Filtration Guide

Introduction
Often, owners and operators overlook the impact that evaporative cooling equipment efficiency can have on profits. Even a
marginal improvement in the efficiency of evaporative cooling equipment, heat exchangers, and chillers can offer owners
significant savings over the lifespan of the cooling system. Improving the water quality in the cooling loop is a simple, cost
effective method of realizing efficiency gains.

In evaporative cooling equipment, airborne debris like silt is entrained in the fluid flow. Dirty make-up water can also contribute
to the build-up of contaminants. Other issues may arise from scale that builds up and flakes off inside the tower, treatment
chemical residue, and algae that can build-up and contaminate the circulation water. These are just a few sources of unwanted
contaminants that can build-up over time and lead to poor water quality.

BAC recommends a mechanical filtration system and a water treatment program specifically tailored for each installation to
ensure high water quality. Both must be used in order to effectively treat the water in a cooling system. Properly treating water
in a cooling system leads to cost savings and higher efficiencies allowing evaporative cooling equipment to operate as specified
by the manufacturer.

Benefits of Clean Water

1. Reduced energy consumption
As little as a 1/16 layer of dirt, scale, or biological deposits on heat transfer surfaces results in a loss of cooling tower
efficiency, increasing energy costs.
2. Improved chemical performance
Dirty water requires more chemicals to treat than clean water because a build-up of solid contaminants provides a buffer
that reduces the effects of treatment chemicals. Additional chemicals are then necessary.
3. Lower maintenance cost
Frequently draining a tower and cleaning sediment increases labor requirements, and results in added costs to replace lost
water in the system and provide additional chemicals.
4. Improved productivity and less downtime
Fouling a cooling system slows production because machines cannot run efficiently. A fouled heat exchanger could take
a system down for an extended period of time until repairs are complete, resulting in less production per day and lost
profits.
5. Control of biological growth that can lead to health problems
Legionella, bacteria that thrives in improperly maintained cooling tower environments, is particularly important to control
because it poses significant health risks. Reducing outbreaks of the disease Legionellosis is discussed in ASHRAE
Guideline 12-2000, entitled Minimizing the Risk of Legionellosis Associated with Building Water Systems. Visit
www.BaltimoreAircoil.com to secure a copy of this important document.

NOTE: Ultimately, achieving clean water on a daily basis when using a filtration system requires routine water analysis,
an effective water treatment program, and a training program for maintenance employees. Water treatment programs are
application specific, please contact your local water treatment specialist to diagnose the needs of a system.

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Successful Filtration
A typical 200 ton cooling tower operating 1,000 hours a year may assimilate upwards of 600 lbs. of particulate matter into
the water supply from airborne dust and makeup water. The tower basin or remote sump provides a perfect environment for
unwanted particulate matter to settle and accumulate (ASHRAE handbook, 2008 Ch 39.13). The wet and warm conditions
of the basin or remote sump encourage bacteria growth. Chemical water treatment does control the effects of these microbial
organisms, but alone it does not serve to eliminate the habitat that promotes the proliferation of organisms. Using a mechanical
filtration system does not supplant chemical treatment. Nonetheless, chemicals cannot reduce particle build-up. Reducing the
build-up of particulate contamination, the breeding grounds for microbial organisms, can be achieved via proper mechanical
filtration.

Successfully filtering cooling tower water depends on the system designed. Successful design is dependent on how well the
owners and system designers understand their contaminant problems. Understanding the contaminant problem is a function of
knowing the size and type of contaminants that must be filtered in order to achieve system protection. The method of filtration
is generally cost driven; there exists a clear best choice in method but sometimes at a cost premium. Once the method of
filtration is known, the most appropriate filtration equipment to filter the system can then be determined based on the properties
of the contaminant.

NOTE: Mechanical filtration systems are not to be used alone. In addition to filtration, water treatment is necessary to ensure
high water quality. For more information please see the Water Quality Guidelines section on page J253.

Methods of Filtration
The following methods of filtration are not to be confused with the use of pump suction strainers, which must be used on every
cooling tower. Pump suction strainers are standard on properly designed cooling towers and are just the beginning of filtration
for a system. Pump suction strainers are located on the outlets of units and prevent large debris, such as sticks and stones, from
entering the system. BAC provides pump suction strainers standard on all units with the exception of remote sump applications.

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Basin Cleaning
Basin cleaning is a common method of filtration that directly prevents solids accumulation in the unit basin or remote sump.
One method of applying basin cleaning as a means of filtration involves drawing water from the unit basin/sump to the filter
package and then pumping the filtered water directly back to the tower basin (Figure 1).

Without a mechanical system, basin cleaning is often done by hand using maintenance crews. This requires a high level of
maintenance and is not as efficient as using a mechanical system. Furthermore, a mechanical system provides continuous
maintenance while a maintenance crew can only provide interval maintenance; continuous maintenance ensures a cleaner
system. Also, the maintenance crew faces health risks if the crew is cleaning a contaminated system. Basin cleaning is best
achieved via a pattern of specialized nozzles that create a directed turbulence of flow designed to influence particles toward
the basin cleaning packages pump intake. An important element to making this approach work effectively is adhering to the
flow and pressure requirements (20 psi or 1.4 bar minimum at the nozzle header) of the chosen nozzles in order to achieve the
necessary flow to sweep the solids in the basin/sump and prevent troublesome accumulation. Inadequate flow/pressure to these
nozzles dramatically reduces their effectiveness and the ability of the system to direct solids toward the pump intake and into
the filter. The size of a basin sweeping filtration package is based on the planned area of the units basin or remote sump.

Load Or
Process

Pump

Filtration
Equipment

Basin Cleaning Protection

Figure 1. Basin Cleaning

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A simple guideline is:

NOTE:
Water Depths USGPM Filtration Flow Rate[1]
1. Refer to the submittal for the
Less than 3 feet or 0.9 meters 1 USGPM per square ft (2.44 m3/hr per m2)
Greater than 3 feet or 0.9 meters 1.5 USGPM per square ft (3.66 m3/hr per m2) product specific flow rate.

This approach takes control of getting the solids to the filtration system and virtually eliminates solids build up in the tower
basin. However, basin cleaning does not directly filter the water that is pumped into the heat exchangers and chillers. From
a maintenance standpoint, basin cleaning improves the cycles of maintenance for cooling towers but does not address
maintenance issues in the heat exchangers or chillers. Full flow and side stream filtration are methods that do provide direct
protection to the heat exchanger and chillers, but do not prevent solids accumulation in the tower basin.

Full Flow and Side Stream Filtration

Full flow and side stream filtration are the two most common methods that are used to directly protect the heat exchangers
and chillers. Full flow filtration utilizes a filter installed after the cooling tower on the discharge side of the pump. This filter
continuously filters the entire system flow, meaning that the filter must be sized to handle the systems design flow rate. Thus,
a flow rate of 300 USGPM requires a filter sized to treat 300 USGPM. Full flow filtration reduces heat exchanger and chiller
maintenance significantly and improves the operating cycles of the equipment as well. Full flow filtration is the preferred
method of filtration but is not cost effective for systems with high flow rates. For example, a 400 ton cooling tower with a flow
rate of 1,200 USGPM would require a filter sized to treat 1,200 USGPM. This requires a system that must be very large to
accommodate the 1,200 USGPM flow rate; a system this large will incur high expenses. Also, for a system this large, decreases
in flow rates may not be detected easily. This decrease could result in an increase in pressure on the pump discharge and not
allow fluid to flow to the heat exchanger properly, leading to a decrease in heat transfer. Furthermore, full flow systems cannot
run and be cleaned at the same time, which means that maintenance results in some planned downtime. Although full flow
filtration reduces the overall solids concentration in the water pumped to the heat exchangers and chillers, this method does not
address the problem of solids accumulation in the tower basin or remote sump.

Load Or
Process

Filtration
Equipment
Pump

Full-Stream Protection

Figure 3. Full Stream Filtration

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Side stream filtration is a cost-effective alternative to full flow filtration because it continuously filters a percentage of the flow
instead of the entire flow. Side stream filtration can reduce maintenance and improve operating cycles of equipment in the
cooling loop. This method involves removing particles at a higher rate than accumulation. The water is pumped from the cooling
tower cold water basin, through the side stream filtration system, into the heat exchangers and chillers, and then returned back
to the cooling tower basin. This method is used most often when full flow is extremely high, causing full flow filtration to be
financially infeasible. One key advantage over full flow filtration is that the side stream filtration system can be cleaned without
having to go offline, resulting in no planned downtime for maintenance. Like full flow filtration, this method reduces the overall
solids concentration but does not address the problem of solids accumulation in the tower basin or remote sump.

Load Or
Process

Pump
Filtration
Equipment

Figure 4. Side Stream Filtration

Properly sizing a side stream filtration system is critical to achieve optimum filter performance. An often used guideline is to size
a filter that can handle a flow rate that turns the system volume over once an hour. This flow rate generally ranges from as low as
3% up to 10% and is typically determined by the turnover rate of the system volume per hour. For example, consider a 400 ton
cooling tower with a flow rate of 1,200 USGPM. The estimated system volume will be approximately 3,500 gallons. In order to
turn this system volume over once an hour, a 58 USGPM flow rate will be required, as demonstrated below.

Approximate system volume = 3,500 gallons

In order to turn the entire 3,500 gallon system volume over once an hour: 3,500 gallons/hr * 1 hr/60 min = 58 USGPM side
stream flow rate.

A 58 USGPM side stream flow rate is 4.83% of the 1,200 USGPM flow rate for a 400 ton cooling tower (58 USGPM/
1,200 USGPM * 100 = 4.833%). Side stream filtration percentages at 3% or less of the total circulation flow rate have been
shown to severely damage HVAC systems, promoting fouling throughout the cooling loop. Therefore, the best designs avoid using
low filter specifications. For the same level of purity, side stream filtration does bring the water to the same level of purity that
full flow filtration does but the process just takes longer. Since only a percentage of the water is filtered at a time, some solids do
bypass the filter and remain in the fluid flow, but eventually these solids reach the filter again and are removed as water is
re-circulated through the cooling loop. Keeping in mind that the entire system volume is turned over once an hour, particulates
that escape the filter the first time are caught in subsequent rounds of filtration.

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Filtration Guide
At first glance it would seem that full flow is preferable over side stream filtration because full flow filtration, comparatively,
reduces heat exchanger and chiller maintenance more significantly and creates larger improvements in the operating cycles of
this evaporative cooling equipment. However, full flow filtration cannot be justified financially for systems with high flow rates
and requires planned downtime for maintenance of the filtration equipment, making side stream filtration a more desirable
choice in most applications. Regardless, side stream filtration easily improves the water quality to an acceptable level that will
ensure proper protection of the heat exchangers and chillers. Neither the full flow nor side stream method of filtration addresses
solids accumulation in the tower basin or remote sump.

The very best filtration practice is to employ basin cleaning (as discussed on page J243) along with full flow or side stream
filtration. Basin cleaning ensures that particulates are directed towards the filter inlet and that these solids do not accumulate in
the cooling tower basin. Once the particulates reach the filter inlet, the equipment chosen for full flow or side stream filtration
will remove the remaining unwanted particulates, thus providing clean water to the heat exchangers and chillers. Using basin
cleaning with full flow or side stream filtration directly protects the cooling tower, heat exchangers, and chillers, providing the
ultimate reduction in maintenance while improving the efficiency of equipment in the evaporative cooling loop.

Common Filtration Equipment

Common filtration technologies that are applied to full flow and side stream HVAC applications include screen (self cleaning
filters), centrifugal separators, cartridge filters, bag filters, sand media filters, and disc filters. Aside from proper filtration, the
best filters require the least maintenance and use the least energy, satisfying cost efficiency.

Screen (Self Cleaning) Filters

Also known as self cleaning filters, strainers are used often in full flow filtration. Screen filters employ steel mesh screens that
remove large, heavy particulates such as sediment. Bypass piping needs to be installed with screen filters to allow the screen to
be removed for cleaning. In areas of poor water quality, screens should be oversized to provide a larger surface area to operate,
which minimizes the frequency of maintenance related to not having a large enough screen. Screen filters have moving parts
that allow a backwash cycle to self clean the filter. Because of these moving parts and how the screen filters are designed, they
require frequent maintenance.

Centrifugal Separators
Centrifugal separators, commonly known as separators, are often used in full flow filtration. Separators create a vortex that spins
particle contaminants out of the entering fluid. A downside to this turbulent spinning is that it causes separators to operate at a
pressure loss, usually about 5 to 10 psi. A separator does not need to be replaced often because it is not trapping any particles
that clog or damage its system, making separators an economical option for filtration. In the HVAC industry, separators are
preferred over screen filters because separators require less maintenance and replacement, but are just as effective at achieving
the proper level of filtration.

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Cartridge, Bag, and Sand Filters
Cartridge filters, made of polypropylene (a plastic), trap particle contaminants as water passes through the filter media. One
advantage of cartridge filters is that once the filter becomes dirty, an automatic backwash cycle is initiated to clean the filter.
Nonetheless, these cartridge filters must be replaced over time as they wear out. Bag filters, generally made of polyester, are
widely used in the HVAC industry because bag filters are low in cost. Like cartridge filters, bag filters must often be replaced.
Sand media filters distribute contaminated water over a sand medium bed capable of filtering out particles. The sand filter steel
media does not require regular replacement. Sand filters use an automatic backwash cycle to clean the filter media, which lends
to fewer maintenance intervals.

Cartridge and bag filters are relatively inexpensive, but their filter elements are consumable and require regular replacement.
This incurs high costs, as the owner must continuously replace the cartridges and bags along with paying for labor each time. In
comparison, the media of sand filters does not have to be replaced as often, making sand filters less expensive in the long run.
The sturdiness and self cleaning feature of sand filters further eliminate maintenance errors related to not replacing filters often
enough or at the right time, a problem that can plague owners of cartridge and bag filters.

Disc Filters
Another side stream filtration technology is a disc filter. Disc filters, made of polypropylene, use a series of stacked discs
compressed together that are grooved to filter a specific micron size. Like screen and sand filters, disc filters have an automatic
backwash cycle for self cleaning, which provides reduced maintenance. Another advantage to using a disc filter is that it uses
much less water than other self cleaning filters that utilize backwash cycles. These energy savings can be offset, however, by a
comparatively higher pump horsepower required for disc filter backwash cycles. Furthermore, the discs are consumable elements
that have to be replaced often. Nonetheless, disc filters are a viable option for side stream filtration.

Summary
The remainder of the article will focus on the specific characteristics of centrifugal separators and sand filters, currently the
most commonly used filtration equipment in the HVAC industry. Due to the reduced maintenance requirements (resulting in
lower operating costs) of separators, sand filters, and disc filters, owners typically prefer these filters over others. The disc filter
is a newer technology that has proven successful and could eventually become as popular as separators and sand filters in the
industry. Screen, cartridge, and bag filters have been found to require a high level of maintenance, which makes it difficult to
justify these options as long term filtration solutions.

NOTE: Mechanical filtration systems are not to be used alone. In addition to filtration, water treatment is necessary to ensure
high water quality.

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Filtration Guide

Particle Size: Separators vs. Sand Filters

Centrifugal separators work well for both full flow and side stream applications. Sand filters are generally used for side stream
applications as sand filters used for full flow can come at a considerable cost for high flow rate systems. The determination of
whether to use a centrifugal separator or sand filter typically depends on the size of the particles to be removed, amongst other
economic and design factors. The comparison between centrifugal separators and sand filters is addressed in greater detail in
the Appendix.

When making a decision on which equipment to use, one item of focus is the size of the particles to be removed, because the
two types of filtration equipment discussed here have distinct capabilities in this regard. Centrifugal separators, for example, are
proven capable of removing relatively large (over 40 micron) particles, but not lightweight contaminants. Centrifugal separators
remove suspended particles out of fluid by relying on the velocity of a vortex that exerts force on the suspended particles to
remove them from the fluid. The effectiveness of this process depends on the size and density (measured in specific gravity) of
the particle relative to the density and viscosity of the fluid. As particles become smaller than 40 micron, the particles require
too much force for a centrifugal separator to efficiently remove them. Sand filters, on the other hand, perform well at removing
these lightweight particles. However, particles larger than 25 micron can be problematic for sand filters because these larger
particles are difficult to remove from the media bed. The efficiency of a sand filter is affected by particle size only, ignoring the
effects of specific gravity.

Use of either centrifugal separators or sand filters is application specific. Applications involving larger, heavier particles (based
on their specific gravities) typically dictate the use of a centrifugal separator. When particles that are less than 25 micron in size
need to be removed, use of a sand filter is recommended. Consult a water treatment specialist to help determine what options
are available for a specific application.

NOTE: A simple method to determine the size of contaminants in a system is to take a water sample from the system, put the
sample into a clear container, and then shake the water up. If the particles settle in three minutes or less, then a centrifugal
separator can be used. If the particles settle in over three minutes then it is better to use a sand filter.

Particle Removal Analysis

Knowing the size of particle contaminants in the system is important, and it is necessary to differentiate between the size of
particles and the quantity of particles. To clarify, designing a filtration system to remove less than 1% of the total particle
volume would not be effective, even if a large quantity of particles are removed. It becomes clear why understanding the site
specific characteristics of the water being pumped is crucial to specifying the proper equipment, separators or filters, to use in
a filtration system. Therefore, when analyzing the size of particles found in a system, it is important to know the total volume
of particle matter that needs to be eliminated, not the total number of particles. When it comes to mechanical filtration, a very
small percentage of larger particles (10 to 75 microns in size) are of more concern than a high percentage of smaller particles
(5 microns or less). Even the Water Quality Association, an authority on drinking water standards in the U.S., recognizes that any
contaminants below 5 microns in size are most commonly identified as bacteria, a contaminant that is not removed by filtration,
but by disinfection.

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 Table 1 below offers a comparative and hypothetical example, taking a sample of one trillion particles, and shows the portions
of that sample for several particle sizes. As can be seen, if only 15% of the total numerical count of particles is greater than
10 microns, those 15% represent over 99% of the total volume. In an actual cooling water loop, there may be many times this
amount, but the relative ratio is still valid and important to consider in terms of which contaminants to be most concerned
about. This example shows that even a relatively small quantity of particles 10-75 microns in size can represent a very large total
volume of particles. This fact should be considered when determining the particles that are capable of fouling a heat exchangers
small orifice, clogging a nozzle or accumulating in a units fill, basin or remote sump.

Size of Particle Quantity of Particle Total Volume

0.45 microns 212.5 billion particles 0.006 cubic inches
1 micron 212.5 billion particles 0.007 cubic inches
3 microns 212.5 billion particles 0.190 cubic inches
5 microns 212.5 billion particles 0.890 cubic inches
Sub-total: 850 billion particles 1.088 cubic inches
10 microns 37.5 billion particles 1.3 cubic inches
25 microns 37.5 billion particles 18.5 cubic inches
50 microns 37.5 billion particles 150.1 cubic inches
75 microns 37.5 billion particles 504.1 cubic inches
Sub-total: 150 billion particles 674.0 cubic inches

Table 1. Particle Size vs. Volume for a Sample of Particles

Aside from the size of particles to be removed, there are other economic and design factors related to determining the right
equipment for filtration. These factors can often influence the equipment purchasing decision depending on the circumstances.
The economic factors are the cost of replacement parts, maintenance requirements, space requirements, and the training
of personnel. The design factors include the size of the particles to be removed and the allowable levels of the filtration
equipments flow range, pressure loss, and liquid loss. These economic and design factors are highly variable and change
dramatically for any given cooling tower application. Whether or not certain factors influence a purchasing decision is based on
the application.

Conclusion
As noted earlier, high water quality can only be achieved with the use of a professional water treatment program used alongside
a properly designed mechanical filtration system. Determining the right equipment and method for filtration is a key component
of designing a mechanical filtration system that works. Proper filtration can reduce energy consumption, improve chemical
performance, reduce the amount of necessary maintenance, improve machine productivity, and limit bacterial growth. The
system improvements that result from a good water treatment program will lead to cost savings. Deciding on the type of filtration
equipment to use depends on the application and economic desires of the purchaser.

Acknowledgement:
BAC extends its sincere appreciation to Kathy Colby of LAKOS Separators and Filtration Solutions for her contributions to this article.

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Appendix: Common HVAC Filtration Equipment
Sand Filters
Widely known, sand filters direct fluid into the top of their tank(s) and
onto the surface of a bed of specified sand or other media. As the fluid
passes through the bed of sand media, the contaminants are captured
within the upper layer of media. The fluid ultimately makes its way
downward, passing into some form of under drain at the bottom of the
filter tank and discharging through an outlet pipe or manifold. The
cleaning procedure reverses flow upward from the outlet/manifold (either
from other filter tanks in the system or from the main system flow),
fluidizing the sand media and back washing the contaminants through
the tanks inlet to a backwash line for disposal discharge. Sand filters
are most commonly installed in side stream applications. Care must
be taken before installing a full flow or basin sweeping configuration
because of the potential for interrupted flow during backwash or fouling
of the media. Figure 5. Sand Filter Principle of Operation

Solids Removal This type of device is most appropriate for lightweight solids, organics and other floating contaminants.
Though capable of removing heavier solids, the cleaning/backwash procedure makes it very difficult to rid the sand filter of these
solids which may result in a residual build-up and an increasing pressure differential across the filter or excessive back washing
frequency. When specified for removing very fine solids, sand filters must either be oversized to reduce the flow rate per-square-
foot or the sand media must be upgraded, adding cost and increasing pressure loss through the filter.

Flow Range The total surface area of a sand filters media bed and the specified flow rate per-square-inch (20 USGPM/sq ft
is typical) dictate the size (diameter) and/or quantity of tanks in a sand filter system. Though some makers use only one large
tank, others use multiple smaller diameter tanks. Unlimited flow range capability is offset by the logistics of the size and/or
configuration of the overall sand filter system.

Pressure Loss Pressure loss varies from low (1 psi typical) to high (11 psi). A very low pressure loss through a clean sand filter
can be rapidly lost in high solids loading applications.

Liquid Loss It is not uncommon to lose hundreds or even thousands of gallons of fluid during a backwash cycle. Significant
make-up water may also require significant chemical treatment. As a general rule, some sand media is also regularly lost during
back washing, resulting in periodic media replacement.

Solids Handling Solids handling is usually automated as the solids are carried away in the backwash water. Due to the high
liquid content handled during a backwash cycle, increasing the concentration of solids in the water is not usually practical.

Replacement Parts Typical parts manuals for sand filters number eight or more pages. The moving parts and
electromechanical hardware for automatic back washing account for most of this requirement. Sand media must be monitored
and periodically disposed and replaced. Improper back washing can also lead to contaminant build-up in the sand bed,
providing the opportunity for troublesome bacteria to breed and/or accumulate. If oils or grease are present in the system,
frequent sand media replacement will be necessary and may be designated as hazardous waste, complicating disposal
procedures.

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 Maintenance Requirements Back washing can be manually initiated or automatic. Manual operation creates the risk that
pressure differential may become excessive and disruptive to the system if not performed regularly and at appropriate intervals.
Additionally, infrequent back washing drives the contaminants deeper into the sand bed, making it more difficult to completely
backwash the sand filter and resulting in residual build-up, which increases the frequency of back washing/liquid loss.

Periodically, even when properly monitored, it is necessary to shutdown the system and dispose and replace the sand media.
In high calcium (hard water) content waters it is also not unusual for mineral build-up to induce the sand media to become a
hardened cake, incapable of back washing.

Inspection is recommended monthly in order to sustain proper operating conditions.

Space Requirement Expect sand filters to demand 10 to 20 times more space than other types of filtration for a given flow
rate. Sand filter configurations are also limited for specific ceiling or piping restrictions.

Advantages: Disadvantages:

Sand filters remove fine and light particles Prone to changing or interrupted flow with solids collection
Improved water clarity Handling of backwash water volume
Easily automated Can be maintenance intensive
Requires no solids handling Heavy, or precipitated solids pack into sand requiring frequent
Wide range of particles removed changing of the sand
Effective over a wide range of flows and Space can become an issue
pressures Backwash water volume can be excessive in high solids loading
applications
Outlet

Separators
Separators use centrifugal action to remove solids that
are heavier than water by use of a tangential inlet that
starts the centrifugal action. More efficient designs utilize
internal accelerating slots to increase the velocity, and
Inlet
then allow for settling in a low flow area necessary for
the removal of the separable solids. Separated particle
matter spirals downward along the perimeter of the inner
separation barrel and into the solids collection chamber,
located below the vortex deflector plate. Solids removal
performance varies widely depending on the design.

Purge

Figure 6. Centrifugal Separator Principle of Operation

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Solids Removal Separators are proven capable of 5-75 micron performance for particles that are heavier than water. Since
the tested performance of centrifugal action separators varies widely among different manufacturers, we encourage third party
testing to confirm actual performance at flow rates representing particular site requirements.

Flow Range Separators feature individual units for 3 USGPM (0.7 m3/hr) up to 12,750 USGPM (2895 m3/hr). They can be
designed for even higher (or variable) flow rates.

Pressure Loss Separators operate continuously (no fluctuations) at a steady pressure loss of only 3-12 psi (0.2-0.8 bar). This is
an acceptable loss compared to screens and barrier filters, which build-up to very high pressure losses.

Liquid Loss Separators require no back washing. Low-flow periodic purging or a controlled bleed technique can achieve zero
liquid loss. Selected solids collection options ensure minimum liquid waste and easy disposal/recovery of solids collected.

Solids Handling Evacuation of separated solids should be accomplished automatically by the use of an electrically-actuated
valve programmed at appropriate intervals and duration in order to efficiently and regularly purge solids from the separators
collection chamber. Solids can also be concentrated by the use of a solids recovery vessel. In a solids recovery vessel, separated
solids are continuously purged under controlled flow into a vessel equipped with one (or three, depending on the separator size
needed) 1-50 micron fiber-felt solids collection bag(s). The bags are then manually removed and cleaned or discarded.

Replacement Parts Separators have no moving parts, and no filter elements or sand media to clean or replace. The purge
options (bag filter, or motorized ball valve) for the separator may have replacement parts.

Maintenance Requirements Separators are purged of separated solids without system interruption. They are easily automated,
require no filter cleaning, and no duplicate equipment is needed.

Space requirements Separators are compact. Larger models may be specified at low or vertical profile and/or with alternate
inlet/outlet configurations to accommodate limited space or piping needs.

Advantages: Disadvantages:

Removes a wide range of particles Primarily removes only solids that are heavier
No moving parts than water
Very minimal to no maintenance requirements;
Constant pressure drop is better for basin
sweeping applications
Can be installed full flow with low risk for
interrupting flow to the main heat exchangers
Can be automated

Particle Size Removal Pressure Loss Maintenance Requirements Liquid Loss

Best for fine light particles; Back washing; periodic inspection; sand
Sand Filters Low, variable Potentially excessive
avoid heavy coarse particle applications replacement, electromechanical parts
Fine to coarse
Purge components only -
Separators inorganics only with a specific gravity Low and steady None to minimal
periodic inspection/servicing
greater than water

Table 2. Advantages and Limitations of Sand Filters and Separators

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