.Is stress depends on material property?

ans : stress is defined as resistance force offered by the material per unit are
a.
3.there is a cantilever beam if i heat the beam to certain temp, how much stress
is developed in that body.
Ans: there is no stress developed in the body, because we are allowing the beam
freely to expand , stress is defined as resistance offered by the body per unit
area, here there is no resistance force offered so there is no stress.
4. how many natural frequencies and mode shapes can beam has? why?
Ans:n number of mode shapes and n number natural frequencies, reason: the contin
uous system can be represented by n number of spring mass systems.
5.what is the difference between linear and non linear vibrations?
Ans: if initial conditions of any system is very high then we treat it as nonlin
ear vibrations. for ex: take simple pendulum if we give more excitation to the p
endulum u will observe the oscillations and rotaions over. take example of turbe
lence of fluids with high velocity initially, hurricanes....etc
6.what are the modes of fracture mechanics?
Ans: 1.mode1: force applying normal to the plane
mode2: shear force
mode3: out of plane shear.
7.Difference between fatigue and dynamics load
Ans : fatigue and dynamics loads are different
fatigue: repeated cyclic loading like reversal bending,twisting---etc
dynamic loads: force varies with time.i.e transient loads like wind loads---etc
8.what is the S-N curve
Ans :stress versus no of cycles
9. what is there on y axis of the S-N curve
Ans : reversal stress,S-N curve constructed based on reversal stress applied ove
r number of cycles.
10. if we have an extra line in S-N curve what it represents??
Ans: 1.For another material for application of reversal stress
2. for different r ratios of same material r=sigma min/sigma max
11.what is rain flow counting??
Ans: refer any site
12.
EATON
above questions+
1.what is moment ?
Ans: m=f*x
2.relation in pure bending case
m/i=sigma/y=e/r
3.if u want to calculate stress do u want material properties???
Ans: in simple cases like beam problems we don't want material property to calcu
late the stress
. the complex problems like other than beam problems,moment m can be calculated
from the relation m=eid^2y/dx^2,we can not able to calculate the moment at any p
oint by the applied force for complex problems.
4.what are nonlinear fem methods?
Ans:nonlinear geometry,material,contact. if the stiffness changes by geometry it
is the non linear geometry. if the stiffness changes by material it is the non
linear material case. if the stiffness changes due to the contact it is nonlinea
r contact case.
5.what is nonlinear geometry case??
Ans: if the force applied continuously for example wind turbine blades by the ap
plication of wind loads the deformation is high,in that case we must not ignore
the higher order terms in strain-deflection relation strain=dy/dx+d^2y/dx^2+d^3y
/dx^3+---- considering higher order terms are nonlinear geometry case. these hig
her order terms are called as green's function.
6.what are the theories of failures??
Ans: 1.max normal stress2.max shear stress3.vonmisses----etc
7.why u consider vonmisses stress theory only?
Ans:there is a limitations on max normal stress and max shear stress theories---
etc. The vonmisses stress theory is derived from energy formulation so it is sui
table for all cases and the stresses developed in the real time environment is n
ear to the vonmisses stress.
GM
1.prrove that m=ei d^2y/dx^2
2. what is the constituency relation ship???
the relation ship between stress starin in 3 dimensional
3.what is the slope of stress strain curve after exceeding proportionality limit
??
Ans: tagential modulus is the slope of the curve in the plastic region of stress
strain curve
4.
MSC NASTRAN
1.shell,plate are having How many degress of freedom ??/
Ans: shell is having 6 degrees of freedom 3- translational 3 rotational degress
of freedom
Plate is having 2 rotational 1- traslation degrees of freedm
solid is having 3 traslational degress pf freedom
2.what is the shape function??
Ans: read the definition from any text book
3.
4. how can you solve a cantilever beam problem in fea software
Ans: cantilever beam problem can be solved in 3 ways
1. By using beam element having 3 rotational 3 translational degress of freedom-
- we will give geometric dimensions in the form as moment of inertia I
2. By using shell element---mesh with shell elements and give the thickness in t
he direction
then solve it for analysis
3.By using solid element --mesh with solid elements and apply the boundary condi
tions.. solve for analysis
Q).5. in which method u will get good results from the above 3??
Ans:1. By using beam method we can get exact results but this is valid only for
beam structures, not valid for complex structures.
2. in the case of irregular sections, complex strcutures the shell element metho
d is the best method because it allows 6 degress of freedom
3. using solid elements we can get results but the results are not correct. beca
use it allows only 3 degress of freedom.
Q).6.in the case of shell element procedur how the stress is calculated??
Ans:in the finite element formulation the stress is calculated throught out the
thickness at a node point .i.e integration from -t/2 to t/2 it will calculate
================================================================================
=============================================
Finite Element Analysis
It is a numerical method of solving engineering problems.
May be applied in:
structural (only this is discussed here - if you could write about heat and flui
d - let me know)
heat transfer
fluid flow
Why FEA?
Analytical solutions not easily obtained in certain problems.
Mathematical expressions required for solution may be complex due to following
factors:
shape/geometry
loading
material properties
Underlying Concept
Replace geometry with a set of objects with a finite number of DOF
Divide the body into finite number of simpler units (elements).
Elements connected at nodal points
set of elements is called mesh
Difference between FEA and Analystical method
Analytical methods involve solving for entire system at one go.
FEA involvies defining equations for each element and combining to obtain the sy
stem solution. It is therefore an approximation technique.
In other words Analytics is accurate but FEA is at best a good approximation.
FEA Approach
Most common technique is
Displacement Method
loads are known
resistance to deformation of elements known
displacements are unknown values
Solve for displacements
We obtain Stress from the displacements (derived).
Structural FEA
Structural problems defined in terms of:
loads (forces)
resistance to deformation (stiffness)
displacements
given by: [k]{d} = {F}
k=stiffness, d=displacement, F=force
In FEA, the assumption is that variation of displacement across an element is a
simple function.
we combine the results of the displacement of each nodepoint as a single set. Th
ere problem is a large group of simple algebraic equation solved using Matrix me
thod.
Role of Computers in FEA
Simplicity of each individual equation.
Connectivity of nodes (means resultant of adjacent elements applied)
Large number of equations.
Three good reasons to say that FEA is suited for solving uy analysisrsing comput
ers.
Methodology
-Pre-process
-Analysis
-Post Process
Pre-Process -
Meshing and related activities
Application of Boundary conditions and loads
Analysis
This part is done by the computer using the necessary analysis software.
Post Process
Output of FEA analysis is data.
One important thing to note : the results are only as good as the input during m
odelling. If you have applied BC wrongly, then result is sure going to suffer.
We can safely say "Garbage in, Garbage out"

=================================================================>
Define: finite element method.
Finite element method is an approximate method (true/false). Also justify your a
nswer.
What are approximating functions?
What are field variables?
Name at least four FEA popular packages.
Define: i. node ii. Element.
Briefly explain the application of FEA for a stress analysis with an element.
Compare between FEM and classical methods.
Compare between FEM and FDM.
When there are several FEA packages are available in that any need to study this
method.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of FEA.
Explain the concept of FEM briefly and outline the procedure.
Write the equation of equilibrium in plane stress condition.
Draw a typical three dimensional element and indicate state of stress in their p
ositive signs.
Derive the equation of equilibrium in case of a two dimensional stress system.
State and explain generalized hook s law.
Explain the term plane stress.
Explain the term plane strain.
Distinguish between plane stress and plane strain.
When do you select plane stress / plane strain approximation?
Write the constitutive equation for the plane stress and plane strain problems.
Write the standard form of finite element equation.
Draw bar element and write the stiffness matrix.
Define DOF.
Draw a plane truss element and indicate the truss element.
What are natural coordinates?
Define: local coordinates.
Write the stiffness matrix for the plane truss element.
Explain the use of element connectivity table.
State the purpose of element connectivity table.