Network based on

ZigBee Communications
Mr. Subba Rao H , Mr. Raghunatha Rao D

research area at a tremendous pace, particularly with the rapid

Abstract Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is an emerging development in Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)
and powerful technique for todays real world applications with technology which has facilitated the development of smart
interactive environments because of rapid introduction of
sensors. Smart sensor nodes are low power devices equipped
network enabled digital technology. Recently, the scope of WSN
technologies has been expanded to places such as home with one or more sensors, a processor, memory, a power
monitoring, remote environmental monitoring and target supply, a radio, and an actuator [1]. A sensor network is a
tracking. The design of a WSN depends significantly on the large network of small sensor nodes, capable of sensing,
application, and it must consider factors such as the communication and computation. WSNs are wireless
environment, the applications design objectives, cost, hardware, networks composed of numerous spatially distributed sensors
and system constraints. During the dynamic node deployment,
with limited data gathering and processing capability to
conventional routing protocol schemes fail to address the
network characteristics like network density and node mobility monitor and/or activate in a given environmental area. WSNs
which changes significantly over time and space. So to maintain have become increasingly important because of their ability to
a stable connectivity and maximizing the network monitor and manage situational information for various
communication throughput through wireless, with effective and intelligent services [2]. Therefore, WSNs has been applied in
reliable delivery is difficult to handle and thus it become a real many fields, such as the military, environment monitoring,
challenge.
A wireless ad hoc network is decentralized wireless network,
and healthcare monitoring [3]-[5].
which does not rely on a pre-existing network infrastructure due Nowadays, WSNs are gradually being used in the home for
to frequent changes in the dynamic environments. Instead, each safety and energy management services. For example,
node participates in routing by forwarding data, which is made lighting is automatically controlled through information such
dynamically based on the network connectivity. Node density as the residents movement or the intensity of illumination
has a great impact on the efficiency and performance of wireless gathered by WSNs [6], and consumer devices are monitored
ad hoc networks by influencing some factors such as capacity,
network contention, routing efficiency, delay, and connectivity.
and controlled by WSNs installed in the home [7]. The design
ZigBee is an emerging wireless communication technology of a WSN depends significantly on the application, and it
which supports low-cost, low-power and short-range wireless must consider factors such as the environment, the
communication. Thus, ZigBee enables new opportunities for applications design objectives, cost, hardware, and system
wireless sensors and control networks. To address the above constraints. During the dynamic node deployment,
architectural constraints, through the co-existence of the new conventional static routing protocol schemes fail to address
emerging technology, ZigBee and the Dynamic Ad hoc network
protocol inspires us to propose a new Smart Self-Adjusting the network characteristics like network density and node
Sensor (SSAS) Network system and thus we design and mobility which changes significantly over time and space, so
implement it. it becomes a biggest challenge to maintain a stable
For experimental purpose, by using some smart home connectivity and thus maximizing the network throughput.
services we are going to demonstrate the feasibility and The rest of the paper is organized as follows: the Section II
effectiveness of the proposed SSAS system. This shows, safety
describes a short academic research is done for mitigation of
and energy efficiency can be achieved. Because of its graphical
user interface and multiple sharing of the Andriod application WSNs constraints, especially reducing consumption of
makes the system more flexible. Thus multiple members can battery energy, effective throughput and stable connectivity;
have the status of their own appliances simultaneously by using in Section III, we present overall the system architecture; in
hand held Andriod based mobile device. Section IV we show the implementation and test bed of the
proposed model. And in Section V, we discuss the
Index Terms Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), Dynamic experimental results; in Section VI we have a conclusion and
Node-deployment, Self-adjusting, Dynamic ad hoc network,
future work.
Smart home services, Android based Mobile devices

I. INTRODUCTION II. ACADEMIC RESEARCH

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) has grown into a hot Zigbee is new emerging Wireless mesh networking
standard which is based on IEEE 802.15.4 has extreme
characteristics of low-cost, low-power and short-range
Manuscript received November 11, 2014. wireless communication. By comparing the different wireless
H.Subba Rao is Perusing M.Tech (Embedded Systems) in RGM
College(Autonomous) Andhra Pradesh , India, Contact Telephone No: technologies shown in the Fig.1, we highlight features of new
+91- 8985599155 emerging wireless technology where the low cost allows the
D.Raghunatha Rao is working as Associate Professor in the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and
department of Electronics and Communications at RGM monitoring applications, the low power usage allows longer
College(Autonomous Andhra Pradesh, India, Telephone No:+91-
9177011445
life(multi-year) with smaller batteries, and the mesh

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 A Smart Self-Adjusting Sensor Network based on ZigBee Communications

networking provides high reliability and more extensive deployed or removed (due to improper functioning). Thus it
range. Thus, ZigBee enables new opportunities for wireless should autonomously reconfigure the system, according to
sensors and control networks. dynamic environmental situation.
B. Effective Energy Management:
Different Wireless Technologies And Their Comparison The network lifetime is the most critical issue
because sensors operate using a limited power resource which
Characteristics ZigBee (80215.4) Bluetooth (802.15.1) Wi-Fi(802.11b) is greatly influenced by the battery lifetime. An efficient
Battery Life energy management technique is required to sustain the
(in days)
100 1000+ 1-7 1-5 wireless network communication for a long time.

Nodes per C. Quality of Service (QoS):

Network
255/65+ 7 30 There are multiple applications with different
Range of requirements in the same WSN. Latency tolerant, prioritize
coverage(in 1 75+ 1 - 10 1 - 100 the different applications and effective usage of the
Meters) bandwidth guarantees a certain level of performance.
Bandwidth Low-contention and low-delay communication protocols
(in kbps)
20 - 250 720 11000+ which ensure contention-less communication makes the
system so flexible. So, QoS management is considered as one
System of the primary requirements in implementation of WSNs.
Resources (KB)
4 - 32 250+ 1024+

Reliable, low power High speed and High By considering the design objectives, we have
Key features Speed, Flexibility designed and implemented a ZigBee based a Smart Self
& cost effective data rates
Adjusting Sensor (SSAS) network by using Dynamic Ad hoc
Fig1. Different Wireless technologies and their comparison network protocol, where the sensor nodes can adapt
The interest in wireless sensor networks research has dynamically to communicate in a new environmental
been increasing exponentially over the last few years.In this situations. We used the ZigBee technology (IEEE 802.15.4
section, we briefly discuss the existing systems. Han et al [8] standard) which effectively deliver the solutions for a variety
proposed a home energy management system (HEMS) using a of areas including energy management and efficiency, home
ZigBee technology and Infrared remote controls to reduce the automation because of its Low-Power and Low-Cost
standby power. The configured ZigBee network is composed characteristics.
of the home server (central control unit), the ZigBee hub, and
the power outlets. The connected device to power outlet with
a Zigbee module cuts off the AC power when the energy III. SELF ADJUSTING SENSOR ARCHITECTURE
consumption when it is below the threshold value. Thus the
HEMS user interface is used to control/monitor the energy A. Network Deployment
saving system via server. Gaddam et al [9] designed a novel
home monitoring system which is based on cognitive sensor The proposed system uses heterogeneous wireless nodes to
network and is intended for elder-care application. Depends form a distributed and control network as shown in the fig 2.
on the elders movement the cognitive sensor network collect In this we are going to see the three different functional nodes.
and transmit the information to the central server. In this They are coordinator node, monitor node and sensor node. In
instead of webcam based, by using selective activity this network topology, there is only one PAN coordinator
monitoring network, the system can alert the elder persons which forms this mesh type personal area network. Here the
when they meet the abnormal situations such as excessive entire communication among the coordinator and the monitor
usage of power/water usage and also intimate to caretaker by nodes is via Zigbee wireless technology (IEEE 802.15.4).
send the SMS (short message service).Gill et al [10] proposed
ZigBee based home automation system that can control and
monitor home appliances. The home gateway provides
network interoperability to the zigbee controlled system, a
simple and flexible remote access user interface. By this
Academic research we can conclude the Objectives and
Challenges
A. Easy Deployment and Self Configuration of Wireless
Nodes:
Frequently wireless network topologies changes, as
nodes are scalable and flexibility in dynamic environment.
F
The presence of human may be restricted or inappropriate in ig2 . Node Deployment Prototype Overview
some real time monitoring like disaster sites ,dense forests,
nuclear plants etc., So in this type of situation , node failure
1. Coordinator Node :
affects the system throughput with static routing techniques. It
is tedious task to set up a network topology and find the The Coordinator node plays a major role in the SSAS
system working parameters whenever the sensor node is network. The primary function of the coordinator node is to

142 www.erpublication.org
 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-11, November 2014
monitor and control the entire network. In established
Personal Area Network (PAN) only one Coordinator node As this is wireless network, frequently changes in the sensor
should be present. Thus the coordinator starts a network by nodes can be observed. So in the ad-hoc network formation,
new PAN ID (an un allocated PAN ID) and channel for identifying the unknown destination node address is done by
communication through energy scan. Once it starts a PAN, the broadcasting the control packet (REQ_PACKET). This
coordinator can allow monitor nodes to join the network. process is called Route Discovery. It can be observed
Performing an energy scan allows the coordinator to have a diagrammatically in fig 3.
unique PAN ID and free communication to avoid contention
on channels and PAN IDs selected by other PAN network The control request packet contains the source network
coordinators. address, the destination network address and a path cost field
(a metric for measuring route quality). Every zigbee device
2. Monitor Node :
has two types of addresses. One is 16 bit network address and
Monitor nodes are responsible for collecting and other is permanent device 64 bit address. The 16 bit is a
analysing the situational information with respect to network address which is unique and dynamic address
predefined instructions, and also by providing the required assigned when it joins the network where the 64 bit address is
services to actuator circuits with respect to sensor nodes given by manufacturer which is unique, static and permanent
information. The nodes are self manageable and controlled by .Always, a routing is done through a network address
coordinator node. No monitor node can communicate (dynamic address) to decrease the latency and in the packet
simultaneously with two or more coordinator nodes. load in the communication network. In the route discovery
3. Sensor Node : process the destination 16 bit network address is not known,
for first time it will send the static address. The source node
The sensor nodes are transducers which provide the
will flood the packet through the method broadcasting, in this
environmental changes by converting the sensed information
control packet are broadcasted to its adjacent nodes, those
(Analog form) to the electrical pulses (Digital form).
nodes will broad cast to their adjacent nodes, thus this process
will continue until it find a destination node.
B. Self-Adjusting sensor network While responding to the source request, the destination will
The smartness comes to the system is by combining a new send the dynamic network address along with the response
emerging wireless ZigBee technology and a dynamic Adhoc packet (RSP_PACKET). Thus destination node will respond
network protocol. Here the nodes are scalable and flexibility via shortest route through unicast, depends on path cost field
in environment. To maintain a stable connectivity and metric. In this the duplicate packets are filtered out. For
maximizing the network communication throughput through example, the S node wants to communicate with D node as
wireless, with effective and reliable delivery is difficult to shown in fig3. So it has to find its destination address by route
handle and thus become a real challenge. The main key discovery. The duplicate messages are filtered out when it
behind this challenge is the effective routing within the reach to the broadcasted/source node. Thus a communication
dynamic environment. So, by the dynamic ad-hoc network link is formed between the S and D for Data transmission.
protocol makes the system more adaptable. The monitor IDLE MODE

nodes are used to collect and analyze the situational

information and able to provide respective services with EVENT NO
respect to predefined instructions. However, simply gathering HAPPENING
? SUCCESSFUL
and transmitting the data from all sensor nodes is not suitable YES TRANSMISSION

for an efficient system, which makes bandwidth wastage. So, ACTIVE

MODE
the monitor node will sit idle until an event to happen. Then it TRANSMIT THE
comes to a active mode to communicate in the network. It has RECEPTION
TRANSMISSION
TRANSMISSION DATA

to respond and configure itself by sending the gathered OR

RECEPTION
environmental information to destination node. ?

YES YES
16-BIT NETWORK
NO ROUTE KNOWN
IS 16 BIT ADDRESS KNOWN
ADDRESS IS NO
F H VALID
16-BIT NETWORK NO
YES
ADDRESS

S CHECK OUT THE

VALID DATA AND DATA
DISCOVERY

SEND TO UART
G RECEIVE BUFFER
DISCARDED
YES
ROUTE
DISCOVERY
16-BIT NETWORK
ADDRESS DISCOVERED
B SEND THE ACK ?
FRAME PACKET TO NO YES
NO
A D THE SENDER
ADDRESS DATA DISCARDED
ROUTE
DICOVERED
C I
E
Fig 4. Algorithm For Transmitting / Receiving On Event Happening
Adhoc NETWORK
J
FORMATION
PACKET DOES NOT ACCEPTED (FILTERED) DUE TO DUPLICATE (ALREADY FORWARDED) PACKET The algorithm flow is show in the fig. 4, how the idle
TRANSMISSION OF PACKET THROUGH BROADCAST monitor node will change to active mode to initiate the
Fig 3. Route Discovery Process To Get Unknown Address

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 A Smart Self-Adjusting Sensor Network based on ZigBee Communications

C. Node Failure With Message Indication

MANAGEMENT LAYER
After monitor nodes paired with coordinator node, the
SENSOR MANAGEMENT
GROUP coordinator node will assign the 16-bit network address. We
RULE-
SERVICE
AND
are going to activate a timer in each monitor node, where it is
CONTEXT CONTEXT CONTEXT
AGGREGATOR ANALYZER MANAGER
BASED CONFIGUR
ATION
going to send the beacon signal frequently to coordinator
DB ENGINE
MANAGER MANAGER node. The coordinator is monitoring these beacon signals.
Due to failure or out of coverage within the network, the
coordinator will observe the updated flag with previous flag
status. If those values are matched, it is going to conclude that
NETWORK LAYER the node is failure or it may out of network coverage. This
NETWORK AND COMMUNICATON GROUP CONNECTION node failure is intimated immediately with proper error
TOPOLOGY
NETWORK AND COMMUNICATON GROUP MAINTENANCE message to respective user.
ROUTING TRAFFIC CONTROL MANAGER
CONTROL
MANAGER MANAGER MANAGER

M2
INTERFACE LAYER
INTERFACE GROUP
ZIGBEE BLUETOOTH
SENSING USER
NEXT
INTERFACE INNTERACTION
HOP INTERFACE INTERFACE
AND ACTUATOR M1 M3
NODE MANAGER MANAGER
MANAGER
MANAGER
TABLE

ZIGBEE BLUETOOTH
ENVENT OR C
ENVIRONME
DEVICE DEVICE NT DATA USER INTERACTION
communication when an event has happened, to transmit or
receive the data.
Frame format structure of packet which is shown in fig 5 M5
consists of a preamble, pan identifier (address), source M4
identifier, destination identifier, control or data information,
End frame delimiter Beacon signal will send to coordinator in a frequent times

CONTROL OR END FRAME Fig 6. Failure of the Node and its identification
PREAMBLE PAN ID SOURCE ID DESTINATION ID
DATA DELIMITER
Fig 5.Frame format of the Data/Control packet
D. The Layered Architecture Of The System
To provide the modularity and also making it much easier to
1. Preamble: change the implementation of services, we made the system
At the beginning of each frame (packet), there into the layered architecture.
will be a start of the header called the Preamble. The
Preamble is used to do the following: This layered architecture has been divided into three main
Inform the receiving station that a new packet layers. They are: Management layer, Network layer and
is arriving Interface layer.
For synchronization purpose
1. Management layer:
2. Address Field(s):
Source, Destination and PAN identifier This layer consists of sub layers, a context management
uses network 16 bit addresses which are used to group and a sensor management group. A context
authenticate themselves in respective PAN network. management group is composed of a context aggregator
(CAG), a context analyzer (CA), and a context manager
3. Control or Data : (CM). CAG gathers the sensor data and categorizes the
This field is used to indicate the Type of situational events. CA assorts the valid meaning events . It
Information that is being sent as Data. The Type of sends the meaning event to CM otherwise the data will be
Information can be Control information used when discarded. CM then infers and predicts the service required in
establishing a connection (i.e. handshaking), or it the given situation. A sensor management group is
can be Data such as file transfers between two nodes. composed of a rule based engine, a service and configuration
manager (SCM). This group has a role in sensor management.
4. End Frame Delimiter: With the predefined instructions and depends on the events
The End Frame Delimiter has a specific bit pattern which is and situations happening through sensing elements, the
identified as the end of the packet by the destination node. system send the control signals to reconfigure the system
according to environmental changes.

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 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-11, November 2014
PERSONAL EXTERNAL DEBUGGING
COMPUTER ENTITY PURPOSE

SYSTEM LPG GAS

INFORMATION LIGHT FAN MOTOR
ZIGBEE SENSOR
TRANSCEIVER
AVR ISP

RELAY
BUZZER
DRIVER
UART
CIRCUIT
8 bit AVR RISC GPIO
MICROCONTROLLER ADC

WATER
POWER MONITOR TEMPERATURE
LEVEL LDR SENSOR
SUPPLY SNSOR
SENSOR
Fig 8. Monitor Node With Prototype And Hardware

Fig 7. Layered Architecture Of The Proposed System 2. Network part: Zigbee (IEEE 802.15.4 standard) acts as a
transceiver/radio to establish a wireless link in a network
2. Network Layer: connection.

This layer plays a major role in communication management, 3. Sensor Part: There are different sensors to sense the
routing, topology control, traffic control, etc. A Networking environmental changes. All these are connected to ADC port
and communication group consists of a topology control pins because the sensed information is in analog form. The
manager (TCM), a routing manager (TM), and a traffic SSAS has various environmental monitoring sensor modules.
control manager (TRCM). This group is a core component of Different types of sensor modules temperature, water level
network layer; it provides and controls the network and sensor, gas sensor, motion detection sensor and Light
communication services, such as MAC, routing, topology, detecting sensor are basically installed. So by our system we
transmission and synchronization, etc. are going to monitor the status and routing of the information
dynamically through adhoc manner irrespective of the
3. Interface layer: topology. In the case of more complex services, other sensor
modules can be installed through a user connector.
This layer provides the interface to interact with the
networked devices or Physical Environments. This layer 4. Actuator and Driver part: These parts are the appliances
includes an interface group, and a user interaction manager, which are controlled and maintained to save the power
consumption. Driver circuits drives the components
and a next hop node table. An interface group plays a role in
according to microcontroller instructions.
providing a point of interaction with external component
(networked device or user). This group is composed of a
PERSONAL EXTERNAL DEBUGGING
network interface manager (NIM), an Bluetooth interface COMPUTER ENTITY PURPOSE

manager (BIM), and a sensor interface and actuator manager

SYSTEM
(SIAM). We use IEEE 802.15.4 standard (ZigBee) for ZIGBEE
INFORMATION

communication with other SASs or ZigBee enabled device TRANSCEIVER

AVR ISP
and use an Bluetooth signal to control by the user. In addition,
event and environment data sensed by various sensor modules UART
are gathered through SIAM. 8 bit AVR RISC
MICROCONTROLLER

IV. IMPLEMENTATION AND TEST BED

POWER BLUETOOTH
SUPPLY TRANSCEIVER
A. Hardware Implementation
For experimental and practical purpose, we implemented the EXTERNAL
ENTITY
proposed system using two monitor nodes and one
coordinator node deployed in the home through some smart
home services. Fig 8. shows the block diagram and the
prototype. In this system , we present the hardware
implementation of the system. SSAS monitor node is based on
1. Main part: A 8-bit AVR RISC architecture
microcontroller and has an internal flash memory
and RAM, which acts as a main part for processing
and computations.

Fig 9. Coordinatior Node With Prototype And Hardware

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 A Smart Self-Adjusting Sensor Network based on ZigBee Communications

SSAS coordinator node is bit different. It is mainly controls

and act as a medium between user and the network. For this ROOM
4
we are choosing a Dual-UART 8-bit AVR RISC architecture
microcontroller and has an internal flash memory and RAM to ROOM 1
ROOM 2

simultaneously communicate. Zigbee is mainly intended to

communicate within the PAN network whereas the Bluetooth
transceiver establishes a communication channel between the
user and the controller.
LIVING ROOM

ROOM 3
B. Software Tools

1. Code Vision AVR:

TV
Code Vision AVR is a C cross compiler, Integrated
Develop Environment designed for Atmel AVR family
microcontrollers. The entire code is written in the SENSOR COORDINATOR MONITOR
NODE
embedded-c which is compiled by code vision and dumped in NODE

to the microcontroller through AVR ISP (AVR In-System .

Programming ) Fig 11. Floor Plan Of The Test Bed

2. Real Term: Fig 11, illustrates the floor plan of the test bed . We
Real term is a terminal program with extensive features deployed the SSAS in the different rooms. The coordinator
which is specially designed for capturing, controlling and node is responsibility for controlling the monitor nodes. Each
debugging binary and other difficult data streams. monitor node is responsible for gathering information from
the sensor nodes. We have flexiblility of changing the SSAS
monitor node places without loss of information due to
dynamic routing protocol. Android based mobile through
Bluetooth user interface is used to control and get
notifications from the sensor network through the coordinator
node. A snapshot of the smart self adjusting interface is used
to control and monitor.

The snapshot shown in the fig 12, is a graph of temperature

versus time . In this application we have two

Fig 12. A Snapshot Of The A User Interface Andriod

Application

working modes, they are Auto and Manual. In Auto mode the
monitoring of the information is autonomously configured to
predefined instructions. Through manual mode the users can
control themselves. This application can be easily shared
Fig 10. A Snapshot Of the X-CTU Tool among multiple users. Thus these users can simultaneously
monitor their appliances through android based mobile
3. X-CTU: device.
We configured the zigbee modules by using X-CTU
(Xbee Configuration & Test Utility Software). With AT V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
commands we configure like modes, baud rates, maximum
hops, power level modes etc., We can update the firmware to In the experiment, we have reduced the consumption
the zigbee modules. The snapshot of the tool is shown in the of the battery energy through some smart network and a
fig. 10 flexible way of deploying the sensor nodes to monitor with

146 www.erpublication.org
 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-11, November 2014
dynamic adhoc network protocol. We maintain a stable H. Subba Rao received B.Tech degree in
connectivity in sparsely deployed network which tends to Electronics and Communication engineering
from Intellectual Engineering College(Affiliated
ensure a correct packet delivery. Due to the cooperation of the to JNTU Anantapur). Now is currently pursuing
devices with this protocol in dynamic network infrastructure, Masters of Technology program in Embedded
we can decrease the total battery consumption and without System Design, Rajeev Gandhi Memorial
loss of information and connectivity. This shows, safety and College of Engineering & Technology
(Autonomous) Andhra Pradesh, India. His
energy efficiency can be achieved. research interests include Wireless
Communication networks and Embedded
VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK system design.

We studied the challenges and constraints for both

densely deployed and scatter wireless sensor network. D. Raghunatha Rao is Working as Associate
However, due to the fixed architecture, existing conventional Professor in the department of Electronics and
Communications Engineering at Rajeev Gandhi
routing schemes are not well suited for dynamic Memorial College of Engineering and
environments. We then introduced the emerging wireless Technology (Autonomous) Andhra Pradesh. His
communication technology, namely ZigBee, which supports research interests include Signals and Systems,
low-power, low-cost, short-range communication. To address Digital Signal processing and Embedded system
design.
these constraints we have proposed a smart self-adjusting
sensor(SSAS) network based on zigbee through dynamic
adhoc network protocol. By this protocol we are going to
maintain a stable connectivity in sparsely deployed network.
For experimental purpose, we designed and implemented the
system through the smart home services in a real test bed. The
proposed system shows an efficient delivery of the packets
with effective routing and new emerging Zigbee technology.
This shows, safety and energy efficiency can be achieved.

As a part of our future works, we are doing more

research to develop a highly efficient routing protocol which
provides high quality of service and high sensing capability in
dynamic adverse environmental conditions.

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