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    Topic 7 Equilibrium Notes

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    Thaarvena Retina
    1. Dynamic equilibrium occurs when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of a reversible reaction are equal, resulting in constant concentrations over time. 2. Le Châtelier's principle states that if a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the equilibrium will shift in a direction that relieves the stress. 3. A catalyst increases the rates of both the forward and reverse reactions, allowing equilibrium to be established faster without changing the position of equilibrium. This is useful in industrial processes where speed and efficiency are important.

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    Topic 7 Equilibrium Notes

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    Thaarvena Retina
    89 views4 pages
    1. Dynamic equilibrium occurs when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of a reversible reaction are equal, resulting in constant concentrations over time. 2. Le Châtelier's principle states that if a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the equilibrium will shift in a direction that relieves the stress. 3. A catalyst increases the rates of both the forward and reverse reactions, allowing equilibrium to be established faster without changing the position of equilibrium. This is useful in industrial processes where speed and efficiency are important.

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    1. Dynamic equilibrium occurs when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of a reversible reaction are equal, resulting in constant concentrations over time. 2. Le Châtelier's principle states that if a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the equilibrium will shift in a direction that relieves the stress. 3. A catalyst increases the rates of both the forward and reverse reactions, allowing equilibrium to be established faster without changing the position of equilibrium. This is useful in industrial processes where speed and efficiency are important.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    89 views4 pages

    Topic 7 Equilibrium Notes

    Uploaded by

    Thaarvena Retina
    1. Dynamic equilibrium occurs when the rates of the forward and reverse reactions of a reversible reaction are equal, resulting in constant concentrations over time. 2. Le Châtelier's principle states that if a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the equilibrium will shift in a direction that relieves the stress. 3. A catalyst increases the rates of both the forward and reverse reactions, allowing equilibrium to be established faster without changing the position of equilibrium. This is useful in industrial processes where speed and efficiency are important.

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    TOPIC 7: EQUILIBRIUM

    7.1 Dynamic Equilibrium


    7.1.1 Outline the characteristics of chemical and physical systems in a state of equilibrium.

    Chemical reactions can do one of three things:


    A. go to completion B. establish equilibrium C. not occur
    all of limiting reactant is consumed some of limiting reactant present all reactants remain
    only products (and XS reactant) present some products formed no product formed
    Kc very large >> 1010 [P] >> [R] 1010 > Kc > 10-10 Kc very small << 1010 [P] << [R]
    Each of these situations can be explained using equilibrium constants

    Dynamic Equilibrium the state of a closed system in which reactants and products are constantly reacting (dynamic) but the
    concentration of each chemical remains constant and appears the same (equilibrium)
    the concentrations are usually not equal
    occurs when the reactants are reformed as fast as they are consumed
    the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction

    Requirements for Equilibrium


    1. Reversible Reaction ex. water / ice mixture at 0C H2O(l) H2O(s)
    o Reactants can form product o Products can react to reform reactants

    2. Constant MACROscopic Properties


    o No noticeable changes in properties directly observed or measured colour, volume, pressure, concentration (pH)
    Microscopic properties are changing but cannot be observed or measured directly.
    involve the behaviour of individual particles (ions, molecules, atoms) and their attractions/bonds

    3. Closed System
    o The matter in the system is constant same number and type of each atom
    o The energy of the system is constant constant temperature (heat lost or added)
    If products can escape they will not reform reactants
    If the temperature continues to change the reverse (endo/exo) will not be favoured

    4. Independent of Starting Substances


    o The equilibrium can be reached by starting with the chemicals or the left or the right
    It does not matter whether you start with ice or with water, the equilibrium is the same.

    Types of Equilibrium

    Heterogeneous Equilibrium Homogeneous Equilibrium


    2 distinct substances observed 1 substance observed (solutions)
    Aqueous soluble substances
    Ice water at 0C
    ions chromium ions Cr2O72- (yellow) Cr3+ (green)
    ice melts as fast as water freezes
    miscible liquids vinegar in water CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO- + H3O+
    Saturated solution Gases
    solute dissolves as fast as the Haber process N2(g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3(g)
    dissolved solute precipitates
    7.2.1 Deduce the equilibrium constant expression (Kc) from the equation for a homogeneous reaction.

    Law of Chemical Equilibrium At equilibrium, the ratio between the concentrations of the products and the reactants is constant.
    This constant ratio of concentrations is called the equilibrium constant, Keq.

    [ PRODUCTS ]
    Equilibrium Constant (Keq) K eq =
    [ REACTANTS ]
    By convention PRODUCTS are on top and REACTANTS are below.
    The molar concentration of each substance is raised to the power of their coefficients.
    o Concentrations can only be expressed for substances in solution (homogeneous)
    IONS in aqueous solutions AND GASES in gaseous solutions
    o Concentrations of pure substances are constant; their concentration cannot change
    Do not include Solids (Mg, H2O(s)) NOR Pure liquids (H2O)

    Relationship of coefficients and exponents


    Example: The Haber Process N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) 2 NH3 (g)
    2
    [ PRODUCTS ] [ NH 3 ]
    Equilibrium Constant Expression
    K eq = =
    [ REACTANTS ] [ N 2 ]1 [ H 2 ] 3

    N.B. These are the molar concentrations at equilibrium, NOT initial concentrations

    Factors that DO NOT Affect the Equilibrium Constant Factors that DO Affect the Equilibrium Constant
    Initial Concentrations
    Pressure of Gases
    Adding Water
    TEMPERATURE ONLY
    Adding a Catalyst
    o The ratio of the equilibrium concentrations is independent of the starting amounts and starting concentrations.
    o The TEMPERATURE of the system can affect the ratio and the temperature must be given with the Keq value.
    Example: The solubility of potassium nitrate depends on temperature KNO3(s) K+(aq) + NO3(aq)

    Equilibrium Constant [ K ][ NO ]
    3
    K eq =
    The concentration of KNO3(s) is not included because it is a pure substance.
    This equilibrium constant is also called the solubility product constant (Ksp)
    The concentration of the saturated solution depends solely on the temperature

    7.2.2 Deduce the extent of a reaction from the magnitude of the equilibrium constant.

    LARGE Keq Keq > 1010 high [PRODUCTS], nearly no reactants reaction goes almost to completion
    small Keq Keq < 10-10 0 nearly no products, near initial [REACTANTS] reaction hardly procedes
    7.2.3 Apply Le Chteliers principle to predict the qualitative effects of changes of temperature,
    pressure and concentration on the position of equilibrium and on the value of the equilibrium
    constant.

    LeChteliers Principle states that:


    A dynamic equilibrium tends to respond so as to relieve the effect of any change in the conditions
    that affect equilibrium.

    If a small change is inflicted on a system at equilibrium, the equilibrium will shift to oppose the
    change and minimize the effect of the change and re-establish equilibrium.

    Factors that Affect the Position of Equilibrium

    Property Change Response Reaction favored to re-establish equilibrium


    Add Reactants or more reactants consumed,
    Forward reaction
    Remove Products more product made
    Concentration
    Add Products or more products reconsumed,
    Reverse reaction
    Remove Reactants more reactants reformed
    Add Heat (T) absorb heat Endothermic reaction
    Temperature
    Remove Heat (T) release heat Exothermic reaction
    fewer moles of gas (P)
    Increase Pressure Side with fewer moles of gas
    consume more moles of gas
    Pressure
    more moles of gas (P)
    Decrease Pressure Side with more moles of gas
    produce more moles of gas
    Catalyst No effect Achieve equilibrium faster Both forward and reverse increased

    7.2.4 State and explain the effect of a catalyst on an equilibrium reaction.

    Catalysts provide an alternative reaction pathway that has a lower activation energy

    The rate of the forward reaction increases


    AND
    The rate of the reverse reaction increases

    o NEITHER the forward nor the reverse reaction are favoured


    o BOTH reaction rates increase
    o Dynamic Equilibrium will be established faster with a catalyst
    o ONLY Temperature affects the equilibrium constant
    7.2.5 Apply the concepts of kinetics and equilibrium to industrial processes.
    Suitable examples include the Haber and Contact processes.

    The Haber Process for Industrial Production of Ammonia


    N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2 NH3 (g) + 92 kJ/mol
    Forward reaction produces 92 kJ heat exothermic
    Reverse reaction absorbs 92 kJ of heat endothermic
    Reactant side: 4 moles of gas Product side: 2 moles of gas

    To increase the forward reaction and the concentration of ammonia, [NH3]:


    1. Add reactants add H2 or N2 gas
    The forward reaction reduces the [H2] and [N2] and increases [NH3]
    2. Remove products isolate, remove and collect NH3 gas
    The forward reaction increases the [NH3] and reduces [H2] and [N2]
    3. Decrease Temperature cool the reaction vessel and gases
    The EXOthermic reaction (forward) will be favored to increase the temperature.

    4. Increase Pressure decrease the volume, add more reactants, increase temperature
    The forward reaction consumes 4 moles of gas and produces only 2 moles
    The forward reaction reduces the amount of gas present and reduces the pressure
    Optimal Conditions: Low Temperature and High Pressure

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