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    Peace Kyaw
    The document discusses several multicast protocols. Intra-domain protocols like PIM and variants are used inside multicast networks, while inter-domain protocols like MP-BGP in combination with MSDP are used between domains. Receivers use IGMP or MLD to report group membership to their last-hop router. PIM-SM uses an explicit join model via the RP, with receivers joining the RP through the last-hop router and senders registering with the RP through the first-hop router.

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    Notes

    Uploaded by

    Peace Kyaw
    14 views9 pages
    The document discusses several multicast protocols. Intra-domain protocols like PIM and variants are used inside multicast networks, while inter-domain protocols like MP-BGP in combination with MSDP are used between domains. Receivers use IGMP or MLD to report group membership to their last-hop router. PIM-SM uses an explicit join model via the RP, with receivers joining the RP through the last-hop router and senders registering with the RP through the first-hop router.

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    The document discusses several multicast protocols. Intra-domain protocols like PIM and variants are used inside multicast networks, while inter-domain protocols like MP-BGP in combination with MSDP are used between domains. Receivers use IGMP or MLD to report group membership to their last-hop router. PIM-SM uses an explicit join model via the RP, with receivers joining the RP through the last-hop router and senders registering with the RP through the first-hop router.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    14 views9 pages

    Notes

    Uploaded by

    Peace Kyaw
    The document discusses several multicast protocols. Intra-domain protocols like PIM and variants are used inside multicast networks, while inter-domain protocols like MP-BGP in combination with MSDP are used between domains. Receivers use IGMP or MLD to report group membership to their last-hop router. PIM-SM uses an explicit join model via the RP, with receivers joining the RP through the last-hop router and senders registering with the RP through the first-hop router.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    Multicast Protocols

    -Multicast protocols may differ depending on a multicast network they are

    implemented.

    - No multicast protocol ,such as IGMP and MLD, are used between receiver and the first-hop
    router for source registering.

    -These multicast protocols are used between receiver and the last-hop router.

    -Inside the multicast network, various multicast routing protocols are used.

    -The multicast routing protocols can be separated into two groups based on intra-domain
    versus Inter-domain functions.

    - Intra-domain: PIM and variants

    Inter-domain: Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP (MP-BGP) in combination with

    Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP)


    -Between the last-hop router and the receivers, receivers use IGMP (for IPv4) or MLD (for

    IPv6) to report their multicast group membership to the router.


    PIM-SM characteristics include

    Explicit join model via the RP.

    Receivers join to the RP via the last-hop router (LHR) (not directly).

    Senders register with the RP via the first-hop router (FHR) (not directly).

    Data flows down the shared tree and goes only to places that need the data from the

    sources.

    LHRs can join the source tree if the data rate exceeds the threshold.
    Layer 2 marking

    Layer 3 Marking
    Per-hop behavior

    Policing and Shaping


    4-Class QoS Strategy Model
    8-Class QoS Strategy Model

    12-Class QoS Strategy Model


    OSPF virtual-link

    All other areas must be directly connected to area 0, and area 0 must be
    contiguous.

    OSPF expects all non-backbone areas to inject routes into the backbone, so that
    the routes can be distributed to other areas.

    A virtual link is a link that allows discontiguousarea 0s to be connected, or a


    disconnected area to be connected to area 0, via a transit area.

    The OSPF virtual link feature should be used only in very specific cases, for
    temporary connections or for backup after a failure
    Benefits of router summarization in OSPF

    Route summarization directly affects the amount of bandwidth, CPU power, and memory
    resources that the OSPF routing process consumes.

    With route summarization, only the summarized routes are propagated into the backbone
    (area 0) increasing the stability of the network

    The routes being advertised in the type 3 LSAs are appropriately added to or deleted from the
    routers routing table, but an SPF calculation is not done.

    OSPF Area Types


    Approaches to summarization in OSPF

    Area ranges per the OSPF RFCs

    Area filtering

    Summary address filtering

    Originating default

    Filtering for NSSA routes

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