Designation: D 4007 81 (Reapproved 1995)e1 An American National Standard

Designation: Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 10.3 (MPMS)

Designation: IP 359/82
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM

Standard Test Method for

Water and Sediment in Crude Oil by the Centrifuge Method
(Laboratory Procedure)1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4007; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

This test method has been approved by the sponsoring committees and accepted by the Cooperating Societies in accordance with
established procedures. This method was issued as a joint ASTM-API-IP standard in 1981.

e1 NOTEEditorial changes were made throughout in September 1995.

1. Scope D 362 Specification for Industrial Grade Toluene3

1.1 This test method describes the laboratory determination D 473 Test Method for Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel
of water and sediment in crude oils by means of the centrifuge Oils by the Extraction Method2
procedure. This centrifuge method for determining water and D 665 Test Method for Rust-Preventing Characteristics of
sediment in crude oils is not entirely satisfactory. The amount Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Presence of Water2
of water detected is almost always lower than the actual water D 1796 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by
content. When a highly accurate value is required, the revised the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)2
procedures for water by distillation (Test Method D 4006 (Note D 4006 Test Method for Water in Crude Oil by Distillation4
1)) and sediment by extraction (Test Method D 473) must be D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
used. Petroleum Products4
D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
NOTE 1Test Method D 4006 has been determined to be the preferred Petroleum Products4
and most accurate method for the determination of water.
2.2 API Standards:
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the MPMS8 Sampling Petroleum and Petroleum Products5
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information 2.3 IP Standard:
only. Specification for Toluole6
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3. Summary of Test Method
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1 Equal volumes of crude oil and water saturated toluene
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- are placed into a cone-shaped centrifuge tube. After centrifu-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific gation, the volume of the higher gravity water and sediment
precautionary statements, see 6.1 and 7. layer at the bottom of the tube is read.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Significance and Use
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 The water and sediment content of crude oil is signifi-
D 95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and
cant because it can cause corrosion of equipment and problems
Bituminous Materials by Distillation2
in processing. A determination of water and sediment content is
D 96 Test Methods for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil by
Centrifuge Method (Field Procedure)2
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.03.
1 4
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
5
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Available from the American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L St., N.W., Washing-
D 02.02 on Static Petroleum Measurement. ton, DC 20005.
6
Current edition approved March 27, 1981. Published May 1981. Available from the Institute of Petroleum, 61 New Cavendish St., London, W.I.,
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. England.

1
 D 4007
required to measure accurately net volumes of actual oil in
sales, taxation, exchanges, and custody transfers.

5. Apparatus
5.1 Centrifuge:
5.1.1 A centrifuge capable of spinning two or more filled
cone-shaped, 203-mm (8-in.) centrifuge tubes at a speed that
can be controlled to give a relative centrifugal force (rcf) of a
minimum of 600 at the tip of the tubes shall be used.
5.1.2 The revolving head, trunnion rings, and trunnion cups,
including the cushions, shall be soundly constructed to with-
stand the maximum centrifugal force capable of being deliv-
ered by the power source. The trunnion cups and cushions shall
firmly support the tubes when the centrifuge is in motion. The
centrifuge shall be enclosed by a metal shield or case strong
enough to eliminate danger if any breakage occurs.
5.1.3 The centrifuge shall be heated and should be con-
trolled thermostatically to avoid unsafe conditions. It should be
capable of maintaining the sample temperature during the
entire run at 60 6 3C (140 6 5F).
5.1.4 Electric powered and heated centrifuges must meet all
safety requirements for use in hazardous areas.
5.1.5 Calculate the speed of the rotating head in revolutions
per minute (r/min) as follows:
r/min 5 1335 =rcf/d (1)

where:
rcf 5 relative centrifugal force and
d 5 diameter of swing measured between tips of opposite
tubes when in rotating position, mm, or FIG. 1 Eight-Inch (203-mm) Centrifuge Tube
rpm 5 265 =rcf/d (2)
TABLE 1 Centrifuge Tube Calibration Tolerances for 8-in. (203-
where: mm) Tube
rcf 5 relative centrifugal force and Range, mm Subdivision, mm Volume Tolerance, mm
d 5 diameter of swing measured between tips of opposite 0 to 0.1 0.05 60.02
tubes when in rotating position, in. Above 0.1 to 0.3 0.05 60.03
5.2 Centrifuge TubesEach centrifuge tube shall be a Above 0.3 to 0.5 0.05 60.05
Above 0.5 to 1.0 0.10 60.05
203-mm (8-in.) cone-shaped tube, conforming to dimensions Above 1.0 to 2.0 0.10 60.10
given in Fig. 1 and made of thoroughly annealed glass. The Above 2.0 to 3.0 0.20 60.10
graduations, numbered as shown in Fig. 1, shall be clear and Above 3.0 to 5.0 0.5 60.20
Above 5.0 to 10 1.0 60.50
distinct, and the mouth shall be constricted in shape for closure Above 10 to 25 5.0 61.00
with a cork. Scale error tolerances and the smallest graduations Above 25 to 100 25.0 61.00
between various calibration marks are given in Table 1 and
apply to calibrations made with air-free water at 20C (68F),
Molecular weight 92.14
when reading the bottom of the shaded meniscus. Color (APHA) 10
5.3 BathThe bath shall be either a solid metal block bath Boiling range (initial to dry point)A 2.0C (36F)
or a liquid bath of sufficient depth for immersing the centrifuge Residue after evaporation 0.001 %
Substances darkened by H2SO4 passes ACS test
tube in the vertical position to the 100-mL mark. Means shall Sulfur compounds (as S) 0.003 %
be provided for maintaining the temperature at 60 6 3C (140 _______
6 5F). A
Recorded boiling point 110.6C
6.1.2 The solvent shall be water-saturated at 60 6 3C (140
NOTE 2By contractual agreement 49 6 3C (120 6 5F) may be
used. 6 5F) (see Note 2) but shall be free of suspended water. See
Annex A1 for the solvent-water saturation procedure.
6. Solvent 6.2 DemulsifierA demulsifier should be used to promote
6.1 Toluene (WarningSee Note 3.) conforming to the separation of water from the sample and to prevent its
Specification D 362 or to the IP Specification for Toluole. clinging to the walls of the centrifuge tube. The recommended
stock solution is 25 % demulsifier to 75 % toluene. For some
NOTE 3Warning: Flammable. crude oils a different ratio of demulsifier to toluene may be
6.1.1 Typical characteristics for this material are required. Demulsifiers used in the concentration and quantity
2
 D 4007
recommended will not add to the water and sediment volume 8.6 Repeat this operation until the combined volume of
determined. The solution must be stored in a dark bottle that is water and sediment remains constant for two consecutive
tightly closed. readings. In general, not more than two spinnings are required.
8.7 The temperature of the sample during the entire
7. Sampling centrifuging procedure should be maintained at 60 6 3C (140
7.1 Sampling is defined as all steps required to obtain an 6 5F) (see Note 2).
aliquot of the contents of any pipe, tank, or other system and to 8.8 To avoid the danger of tubes breaking in the cups, care
place the sample into the laboratory test container. must be taken that the tubes are bedded onto the bottom
7.2 Only representative samples obtained as specified in the cushion so that no part of the tube is in contact with the rim of
API MPMS, Chapter 8 (or Practice D 4057 and Practice the cup.
D 4177), shall be used for this test method. 9. Calculation
8. Procedure 9.1 Record the final volume of water and sediment in each
8.1 Fill each of two centrifuge tubes (5.2) to the 50-mL tube. If the difference between the two readings is greater than
mark with sample directly from the sample container. Then, one subdivision on the centrifuge tube (see Table 1) or 0.025
with a pipet, add 50 mL of toluene, which has been water mL for readings of 0.10 mL and below, the readings are
saturated at 60C (140F) or 49C (120F) (see Note 2). Read inadmissible and the determination shall be repeated.
the top of the meniscus at both the 50 and 100-mL marks. Add 9.2 Express the sum of the two admissible readings as the
0.2 mL of demulsifier solution (6.2) to each tube, using a percent by volume of water and sediment; report the results as
0.2-mL pipet. An automatic pipettor may be used. Stopper the shown in Table 2.
tube tightly and invert the tubes ten times to ensure that the oil 10. Precision
and solvent are uniformly mixed. 10.1 The precision of this method, as obtained by statistical
8.2 In the case where the crude oil is very viscous and examination of interlaboratory test results in the range from
mixing of the solvent with the oil would be difficult, the solvent 0.01 to 1.0 %, is described in 10.1.1 and 10.1.2.
may be added to the centrifuge tube first to facilitate mixing. 10.1.1 RepeatabilityThe difference between successive
Care must be taken in order not to fill the centrifuge tube past test results, obtained by the same operator with the same
the 100-mL mark with the sample. apparatus under constant operating conditions on identical test
8.3 Loosen the stoppers slightly and immerse the tubes to material, would, in the long run, in the normal and correct
the 100-mL mark for at least 15 min in the bath maintained at operation of the test method, exceed the following value in
60 6 3C (140 6 5F) (see Note 2). Secure the stoppers and only one case in twenty:
again invert the tubes ten times to ensure uniform mixing of oil From 0.0 % to 0.3 % water, see Fig. 3.
and solvent. The vapor pressure at 60C (140F) is From 0.3 % to 1.0 % water, repeatability is constant at 0.12.
approximately double that at 40C (104F). 10.1.2 ReproducibilityThe difference between two single
8.4 Place the tubes in the trunnion cups on opposite sides of and independent test results obtained by different operators
the centrifuge to establish a balanced condition. Retighten the working in different laboratories on identical test material,
corks and spin for 10 min at a minimum relative centrifugal would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of
force of 600 calculated from the equation given in 5.1.5. the test method, exceed the following value in only one case in
8.5 Immediately after the centrifuge comes to rest following twenty:
the spin, read and record the combined volume of water and From 0.0 % to 0.3 % water, see Fig. 3.
sediment at the bottom of each tube to the nearest 0.05 mL From 0.3 % to 1.0 % water, reproducibility is constant at 0.28.
from 0.1 to 1-mL graduations and to the nearest 0.1-mL above
1-mL graduations. Below 0.1 mL, estimate to the nearest 0.025 11. Keywords
mL (refer to Fig. 2). Return the tubes without agitation to the 11.1 centrifuge; centrifuge tube; crude oil; laboratory
centrifuge and spin for another 10 min at the same rate. procedure; sampling; sediment and water; solvent

3
 D 4007

FIG. 2 Procedure for Reading Water and Sediment When Using an ASTM 100-mm Cone-Shaped Centrifuge Tube

TABLE 2 Expression of Results, mmA

Total Percent Water and
Tube 1 Tube 2
Sediment
No visible water and No visible water and
sediment sediment
No visible water and 0.025 0.025
sediment
0.025 0.025 0.05
0.025 0.05 0.075
0.05 0.05 0.10
0.05 0.075 0.125
0.075 0.075 0.15
0.075 0.10 0.175
0.10 0.10 0.20
0.10 0.15 0.25
A
For volumetric tolerances, see Table 1.

4
 D 4007

FIG. 3 Basic Sediment and Water Precision

ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. PROCEDURE TO WATER-SATURATE TOLUENE

A1.1 Scope significant extent. The percent of water that will dissolve
A1.1.1 This method is satisfactory for the water saturation increases as the temperature is increased from about 0.03 % at
of toluene to be used for determination of water and sediment 21C (70F) to about 0.17 % at 70C (158F). Toluene, as
in crude oils by the centrifuge method. normally supplied, is relatively dry and if used in an as-
A1.2 Significance received condition, will dissolve a portion of or even all of any
A1.2.1 Fig. A1.1 shows that water is soluble in toluene to a water present in a crude oil sample. This would reduce the

FIG. A1.1 Solubility of Water in Toluene

5
 D 4007
apparent sediment and water level in the crude sample. To A1.5.3 Loosen the cap and place the bottle in the bath for 30
determine water and sediment accurately by centrifuge on a min. Remove the bottle, tighten the cap, and shake cautiously
crude oil sample, the toluene must first be saturated at the for 30 s.
centrifuge test temperature. A1.5.4 Repeat above procedure (A1.5.3) three times. The
A1.3 Reagents vapor pressure of toluene at 60C (140F) is approximately
twice that at 38C (100F).
A1.3.1 Toluene conforming to Specification D 362 or to the
IP Specification for Toluole. A1.5.4.1 Allow the bottle with the water-toluene mixture to
A1.3.2 Water, either distilled or tap water. sit in the bath 48 h before using. This will ensure complete
equilibrium between the toluene and the free water as well as
A1.4 Apparatus complete saturation at the desired temperature. If it is
A1.4.1 Liquid-Heating Bath of sufficient depth for necessary to use the water-saturated toluene before the 48-h
immersing a 1-qt or 1-L bottle to its shoulder. Means shall be equilibration time has been completed, the solvent must be
provided for maintaining the temperature at 60 6 3C (140 6 poured into centrifuge tubes and centrifuged in the same
5F). equipment at the same relative centrifuge force and
A1.4.2 Glass Bottle, 1-qt or 1-L, with screw top. temperature that is used for the centrifuge test. The toluene
must be carefully pipetted from the centrifuge tube so that any
A1.5 Procedure free water that may be in the bottom of the tube is not
A1.5.1 Adjust the heating bath to the temperature at which disturbed.
the centrifuge test is to be run. Maintain the bath temperature A1.5.4.2 Saturation is time- and temperature-dependent. It
to 63C (50F).
is recommended that bottles of the toluene-water mixture be
A1.5.2 Fill the glass bottle with 700 to 800 mL of toluene.
kept at test temperature in the bath at all times so that saturated
Add 25 mL of water. Screw the cap on the bottle and shake
solvent will be available whenever tests are to be run. .
vigorously for 30 s.

A2. Precautionary Statement

A2.1 ToluenePrecaution Keep away from heat, sparks, and to protect the eyes.
and open flame. Keep container closed.
Vapor harmful. Use with adequate ventilation.
Toluene is toxic. Avoid prolonged or repeated contact with the skin.
Particular care must be taken to avoid breathing the vapor

APPENDIX

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. PRECISION AND ACCURACY OF METHODS FOR DETERMINING WATER IN CRUDE OILS

X1.1 Summary X1.2 Introduction

X1.1.1 This round-robin testing program has shown that the X1.2.1 In view of the economic importance of measuring
distillation method as practiced is somewhat more accurate the water content of crude oils precisely and accurately, a
than the centrifuge method. The average correction for the working group of API/ASTM Joint Committee on Static
distillation method is about 0.06, whereas the centrifuge Petroleum Measurement (COSM) undertook the evaluation of
correction is about 0.10. However, this correction is not two methods for determining water in crudes. A distillation
constant nor does it correlate well with the measured method (Test Method D 95) and a centrifuge method (Test
concentration. Method D 1796) were evaluated in this program. Both methods
X1.1.2 There is a slight improvement in the precision of the were modified slightly in an attempt to improve the precision
and accuracy.
distillation method over the present Test Method D 95: 0.08
repeatability versus 0.1 and 0.11 versus 0.2 for reproducibility.
X1.3 Experimental
These figures are applicable from 0.1 to 1 % water content, the
maximum level studied in this program. X1.3.1 Samples
X1.1.3 The precision of the centrifuge method is worse than The following seven crude oils were obtained for this
the distillation: repeatability is about 0.12 and the program:
reproducibility 0.28. Crude Source

6
 D 4007
San Ardo Texaco TABLE X1.2 Water Content of Crude Oil Samples
Arabian Light Mobil Crude Source %H2O
Alaskan Williams Pipe Line
Arabian Heavy Exxon Found Added Expect
Minas Texaco San Ardo 0.90 0 0.90
Fosterton Koch Industries dried 0.0
Nigerian Gulf dried + 0.4 0.40
Arabian Light 0.15 0 0.15
By removing all water or adding known amounts of water to 0.10 0.25
the above crudes, 21 samples were prepared for testing. Each 0.90 1.05
crude oil was represented at three levels of water Alaskan 0.25 0 0.25
0.20 0.45
concentration. The entire concentration range studied was from 0.80 1.05
zero to 1.1 % water. These expected values were used to Arabian Heavy 0.10 0 0.10
determine the accuracy of the test procedures. dried 0.0
dried + 0.1 0.10
X1.3.2 Sample Preparation: Minas 0.50 0 0.50
X1.3.2.1 The crude oils were received from the suppliers in 0.10 0.60
barrels. After mixing by rolling and turning, two 5-gal samples 0.50 1.00
Fosterton 0.30 0 0.30
and one 250-mL sample were taken from each barrel. The 0.20 0.50
Minas crude had to be heated to 150F with a barrel heater 0.30 1.10
Nigerian 0.05 0 <0.05
before samples could be drawn. The 250-mL samples of each 0.40 0.45
crude, as received, were used to establish the base case in water 0.80 0.85
content. Each sample was analyzed by Test Method D 95 to
determine the water content. These starting points are shown in
Table X1.1. to improve the performance. The modifications were as
X1.3.2.2 To obtain water-free samples of crude oil, one follows:
5-gal sample of each of two crudes was distilled over the X1.3.3.1 Test Method D 95
temperature range of initial to 300F vapor temperature. This Sample size was standardized at 200 g and the solvent
distillation was done using a 15 theoretical plate column at 1:1 volume was increased to maintain the original solvent/sample
reflux ratio. ratio.
X1.3.2.3 Spiking samples to a known water concentration X1.3.3.2 Test Method D 1796
was done using synthetic sea water (as described in Test A heated centrifuge (held near 140F) and use of a
Method D 665). The mixing and homogenization was done demulsifier were mandatory. Eight-inch centrifuge tubes were
with a static blender. The complete listing of samples with their also specified. Toluene saturated with water at 60C (140F)
expected water contents is shown in Table X1.2. was the only permissible solvent. The demulsifier used was a
X1.3.2.4 The samples for each cooperator were bottled so Tret-O-Lite material, F65.7
that the entire sample had to be used for a given test. In this X1.4 Results and Discussion
way, any effect due to settling or stratification of water was
eliminated. X1.4.1 Accuracy:
X1.3.2.5 Samples were coded to mask the presence of X1.4.1.1 Accuracy or bias is defined as the closeness of the
duplicates and a table of random numbers dictated the running measured value to the true value. Since there is no
order of tests. independent absolute method available to determine this true
X1.3.2.6 The participating laboratories were: value for these samples, some other means must be used. Two
Chevron Research Co. options were considered:
Exxon Research and Engineering Co. (1) Select one laboratory and one method as the reference
Mobil Research and Development Corp. system and define these results as the true value, or
Texaco, Inc. (2) Spike samples with known amounts of water. The
Shell measured difference between the original and unspiked
Charles Martin, Inc. samples can be compared to the known added water to
Gulf Research and Development Co. determine the bias (accuracy). Both approaches were
X1.3.3 Test Modifications investigated in this study.
The base methods studied were modified slightly in an effort X1.4.1.2 Since Test Method D 96 defines the base method
as a combination of Test Methods D 95 and D 473, it was
decided that data obtained by Test Method D 95 in one
TABLE X1.1 Base CaseWater Content of Crudes laboratory would be the true value. Table X1.3 shows the
Crude Oil % H2O
expected value compared to each sample average using this
criterion. It can be seen that both methods are biased low.
San Ardo 0.90
Arabian Light 0.15 However, the distillation test method (Test Method D 95)
Alaskan 0.25
Arabian Heavy 0.10
Minas 0.50 7
Tret-O-Lite is a registered trademark of Tretolite Div., Petrolite Corp., 369
Fosterton 0.30
Marshall Ave., St. Louis, MO. Even though Tret-O-Lite F65 was used during the
Nigerian <0.05
round robin, there are many demulsifiers on the market that may be useful.

7
 D 4007
TABLE X1.3 Determination of Water in Crude Oils, % H2O TABLE X1.5 Bias of Methods Estimated from Spiked Samples
Expected Distillation Centrifuge D 95 D 1796
Water Added,A %
0.90 0.90 0.79 Found D Found D
0.0 0.04 0.05
0.10 0.10 0 0.05 0.05
0.40 0.42 0.021
0.10 0.08 0.02 0.00 0.10
0.15 0.10 0.12
0.10 0.10 0 0.10 0
0.25 0.21 0.13
0.20 0.16 0.04 0.16 0.04
1.05 0.86 0.78
0.20 0.15 0.05 0.12 0.00
0.25 0.21 0.14
0.40 0.39 0.01 0.16 0.24
0.45 0.39 0.32
0.40 0.33 0.07 0.30 0.10
1.05 0.92 0.98
0.50 0.49 0.01 0.52 + 0.02
0.10 0.11 0.04
0.80 0.70 0.10 0.73 0.07
0.0 0.06 0.02
0.80 0.70 0.10 0.70 0.10
0.10 0.18 0.10
0.80 0.64 0.16 0.63 0.17
0.50 0.45 0.34
0.90 0.76 0.14 0.69 0.21
0.60 0.53 0.47
Average 0.06 0.10
1.00 0.96 0.97
A
0.30 0.18 0.07 Equal water additions shown are to different crude oils.
0.50 0.33 0.20
1.10 0.86 0.77
0.05 0.02 0.01 X1.4.2.2 Seven laboratories participated in the round robin.
0.45 0.35 0.32 Basic sediment and water was measured on 21 crude oil
0.85 0.65 0.65
samples in duplicate by the distillation test method (Test
Method D 95) and the centrifuge test method (Test Method
appears less biased than the centrifuge. Since the bias is not the D 1796). The raw data are presented in Table X1.6.
same in every laboratory (Table X1.4), it is not possible to X1.4.3 Test for OutliersProcedures for rejecting outliers
recommend inclusion of a correction factor in the methods. recommended in ASTM RRD-2 1007, Manual on
This data treatment suggests that the centrifuge method, on the Determining Precision Data for ASTM Methods on Petroleum
average, yields results about 0.06 % lower than the distillation. Products and Lubricants, were followed.
The respective biases are 0.13 for the centrifuge and 0.07 X1.4.3.1 Distillation Method
for the distillation method. The following table lists the outliers rejected and the
X1.4.1.3 A more reliable estimate of bias may be obtained if substituted values:
consideration is given only to those samples to which water Laboratory Sample Rejected Value Substituted Value
was added. In this case, the measured differences between the 1 14 0.75 0.53
3 3 0.35, 0.54 0.445
unspiked sample and the spiked sample compared to the actual 2 11 0.34 0.06
water added would be indicative of the bias. Table X1.5 shows 6 13 0.66 0.45
these differences for each method. On this basis the centrifuge 6 15 1.37 0.85
bias has improved slightly, while the distillation is about the X1.4.3.2 Centrifuge Method: The data from Laboratory 5
same. The difference between the two methods is now 0.04 were rejected outright because incorrect-size centrifuge tubes
rather than 0.06. It should be noted that bias is greatest with were used (letter, Shell Oil to E. N. Davis, cc: Tom Hewitt,
both methods at higher water content. February 9, 1979). Statistical tests showed that laboratory 5s
X1.4.2 Precision: data did not belong to the same population as the other data.
X1.4.2.1 To estimate the precision of the tests, the data were Laboratory 2s data were also suspect and did not appear to
analyzed following the ASTM guidelines published as belong to the same population as the other data. However, it
Research Report RR D-2 1007, Manual on Determining was learned that Laboratory 2s results were closest to actual
Precision Data for ASTM methods on Petroleum Products4 levels of water added to the samples. There is, therefore, a
(1973). dilemma on whether or not to reject Laboratory 2s data. As a
compromise, precision was calculated with and without
TABLE X1.4 Corrections to be Applied to Measured Values to
Obtain True Water Content
Laboratory 2s results. The following table lists the outliers
rejected and the substituted values when Laboratory 2s results
Method Laboratory Correction
are retained:
D 1796 Centrifuge C + 0.15260.095
E + 0.02960.125 Laboratory Sample Rejected Value Substituted Value
M + 0.19660.135 2 2 0.19 0.06
T + 0.19660.100 2 7 0.42 0.20
S + 0.16060.122 2 21 0.85 0.61
I + 0.11660.126 6 6 0.65 0.85
G + 0.12160.115 6 15 1.59, 1.44 0.922
Average + 0.132
D 95 Distillation C + 0.77760.082
(b) With Laboratory 2s results omitted, only Laboratory 6s
E + 0.04860.078 results listed above were rejected.
M + 0.08260.077 X1.4.4 Calculation of Repeatability and Reproducibility:
T + 0.06460.079
S + 0.07760.107
X1.4.4.1 Repeatability and reproducibility were obtained by
I + 0.06160.112 fitting curves of the appropriate precision of the results on each
G + 0.07260.096 sample versus the mean value of each sample. An equation of
Average + 0.069
the form:
8
 D 4007
TABLE X1.6 Round-Robin Results of Water in Crude Oils by ASTM D 95 and ASTM D 1796
Distillation Test Method ASTM D 95

Labora- Samples
tories 1 9 15 6 18 2 11 19 3 8 13 14 17 20 21 4 5 7 10 12 16
1 0.86 0.90 0.91 0.91 0.88 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.40 0.39 0.46 0.75 0.25 0.35 0.67 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.16 0.13 0.18
0.86 0.92 0.92 0.86 0.85 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.39 0.40 0.46 0.53 0.38 0.33 0.66 0.09 0.21 0.21 0.20 0.13 0.15

2 0.90 0.94 0.99 0.90 0.90 0.05 0.34 0.04 0.43 0.40 0.48 0.53 0.39 0.35 0.70 0.09 0.25 0.25 0.18 0.11 0.20
0.91 0.94 1.00 0.92 0.90 0.06 0.06 0.04 0.48 0.40 0.47 0.58 0.36 0.30 0.69 0.11 0.24 0.25 0.19 0.14 0.20

3 0.80 0.94 0.98 0.85 0.90 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.35 0.38 0.45 0.43 0.35 0.33 0.65 0.07 0.20 0.23 0.18 0.05 0.15
0.85 0.94 0.98 0.83 0.90 0.02 0.03 0.00 0.54 0.40 0.43 0.55 0.33 0.33 0.65 0.10 0.15 0.23 0.15 0.07 0.16

4 0.93 0.92 0.89 0.90 0.88 0.07 0.02 0.00 0.42 0.40 0.42 0.52 0.35 0.35 0.66 0.10 0.19 0.23 0.18 0.10 0.20
0.93 0.90 0.91 0.89 0.90 0.07 0.02 0.04 0.42 0.39 0.43 0.52 0.33 0.35 0.67 0.10 0.20 0.19 0.16 0.11 0.19

5 0.87 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.86 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.39 0.41 0.42 0.51 0.23 0.39 0.65 0.11 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.16 0.20
0.86 0.92 0.83 0.80 0.80 0.07 0.09 0.04 0.39 0.40 0.37 0.47 0.35 0.35 0.60 0.12 0.20 0.24 0.24 0.18 0.16

6 0.98 0.94 0.85 0.79 0.74 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.58 0.39 0.45 0.44 0.36 0.38 0.61 0.11 0.24 0.23 0.20 0.07 0.24
1.01 0.94 1.37 0.84 0.89 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.48 0.80 0.66 0.56 0.30 0.39 0.66 0.13 0.25 0.24 0.21 0.05 0.18

7 0.91 0.88 0.97 0.85 0.80 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.42 0.40 0.41 0.53 0.34 0.36 0.64 0.05 0.18 0.18 0.15 0.18 0.18
0.97 0.92 1.03 0.84 0.80 0.02 0.13 0.01 0.39 0.35 0.45 0.47 0.35 0.38 0.65 0.15 0.20 0.23 0.15 0.11 0.15
Centrifuge Test Method D 1796

Labora- Samples
tories 1 9 15 6 18 2 11 19 3 8 13 14 17 20 21 4 5 7 10 12 16
1 0.82 0.90 0.87 0.80 0.70 0.05 0.02 0.00 0.23 0.25 0.38 0.48 0.19 0.27 0.65 0.02 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02
0.79 0.89 0.88 0.81 0.74 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.23 0.31 0.35 0.41 0.17 0.29 0.61 0.02 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.02 0.04

2 1.03 1.09 1.06 0.74 0.95 0.19 0.07 0.00 0.19 0.40 0.50 0.58 0.38 0.45 0.61 0.15 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.06 0.20
0.88 1.11 1.12 0.74 1.00 0.06 0.05 0.00 0.31 0.43 0.58 0.60 0.34 0.50 0.85 0.21 0.37 0.42 0.17 0.06 0.04

3 0.65 0.80 0.90 0.70 0.70 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.30 0.30 0.42 0.06 0.20 0.60 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.02 0.00 0.02
0.60 0.85 0.90 0.60 0.70 0.07 0.00 0.02 0.10 0.34 0.40 0.50 0.10 0.20 0.45 0.02 0.02 0.12 0.02 0.00 0.02

4 0.73 0.95 0.88 0.85 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 0.27 0.33 0.46 0.15 0.30 0.63 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.05
0.79 1.00 0.90 0.75 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.27 0.40 0.45 0.15 0.27 0.55 0.00 0.05 0.13 0.05 0.00 0.05

5 0.69 1.55 0.51 0.87 0.83 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.18 0.21 0.16 0.30 0.21 0.39 0.72 0.75 0.13 0.01 0.21 0.03 0.05
0.76 1.10 0.87 0.93 0.41 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.30 0.54 0.20 0.07 0.19 0.01 0.69 0.06 0.11 0.02 0.09 0.03 0.12

6 0.72 0.75 1.59 0.85 0.65 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.35 0.33 0.25 0.52 0.20 0.45 0.75 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
0.86 0.90 1.44 0.65 0.65 0.09 0.05 0.05 0.32 0.25 0.38 0.52 0.25 0.38 0.80 0.10 0.10 0.13 0.10 0.05 0.10

7 0.88 1.00 0.85 0.85 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.25 0.23 0.63 0.10 0.18 0.25 0.20 0.00 0.18
0.90 0.85 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.35 0.30 0.35 0.13 0.25 0.60 0.18 0.20 0.30 0.15 0.00 0.10

S 5 Ax~1 2 e2bx! sr2 5 sr2/n 1 sL 2~n

(X1.1) 5 2!
(X1.3)
where:
S 5 precision, Using the data calculated above for each sample, the
x 5 sample mean, and following values for the constants in Eq 1 were obtained:
A and b 5 are constants. Distillation Method
7 Laboratories
was found to best fit the data. The values of the constants A Repeatability Reproducibility
and b were calculated by regression analysis of the linear Constant
logarithmic equation:
b 47.41 47.41
log S 5 log A/log ~1 2 e2bx! A 0.2883 0.0380
(X1.2) Centrifuge Method
6 Laboratories
X1.4.4.2 The standard deviation for repeatability for each Repeatability Reproducibility
sample was calculated from pair-wise (repeat pairs) variances Constant
pooled across the laboratories. The standard deviation for b 11.23 11.23
reproducibility was calculated from the variance of the mean A 0.0441 0.1043
values of each pair. This variance is equal to the sum of two 5 Laboratories
Repeatability Reproducibility
variances, the variances L2 due to differences between Constant
laboratories and the variance due to repeatability error sL2 b 17.87 17.87
divided by the number of replicates: A 0.0437 0.0658

9
 D 4007
The values of precision calculated by Eq 1 were multiplied TABLE X1.7 ASTM Precision Intervals: ASTM D 95
by 2.828 (2 3 =2 ) to convert them to the ASTM-defined (7 Laboratories)
repeatability and reproducibility. % Water Repeatability Reproducibility % Water
X1.4.4.3 The curves of repeatability and reproducibility for 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
the distillation method in the range 0 to 0.09 % water are 0.005 0.017 0.023 0.005
0.010 0.030 0.041 0.010
shown in Fig. X1.1. These data are also tabulated in Table 0.015 0.041 0.055 0.015
X1.7. The curves for the centrifuge method in the range 0 to 0.020 0.049 0.066 0.020
0.025 0.056 0.075 0.025
0.2 % water are shown in Fig. X1.2 (five-laboratory case) and
0.030 0.061 0.082 0.030
Fig. X1.3 (six-laboratory case). 0.035 0.065 0.087 0.035
X1.4.4.4 For higher levels of water the limiting 0.040 0.068 0.091 0.040
0.045 0.071 0.095 0.045
repeatabilities and reproducibilities are: 0.050 0.073 0.097 0.050
Repeatability 0.055 0.074 0.100 0.055
Method Range of 0.060 0.075 0.101 0.060
Concentration, % Value, % 0.065 0.076 0.103 0.065
Distillation $.085 0.08 0.070 0.077 0.104 0.070
Centrifuge (five-laboratory case) $.155 0.12 0.075 0.078 0.104 0.075
Centrifuge (six-laboratory case) $.235 0.12 0.080 0.078 0.105 0.080
Reproducibility 0.085 0.079 0.106 0.085
Method Range of 0.090 0.079 0.106 0.090
Concentration, % Value, % 0.095 0.079 0.106 0.095
Distillation $0.085 0.105 0.100 0.079 0.107 0.100
Centrifuge (five-laboratory case) $0.325 0.19 0.105 0.079 0.107 0.105
Centrifuge (six-laboratory case) $0.315 0.29 0.110 0.080 0.107 0.110
0.115 0.080 0.107 0.115
X1.4.4.5 It should be pointed out that at the lowest water 0.120 0.080 0.107 0.120
levels, the precision statements for some of the analyses do 0.125 0.080 0.107 0.125
0.130 0.080 0.107 0.130
not permit any pair of results to be considered suspect. This is
because the precision interval exceeds twice the mean value.
For example, in Fig. X1.1, the repeatability at 0.03 % water is values obtained by curve fitting.
0.061 %. It is not possible to observe a difference of more than X1.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
0.06 and still average 0.03. Thus, a pair of observations of 0.00
and 0.06 are acceptable. X1.5.1 Data obtained in seven-laboratory round robin on
X1.4.4.6 Analyses of variance were performed on the data measurement of basic sediment and water by the distillation
without regard to any functionality between water level and test method (D 95) and the centrifuge test method (D 1796) in
precision. The following repeatabilities and reproducibilities 21 crude oil samples were examined. The conclusions are:
were found: X1.5.1.1 Distillation Method:
Method Repeat- Reproduc-
Precision is related to water content up to about 0.08 %
ability ibility water.
Distillation (seven laboratories) 0.08 0.11 In the range from 0.01 to 0.08, repeatability varies from
Centrifuge (six laboratories) 0.12 0.28
0.020 to 0.078 and reproducibility from 0.041 to 0.105.
These values are almost exactly the same as the limiting Above 0.1 % water, the repeatability is 0.08 and the

FIG. X1.1 Basic Sediment and Water Precision for ASTM Test Method D 95 Distillation (Based on Seven Laboratories)

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 D 4007

FIG. X1.2 Basic Sediment and Water Precision for ASTM Test Method D 1796 Centrifuge (Based on Five Laboratories)

FIG. X1.3 Basic Sediment and Water Precision for ASTM Test Method D 1796 Centrifuge (Based on Six Laboratories)

reproducibility is 0.11. range where precision varies with water content.

X1.5.1.2 Centrifuge Method: X1.5.2.2 Precision should be presented as a statement where
Repeatability is related to water content up to about 0.2 % the precision is constant.
water and reproducibility up to about 0.3 %.
X1.5.3 In view of what appears to be lower bias and better
In the range 0.01 to 0.2, repeatability varies from 0.01 to
precision, Test Method D 95 should be the specified method for
0.11 and reproducibility in the range 0.02 to 0.3 from 0.03 to
use in critical situations.
0.28.
X1.5.2 It is recommended that:
X1.5.2.1 Precision should be presented as a graph in the

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