Revised EOT in PAM 2006 Vs 1998

REVISED EXTENSION OF TIME CLAUSE
IN PAM FORM 2006

COMPARED TO PAM FORM 1998
LIAW KOK CHENG
UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN

REVISED EXTENSION OF TIME CLAUSE
IN PAM FORM 2006
LIAW KOK CHENG
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of Bachelor of Science
(Hons.) Quantity Surveying
Faculty of Engineering and Science

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman
April 2012
ii
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this project report is based on my original work except for
citations and quotations which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it
has not been previously and concurrently submitted for any other degree or award at
UTAR or other institutions.
Signature :
Name : LIAW KOK CHENG
ID No. : 09UEB06436
Date : 06TH APRIL 2012

iii
APPROVAL FOR SUBMISSION
I certify that this project report entitled REVISED EXTENSION OF TIME

CLAUSE IN PAM FORM 2006 COMPARED TO PAM FORM 1998 was
prepared by LIAW KOK CHENG has met the required standard for submission in
partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Science (Hons.)
Quantity Surveying at Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.
Approved by,
Signature : _________________________
Supervisor : Ms. Felicia Yong Yan Yan
Date : _________________________
iv
The copyright of this report belongs to the author under the terms of the
copyright Act 1987 as qualified by Intellectual Property Policy of University Tunku
Abdul Rahman. Due acknowledgement shall always be made of the use of any
material contained in, or derived from, this report.
2012, Liaw Kok Cheng. All right reserved.

v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank everyone who had contributed to the successful completion of
this project. I would like to express my gratitude to my research supervisor, Ms.
Felicia for her invaluable advice, guidance and her enormous patience throughout the
development of the research.
In addition, I would also like to express my gratitude to my loving parents

and friends who had helped and given me encouragement to complete my final year
project within the time frame. Especially my former employer, Sr Kwan Hock Hai
who is the director from Perunding PCT Sdn Bhd, has given me guidance and
encouragement while selecting this topic and evaluate the questionnaires.
Secondly, I would like to thank to my former senior, Mr. Chin Wei Min who
is one of the employees from Perunding PCT Sdn Bhd, who had guided and
improved the language used in the questionnaire in order to ensure my questionnaire
has conveyed the right and correct message to the respondents. Besides, he is also
willing to borrow the reference books from the library of Perunding PCT Sdn Bhd
for my research. Furthermore, I also would like to appreciate the effort of advisor
and also my lecturer for subjects of Contract Administrative I and II - Mr. Lim Chai
Chai who shared his personal experience and helpful knowledge to me which is
related to my topic.
Last but not least, I would like to thank my friends who were willing to share
their knowledge and ideas and these were helpful to get the task done. Once again, I
really appreciate the effort contributed by my supervisor and thanks to her since she
always provide excellent guidance for the overall progress and provided me useful
ideas and comment for the betterment of this research.
vi
REVISED EXTENSION OF TIME CLAUSE IN PAM FORM 2006

ABSTRACT
Some said time is equals to money. Yet, time is not necessary equivalent to money
under contractual terms. There are various grounds provided in the contract that
allow the Contractor to claim for time with/without money if such a delay is caused
by natural disaster, agents or Employers default. PAM Form of Contract happens to
be the most famous Standard Form of Contract and the latest version of the PAM
Form is launched to replace the previous version in July 2007. Therefore, the risk
allocation for time, money, matters, quality issues and dispute resolution between the
Contractor, Employer and Consultant team has been shifted significantly in the latest
version of PAM Form. Besides, such reallocation of risk proportionately increase the
Employers exposure and burden in terms of claims and payment while providing
more possible ground for disputes between the Contractor and Employer. The
objectives for this research is to determine whether the changes of EOT clause
between PAM Form 1998 and 2006 are for the betterment of the construction
industry or otherwise; to determine the effects of the changes to both the Employer
and Contractor. The research methodology of this research includes literature
reviews, data collection, and analysis. Data is gathered from the response of
questionnaire survey with the Professional Quantity Surveyors. The research findings
showed out that the additional provision in revision of EOT by the Architect is not
betterment for the construction industry. This research also highlighted that the
changes in the time frame for submission and additional provision in changes to
law/terms of authority/services as Relevant Events are in the favour to the Employer;
the additional provision in instruction for insufficient information and revision of
granted EOT by Architect, execution of work under a Provisional Quantity and
Suspension by the Contractor as Relevant Events are in the favour to the Contractor.
vii
As a recommendation, the relevant parties should organise more seminars or

conferences regarding revised EOT provision under PAM Form, to deliver the
knowledge of the legal studies of the changes to the construction parties in order to
make sure they are aware on the changes in the revised EOT clause under PAM
Form.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION ii
APPROVAL FOR SUBMISSION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
ABSTRACT vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
LIST OF COURT CASES xv
LIST OF APPENDICES xvi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvii
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background Studies 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Aim and Objectives 4
1.4 Scope or Limitation of the Research 4
1.5 Significant of Research 5
1.6 Road Map to Chapters of Research 6
2 CONTRACT PROVISION OF EXTENSION OF TIME 7

2.1 Delay in Malaysian Construction Industry 7
2.2 Introduction of Standard Form of Contract 9
2.3 History of PAM Form 10
ix
2.4 EOT Provision in PAM Form 2006 12

2.5 Changes of Clause 23 in PAM 2006 13
2.5.1 Contractors Obligation under PAM Form
1998 & 2006 13
2.5.1.1 Time Frame for Submission 15
2.5.1.2 Condition Precedent 18
2.5.1.3 Extend a Copy to NSC for Contractors

Application 21
2.5.2 Architects Obligation under PAM Form 1998

and 2006 23
2.5.2.1 Instruction for Insufficient Information 25
2.5.2.2 Time Provision for Approval and

Certificate of EOT 26
2.5.2.3 Consideration of other Relevant Events

of the Contractors Application 29
2.5.2.4 EOT after Issuance of Certificate of

Non-Completion (CNC) 30
2.5.2.5 Revision of EOT 32
2.5.3 Relevant Events 34

2.6 Conclusion 52
3 METHODOLOGY 53
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Selection of Respondent 53
3.3 Research Design 54
3.4 Research Strategy 55
3.4.1 Quantitative Research 55
3.4.2 Qualitative Research 56
3.5 Data Collection 57
3.5.1 Primary Data 57
3.5.1.1 Questionnaire Survey Design 57
x
3.5.2 Secondary Data 60

3.5.2.1 Literature Review 61
3.6 Analysis Method 61

3.6.1 Frequency Analysis 61
3.6.2 Average Index Analysis 62
3.7 Conclusion 64
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 65

4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 Section A - Analysis for Background of Project 65
4.2.1 Frequency of using the listed Standard Form
of Construction Contract in Malaysia 66
4.2.2 Frequency of the listed Type of Projects that
the Respondent Involved 68
4.2.3 Frequency of Involvement for Application of
EOT 69
4.2.4 Average Index of the listed Relevant Events
happens to the Project 70
4.3 Section B - Analysis for Awareness of the changes
in EOT clause under PAM Form 2006 72
4.3.1 Rights and Obligations 72
4.4 Section C - Analysis for Effects of the Changes in
EOT Clause under PAM Form 2006 76
4.4.1 Rights and Obligations 77
4.4.3 Recommendation for future PAM Form
Revision 81
4.5 Conclusion 83
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 84

5.1 Introduction 84
5.2 Conclusion 84
xi
5.3 Recommendations 85
5.4 Limitation of Research 87
5.5 Recommendation for Further Research 87
REFERENCES 88
BIBLIOGRAPHY 92
APPENDIX 93
xii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE
2.1 Contractors Obligations 13-14
2.2 Architects Obligations 23-24
2.3 Excusable Non-Compensable Delays 38-42
2.4 Excusable Compensable Delays 43-50
2.5 Amendment of Clauses for Excusable Non

Compensable Delay 51
2.6 Amendment of Clauses for Excusable

Compensable Delay 51
3.1 The classification of the rating scales in Section A

of the questionnaire 63
3.2 The classification of the rating scales in Section B

3.3 The classification of the rating scales in Section C

4.1 Average Index of the Relevant Events happens to

the project 70-71
4.2 Improvement of changes in Rights and Obligation

in EOT Clause under PAM Form 2006 73
4.3 Improvement of changes in Relevant Events in

EOT Clause under PAM Form 2006 75
4.4 Favourability in the Contractor for Rights and

Obligation in the revised EOT Clause under PAM
Form 2006 77
xiii
4.5 Favourability in the Contractor for Relevant

Events in EOT Clause under PAM Form 2006 79
xiv
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
2.1 Facts of Chestermount case. 31
2.2 Types of Delay 35
4.1 Frequency of using the standard form of

construction contracts in Malaysia. 66
4.2 Frequency of the listed type of projects that the

respondents involved 68
4.3 Frequency of involvement for application of EOT 69
4.4 Frequency of the Relevant Events happens to the

project 71
xv
LIST OF COURT CASES
CASE TITLE PAGE
1 Pantland Hick v. Raymond & Reid [1893] AC 22 16
2 Percy Bilton v Greater London Council [1982] 20 BLR 1 16
3 Bremer Handelsgesellshaft MBH v. Vanden Avenne- 18

Izegem [1987] 2 Lloyds Rep 109
4 Turner Corporation Ltd v Austotel Pty Ltd [1987] 2 19

Lloyds Rep 109
5 Graymark Investment v. Walter Construction Group [1999] 19,29

NTSC 143
6 City Inn v. Shepherd Construction [2001] Scot CS 187 19
7 Perini Corporation v. Commonwealth of Australia [1969] 27

12 BLR 82
8 Lion Engineering Sdn. Bhd. v. Pauchuan Development 28

Sdn. Bhd. [1997] 4 AMR 3315
9 Glenlion Construction Ltd v. The Guinness Trust [1987] 11 29

Con LR 126
10 Balfour Beatty Building Ltd v. Chestermount 30

Properties[1993] 62 BLR
11 Temloc Ltd v. Errill Properties Ltd [1987] 39 BLR 30 32,33

xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A Questionnaire Survey Form 93
B EOT & Loss and Expenses Clause under PAM Form 1998 105
C EOT & Loss and Expenses Clause under PAM Form 2006 109
D Record of Supervision/Meeting 115

xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
UK United Kingdom
EOT Extension of Time
LAD Liquidated Ascertain Damages
SFOC Standard Form of Contract
PAM Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia
IEM The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia
JKR Jabatan Kerja Raya
PWD Public Works Department
CIDB Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia
FIDIC International Federation of Consulting Engineers
ISM The Institution Surveyors, Malaysia
NSC Nominated Sub-Contractor
QS Quantity Surveyor
EC Excusable Compensable
ENC Excusable Non Compensable
CEOT Certificate of Extension of Time
CNC Certificate of Non Completion
CPC Certificate of Practical Completion
AI Architects Instruction
CAI Confirmation of Architects Instruction
BLR Building Law Report
Lloyds Rep Lloyds Law Report
Con LR Construction Law Report
AC Law Reports (Third Series) Appeal Cases
BCL Building and Construction Law (Australia)
NTSC Northern Territory Supreme Court [Neutral Citation] (Australia)
AMR All Malaysia Report
xviii
Scot CS Scottish Court of Session Decisions

CHAPTER 1
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Studies
The old adage, time is money and some might doubt that does time is really equals
money? From the seminar held by Kuala Lumpur Regional Central for Arbitration
(KLRCA) Delay and Extension of Time (2012), the speaker Derek Nelson does
mentioned that time is not necessary equals to money. According to him, once a
Contractor has secured an Extension of Time (EOT) and relief from Liquidated
Ascertain Damages (LAD), thoughts quickly turn to the recovery of those costs
incurred due to the delayed completion date such as Prolongation Costs. During his
performance, he linked back the previous statement to the questions whether time is
equals money or otherwise and come out with a conclusion with that, time is not
necessary equal to money in contractual terms since not all the delays giving an EOT
will necessarily entitle the Contractor to recover prolongation costs. In details, the
delay in time can be separated into excusable and non-excusable delay, and
excusable delay can be divided into compensable and non-compensable delay
categories.
The above statement is supported by Gene Worthman (2005), whereby a

compensable delay entitles the delayed party which is the Contractor, to monetary
compensation for the period of delay due to acts or omissions by the Employer or his
agents like Architect, while non-compensable delay arise from neutral events such as
exceptionally adverse weather, third parties, etc. which is beyond control by both of
the parties.
2
Besides, the procedures for resolving the delay-oriented issues could vary
depending on various factors such as the Standard Form of Contract (SFOC) used
(Palaneeswaran & Kumaraswamy, 2007). Further to that, the different version of
SFOC, the procedures and terms and conditions to solve the delay also will be
different. In EOT Clause 23 in PAM Form, there are only twelve relevant events at
version 1998 and this is expanded to twenty-four relevant events in in version 2006
including some new provisions with the existing events (Ong & Ho, 2008).
However, an extension of time provision is inserted in a contract for the

benefit of both the Contractor and the Employer (Thomas, 2001). Besides that, EOT
claims are frequent in many construction projects and standard forms of contract may
provide the provision for EOT due to excusable delay (CEIM, 2010). So, the
Contractor is entitled for an EOT or even with loss and expenses if they complied
with the clause stipulated in the Standard Form of Contract.
Once a claim has been presented, the Employer and Contractor can come to
an agreement concerning the claim, thereby, create a change order or a modification,
or they may disagree and create a construction contract dispute (Zaneldin, 2006).
According to the study of Managing Construction Disputes, the impact of
construction disputes in clients organisation are time consuming, extensive high cost,
loss of reputation and sour relationship between stakeholders and also loss of profit
and business validity (Motsa, Managing Construction Disputes, 2006). In order to
avoid such problems, the contract parties must understand their duties and liabilities
as spelled out under the different types of SFOC in relation to the issue of delay.
1.2 Problem Statement
According to Construction Contract Policy Improved Procedures and Practice

(1989), Uff had defined that:
3
The development of construction contract forms

stands at a watershed: the old forms are losing their
influence; instead of orderly change, the existing
institutions are being outflanked by the introduction of
new forms and new systems; and the institutions are
tending to respond by promoting more and more
diverse forms of their own.
Besides, revision to many forms of contract were often driven by decisions in

the courts and these revisions sometimes were to have a continuing influence on the
drafters of new contracts and on the understanding of the law which affects contracts
in construction industry since it became the subject of later cases (Thomas, 2001). In
PAM Form 2006 edition, it is considered the latest version of SFOC among the
others for the usage of private project. Besides, there are over 90% of the private
sector projects are based on PAM Form as the project building contract (Ong & Ho,
2008).
In delay issue, there is a time bar which requires notices complete with
particulars in respect of extension of time claims and more of relevant events to
claim for EOT (Rajoo, 2010). Further to that, the provisional quantities and some
new relevant events causing the delay will also likely to bring some effects to the
parties involved under the contract in construction industry.
Furthermore, those who advise on contract forms should take precaution to

ensure the parties are aware not only improvements in PAM Form 2006 edition, but
also changes in the parties obligations and risks under the new form (Ong & Ho,
2008). Furthermore, the PAM Form 2006 edition does not follow the risk allocation
and approach of the PAM Form 1998 edition, and the risk allocation for time, money
matters, quality, issues and disputes resolution between contractor, employer and
consultant team has been shifted significantly (Rajoo, 2010).
The changes of the provision might be in the form of amendment and

addition towards the provision in relation to time, cost, quality and other contract
matters (Ong & Ho, 2008). Thus, Employers and Contractors may potentially give
4
rise to more disputes between them since the provision are reworded, reshuffled and
amalgamated away from the PAM Form 1998 edition (Rajoo, 2010). Hence, it is
necessary for the parties to the contracts in this industry, especially the Employer and
the Contractor to have a complete understanding on the changes in EOT clause under
PAM Form 2006.
1.3 Aim and Objectives
The aim of this research is to investigate the changes between PAM Form 1998 and
2006 edition in relation to EOT. There are several objectives to support the aim
stated above. They are as follow:
To determine whether the changes of clause between PAM Form 1998 and
2006 are for the betterment of the construction industry or otherwise.
To determine the effects of the said changes to both the Employer and
Contractor.
1.4 Scope or Limitation of the Research
The scopes of research are:

The EOT provision provided under PAM Form 1998 and 2006 edition.
Survey is conducted within the vicinity of Klang Valley and Selangor.
Questionnaire surveys are gathered from consultant Quantity Surveyor
only.
Related construction cases in Malaysia and United Kingdom (UK).
5
1.5 Significant of Research
Having regards to the problem statement, the amendment and addition of provisions
in SFOC will bring some effects to Employer and Contractor who will enter into a
contract since the risk and responsibility is allocated differently to both of the
contract parties if compared with the previous version of SFOC. Therefore, the
awareness of changes in the conditions of contract is very important for both parties
since the PAM Form 2006 edition is still cluttered with deficiencies, material
omissions and provision which an average building construction practitioner may
find difficult to comprehend and implement (Rajoo, 2010).
Therefore, there is an urgent need for research to study on the said PAM
Form 2006 to increase the awareness of the Contractor when they intended to claim
for said compensation based on it. Besides that, identifying the changes in PAM
Form between 1998 and 2006 version are able to let the construction players know
and realise the amendment in the latest EOT clause.
Furthermore, determine the changes of EOT clause between PAM 1998 and
2006 are for the betterment of the construction industry or otherwise is able to reflect
the opinion or view from the players in construction industry. Apart from that,
identify the effects of the said changes for both of the Employers and Contractors are
able to figure out the level of impartiality to both of the contract parties in relation of
EOT clause under PAM Form 2006.
Throughout the research, it is not only to figure out the awareness of the
changes in EOT clause from the players in construction industry; yet it is to provide a
better understanding on the rights and responsibilities when the players are dealing
with EOT clause in the latest form of PAM Form 2006 edition.
6
1.6 Road Map to Chapters of Research
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Chapter 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Chapter 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Figure 1.1: Road Map to the Chapters of Research
This research report comprised of five (5) chapters. The first chapter consists of the
background research and description of past research on delay provision in the
construction industry. Besides, rationale of this research, aim and objectives, scope
and limitation is briefly described in this chapter as well.
The next chapter is literature review which consists of the review about the
delay of construction industry in Malaysia, introduction of SFOC and PAM Form
edition. After all, the differences between PAM 98 and 06 for EOT clause and sub-
clauses are tabulated and rationale of changes are analysed in this chapter as well.
Chapter 3 is research methodology which described the method adopted by

the author for this research. Then, the data gathered from the questionnaires is
presented in Chapter 4. Further to that, the ranking is done based on frequency
analysis and average index analysis.
Last but not least, conclusion and recommendations are presented in chapter 5.
The recommendation for further research is discussed in this chapter.
7
CHAPTER 2
2 CONTRACT PROVISION OF EXTENSION OF TIME
2.1 Delay in Malaysian Construction Industry
The problem of delays in construction industry is considered as a common

phenomenal in every country and including Malaysia (Murali & Yau, 2007). Based
on research done by Aibinu and Jagboro (2002), delay of the construction can lead to
time overrun, cost overrun, dispute, arbitration, litigation and total abandonment.
Thus, most construction projects in the United Kingdom (UK) are carried out under a
standard form of contract (or subcontract) and all of the standard forms provide
clauses for dealing with delays to the project (Lowsley & Linnett, 2007).
Generally, the definition of the completion date not only act as a due date that
required the Contractor to complete their works; it also provide the right to the
employer to impose liquidated damages to Contractor when their works are delayed
or unable to complete before the due date. Therefore, every particular project must
have a definite date from which to calculate liquidated damages (Chappell, Smith, &
Sims, Building Contract Claims, 2005).
According to Handbook for PAM Contract 2006 (2010), most Employers

believe that EOT clause is generally for the benefit of the Contractor. On the face of
it, by providing the Contractor more reasons for extension of time, it would reduce
his liability for Liquidated Damages (Tan, Low, Chee, & Sum, 2010). However, if
there were no contractual provision for extension of the contract period, then in
8
contracts having a specified date for completion and a liquidated damages clause, the
employer would be purporting to be entitled to recover liquidated damages from the
Contractor for failure so to complete, whatever the reason for delay might be
(Robinson, Lavers, George Tan, & Chan, 1996). When the employer is in default and
causes delay the Contractor can claim damages for breach of contract and the
Contractor can in many instances make a contractual claim for loss and expense for a
sum ascertained by the Engineer or Architect based on the standard forms (Uff,
1989).
In the Contract, the purpose of the EOT clause is defined to preserve the
Employers right to Liquidated Damages (Thomas, 2001). Another word, even if
such right is deferred in time due to the operation of the EOT mechanism, it is still
available after that deferment (Robinson, Lavers, George Tan, & Chan, 1996). In the
event the Contractor fails to complete by the Completion Date due to some action for
which the Employer (or Architect acting as agent for the Employer) is responsible
(Tan, Low, Chee, & Sum, 2010). From the fact above, such provision is able to
prevent the Contractor from abusing or simply claim for EOT for the particular
projects and fix a later Completion Date in order to get rid of the liability for
Liquidated Damages due to incompletion of works unless the defaults are made by
the Employer (Garland, 1989).
The provision of extension of time for is always provided in every form of

contract (Thomas, 2001). Further to that, each of the form of contract has its own
particular procedures and allocations of risk when it comes to time issues (Lowsley
& Linnett, 2007). Besides that, such particular procedures and allocations of risk also
depends on the editions of particular form of contract since the provisions are
amended and does not follow the risk allocation and approach of the previous form
(Rajoo, 2010). For example in PAM 2006 Form, the increase in the number of
Relevant Events and number of matters entitling the Contractor to loss and/or
expenses effectively reduces the risks borne by the Contractor, and proportionately
increases the employers risks in respect of time and costs (Ong & Ho, 2008).
Therefore, most of the employer may prefer the previous version since it may viewed
9
as too-Contractor like CIDB Form of building contract which is hardly used in

Malaysian construction industry (Rajoo, 2010).
2.2 Introduction of Standard Form of Contract
According to Professor John Uff (1989), there are several proper objectives of any
standard form for construction contracting. The objectives are:
Providing necessary machinery for the efficient administration of the work;
Providing an apportionment of risk rising out of the performance of the work
and the end product of the work;
Providing for possible contingencies regarding price, time and other
variables;
Providing for the coverage of any risks which are not to be borne ultimately
by the parties (usually by insurance);
Facilitating proper management of the works being carried out;
Achieving proper economy in regard to performance of the works and the
finished product;
Maintaining sufficient flexibility to attain the proper objectives of the
contract;
Dealing appropriately with disputes which may arise out of the contract.
Therefore, it is necessary to use the suitable standard form for construction

contracting to suit the projects. There are four (4) major types of SFOC published by
various organisations in Malaysia as listed below:
The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia (IEM),

Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia (CIDB),
Public Works Department (PWD) and
Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia (PAM).
10
For IEM form, it is suitable for most of the civil and infrastructure
construction and it is published based on International Federation of Consulting
Engineers (FIDIC) form by French organisation (Oon, 2002). For PWD form, it is
drafted by the government agencies for works in the public sector.
For CIDB form, it launched in year 2000 and is suitable for main building
works in both private and government sector (Khairuddin, Masamitsu, Toshihiko, &
Kiyoshi, 2007). Yet this is considered as too pro-Contractor and very difficult to suit
the Malaysian projects in the construction industry (Rajoo, 2010). On the other hand,
PAM form is suitable for private sector commercial, institutional, housing and other
building projects. In addition, it is estimated about 90% of the building contracts in
this sector are based on a PAM form (Ong & Ho, 2008). The latest version of PAM
building contract form is 2006 edition and previously was 1998 and 1969 edition.
Although the new PAM Forms are dated 2006, they were officially launched
in 2007 (Singh H. K., 2009). The significant changes of provisions are affecting the
rights of parties involved due to reallocation of rights or obligations are different for
those who are used to PAM 1998 edition (Rajoo, 2010). After obtaining confirmation
from the Contract Department of PAM, PAM has stopped printing the PAM Form
1998 since two years ago.
2.3 History of PAM Form
Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia (PAM) is one of the publishers of Standard Form of

Contracts and it is normally used for private sector project. The first edition of PAM
SFOC was published in 1969 with the corporation of Institution of Surveyors,
Malaysia (ISM) and therefore it known as PAM/ISM 1969. Besides that, it is
modelled based on Joint Contracts Tribunal Form (JCT) version 1963 (Rajoo,
Davidson, & Singh, 2010) and the Royal Institute of British Architect (RIBA), case
law in the United Kingdom, Singapore and Hong Kong were applicable to Malaysian
cases (Tan, Low, Chee, & Sum, 2010).
11
PAM 1998 version of SFOC comprising of PAM 98 (with quantities), PAM

98 (with quantities), and PAM 98 NSC were officially launched in October 1998 and
replaced the PAM/ISM 1969 (Tan, Low, Chee, & Sum, 2010). Before that, Mr. Jerry
PM Sum who was the chairman of Building Contract Review Committee of PAM,
was prepared all the final documents in 1990 yet he was unable to launch officially
during that time since he received objections and reservation from several members
of the architectural profession and a body representing the Contractors which called
Master Builders Association Malaysia (MBAM) (Rajoo, Davidson, & Singh, 2010).
After that, Professor Vincent Powell-Smith was engaged by PAM to revise and take
into consideration the comments given by other professionals and representative who
involved in the previous stage. After that, Mr. Sundra Rajoo and Mr. KC. Cheang
had involved to complete the revision of the PAM/ISM 1969.
According to Handbook for PAM Contract 2006 (2010), the Contract Review
Committee of PAM is chaired by Dato Kington Loo to look into the amendments to
be made to PAM 98 and come out with a replacement form to replace this version.
Besides, the committee members included two (2) Architects; Ar. Tan Pei Ing, Ar.
and Chee Soo Teng, a Quantity Surveyor; Sr. Low Khian Seng, and a lawyer; Mr.
Lim Chee Wee. In March 2003, the said Chairman passed away, and the
chairmanship was taken over by Ar. Tan Pei Ing. In 2003, an Architect; Ar. Jerry
Sum Phoon Mun had joined the committee, and a lawyer; Prof. Dr. Colin Ong also
joined the committee and contributed on some legal aspects of the final version of
the forms when the drafting of the forms was in an advanced stage in 2005.
Finally, a replacement version for PAM Form 1998 has officially launched in
April 2007 which is the PAM Contract 2006. The latest version for PAM Form
comprises of PAM 06 (with quantities), PAM 06 (without quantities) and PAM 06
Nominated Sub-Contract, which are same with the previous version of this Form of
Contract (Tan, Low, Jerry, Chee, 2011).
12
2.4 EOT Provision in PAM Form 2006
For EOT provision, the relevant clause is based on Clause 23.0 Extension of Time
(EOT) in both edition of the contract form. As to compare the EOT clause with PAM
Form 1998 and 2006 edition, PAM Form 1998 had seven (7) main clauses and
twelve (12) sub-clauses while PAM 2006 has ten (10) main clauses and thirty-one
(31) sub-clauses. Apparently, there are three (3) main clauses and nineteen (19) sub-
clauses added into PAM 2006 after the revision of 1998 edition.
Although the contract parties are the Contractor and Employer, Yet, Architect
is here to act as the Employers agent to assess and certify the application of EOT by
the Contractor (Oon, 2002), and the Contractor is required to comply the terms and
conditions that set out under the contract. Therefore, the Architect and Contractor
parties are required to highlight their rights and obligation while doing comparison
within two version of PAM Form.
Under Clause 23.0 in both version of PAM Form has described the rights and
obligation of the Contractor, and stipulated the relevant events which allowed the
Contractor to claim for EOT. The main clauses in PAM Form 2006 for Contactors
rights and obligation are clauses 23.1, 23.2, 23.3 and 23.6; Architects rights and
obligation are clauses 23.3, 23.4, 23.5, 23.7, 23.9, and 23.10, and relevant events are
stated under clause 23.8.
13
2.5 Changes of Clause 23 in PAM 2006
2.5.1 Contractors Obligation under PAM Form 1998 & 2006
Table 2.1: Contractors Obligations

PAM 2006 PAM 1998
Clause Explanation Clause Explanation
23.1 (a, Contractor has to give written notice to the Architect 23.1 When the works will be delayed and unable to
b) when he intends to claim for EOT. And such notice complete before the Date of Completion (DOC),
must be given within twenty eight (28) days from the Contractor has to notify the Architect in writing and
date of the AI, CAI or the commencement of those identify the causes of delay, state the expected effect
Relevant Events that stated in Clause 23.8. and the estimate of EOT required.
Besides that, giving of the said written notice will 23.2 The claim of EOT must not intend to cure any default
considered as condition precedent for a Contractor to of or breach of contract by the Contractor.
claim for EOT.
23.3 Contractor has to submit his application for EOT to
The Contractor has to send his final claim for EOT the Architect within reasonable time before DOC.
within 28 days of the end of the cause of delay,
otherwise the Contractor is deemed that he assessed that 23.4 Contractor is responsible to use his best endeavour to
such Relevant Event will not delay the completion of prevent or reduce the possibility of delay where the
works beyond the original completion date. completion of works beyond the Date of Completion
as stated in the Contract.
14
Table 2.1: Contractors Obligations (Contd)

PAM 2006 PAM 1998
23.2 Contractor should send a copy of his application for

EOT to Nominated Sub-Contractor (NSC) immediately
when the EOT is related to NSC.
23.3 Contractor has to submit further documents to support

for such application within another 28 days from the
date of receipt of the Architects instruction when the
information is insufficient to enable the Architect to
examine such application.
23.6 Contractor is responsible to use his best endeavour to

prevent or reduce the possibility of delay where the
completion of works beyond the Date of Completion
that as in the Contract.
15
From the table 2.1, there are three (3) significant changes for Contractors obligation
between PAM 2006 and 1998. The significant changes are as following:
Time frame for submission,

Condition precedent, and
Extend a copy to NSC for Contractors application for EOT.
2.5.1.1 Time Frame for Submission
Time frame for submission can be separated into three (3) categories under
Contractors obligation in PAM Form of Contract which is to submit first, final and
further written notice to the Architect. Firstly, PAM Form 2006 is required the
Contractor to send a written notice to the Architect for his intention to claim for EOT
according to PAM 2006 Clause 23.1 (a), within 28 days from the receipt of
Architects Instruction (AI), Confirmation of Architects Instruction (CAI) of
commencement of Relevant Events.
Secondly, the Contractor has to submit final claim for extension of time
within 28 days of the end of the cause of delay. In other words, the Contractor must
give notice within twenty-eight (28) days of relevant event, followed by supporting
particulars within the twenty-eight (28) days of cessation of delay or it shall be
deemed that the Contractor have waived his right (Ong & Ho, 2008).
Lastly, the submission of further documents and information by the

Contractor is within 28 days as well from the receipt of AI to support such
application when the Architect is of the opinion that the particulars submitted by the
Contractor are insufficient to enable him to assess the application for EOT. Yet, such
time frame is subject to change by the Employer due to the complexity and time
performance to suit the project (Tan, Low, Chee, & Sum, 2010). If the Contractor
failed to submit the particulars within the time stated, then he should it deemed that
16
the Contractor has assessed that such Relevant Event will not delay the Completion
of the works beyond the Completion Date (Rajoo, Davidson, & Singh, 2010).
In PAM 1998, the time frame for the said issues is not expressly stated, while
it was stated that the period required is reasonable time. Therefore, time becomes at
large when the obligation to complete within the specified time for completion of a
contract is lost (Eggleston, 2009). In well-known case of Pantland Hick v. Raymond
& Reid 1 , the House of Lord said that where the law implied a contract shall be
performed within a reasonable time it has:
invariably been held to mean that the party upon

whom it is incumbent duly fulfils his obligations,
notwithstanding protracted delay, so long as such delay
is attributable to cause beyond his control and he has
neither acted negligently nor unreasonably.
Therefore, the reasonable time does not mean anytime considered as

reasonable by the Architect (Tan, Low, Chee, & Sum, 2010). In other words, the
reasonable time is very subjective to the Contractor. Besides, there are several factors
to define reasonable time which are extra works given, exceptional weather, strikes,
production capability of the contractor, his management, and financial resources, and
his other contractual commitments (Eggleston, 2009).
In the case of Percy Bilton v Greater London Council 2 , the Lord Fraser
commented that:
The general rule is that the main contractor is bound

to complete the work by the date for completion stated
in the contract. If he fails to do so, he will be liable for
liquidated damages to the employer. That is subject to
1
[1893] AC 22
2
[1982] 20 BLR 1
17
the exception that the employer is not entitled to

liquidate damages if by his acts or omission he was
preventing the main contractor from completing his
works by the completion date.
Hence when the term time at large is used, it means that the Contractor
shall not bound to complete the Works before the completion date stated in the
Contract, yet he is required to complete the Works within a reasonable time without
the threat of being held in culpable delay and therefore being liable to the Employer
for LAD.
In other words, reasonable time is said to be time at large when there is no

specific date or new date stated in the contract to complete a task and provided a
contractor has not acted unreasonably or negligently, he will complete within a
reasonable time despite a protracted delay and is due to causes outside his control
(Chappell, Smith, & Sims, Building Contract Claims, 2005). According to the
research done by Ong (2007), one of the meanings of reasonable time is:
Reasonable under the existing circumstances,

assuming that those circumstances, in so far as they
involve delay, are not caused or attributed to by him
and excluding circumstances which were under the
control of the Contractor, considering what in ordinary
circumstances was a reasonable time for performance
was in fact extended by extraordinary circumstances
outside his control. (pp. 80-81)
Thus, the time frame provision expressly added into PAM 2006 in order to
replaced reasonable time with a definite period to avoid subjecting it to argument
(Tan, Low, Chee, & Sum, 2010). According to the seminar on PAM Contract 2006 &
PAM Sub-Contract 2006 which was carried out by Ong and Ho in year 2008, it
stated the Contractor should beware of the time bar in respect of claims for EOT,
and ensure that notices and particulars are given in a timely manner. Further to that,
18
the time bar is twenty-eight (28) days provided to Contractor to give notice of EOT
claim, and followed by supporting particulars within another twenty-eight (28) days
of cessation of the delay.
Under The PAM 2006 Standard Form of Building Contract (2010), it

mentioned the rationale of those twenty-eight (28) days for notice requirement. That
is due to Clause 21.1 of the Nominated Sub-Contract Form, the NSC has to submit
notice to the Contractor within twenty-one (21) days and the Contractor has a further
seven (7) days for follow up action. Further to that, the Clause 23.1(b) does give
some flexibility for such period to be enlarged but it sets out an express procedure
that must be satisfactorily followed before this can be affected. Should the Contractor
consider that he may not able to meet the prescribed 28 days period and he requires
more time, he has to officially apply to the Architect in writing for an extension with
cogent reasons to support his application (Rajoo, Davidson, & Singh, 2010).
2.5.1.2 Condition Precedent
The condition precedent had taken into account in the latest version of PAM contract.
If a Contractor or Sub-Contractor failed to send the written notice is does not mean
that they loss the right to claim for EOT unless the contract expressly stated that such
application is a condition precedent in order to claim for EOT (Knowles, 2005). In
Bremer Handelsgesellshaft MBH v. Vanden Avenne-Izegem3, Lord Salmon was of
the opinion that for a notice to be a condition precedent to the right to an extension of
time, the wording of the clause would need to be such that a failure to serve notice
would result in loss of right. In other words, when the notice is considered as a
condition precedent under the Contract in order to claim for EOT; the applicator will
loss his right for such claim if the applicator failed to submit such notice as stated in
the Contract.
3
[1987] 2 Lloyds Rep 109
19
This view is supported by Brian Eggleston in his book entitled Liquidated

Damages and Extension of Time in Construction Contract (3rdEdn.) (2009).
According to facts that raised by him, there are three conditions precedent for
liquidated damages under JCT 2005, which as following:
a) The Contractor shall fail to complete on time,

b) The Architect shall issue a certificate to the effect, and
c) The employer shall give written notice for his intention to deduct damages.
Failure to comply with condition precedent will render the deduction of

liquidated damages unlawful and the Contractor will be able to sue for their return
(Eggleston, 2009). Therefore, giving of written notice to Architect for Contractors
intention to claim for EOT is condition precedent in PAM Form 2006, otherwise
Contractor is deemed that he is taken to have assessed that such Relevant Events will
not delay the completion of works beyond the Completion Date, and thus the
Contractor is considered to have waived his right to any extension of time premised
on such Relevant Events (Tan, Low, Chee, & Sum, 2010).
In the case of Turner Corporation Ltd v Austotel Pty Ltd4, the court held that
a party to a contract cannot rely on preventing conduct of the other party where it
failed to exercise a contractual right which would have negated the effect of that
preventing conduct. The statement also supported by the case of Graymark
Investment v Walter Construction Group5, the Contractor is entitled to an EOT since
he failed to meet the notification requirements stated in the Contract. Although the
arbitrator found that the Contractor was entitled to an EOT since such delay is caused
by the Employer, but the court refused to uphold the notice condition precedent
provision, but instead relied on the prevention principle that a party cannot take
advantages of its own wrong in enforcing a contract.
4
[1997] 13 BCL 378
5
[1999] NTSC 143
20
While in the case of City Inn v. Shepherd Construction6, the Contractor has
failed to send the notice which was a condition precedent to apply an EOT. The court
held that the failure on the part of the Contractor to comply with the provision is
properly regarded as breach of contract on his part since he said that:
If the Contractor having formed the opinion, elects not

to do what the clause requires of him, he not only
deprives himself of any entitlement, he would
otherwise have had to an EOT; he also deprives the
Architect opportunity of reviewing the instruction in
light of the Contractors opinion of its consequences,
and choosing whether to insist in it, or withdraw it it
therefore seem to me that the clause is of material value
to the Employer, and that it would not be right to
construe the apparently obligation words in the clause
as merely conferring an option, rather than imposing an
obligation on the Contractor.
Hence, the Contractor must be mindful of the difference between the PAM
Contract 2006 and similar provision in other contemporary form of conditions of
contract being used in the country (Rajoo, Davidson, & Singh, 2010). In other words,
a new provision has been expressly drafted to allow the Architect to grant an EOT, if
the Contractor or deliberately declined to make an EOT application based on a
relevant Events (Tan, Low, Jerry, Chee, 2011). As a conclusion for this part, giving
the written notice for EOT application by the Contractor is an expressed condition
precedent in PAM Form 2006 before the Architect can grant an EOT.
6
[2001] Scot CS 187
21
2.5.1.3 Extend a Copy to NSC for Contractors Application
Last but not least, the third significant change under the Contractors obligation is the
provision that required the Contractor to send a copy of his application as in Clause
23.1 (a) & (b) for EOT to Nominated Sub-Contractor (NSC) immediately when the
EOT is related to NSC. This provision is a totally new provision that cannot be found
in the PAM Form 1998.
Clause 23.2 is to tie up with the provision in Sub-Contract as well (Tan, Low,
Chee, & Sum, 2010). Under Clause 21 in PAM Form 2006 Sub-Contract, NSC has to
give written notice to Contractor and also with a copy to the necessary Consultant
team where the NSC intended to claim for EOT. Besides that, Clause 23.8 (h) in
PAM Form 2006 also relates to PAM Form 2006 Sub-Contract, whereby:the
delay is due to part of the NSC for reasons set out in clause 21.4 (a) to 21.4 (w) of
the PAM Sub-Contract 2006. Therefore, Rajoo (2010) had concluded that the
purpose of giving such a copy is to forewarn the NSC concerned accordingly and
then he can make a considered decision if he feels necessary to make a claim for a
commensurate EOT under Clause 21.0 in PAM Sub-Contract 2006.
Besides that, the purpose of such practice is to ensure the Contractors notice
meet the condition precedent to EOT as prescribed under Clause 23.1 as any default
by the Contractor in complying with such conditions may have serious contractual
ramifications on the NSC involved (Rajoo, Davidson, & Singh, 2010). This provision
is found to be the same with JCT 1998 Contract, Chappell (2002) has described
further in Parris's Standard Form of Building Contract (3rdEdn.) where:
Clause 25.2.1.2 introduces a further requirement, and

that is a copy of the Contractors original notice must
be sent to any NSC to whom reference is made in it.
One of the Relevant Events listed is delay on the
part of NSC or Nominated Suppliers which the
Contractor has taken all practicable steps to avoid or
reduce (clause 25.4.7). The purpose of giving a copy
22
of the notice to the affected NSC is to forewarn the

NSC so that he may in turn, if necessary, make an
application for EOT to the main Contractor under
clause 2.2 off the Nominated Sub-Contract Form
NSC/C. (pp. 227-228)
Based on the above facts, the Contractor is expected to undertake the

obligation under Clause 23.2 where it makes express reference to any NSC in its
notification issued pursuant to Clause 23.1 (Rajoo, Davidson, & Singh, 2010).
Besides, the Contractor has to inform Architect and Consultant and included his
comment on his application within seven (7) days of such written notice from the
NSC. Thus, the Contractor has to extend a copy of such application to his NSC (Tan,
Low, Chee, & Sum, 2010). In summary, Contractor must send a copy of such written
notice and particulars including references to the NSC concerned if the particulars of
the written notice are given under Clause 23.1.
23
2.5.2 Architects Obligation under PAM Form 1998 and 2006
Table 2.2: Architects Obligations

PAM 2006 PAM 1998
23.3 Once the Architect thinks the documents submitted by 23.3 Once the Contractor has submitted all the sufficient
the Contractor is insufficient to enable him to approve relevant documents for application of EOT, Architect
the EOT application, Architect may issue an instruction should fix a later Date of Completion within the
and request the Contractor to submit further documents reasonable time from the receipt of the said notice.
to support the said application within 28 days from
receipt of the Contractor's particulars. Architect may fix a new Date for Completion
retrospectively upon failure of the Contractor to submit
23.4 Once the claim of EOT approved by the Architect, he is his application for extension of time complete with
required to issue a Certificate of Extension of Time particulars and estimates in accordance with
(CEOT) within 6 weeks to the Contractor and extend or reasonable time.
fix a later Date of Completion.
23.5 Architect has no right to fix a Date for Completion
23.5 The Architect has to take into account any other before the Date for Completion which is stated in the
Relevant Events which will affect the Contractors right Contract
to apply for EOT. 23.6
If a later Completion Date is decided and fixed by the
The Architect has no right to fix the new Date of Architect, he has to notify every NSC as well in
Completion earlier than the Original Completion Date writing stating the new Date for Completion.
which is stated in the Contract.
24
Table 2.2: Architects Obligations (Contd)

PAM 2006 PAM 1998
23.7 If a later Completion Date is decided and fixed by the

Architect, he has to notify every NSC as well in writing
stating the new Date of Completion.
23.9 When AI, CAI and Relevant Events occur after the
Completion Date, the Architect should grant an EOT to
Contractor even though the Certificate of Non-
Completion has been issued.
23.10 Architect is allowed to review extension of time that

was previously granted within twelve (12) weeks after
the issuance of Certificate of Practical Completion
(CPC).
25
In the event of EOT, except of Contractors obligations, Architect has the rights and
responsibilities as well even though the Architect has no contract with the Contractor.
From Table 2.2, the changes of Architect Obligations are highlighted as following:
Instruction for insufficient information

Time provision for approval & issuance of Certificate of Extension of Time,
Consideration of other Relevant Events of the Contractors application,
EOT after issuance of Certificate of Non-Completion, and
Revision of EOT.
2.5.2.1 Instruction for Insufficient Information
Under Clause 23.3 in PAM 2006, Architect is required to give instruction within 28
days to submit further information for his application of EOT by the Contractor when
the Architect is of the opinion that the submitted particulars are insufficient to enable
him to access or examine the claim of EOT.
This clause is a new provision which is not stated in PAM 1998. Furthermore,
such instruction should made in writing and identify the deficiency that required the
Contractor to remedy and request him to submit such further particulars to the
Architect within the stated period. Besides that, the PAM had considered the problem
that normally occurring in the industry, where Rajoo, Davidson and Singh in The
PAM 2006 Standard Form of Building Contract (2010) also stated that:
The commonly occurring practice of handling such

issue for a continuing nature is never considered in
PAM 1998 which is a necessity for the submission of
particulars on a periodic basis leading to the grant of
extension of time on an interim basis (pp. 441)
26
According to the seminar of Contract Guide to PAM Contract 2006 & PAM
Sub-Contract 2006 carried out by DLS Management (M) Sdn. Bhd., various
scenarios may arise due to this provision, which are:
Contract has submitted an application for EOT,

Completion Date has passed,
Architect had requested for further information,
No new Completion Date is fixed by the Architect,
The Contractor has asserted that sufficient information had been submitted to
the Architect, and that the Architect failed to issue a Certificate of EOT
within 6 weeks stipulated , and
Contractor challenges the validity of the Certificate of Non-Completion
(CNC) issued, and the Liquidated and Ascertained Damages (LAD) imposed.
Furthermore, the speakers in the seminar of Contract Guide to PAM Contract

2006 & PAM Sub-Contract 2006, Ong and Ho (2008) had concluded that the
Architect has no power to issue an interim Certificate of EOT based on
information available yet the Architect may allowed to do final review of EOT after
Practical Completion under Clause 23.10 in PAM Form 2006. Thus, the Architect is
required to wait until sufficient information is received before giving his decision to
reject or grant the EOT, and the Architect can request the Contractor to provide
further information for evaluation purposes.
2.5.2.2 Time Provision for Approval and Certificate of EOT
In Clause 23.4, the Architect may issue written notice of rejection or the Certificate
of EOT to the Contractor within 6 weeks from the receipt of sufficient information
from the Contractor. From Table 2.1, PAM 1998 Clause 23.3 has no stated the
timeframe required for approval and certification of EOT; while it just stated that:
Provided always the Contractor submits to the Architect his application for
extension of time, the architect shall ascertain and fix such new date for completion
27
within a reasonable time. The time frame is just a reasonable time in the previous
edition of PAM Form.
Besides that, this was same with the previous section of this research where
the time frame is just a reasonable time. This issue is having regard to previous
section which already discussed in part of Contractors obligations. Therefore, PAM
had replaced reasonable time with a specified period in order to prevent any
unnecessary argument (Tan, Low, Chee, & Sum, 2010).
The Perini Corporation v. Commonwealth of Australia7 case can be referred

in relation to consultants responsibility. Where the building contract had stated that
the Employer Commonwealth of Australia can allowed Contractor Perini
Corporation to grant for EOT within a reasonable time, but the Contractor is failed to
get the EOT although he had made many applications for extension of time
according to the contract. Thus, the judge decided that the Employer is necessary to
make his decision within a reasonable time, and he also said that:
The measurement of a reasonable time in any

particular case is always a matter of fact. Plainly, the
Employer must not to procrastinate, and in my opinion
he is not simply entitled to defer a decision. When the
investigation is complete, I am of the opinion that the
decision should then be made.
The term of reasonable time for the Architect to make the decision to reject
or approve the claim of EOT is does not mean anytime considered to be reasonable
by the Architect and the court held that the Contractor was able to succeed in claims
for acceleration cost due to failure of the Architect to make a decision to approve or
reject the claim of EOT. If without a proper date allowed for Architect to make a
decision to approve the claim of EOT, Contractor will accelerate the works in order
to avoid liquidated damages since he is unsure of the Completion Date.
7
[1969] 12 BLR 82
28
Furthermore, the provision for certificate of EOT under Clause 23.4 in PAM
Form 2006 is apparently a consolidated, reformulation and relabeling of clause 23.2
A fair and Reasonable Extension of time and clause 23.3 Time limitation as to
giving Extension of time in the previous edition of PAM Form (Rajoo, Davidson, &
Singh, 2010).
On the other hand, Rajoo, Davidson & Singh (2010) also agreed that the
stipulation of a define period of time for Architect to complete the assessment of this
issue is a welcome change as compared to PAM Form 1998 where term of
reasonable time was applied into such provision and that was both misconstrued
and abused by many Architects which reflected from the case of Lion Engineering
Sdn. Bhd. v. Pauchuan Development Sdn. Bhd. 8 . Further to that, The PAM 2006
Standard Form of Building Contract (2010) had concluded that the Architect can
adopt one of the following options when he is unable to make a decision within the
stated period of 6 weeks:
Inform the Contractor that he needs more time and get his express consent
thereto, or
Issue an interim extension (if the review period is less than granted to carry
out a further assessment and perhaps give an additional extension; or
If the assessment period is too short so that it is not reasonably practicable for
him to make a considered decision, inform the Contractor accordingly and
leave it for review under Clause 23.10.
The above options as stated by Rajoo, Davidson, & Singh (2010) especially item
b) is slightly different with the comment given by Ong and Ho (2008), where the
Architect has no power to issue an interim Certificate of EOT based on
information available. Yet, both of opinions by Rajoo, Davidson & Singh and, Ong
and Ho are having the same views where the EOT can be review under Clause 23.10
which is after the Practical Completion. Therefore, it can be concluded for this issue
where the Architect should assess and make a decision to issue Certificate of EOT or
reject the application of EOT within six (6) weeks after receipt of sufficient
8
[1997] 4 AMR 3315
29
particulars. Furthermore, the issue of Certificate of EOT is existed to confirm that an

event is valid or compiles with the conditions in the contract (Chee, 2011).
2.5.2.3 Consideration of other Relevant Events of the Contractors Application
This provision is stated under PAM 2006 Clause 23.5 which considered as a revision
of Clause 23.5 in PAM 1998 for Limitation in Fixing Completion Date (Rajoo,
Davidson, & Singh, 2010). This provision is not only to ensure the Completion Date
stated in the Appendix is not reduced, it also required the Architect to take
consideration on other Relevant Events which the Contractor has not applied as his
basis for the EOT claim (Tan, Low, Chee, & Sum, 2010).
The first issue from this clause is to prevent the Architect to fix an earlier
Completion Date. This circumstances are considered as a common scenario
encountered in practice where many Architects think that the omissions issued by
him is entitled to reduce an EOT that granted or the contract period so that the
original contract completion date is accordingly brought forward (Rajoo, Davidson,
& Singh, 2010).
As referred to in an English case of Glenlion Construction Ltd v. The

Guinness Trust9 that whiles the Contractor is entitled, but not obliged to complete by
an earlier completion date, the Architect may not require it (Rajoo, 1999). In other
words, the Architect has no right to force the Contractor to complete the works
before the Completion Date yet the Contractor has right to do so.
However, the second issue of this provision can be referred to the Graymark
Investment v. Walter Construction Group5 case. The court held that the Employer
was in breach of contract since he failed to make a timely payment to the Contractor,
the Contractor claimed for variations, prolongation and disruption. Yet the Employer
9
[1987] 11 Con LR 126
5
[1999] NTSC 143
30
claimed for liquidated damages. After that, the Arbitrator found that the Contractor
actually entitled for EOT which caused by the Employer even though his application
of EOT failed since he failed to meet the notification requirements as stated in the
contract.
Where after, the court held that the Employer was in breach of contract since
he failed to make timely payment to Contractor, and such issue prevented the
Employer from impose Liquidated Damages to Contractor. The Court refused to
uphold the notice condition precedent provision, but instead relied on prevention
principle that a party cannot take advantages of its own wrong in enforcing a
contract (Rajoo, Davidson, & Singh, 2010). Hence, the Contractor can take into
consideration other Relevant Events besides the ones given by the Contractor in the
application of EOT and completion Date will not be deducted due to omission of
works.
2.5.2.4 EOT after Issuance of Certificate of Non-Completion (CNC)
There is a question arising from Liquidated Damages and Extensions of Time in

Construction Contracts (2009), does the Contractor has an entitlement to an EOT if
he is in culpable delay having failed to complete within the specified time? From
PAM 1998, there is no such clause that permits the Architect to grant EOT to
Contractor after the issuance of the Certificate of Non-Completion (CNC). Yet, PAM
2006 Clause 23.9 allowed the Architect to do so when the Relevant Events occurs
after the issuance of CNC and thereby preserving the Employers rights to impose
Liquidated Damages (Rajoo, Davidson, & Singh, 2010).
Refer to Balfour Beatty Building Ltd v. Chestermount Properties 10 , the

Contractor failed to complete building works by May 1989. After that, the Architect
had issued a series of instructions for fit out works during February to July 1990,
where the Contractor is delayed several months to complete the building works
10
[1993] 62 BLR 1
31
except for fit out works. Thereafter, the Contractor had completed the building and
fit out works in October 1990 and February 1991 respectively.
February to July February

May 1989 October 1990
1990 1991
Contractor
Architect Contractor
unable to finish Fit out works
issued a series Complete
building work completed
of fit out works building works
by the due date.
Figure 2.1: Facts of Chestermount case.
The key issue in the Chestermount case was the long-standing question of
whether an extension of time granted in respect of relevant events occurring during a
period of culpable delay should be awarded in a gross basis or a net basis (Eggleston,
2009). However, The PAM 2006 Standard Form of Building Contract (2010) had
mentioned that the court held:
a) Unless it is expressly stipulated to the contrary and even so by the use of

very clear words, extension of time to cover acts of prevention occurring
during a period of culpable delay can be granted;
b) Any EOT granted should be awarded on the net basis method instead of
the gross method; and
c) For a neutral event, if the test in the contract for any extension is fair and
reasonable, then the Contractors entitlement to an extension may be
dependent upon the Contractor being able to show that even without his
own delay, the particular event should have delayed completion.
Therefore, Clause 23.9 in PAM Form 2006 is drafted to expressly allow the
Architect to issue an EOT after issuance of CNC for delays due to Employers fault
otherwise time will be at large if without this provision to render the situation like
32
Chestermount case (Tan, Low, Chee, & Sum, 2010). Besides, the Architect must
grant an EOT equivalent to the net period of delay when a variation is issued during
the period of culpable delay, instead of a gross extension of time encompassing the
said nett period of delay in addition to the Contractors own period of culpability
(Rajoo, Davidson, & Singh, 2010) as upheld by the in the Chestermount case. As a
conclusion for this matter, Architect has the power to grant an EOT to Contractor
after the issuance of CNC
2.5.2.5 Revision of EOT
Under clause 23.10 in PAM 2006, the Architect may review the granted Certificate
of EOT within 12 weeks after the issuance of Certificate of Practical Completion
(CPC), to fix or set a later Completion Date. This is similar Clause 25.3.3 under JCT
Contract 1998, where the Architect may, and not later than the expiry of 12 weeks
after the date of Practical Completion to fix a Completion later than that previously
fixed. On the other hand, this clause is applied in the case of Temloc Ltd v, Errill
Properties Ltd11, and the court of appeal held that this clause is directory only as to
time and is not something which would invalidate the calculation and payment of
LAD. In other words, exceeded the period of 12 weeks provided in the contract is not
to be so detrimental that time was large, and it is always better if the Architect
endeavours to give a decision within the time stipulated even though the Temloc case
shows that strict compliance with the time is not mandatory (Tan, Low, Chee, & Sum,
2010).
However, this view is opposed to Chappell (2002) in Parriss Standard Form

of Building Contract (3rd ed.), and he discussed that:
Clause 25.3.3 gives the Architect the opportunity to

make a final decision on extensions of time. This clause
imposes a mandatory obligation on the Architect to
11
[1987] 39 BLR 30
33
review the Completion Date in any event not later than

12 weeks from the date of Practical Completion. In
Temloc Ltd v. Errill Properties Ltd11 the Court of
Appeal appeared to hold that the requirement is not
mandatory. This is the wrong view of the judgement.
(pp. 234)
Yet, Rajoo (2010) rendered the view of the judgement in The PAM 2006
Standard Form of Building Contract, concluded that the said decision is merely of a
persuasive nature which the local courts may or may not follow, it is difficult to
speculate which of the two views above may be adopted. Besides, he also advise the
Architect should err on the side of caution and deem the said prescribed period to be
of a mandatory nature, lest the Architect be found to have fallen foul of it.
Furthermore, he also mentioned that should the Contractor or Employer is not
satisfied with the Architects decision under Clause 23.10; they may have a right to
request the Architect to review such a decision especially in the light of further and
better particulars.
Further to that, the Architect must take into consideration all Relevant Events
that may affect the Completion Date during his review, irrespective of whether or not
any Relevant Events has been considered in a previous decision, and whether or not
the Relevant Events has been notified by the Contractor (Tan, Low, Chee, & Sum,
2010). Besides, this clause also implied that the Architect is permitted to fix later
Completion Date but is expressly proscribed from reducing any EOT previously
granted (Rajoo, Davidson, & Singh, 2010). Thus, the Architect can make one of the
following two decisions:
Confirm a Completion Date previously fixed; or

Fix a Completion Date later than that previously fixed.
11
[1987] 39 BLR 30
34
In the event the Architect chosen the second decision which stated above, and
result the Liquidated Damages that imposed is required to deduct from the
Contractor, the Employer should re-pay back any the amount over-deducted and
included the interest to the Contractor and such amount should paid within the Period
of Honouring Certificates from the date of issuance of last Certificate of EOT (Tan,
Low, Chee, & Sum, 2010). As a summary for this matter, the Architect can revise
but not deduct the granted EOT after practical completion.
2.5.3 Relevant Events
Under PAM Form 1998, there are only twelve (12) relevant events for EOT. This is
expanded to twenty-four (24) relevant events under the new PAM Form 2006. As
compared with PAM 1998 edition, there are only twelve (12) Relevant Events for
EOT. This is expended to twenty-four (24) Relevant Events which under PAM Form
2006 including some new provisions with the existing events. The PAM Form 2006
has increased the number of Relevant Events, and this had led to some suggesting
that the increase in the number of relevant events has effectively reduced
Contractors risk and proportionately increased the Employers risk (Tan, Low, Chee,
& Sum, 2010).
There are two (2) types of delay in the delay provision which are non-
excusable and excusable (Levin, 1998). For non-excusable, there is no time and
compensation to the Contractor since it is within his control of him such as under
estimate, inadequate scheduling or management, construction mistakes, equipment
problems, bad luck, liquidated damages or termination of contract and more
(Wortham, 2005).
Excusable delay is divided into non-compensable or compensable and

excusable delay are that affected the overall work progress such as unusually severe
weather, changes and extra works, differing site conditions, delays from
unforeseeable causes beyond control of the Contractor, labour disputes, utilities, and
35
more (Wortham, 2005). Excusable non-compensable delay is allowed in the Contract,

yet the compensation will not be granted since the delay is unforeseeable and beyond
the control and without fault or negligence by the Owner or Contractor (Wortham,
2005). In other words, the Contractor is entitled to claim for EOT only but not for
compensation since the delay is beyond the Employer and Contractors control
(Nelson, 2012).
On the other hand, the excusable compensable delay is known as contractual

claim (Tan, Low, Chee, & Sum, 2010) and it is allowed the Contractor to claim for
time and loss and expenses in successful granted an EOT (Nelson, 2012). In other
words, the contractor is entitled to an adjustment for increases in costs to the
performance of the contract (Wortham, 2005), or the Contactor is entitled to an
extension of time and additional cost as well to cover the loss and expenses incurred
due to such delay that is within the control of the Employer (Project Management
Institute, 2010). The Figure 2.2 had been adopted from AASHTO organisation by
Wortham (2005) to describe the types of delay.
Delay
Excusable
Non-excusable
Entitlement for Time
Non-Compensable Compensable
No Time
Non-Compensable
Figure 2.2: Types of Delay
If the triggers of delay happened which is not stated in the contract; or the
relevant events are not stated as a basis to allowed the Contractor to claim for EOT,
the time that required by a Contractor to complete the particular works will be at
large if the delay is caused by Employers side. Further to that, Lowsley and Linnett
(2007) also defined that the time at large as following:
36
A situation where there is no fixed contractual

completion date, generally because there is no
mechanism in the contract to vary the completion date
or the reasons for the delay is not events for which the
contract provides for the granting of an EOT.
Thus, the Contractor is required to complete the works within reasonable time
based on common law (Lowsley & Linnett, 2007). Besides that, Wortham (2005) had
mentioned that if the time extension is requested by Contractor and not granted and
proven to be excusable, then the constructive acceleration may exist and costs owed
by owner. If the Contractor is granted the EOT, he is not charged for Liquidated
Damages or terminated if the delay is excusable (Wortham, 2005).
In Clause 23.8 under PAM 2006, there are ten (10) sub-clauses considered as
excusable non-compensable has listed below:
23.8(a) Force Majeure,

23.8(b) Exceptionally Inclement Weather,
23.8(c) Insurance Contingencies,
23.8(d) Civil Commotion, Strikes, Lockout,
23.8(h) Nominated Sub-Contractors Delay,
23.8(i) Delay in Re-nomination of Nominated Sub-Contractor,
23.8(n) War Damage,
23.8(p) Changes to Law /Terms of Authority/Service Provider,
23.8(q) Delay by Appropriate Authority/Service Provider, and
23.8(x) Any Other Grounds
The other fourteen (14) sub-clauses of which are categorised as excusable

compensable delay are:
23.8(e), 24.3(a) Late Receipt of Architects Instruction,

23.8(f), 24.3(b) Delay in Giving Possession of Site,
23.8(g), 24.3(c) Compliance with AI,
37
23.8(j), 24.3(d) Delay by Employers Licenses,

23.8(k), 24.3(e) Delay or Failure to Supply Materials and Goods by
the Employer,
23.8(l), 24.3(f) Opening up for Inspection and Testing,
23.8(m), 24.3(g) Act of Prevention or Breach of Contract by
Employer,
23.8(o), 24.3(h) Discovery of Antiques,
23.8(r), 24.3 (i) Appointment of a Replacement Person,
23.8(s), 24.3 (j) Disputes with Neighbouring Property Owners,
23.8(t), 24.3(k) Execution of Work under a Provisional Quantity,
23.8(u), 24.3(l) Failure to Give Entry or Exit from the Site,
23.8(v), 24.3(m) Suspension by the Contractor,
23.8(w), 24.3(n) Suspension by order of an Appropriate Authority,
38
Table 2.3: Excusable Non-Compensable Delays

PAM 2006 PAM 1998
Events Clause Explanation Clause Explanation
Force 23.8 Force Majeure is a term derived from French 23.7 (i) Same as PAM 2006
Majeure (a) law and it defines those circumstances which
are beyond the will and the control of
Contractor. Such as natural disaster,
governmental or regulatory or regulatory
action, terrorist acts.
Exceptionally 23.8 Exceptionally Inclement Weather means the 23.7 Same as PAM 2006
Inclement (b) existing weather condition is different from (ii)
Weather norm which will delay the overall Works
programme. For example, heavy rainfall,
storm has occurred within a month which the
Meteorological records of the area have
showed little rain over certain period. For
those internal works which are protected from
the weather such as lighting installation,
internal brickworks, sanitary fittings and more,
the exceptionally inclement weather is not
considered as a Relevant Event.
39
Table 2.3: Excusable Non-Compensable Delays (Contd)

PAM 2006 PAM 1998
Insurance 23.8 (c) Contractor has the right to claim for EOT 23.7 Contractor has the right to claim for EOT when
Contingencies when the works damaged resulted in an (iii) the works damage resulted in an insurance claim.
insurance claim and the said damages are not
caused by the Contractor. As compared with latest PAM Form, Contractor
may benefit from his own default since there is
no exclusive provision stated that the damages
caused by the Contractor are not claimable.
Civil 23.8 (d) Civil commotion in the country and national 23.7 Same as PAM 2006
Commotion, strikes affecting any of the Works such as (iv)
Strikes, preparation, manufacture, transportation of
Lockout any goods that required for the Works, and
trades of work that engaged in the Contract
will be covered.
40

PAM 2006 PAM 1998
Nominated 23.8 (h) Contractor has the right to claim for EOT due 23.7 Almost same as PAM 2006, just different with
Sub- to delay on the part of the NSC when the (vii) fewer Relevant Events which only Clause 23.7
Contractor's Relevant Event(s) are affecting the Works. (i) to 23.7 (xiii) except Clause 23.7 (vii). Under
Delay The Relevant Events are under sub-clauses PAM 1998 NSC Clause 8.2, where the NSC has
21.4 (a) to 21.4 (w) of the PAM Sub-Contract the entitlement to EOT when delay is caused by
2006, and these are almost similar to Clause Contractor. In addition, reference made Clause
23.8 (a) to 23.8 (x) except Clause 23.8 (h). 23.7 (xi) in PAM 1998 Main Contract, the NSC
is entitled to EOT although the act of prevention
This clause will not be applicable when the or breach of contract of the Main Contract did
NSC stop or abandon his works due to not affect the Sub-Contract Works since there is
financial default, liquidation, receivership, no mutatis mutandis12 rule between NSC and
etc. main contract in the previous form.
PAM 2006 NSC had further limited Relevant Besides that, the granted EOT for NSC might be
Events as the grounds for entitlement of EOT. applicable or affect the PAM Form 1998 contract
In clause 21.5 under PAM Sub-Contract duration if that delay is caused by Main
2006, the granted EOT for NSC will not Contractor since PAM 1998 NSC has no special
applicable or affect the PAM Form 2006 provision to declare the delays whether is caused
contract duration if that delay is caused by by Employers side or Contractors side.
Main Contractor.
12
Mutatis Mutandis is (literally) Latin for with those things having been changed which need to be changed; the necessary changes having been made. (Adopted from
http://legum.org/)
41

PAM 2006 PAM 1998
23.8 Contractor has the right to claim for EOT - Not applicable in PAM 1998
Delay in Re- (i) when there is a delay by the Architect in re-
nomination of nominating another NSC who had been
Nominated Sub- determined by the Main Contractor.
Contractor.
War Damage 23.8 Contractors entitlement to EOT when the - Not stated under Clause 23.0, while it did
(n) war damage had caused the works to delay mentioned in Clause 32.1 (iii) in PAM 1998,
and thus unable to complete before Date of stating that EOT is granted when the Contractor
Completion. required to make good or reinstate such war
damage and to proceed with completion of
Under 32.1 (c), EOT is granted when the Works.
Contractor is required to make good or
reinstate such war damage and to proceed
with completion of Works.
Changes to 23.8 The Contractor is entitled for EOT when the - Not applicable in PAM 1998
law/terms of (p) delay is due to compliance of any changes to
Authority/Service any law, regulations, by-law or terms and
Provider conditions which will affects his work
progress.
42

PAM 2006 PAM 1998
Delay by 23.8 When the delay of work progress is due to - Not applicable in PAM 1998
Appropriate (q) any Appropriate Authority and Service
Authority and Provider, Contractor is entitled to EOT and
Service Provider provided that such delay is not due to his
negligence, omission, default and/or breach
of contract on his part or his NSC.
Any other 23.8 This clause is 'catch all' provision which will - Same as PAM 2006
Grounds (x) apply to any other ground for EOT expressly
stated under the Contract.
43
Table 2.4: Excusable Compensable Delays

PAM 2006 PAM 1998
Late receipt of 23.8 When delay is due to the failure to comply 23.7 Contractor is entitled for EOT, loss and expenses
Architect's (e) with the general obligation by the (vi) when he had specifically applied in writing to
Instruction 24.3 Architect to provide or issue AI which 24.2 (i) the Architect due to late receipt of AI.
(a) requested by the Employer or Contractor.
It is almost the same with PAM 2006, just the
As condition precedent, the Contractor due date for such application is not stated
must specifically applied in writing to the expressly as in PAM 2006, and the limitation for
Architect in advance for the necessary AI this clause was not mentioned, which those AIs
including details, further drawings, and are not resulted from any negligence, omission,
any other information; and provided that default and/or breach of contract by the
the AI was not required as a result of any Contractor and/or NSC.
negligence, default and/or breach of
contract by Contractor and/or NSC.
Such application must be submitted before

the commencement of construction of the
affected works.
44
Table 2.4: Excusable Compensable Delays (Contd)

PAM 2006 PAM 1998
Delay in giving 23.8 When the Employer is unable to give - Not applicable in PAM 1998
possession of Site (f) possession of Site or any sectional of Site
24.3 to Contractor after the issuance of Letter
(b) of Award from Architect, then the
Contractor is entitled to claim for EOT,
and loss and expenses since he is unable
to start his works on time.
As a condition precedent, the Contractor

has to ensure that he is already purchased
the necessary insurance and other
responsibilities before commencement of
the Works.
Compliance with 23.8 When the Architect had issued an 23.7 Same as PAM 2006
AI (g) instruction for variation order, and/or to (v)24.2
24.3 postponing or suspending the in-progress (v)
(c) Works or any part of Work.
45

PAM 2006 PAM 1998
Delay by 23.8 When the Craftsman, Tradesman, or 23.7 Same as PAM 2006
Employer's (j) other Contractors employed or engaged (viii)
Licensees 24.3 by Employer had affected or delayed the 24.2
(d) Works in the Main Contract, the (iv)
Contractor is entitled to EOT and loss
and expenses.
Delay or Failure to 23.8 When the Employer is unable delivered 23.7 Same as PAM 2006
Supply Materials (k) or supply the materials and goods to site (ix)
and Goods by the 24.3 as agreed by him, the Contractor may be 24.2
Employer (e) entitled to EOT and loss and expenses. (vi)
Opening Up for 23.8 The Architect instructed to open up the 23.7 (x) Same as PAM 2006
Inspection and (l) covered work for inspection and carry out 24.2 (ii)
Testing 24.3 testing materials, executed works in order
(f) to prove and show that the Works are
according to the Contract.
46

PAM 2006 PAM 1998
Opening Up for 23.8 If such inspection and testing works are 23.7 (x) Same as PAM 2006
Inspection and (l) provided in the Contract Bills, shows that 24.2 (ii)
Testing 24.3 materials, goods were not comply with
(Contd) (f) the Contract, and such instruction is due
to negligence, omission, default and/or
breach of contract by the Contractor, then
this provision clause will not be a ground
for the Contractor to claim for EOT and
loss and expenses.
Act of prevention 23.8 Where the delay in the completion of 23.7 Same as PAM 2006
or breach of (m) Works is due to the Employer's (xi)
contract by 24.3 responsibilities. 24.2
Employer (g) (viii)
47

PAM 2006 PAM 1998
Discovery of 23.8 If fossil, antiquities and other objects of 33.2 Contractor is only entitled to loss and expenses,
antiquities (o) interest or value are discovered on the without any EOT provision for this issue under
24.3 Site, the Contractor has to stop all the PAM 1998
(h) works, not to move or disturb but
preserve all the said objects discovered
from the Site. After that, he is required to
notify Architect for further instruction.
Therefore, the Contractor is entitled to

EOT and loss and expenses under these
two clauses.
Appointment of a 23.8 Where any of the Qualified Persons such - Not applicable in PAM 1998
Replacement (r) as Architect, Engineer, QS, and Specialist
Person 24.3 Consultant had ceased their act for
(i) employment, the Architect may require to
appoint a replacement person to continue
the act for employment within 28 days as
stated in Articles.
48

PAM 2006 PAM 1998
Disputes with 23.8 If a dispute happens with the - Not applicable in PAM 1998
neighbouring (s) neighbouring property owner, due to the
property owners 24.3 Employer or AI that requires the
(j) Contractor to comply with, which is
likely to delay the Works, the Contractor
is then entitled to EOT, Loss and
Expenses.
Provided that such dispute or AI issued is

not due to Contractor's or Sub-
Contractor's negligence, omission, default
and/or breach of contract.
Execution of work 23.8 Where the Provisional Quantity that - Not applicable in PAM 1998
under a (t) stated in the Bills of Quantities (BQ) are
Provisional 24.3 different with quantity executed, and the
Quantity (k) Architect in his opinion agrees that the
quantity of work that actually required
was a reasonable accurate forecast,
therefore the extra days to execute the
extra quantity will entitled the Contractor
to EOT as well as the Loss and Expense
49

PAM 2006 PAM 1998
Failure to give 23.8 Where the Employer failed to give at the - Not applicable in PAM 1998
entry or exit from (u) due time to the Contractor for entry or
the site 24.3 exit to the site and the Contractor is
(l) unable to start his works on Site.
Suspension by the 23.8 When the Employer failed to pay to the - Not applicable in PAM 1998
Contractor (v) contractor the amount as stated in the
24.3 payment certificate within fourteen (14)
(m) days from the receipt or a written notice
from the Contractor, the Contractor can
issue further written notice and suspend
his work immediately until such payment
is made.
The Contractor has right to suspend the

part of works that under any Qualified
Person (QP) such as Architect and other
Consultants. The QP must inform the
Contractor in writing of their withdrawal
from the supervision of the execution of
the Works.
50

PAM 2006 PAM 1998
Suspension by 23.8 Where the suspension of works is ordered - Not applicable in PAM 1998
order of an (w) by the Appropriate Authority which is
Appropriate 24.3 likely to delay the works progress, the
Authority (n) Contractor is entitled to EOT and loss
and expenses.
And such order must not due to

negligence, omission, default and/or
breach of contract by the Contractor
and/or NSC.
51
From the detailed comparison for excusable delay from Table 2.1 and 2.2, there are
ten (10) excusable non-compensable and fourteen (14) compensable delay in Clause
23.8 respectively. For excusable non-compensable delay, there are two (2) revised
sub-clauses and four (4) new sub-clauses are added into the PAM 2006. Nevertheless,
there are one (1) amended and eight (8) sub-clauses added under excusable
compensable delays. The changes for both type of delay are tabulated as follows:
Table 2.5: Amendment of Clauses for Excusable Non Compensable Delay

Clause Particulars Status of Clauses
23.8 (c) Insurance Contingencies Revised
23.8 (h) Delay by NSC Revised
23.8 (n) War Damage Added
23.8 (i) Delay in re-nomination of NSC Added
23.8 (p) Changes to law/terms of authority/Services Provider Added
23.8 (q) Delay by Appropriate Authority and Service Provider Added
Table 2.6: Amendment of Clauses for Excusable Compensable Delay

Clause Particulars Status of Clauses
23.8 (e) Late receipt of Architects Instruction Revised
23.8 (o) Discovery of antiquities Added
23.8 (f) Delay in giving possession of site Added
23.8 (r) Appointment of replacement Person Added
23.8 (s) Disputes with neighbouring property owners Added
23.8 (t) Execution of work under a Provisional Quantity Added
23.8 (u) Failure to give entry or exit from the site Added
23.8 (v) Suspension by the Contractor Added
23.8 (w) Suspension by an order of an Appropriate Authority Added
52
2.6 Conclusion
As to what the construction industry players are required to claim for extension of
time, loss and expenses, payment or other compensation according to the contract
form. Ong and Ho (2010) had stated that there are 90% of the residential construction
project is using PAM form, and version 2006 is considered as the latest version
among the construction contracts that is currently available in Malaysia. Therefore,
the awareness of amended or newly added provisions under the new SFOC is very
important to all the construction industry.
In conclusion, the changes found under the PAM Form 2006 can be separated
into four (4) sections which are Contractors rights and obligations, Architects rights
and obligations, Excusable Compensable Delay and Excusable Non-Compensable
Delay. For the first section, there are one (1) revised clause and two (2) added clause
while the second section has one (1) revised clause and four (4) added clauses. The
third section has two (2) revised clauses and four (4) added clauses; and lastly, one (1)
revised clause and eight (8) added clauses are found in the fourth section. Hence, the
questions designed for the questionnaire is based on the changes figured out from
this chapter in order to determine whether the changes of clauses between PAM
Form 1998 and 2006 are for the betterment of the construction industry or otherwise,
and also to determine the effects of the said changes for both of the Employer and
Contractor.
53
CHAPTER 3
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
The methodology that can be used to guide the research is outlined in this chapter.
The information required for this research was obtained from two (2) principal
sources, which are literature reviews and questionnaires survey. The method to
analyse the data is also further elaborated in this chapter.
3.2 Selection of Respondent
In order to obtain the most accurate data for this research, the targeted respondents
are Quantity Surveyors (QS). The function of QS is to act professionally and
impartially between Contractor and Employer, and therefore the result obtained from
them should not be biased to anyone of the parties. Due to time constraint, the
questionnaires are sent to QS in the vicinity of Klang Valley and Selangor.
Besides, the reason why the author selected QS as his respondent was that the
author wanted to examine the QSs awareness on the changes of PAM 1998 to 2006
since they are responsible to advise the Employer on the terms and conditions of the
Contract, and prepare the Contract Document for the particular project as well
54
(History of Roles and Responsibilities of Quantity Surveyor, 2010). Thus, the Senior
QS is having better sensitivity of the changes of clause in Standard Form of Contract.
For this research, some of the questionnaires were sent by postal mail and the
rest are despatched manually to 80 respondents. Some of the questionnaires were
sent by mail since it is considered to be the most efficient method to distribute the
entire questionnaire at one time. Besides, some of the questionnaires were
despatched manually to the relevant professional in order to make sure the
questionnaires are able to pass to the director and Senior QS who are often involve in
the issue of delay for their projects. All of the respondents are able to return the
questionnaire to the author via an enclosed pre-addressed and stamped envelope.
3.3 Research Design
Identify the issue of the research

Reviewing the literature
Deciding on the method of research
Questionnaire survey
Collection Data
Analysis of the results
Conclusion and recommendation
Complete
Figure 3.1: Research Design Flow Chart

55
3.4 Research Strategy
The research strategy is a plan of action that provides a direction to the efforts and
enables the research to be conducted systematically rather than haphazardly
(Ferguson, 2005). Thus, research strategy helps to define the various terms as
research objectives of the research (Naoum S. G., 2007). There are two types of
research strategies which are quantitative research and qualitative research. The type
of research strategies is used based on the purpose of study and availability of the
required information.
Research
Strategy
Quantitative Qualitative
Research Research
Objective Placement of
Measurement Theory
Attitudinal Exploratory
Research Research
Placement of
Theory
Figure 3. 2: Type of Research Strategy
3.4.1 Quantitative Research
Quantitative research is quite objective and it is defined as an inquiry into a social or

human problem depends on testing a hypotheses or a theory composed of variables,
measured with numbers and analysed with statistical procedures. Thus, the statistical
result will reflect whether the hypotheses or the theory hold true (Greswell, 1994).
The hypotheses, research questions and objectives are having better understanding in
56
quantitative study when they are ground in a theoretical framework (Naoum S. G.,
2006). For this study, a theory is used deductively and places towards the beginning
of the plan for a study to test or verify the said theory, rather than develop it. The
theory is then becomes a framework for the entire study, an organising model for the
research questions or hypotheses and for the data collection procedures. According to
DJS Research Ltd, quantitative research is used to measure how most people feel,
think or act in a particular way. On the other hand, quantitative research is to allow
for better statistical analysis and one of the methods is structured closed-question
questionnaire undertaken either over the phone, on the street, by post or through web
based sessions.
3.4.2 Qualitative Research
Qualitative research is different from qualitative research since it is quite subjective

in terms of emphasised meaning, experience, description and etc. The gathered
information can be divided into three (3) types which are exploratory, attitudinal and
placement of theory. Exploratory research is used when there are limited resources
for the topic. Normally, the interview technique will be selected as one of the method
to collect the data for this type of research in order to get a clear and precise
statement of the recognised problem. Then, attitudinal research is subjectively to
evaluate the opinion, view or the perception of a person based on the particular
project. For placement of theory in qualitative research, the theory used is less clear
than in quantitative design since there is no standard terminology or rules about
placement (Naoum S. G., 2006). The examples of this type of research are interview
and case study.
57
3.5 Data Collection
The data collection is a process of preparing and collecting data for the research
based on the nature of the investigation, type of available data and relevant
information. Data collection is divided into two (2) categories which are Primary
Data and Secondary Data (Naoum S. G., 2007).
3.5.1 Primary Data
The primary data is data that was gathered by the author through field survey and the
data is obtained first hand. The gathered data is expected to focus on the specific
issues or aspects of the research in order to ensure the author gets original and
unbiased data. The methods that are commonly used for this type of data collection
are face to face or telephone interviews, case studies, and questionnaires. However,
this method is quite costly and time consuming to collect, analyse and evaluate the
data for the author (Naoum S. G., 2007).
3.5.1.1 Questionnaire Survey Design
The postal questionnaire is probably the most common used data collecting
technique for conducting survey. Besides, it is also usually used for descriptive and
analytical surveys in order to find out facts, opinion and view on what is happening,
who, where, how many or how much. Almost all postal questionnaires have closed-
ended questions that required a specific response such as yes or no or ranking
the importance of factors (Naoum S. G., 2007).
From the questionnaire survey form for this quantitative research, there are
seven (7) questions; six (6) questions are closed-ended question and one (1)
question is open-ended question respectively. The closed-ended question is
58
measured by the ordinal scale which normally uses integers in ascending or

descending order (Naoum S. G., 2007). The questionnaire has divided into three (3)
sections which are as following:
Section A Generally,
Section B Awareness, and
Section C Effects of changes.
Section A is separated into two (2) categories, which are respondents

particular and background of project. The first category is aiming to get the general
information of the respondent such as respondents name, position and the
companys seal for proof purpose. In addition, the author will be able to know and
classify the post whether is senior or junior and therefore, the data will be more
accurate based on their designation.
Furthermore, the respondent required to rate the frequency based on three

rating scale which is Often, Sometimes and, Never for the questions under the
second category. The questions for this category are:
Frequency of using the listed standard form of construction contract in

Malaysia,
Frequency of the listed type of projects that the respondent was involved in,
Frequency of involvement for application of EOT, and
Frequency of the listed Relevant Events happens to the project.
Thus, the first section is to determine whether the respondents are familiar
with the EOT issue based on their experience in the particular projects. Besides, this
section is also able to figure out the frequency of the listed Relevant Events happens
to the project in Malaysian construction industry.
Then, section B is to determine whether the changes of EOT clause between

PAM Form 1998 and 2006 are for the betterment of the construction industry or
otherwise. The changes of EOT clause in PAM Form 2006 had been summarised
59
from the literature review and listed into the questions under section B, and the
respondents are required to rank for the agreement of improvement for the
construction industry based on the said changes. In this question, the changes under
Clause 23 had been divided into four parts which are:
Contractors Right and Obligation,

Architects Right and Obligation,
Relevant Events Excusable Non-compensable Delays, and
Relevant Events Excusable Compensable Delays.
There are five ranking scale selected for this section:
1 - Strongly disagree,
2 - Disagree,
3 - Neutral,
4 - Agree, and
5 - Strongly agree.
For section C, it is expected to identify the effects of the said changes for
both of the Employer and Contractor. The respondents are required to rank the
agreement for the changes in the Clause 23 is whether in the favour of the Contractor
in PAM Form 2006 or otherwise. The question are structured similarly with section
C and listed as below
Contractors Right and Obligation,

Architects Right and Obligation,
Relevant Events Excusable Non-compensable Delays, and
Relevant Events Excusable Compensable Delays.
60
There are five ranking scale selected for this section as following:
1 - Strongly disagree,
2 - Disagree,
3 - Neutral,
4 - Agree, and
5 - Strongly agree.
For the last question of this questionnaire survey, there is an open ended
question that required the respondent to provide further comment for any clauses or
provisions for EOT in PAM 2006 that he or she feels needed to be re-drafted or
deleted in future PAM Form revision. Besides, the data from this question also can
provide comment for the amendment which can be referred by the drafters of PAM
Form in the future.
3.5.2 Secondary Data
The secondary data is gathered from other existing resources such as journals,
reference books and articles. This data can be obtained easily though internet
assesses, books and articles. Therefore, this method is commonly used by the author
because they are able to obtain the data easily and quickly.
In this research, the secondary data that had been used are PAM Contract
1998 and 2006 version, relevant reference books and handbooks. The said relevant
reference books and handbooks related to construction contract were used as well
and the books were available from the Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR)
library and Perunding PCT Sdn. Bhd.s library. Furthermore, the recently published
journal, seminar paper and articles were obtained from the internet as part of the
sources or information for this research.
61
3.5.2.1 Literature Review
The literature review will provide a theoretical framework for the research and it also
can provide the author an overview for the research. Besides that, it is able to
emphasise the reliability of the research and also provides a solid background for a
research papers investigation. In this research, the data is mostly obtained through
relevant reference books, recently published journals, seminar papers and articles.
The resources used for this research includes online articles, online journals and
information from the organisation.
3.6 Analysis Method
For this survey, there are two (2) methods that used to analyse the collected data. The
analysis methods are frequency analysis and average index analysis. Frequency
analysis is used to analyse Section A 2.0 and average index is used for analysing
Section B and C. The first method is able to show the frequency that practiced by the
respondents such as the usage of type of standard form, type of projects, involvement
of application for EOT and involvement for relevant events under Clause 23.8. The
latter analysis method is able to show the average index and rating scale for closed-
ended question. For the last question which is the open-ended question, the author
will summarise the comments given by the respondents and this is presented the next
chapter as well. The feedback from the respondents will normally analyse via two (2)
major types of computer software which are SPSS and Microsoft Excel. However,
the analysis for the data in this research was carried out using only Microsoft Excel.
3.6.1 Frequency Analysis
Frequency analysis is a method to transform from a wave, signal or even function

into its frequency components and thus it will have a frequency spectrum. Frequency
62
analysis produces a table of frequency counts and percentages for the value of an
individual variable. Such table is represents the results of data analysis of the number
of frequency of response where the respondents gave different answers for every
question and the result is then presented in pie charts form. Therefore, the frequency
analysis is used for:
Malaysia,
Frequency of the listed type of projects that the respondent involved, and
Frequency of involvement for application of EOT.
3.6.2 Average Index Analysis
The data obtained from the questionnaires are analysed using Average Index
Analysis (AI). The formula for this method as shown below (Al-Hammad, Al-
Mohsen, & Assaf, 1996):

Average Index (AI) =

Where,
= constant representing the weight given to i

= variable representation the frequency of response for i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.. n
Based on the formula stated,
(Section A)
= frequency of the Never and corresponding to =1

= frequency of the Sometimes and corresponding to =2
= frequency of the Often and corresponding to =3
63
(Section B and C)
= frequency of the Strongly Disagree and corresponding to =1

= frequency of the Disagree and corresponding to =2
= frequency of the Neutral and corresponding to =3
= frequency of the Agree and corresponding to =4
= frequency of the Strongly Agree and corresponding to =5
In Section A, the respondents required to rank is the frequency of the listed

relevant events happens to the project. Based on the formula stated by Abdul Majid
and McCaffer (1997), the classification of the rating scale is as follows:
Table 3.1: The classification of the rating scales in Section A of the

questionnaire
Rating Scale Average Index (AI)
Never 1.00 AI < 1.50
Sometimes 1.50 AI < 2.50
Often 2.50 AI < 3.00
In section B, in order to determine the levels of agreement and disagreement

whether there is an improvement for the construction industry based on the changes
of EOT clause, the rating scales for this section are as following:
Table 3.2: The classification of the rating scales in Section B of the

questionnaire
Strongly Disagree 1.00 AI < 1.50
Disagree 1.50 AI < 2.50
Neutral 2.50 AI < 3.50
Agree 3.50 AI < 4.50
Strongly Agree 4.50 AI < 5.00
64
For section C, in order determine the levels of agreement and disagreement

whether the said changes is in favour of the Contractor in PAM Form 2006, the
rating scales for this section are tabulated as below:
Table 3.3: The classification of the rating scales in Section C of the

questionnaire
Strongly Disagree 1.00 AI < 1.50
Disagree 1.50 AI < 2.50
Neutral 2.50 AI < 3.50
Agree 3.50 AI < 4.50
Strongly Agree 4.50 AI < 5.00
3.7 Conclusion
Thus, the research methodology has been established in order to achieve the
objectives of this research. Thus, all the primary data and secondary data are focused
on the changes in EOT clause under PAM Form 2006. Besides that, the awareness
and the effect of the said changes can be figured out through this research.
65
CHAPTER 4
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Introduction
This chapter analysed the data collected from the questionnaires and the
methods used to for the analysis are frequency analysis and average index analysis.
There are three (3) sections from the questionnaires which are Section A, B and C.
4.2 Section A - Analysis for Background of Project
The author distributed 100 sets of questionnaires to many QS consultancy firms and
unfortunately, there are only 30 respondents who replied and sent back the completed
questionnaire to the author. From the questionnaire, there are four (4) questions
designed for this section part 2, which as following:

Malaysia,
Frequency of the listed type of projects that the respondent involved,
Frequency of involvement for application of EOT, and
Average index of the listed relevant events happens to the project.
66
4.2.1 Frequency of using the listed Standard Form of Construction Contract

in Malaysia
There are various types of standard form of construction contracts available in

Malaysia which is PAM Form, CIDB Form, IEM Form and JKR Form as highlighted
in Chapter 2. Other than these, International Federation of Consulting Engineers
(FIDIC) Form has been added by one of the respondents as one of the type of
standard form of contract that using for international construction projects.
100%
90%
80%
70%
Usage Frequency
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
PAM Form CIDB Form IEM Form JKR Form FIDIC Form
Never 0.00% 73.33% 43.33% 23.33% 0.00%
Sometimes 6.67% 26.67% 40.00% 30.00% 3.33%
Often 93.33% 0.00% 16.67% 46.67% 0.00%
Figure 4.1: Frequency of using the standard form of construction contracts in

Malaysia.
Based on Figure 4.1, it is shown that the PAM Form is most often used by the
respondents which registered the highest frequency, followed by JKR Form, IEM
Form, CIDB Form, and the lowest frequency is FIDIC Form. 93.33% of the
respondents often practice with PAM Form among the other forms of contract, 6.67%
67
and 0% of the respondents who are sometimes and almost never use this standard
form of contract respectively. Thus it can be seen that the respondents are able to
answer the questions since the change of EOT clause is arose between PAM Form
1998 and 2006. Since most of the respondents are quite often in using PAM Form for
their construction project, the questions that answered by the respondents will be
more precise and accurate. Besides, this also able to prove that there are more than
90% of the private sector projects are based on PAM Form as the project building
contract (Ong & Ho, 2008).
Next, for the JKR Form, 46.67% of the respondents answered often, 30% of
the respondents who replied sometime and 23.33% who never use this standard form.
Meanwhile for IEM Form and CIDB Form, there are only 16.67% and 0% of the
respondents who answered often respectively. This is reflected that most of the
respondents may not be familiar with these two types of forms of contract as well
where there are 26.67% and 40.00% of the respondents answered sometime on the
CIDB and IEM Form of contract respectively. Furthermore, there are 73.33% and
43.33% of the respondents who replied never on the CIDB Form and IEM Form. The
CIDB form registered a very low frequency since it is considered as too pro-
Contractor and very difficult to suit the projects in the Malaysian construction
industry (Rajoo, 2010)
Besides the listed standard form, one of the respondents had added for
another type of standard form FIDIC, and the frequency he answered for this
standard form is sometimes since it is not very common for local construction
projects; it is normally for international construction projects (Knutson, 2005). As a
conclusion for this part, PAM Form is considered as the most popular standard form
that is used by the respondents. Therefore, the respondents are able to answer the
other questions that related the changes of EOT clause and the results can be more
reliable and accurate.
68
4.2.2 Frequency of the listed Type of Projects that the Respondent Involved
The listed types of projects are Residential (low rise), Residential (high rise),
Commercial (low rise), Commercial (high rise), School/Colleges/University, and
Factory/Industrial. Furthermore, two of the respondents have added two (2)
additional types of projects which are infrastructure and shopping complex.
100% 3.33% 0.00% 0.00%

10.00% 6.67% 6.67%
16.67% 13.33%
90%
23.33%
80% 20.00% 30.00%
70% 46.67%
33.33%
60% 50.00%
50% 3.33% 3.33%

40%
70.00% 73.33%
30% 63.33%
50.00% 46.67%
20% 36.67%
10%
0% 0.00%
Often Sometimes Never
Figure 4.2: Frequency of the listed type of projects that the respondents
involved
From figure 4.2 had shown that the various types of projects that the
respondents were involved in. Focusing on the projects rated often, 73.33% of the
respondents are often involved in high-rise residential construction project. Second
place come to low-rise residential construction project where it is only 70.00% of the
respondents are replied often on this type of project.
69
Followed by high-rise commercial and low-rise commercial projects, and

factory or industrial project where it registered with 63.33%, 50.00% and 46.67% of
the respondents often experience with respectively. Lastly, the school/colleges/
University project had less involvement by the respondents which is 36.67% only.
Other than that, there are some of the respondent had added the other categories of
the project which is infrastructure and shopping complex project and the frequency
of involvement replied by the particular respondents are sometimes and often
respectively.
From these data, the author is able to realise how frequent the respondents
involved in various type of projects since the types of the projects are related with the
types of the standard form of contract that normally practiced by the construction
players. Hence, the projects such as residential, commercial, and factory projects
which may considered as private sector project it might practice with PAM Form to
deliver their project.
As a summary for this part, the data is able to prove that the respondents
might have higher frequency in the involvement of construction projects which
practiced with PAM Form. Therefore, their responses might be more precise and
accurate on the questions that related to the PAM Form issues
4.2.3 Frequency of Involvement for Application of EOT

Never
0%
Sometimes
37%
Often
63%
Figure 4.3: Frequency of involvement for application of EOT

70
The frequency of involvement for application of EOT is important to show that the
respondents are aware with the claim of EOT based on their standard form of
contract. Figure 4.3 shown 63% of the respondents who are quite often involved in
the application of EOT for their construction project. Other than that, there are 37%
of the respondents who are quite rarely involved in the application of EOT and
almost 0% of the respondents who are never involved in the application of EOT. This
data shows that most of the respondents are involved quite frequently and might have
experience in the application of EOT by the Contractor. Thus, they should be able to
answer the Question 4 in the questionnaires which regarding the relevant events
happen in their projects.
4.2.4 Average Index of the listed Relevant Events happens to the Project
The Contractor is allowed to claim for EOT based on the 24 Relevant Events stated
in Clause 23.8 under PAM Form 2006. In the questionnaire, there are only 23
Relevant Events that had been answered by the respondents
Table 4.1: Average Index of the Relevant Events happens to the project
Item Relevant Events Average Rating Scale
Index
a. Force Majeure (Act of God) 2.57 Never
b. Exceptionally Inclement Weather 2.00 Sometimes
c. Insurance Contingencies 2.67 Never
d. Civil Commotion, Strikes, Lockout 2.63 Never
e. Late receipt of Architect's Instruction (AI) 1.43 Often
f. Delay in giving possession of Site 1.93 Sometimes
g. Compliance with AI 1.43 Often
h. Nominated Sub-Contractor's (NSC) Delay 1.47 Often
i. Delay in Re-nomination of NSC. 1.87 Sometimes
j. Delay by Employer's Licensees 2.17 Sometimes
k. Delay or Failure to Supply Materials and Goods by the 1.87 Sometimes
Employer
l. Opening Up for Inspection and Testing 1.73 Sometimes
m. Act of prevention or breach of contract by Employer 2.13 Sometimes
n. War Damage 2.90 Never
o. Discovery of antiquities 2.90 Never
p. Changes to law/terms of Authority/Service Provider 2.50 Never
71
q. Delay by Appropriate Authority and Service Provider 2.20 Sometimes

r. Appointment of a Replacement 2.17 Sometimes
Person/Consultant/Contractor
s. Disputes with neighbouring property owners 1.87 Sometimes
t. Execution of work under a Provisional Quantity 1.70 Sometimes
u. Failure to give entry or exit from the site 2.00 Sometimes
v. Suspension by the Contractor 1.87 Sometimes
w. Suspension by order of an Appropriate Authority 2.30 Sometimes
x. Any other grounds 2.00 Sometimes
Table 4.1 had shown the average index of the relevant event that happens to
the respondents project. Apparently, there are only 3 items of the relevant events are
happened quite often to their projects. Other than that, another 15 items and 6 items
of the relevant events are happen sometime and never to their projects
respectively.
Never
25%
Often
Sometimes 12%
63%
Figure 4.4: Frequency of the Relevant Events happens to the project
Based on Figure 4.4, the pie chart shown that there are only 12% of the
relevant events from PAM Form 2006 are happened quite often, 63% are happened
sometimes, 25% are almost never happened to their project currently. The relevant
events that rated often by the respondents are late receipt of AI, compliance of AI,
and NSCs delay. Besides that, the 6 items of relevant events that almost never
happened to their project which are Force Majeure, insurance contingencies, civil
72
commotion/strikes/lockout, war damage, discovery of antiquities, and changes to

law/terms of authority/service provider.
Some of the respondents had listed the others type of relevant events under
types of Any other ground. The added grounds for application of EOT are the
withdrawal from supervision and decision making by clients. The frequency
answered by the respondents for that special 2 items are Never and Often
respectively. As a conclusion for this part, the author able to know that most of the
Relevant Events listed in Clause 23.8 under PAM Form is not often happens to the
construction projects in Malaysia. Yet, there are few famous Relevant Events must
be aware by the construction industry players in order to prevent such events happen
and delay their project.
4.3 Section B - Analysis for Awareness of the changes in EOT clause under
PAM Form 2006
Under this section, the analysis was separated into two (2) parts which are rights and
obligations for Architect and Contractor, and the other part is Relevant Events.
Under Relevant Events, the delays listed under Clause 23.8 in PAM Form 2006 can
be divided into two (2) categories which are Excusable Non-Compensable (ENC)
and Excusable Compensable (EC) Delays. So, this section of survey is aimed to
determine whether the changes of EOT clause between PAM Form 1998 and 2006
are for the betterment of the construction industry or otherwise.
4.3.1 Rights and Obligations
Based on the Table 4.2, rights and obligation had divided into two different parties
which are Contractor and Architect. From the comparison carried out in Table 2.1
under Chapter 2, the changes of rights and obligation among the Contractor are the
time frame for submission, condition precedent provision, and the responsibility to
73
extend a copy to NSC for Contractors application for EOT. Meanwhile, the rights
and obligation to the architect are the time provision for approval and issuance of
certificate of EOT, instruction for insufficient information, consideration of other
relevant events of the Contractors application, the power to grant for EOT after
issuance of CNC, and the power of revision of the granted EOT are tabulated in the
Table 2.2 under Chapter 2.
Table 4.2: Improvement of changes in Rights and Obligation in EOT Clause

under PAM Form 2006
Item Rights and Obligation Average Rating Scale
Index
I Contractor
a. Time frame for submission 4.53 Strongly Agree
b. Condition precedent 3.77 Agree
c. Extend a copy to NSC for Contractors 4.03 Agree
application for EOT
II Architect
d. Time provision for approval & issuance of 3.43 Neutral
Certificate of Extension of Time
e. Instruction for insufficient information 3.50 Neutral
f. Consideration of other Relevant Events of the 3.93 Agree
Contractors application
g. EOT after issuance of Certificate of Non- 4.13 Agree
Completion
h. Revision of EOT 2.47 Disagree
As stated from Table 4.2, the average index reflected that the respondents
strongly agreed there is an improvement for the construction industry where the
Contractor must give notice within 28 days of relevant event, followed by supporting
particulars within the 28 days of cessation of the delay otherwise will be deemed that
the Contractor has assessed that such Relevant Event will not delay the Completion
of the works beyond the Completion Date (Rajoo, Davidson, & Singh, 2010).
Thus, this will related into the item (b) in Table 4.2 and also agreed by the
respondents where giving the written notice as mentioned by the Contractor is an
expressed condition precedent before the Architect can grant an EOT is a great
74
improvement for the construction industry. If the Contractor failed to comply the
condition precedent to apply for EOT, then he is considered to have waived his right
to any extension of time premised on such Relevant Events (Tan, Low, Chee, & Sum,
2010). Furthermore, the average index also reflected that the respondents agreed
there is an improvement whereby the Contractor must send a copy of the said written
notice and particulars including references to the NSC concerned if the particular of
the written notice is given under Clause 23.1.
For Architects rights and obligation, the respondents are neutral that the
Architect should assess and make a decision to issue Certificate of EOT or reject the
application of EOT within 6 weeks after receipt of sufficient particulars is a better
practice when compared with the previous provision. One of the respondents has
brought up a question asking whether the Architect can issue EOT retrospectively,
and it is silent in PAM 2006. This is because the respondents might think that there is
no legal implication in the event the Architect assess the claim of EOT after 6 weeks
and thus, this is not consider a perfect change to them.
Besides that, the respondents are neutral on whether there is an improvement

whereby the architect is required to wait until sufficient information is received
before giving his decision to reject or grant for EOT, and the Architect can request
the Contractor to provide further information for evaluation purposes. One of the
respondents had mentioned that the problems where there is no legal implication in
Clause 23.4 under PAM 2006 in the event the Contractor failed to submit the further
particulars and thus, the Architect still have to evaluate his claim within six weeks.
Thus, such changes might not consider as an improvement for the construction
industry.
In addition, the respondents agreed that the changes on the consideration of

other Relevant Events of the Contractors application and agreed that the PAM Form
had provided the Architect a power to grant an EOT to Contractor after issuance of
CNC are a positive improvement as well. Other than that, average index also shown
that the respondents disagreed on the revision of granted EOT after practical
completion. This could be the respondents having an opinion where the Architect
might simply evaluate and assess the EOT since he has second chance to revise his
75
granted EOT after practical completion. Thus, the respondents think that this will
likely to promote the attitude of irresponsible to the Architect.
From PAM Form 2006, there are two types of delays are listed under Clause 23.8
which are ENC delay and EC delay. Furthermore, there are six (6) items under ENC
Delay and nine (9) EC Delay are discussed in this section.
Table 4.3: Improvement of changes in Relevant Events in EOT Clause under

PAM Form 2006
Index
I Excusable Non-Compensable Delay
a. Insurance Contingencies 3.87 Agree
b. Delay by NSC 4.00 Agree
c. Delay in re-nomination of NSC 4.23 Agree
d. War Damage 3.30 Neutral
e. Changes to law/terms of authority/Services 3.40 Neutral
Provider
f. Delay by Appropriate Authority and Service 4.00 Agree
Provider
II Excusable Compensable Delay

g. Late receipt of Architects Instruction 3.87 Agree
h. Delay in giving possession of site 3.93 Agree
i. Discovery of antiquities 3.50 Neutral
j. Appointment of replacement Person 3.30 Neutral
k. Disputes with neighbouring property owners 4.07 Agree
l. Execution of work under a Provisional Quantity 4.53 Strongly Agree
m. Failure to give entry or exit from the site 4.07 Agree
n. Suspension by the Contractor 4.00 Agree
o. Suspension by an order of an Appropriate 4.10 Agree
Authority
Under ENC delay, the respondents agreed that the changes in the provision of
insurance contingencies, delay in re-nominating of NSC, the changes in the provision
76
of delay by NSC, and delay by appropriate authority and services provider are a good
practice to this construction industry.
For the changes in the provisions which the delay is due to war damage and
changes to law/terms authority/services provider, the respondents are neutral with
these since they might think these changes are not an improvement or otherwise to
the construction industry since these events never happen in construction projects
which are shown in Table 4.1. Thus, the respondents have no experience on these
issues and therefore neutral with such changes under PAM Form 2006.
For EC delay, the respondents are strongly agreed with one (1) item, agreed
with six (6) items, and neutral with two (2) items there is an improvement to this
construction industry among the changes. Firstly, the respondents are strongly agreed
there is an improvement on the additional of new Relevant Events for execution of
work under a provisional quantity. For the agree items, the changes are under the
provision for late receipt of AI, suspension by Contractor, suspension by an order of
an appropriate authority, delay in giving possession of site, disputes with
neighbouring property owners, and failure to give entry or exit from the site.
Lastly, the respondents are neutral with two (2) items which are the provision
of discovery of antiquities and appointment of replacement person where such person
is no longer provides services to the Employer. This is because the respondents are
no experiences in the involvement on such issue where these are presented in Table
4.1; which the respondents are never involved in the discovery of antiquities and
appointment of replacement person is not often happen to their projects. Thus, they
have no idea on these whether it is an improvement or otherwise.
4.4 Section C - Analysis for Effects of the Changes in EOT Clause under
PAM Form 2006
This section of survey aims to determine the effects of the said changes for both of
the Employer and Contractor. Therefore, the author had assumed that the changes in
77
the clause for the EOT is in favour of the Contractor in PAM Form 2006 and
required the respondents to rate whether such statement is agreed or neutral by them
or otherwise. For this section, it is same as the previous analysis where this question
had been divided into two (2) parts which are rights and obligation to Contractor and
Architect, and Relevant Events.
4.4.1 Rights and Obligations
Based on Table 4.4, Architects and Contractors rights and obligations had been
listed and the items to be discussed are focused on the favourability in the Contractor
for revised EOT clause under PAM Form 2006.
Table 4.4: Favourability in the Contractor for Rights and Obligation in the
revised EOT Clauses under PAM Form 2006
Item Rights and Obligation Average Rating Scale
Index
I Contractor
a. Time frame for submission 2.47 Disagree
b. Condition precedent 3.50 Neutral
c. Extend a copy to NSC for Contractors 3.17 Neutral
application for EOT
II Architect
d. Time provision for approval & issuance of 3.43 Neutral
Certificate of Extension of Time
e. Instruction for insufficient information 3.57 Agree
f. Consideration of other Relevant Events of the 3.20 Neutral
Contractors application
g. EOT after issuance of Certificate of Non- 3.37 Neutral
Completion
h. Revision of EOT 4.07 Agree
Under Contractors rights and obligations, the average index analysis had
indicates out that the respondents are disagreed that the changes of time frame for
submission of EOT application. This may be due to respondents are in the opinion
78
that this are due to the reasonable time frame which is 28 days is not enough for
Contractor to prepare the particulars for application of EOT and thus this might made
the respondents think that this issue is having minor favourability to the Employer.
Yet the time frame is actually very flexible as stated in PAM Form 2006 Clause
23.1(b). Hence, the stated period under the contract might be misled and
misunderstood by the respondents.
For the expressed terms for condition precedent to claim for EOT by the
Contractor and extend a copy to NSC for Contractors application for EOT is in the
favour to the Contractor, the respondents are neutral with these since the changes are
neutral to both Contractor and Employer without biased to any party.
Under Architects rights and obligations, the respondents are neutral with the
revised time provision allowed the Architect to assess the EOT claim and issuance of
certificate of EOT. Besides, the respondents also neutral with that the Architect
should take consideration of other Relevant Events of the Contractors application,
and the power to grant for EOT after issuance of CNC is in the favour to the
Contractor without beneficial to any party.
Besides that, the respondents are agreed that the provision requests the
Architect to issue instruction for insufficient information, and revision of granted
EOT after practical completion is in the favour to the Contractor. Firstly, the analysis
shown in section 4.3.1 whereby the respondents are neutral with such changes is an
improvement due to no legal implication for such issue in the event Contractor failed
to submit further particulars. Therefore the Contractor might choose not to submit the
further information since it will not influence or extinguishment of the right to claim
for EOT. Thus, this will seem favourable to the Contractor.
Secondly, the revision of granted EOT after practical completion might

encourage and promote the Architects the irresponsible attitude to simply issue and
assess the claim of EOT since it is allowed to change in the future. Thus, this will
seem more favourable to the Contractor since the EOT granted is only can be added
but not deducted in the future as stated under Clause 23.10 under PAM Form 2006;
No such final review of extension of time shall result in a decrease in an any
79
extension of time already granted by the Architect. Besides that, the risk is shifted
to Employer where the PAM Form 2006, Clause 23.10 also stated that In the
event the fixing of such later completion Date affects the amount of Liquidated
Damages the Employer is entitled to retain, he shall repay and surplus amount to the
Contractor within the Period of Honouring Certificates.
Table 4.5: Favourability in the Contractor for Relevant Events in EOT Clauses
under PAM Form 2006
Index
I Excusable Non-Compensable Delay
a. Insurance Contingencies 3.50 Neutral
b. Delay by NSC 3.52 Neutral
c. Delay in re-nomination of NSC 3.49 Neutral
d. War Damage 3.50 Neutral
e. Changes to law/terms of authority/Services 2.40 Disagree
Provider
f. Delay by Appropriate Authority and Service 3.47 Neutral
Provider
II Excusable Compensable Delay

g. Late receipt of Architects Instruction 3.27 Neutral
h. Delay in giving possession of site 3.43 Neutral
i. Discovery of antiquities 3.30 Neutral
j. Appointment of replacement Person 3.30 Neutral
k. Disputes with neighbouring property owners 3.40 Neutral
l. Execution of work under a Provisional Quantity 4.00 Agree
m. Failure to give entry or exit from the site 3.30 Neutral
n. Suspension by the Contractor 3.53 Agree
o. Suspension by an order of an Appropriate 3.20 Neutral
Authority
For ENC delay, the respondents are neutral with the listed five changes and
disagreed for one changes of the clause in PAM Form 2006 are in the favour to the
Contractor. The respondents are also neutral with the clause changes is in beneficial
80
to the Contractor when he has the right to claim for EOT when the works damaged
resulted in an insurance claim and provided that the said damages are not caused by
the Contractor, and he also has the right to claim for EOT when there is a delay in
giving site possession by the employer, delay by the Architect in re-nomination
another NSC who had been determined by the Main Contractor, war damage, and
delayed by appropriate authority and service provider.
Besides, the respondents disagreed with the added the event in compliance of
any changes to law/terms of authority/service provider is in the favour to the
Contractor. This is due to the respondents are in the opinion that that such issue will
caused the Contractor extra time and cost such as demolition of certain works due to
changes to laws or requirements by the authority. Therefore, the risks are then shifted
to the Contractor since they might require responsible for the extra cost since it is not
stated as a ground to claim for loss and expenses in Clause 24.3 under PAM Form
2006.
Under EC delay, the respondents are neutral with the revisions of a clause in
late receipt of AI, and additional of clause in delay in giving possession of site,
discovery of antiquities, disputes with neighbouring property owners, failure to give
entry or exit from the site, and suspension by an order of an appropriate authority.
Besides that, the respondents are also neutral with the changes of the provision in the
appointment of a replacement person such as Architect, Engineer, QS and specialist
consultant had ceased to act for employment.
On the other hand, the respondents are agreed with the execution of work
under a Provisional Quantity and suspension by the Contractor is in the favour to the
Contractor. In other words, the respondents thought that the said items are biased to
Contractor. An example for provisional quantity, the quantity of rock excavation is
not only influencing the costing issue, it also influences the time to be execute or
excavate; it need more time if quantity is bigger or more than estimated. Thus, the
respondents are having an image showing that such changes are in the favour to the
Contractor. Yet, it is actually fair to both parties since the extra time and cost payable
is depends on the joint measurement by both of the Employer and Contractor.
81
For suspension by the Contractor, the Contractor has right to suspend his
works due to non-payment as stated in Clause 30.7 under PAM Form 2006. Thus the
respondents might have the wrong mind set based the changes of the clause are
biased to the Contractor when comparing with the previous form. Besides that, The
Contractor has right to suspend the part of works that under any Qualified Person
(QP) such as Architect and other Consultants. Hence, it is fair to both of the parties.
4.4.3 Recommendation for future PAM Form Revision
For the last part, which is the closed-ended question from the questionnaire is
intended to obtain the recommendation for any clauses/provisions for EOT in PAM
Form 2006 is whether required to be re-drafted or deleted for the good of industry.
Yet the response rate is low where this question is just answered by three (3) of the
respondents.
The respondents claimed that there are few issues are silent in EOT clause
under PAM Form 2006. Firstly, one of the respondents is asking about whether the
Architect can grant for EOT retrospectively or otherwise. Secondly, one of the
respondents doubts whether there is any legal implication to the Contractor,
Employer or even the Architect in the event that the Contractor failed to submit
further information as requested by the Architect due to insufficient information as
stated in Clause 23.3 under PAM Form 2006. Lastly, the other respondent also
wondering that whether the Architect is having any legal implication when he is
unable to assess or issue the certificate of EOT under the period of 6 weeks.
Especially for time-bar issue on the Architects liabilities to issue or assess

the claim of EOT, although PAM Form 2006 is silent but according to The PAM
2006 Standard Form of Building Contract (2010), the Architect can adopt one of the
following options if the stated 6 weeks are not sufficient for him:
Inform the Contractor that he needs more time and get his express consent
thereto, or
82
Issue an interim extension (if the review period is less than granted to carry
out a further assessment and perhaps give an additional extension; or
If the assessment period is too short so that it is not reasonably practicable for
him to make a considered decision, inform the Contractor accordingly and
leave it for review under Clause 23.10.
Furthermore, one of the respondents also stated that the language used by the
PAM Form 2006 is too complex which is beyond the understanding by the contract
parties. Therefore, they usually require a person who has legal background to
interpret the contents in order to reduce misunderstanding on the terms that stated in
the PAM Form Contract.
Besides that, one of the respondents also claimed that there is no further legal
implication in the event the rights to claim for EOT by the Contractor are
extinguished due to failure to comply with the condition precedent and perhaps, the
completion will be at large and this is not good to the Contractor and Employer.
According to Rajoo (2010), he mentioned that the Contractor will lose his rights to
for EOT application for that particular events if he is failed to serve the notice as
condition precedent as stated in Clause 23.1(a) under PAM Form.
Following to that, any delay due to that particular events, then the Contractor
is required to bear the risk and might be imposed LAD by the Employer when the
works are unable to be completed before the Completion Date. The term of time at
large is used when the Contractor is required to complete his works within a
reasonable time without culpable delay (Tan, Low, Chee, & Sum, 2010). The stated
completion date is then no longer valid and thus the Employer is unable to levy
liquidated damages for late completion. (Wortham, 2005). Therefore, this issue that
raised by the respondent is able to declared the failure to comply condition precedent
under the stated clause is not resulted time at large to the project.
However, some of the provisions are silent in the PAM Form 2006 and
therefore, it is recommended to add in provisions regarding such issues to reduce the
uncertainty or unnecessary disputes. Besides that, this section is brought forward to
discuss further under recommendation in Chapter 5.
83
4.5 Conclusion
For Section A which is the background of project, the author concluded that the
respondents are quite often involved in the application of EOT under PAM Form
Contract. Therefore, the results are more reliable and accurate. Based on the analysis
for Section B and Section C, the author also concluded that these two sections are
inter-linked. If the respondents are agreed that the changes are the improvement for
the construction industry, then the effects of the changes are neutral since it is not in
the favour or biased to any party.
From the analysis for this research, the changes on the provisions that
allowed the Architect has the power to revise the granted EOT is not an improvement
for the construction industry. Furthermore, the time frame stated in PAM Form 2006
for submission of the particulars by the Contractor is in not in the favour to him; yet
it is in the favour to the Employer. Besides, the additional provision that allowed the
Contractor claim for EOT when the delay is due to changes to law/terms of
authority/services provider is in the favour to the Employer as well.
Meanwhile, the additional of the provisions in the instruction for insufficient

information and revision of EOT after CPC is consider in the favour to the
Contractor. Besides that, the additional of the provisions that allowed the Contractor
to claim for EOT when the delay is due to execution of work under a Provisional
Quantity and Suspension by the Contractor is in the favour to the Contractor as well.
Lastly, the recommendations are further discussed in next chapter.
84
CHAPTER 5
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
This chapter is the last chapter of this research which included the recommendation
based on the findings and conclusion. The aim of the study is to investigate the
changes between PAM Form 1998 and 2006 edition in relation to EOT. Besides that,
this study is not only to figure out the changes between the revised EOT clause, it is
also able to determine whether the changes of clause between PAM 1998 and 2006
are for the betterment of the construction industry and also determine the effects of
the said changes for both of the Employer and Contractor. Furthermore,
recommendations are described in the event why the changes are not an
improvement for the construction industry and biased to one of the parties from the
contract.
5.2 Conclusion
Basically, the objectives stated in chapter one is achieved successfully by the author.
There are two (2) objectives that was set for this research which are: a) To determine
whether the said changes of clause between PAM Form 1998 and 2006 are for the
betterment of the construction industry or otherwise, and b) To determine the effects
of the said changes for both of the Employer and Contractor.
85
For the first objective had been achieved by this research whereby the author
can conclude that the changes in EOT clause between PAM Form 1998 and 2006 are
for the betterment of the construction industry. This statement also reflected that the
most of the QS are aware of the changes in EOT clause between two different
versions of PAM Form since they are able to answer and understand the questions
from the questionnaire.
One the other hand, the second objective had been achieved as well since the
author is able to conclude that the effect of the changes figured out from the latest
version of PAM Form is mostly neutral to both of the Employer and Contractor and
without biased to any one of the parties. Furthermore, this result also showed which
of the provisions are impartially or tend to biased one of the parties. Thus, the
construction industry players are able to know that their rights and liabilities and the
potential risk that likely to happen in the future when adopting the PAM Form 2006
version.
5.3 Recommendations
Although the conclusion had been finalised, yet there are some of the changes are not
same as the result from the conclusion. From previous chapter, the author had figured
out some of the respondents are not agreed the changes is an improvement, and/or
agreed and/or disagreed that the effect of changes are in the favour to the Contractor;
which is not neutral for both parties. Therefore, the author suggested some
recommendations to increase more awareness to the construction players and re-draft
the better EOT clause for PAM Form.
First of all, the related parties should organise more seminars or conferences
regarding revised EOT provision in PAM Form revision, to deliver the knowledge of
the legal studies of the said issues to the construction players since some of them are
not aware on the changes. Next, the related parties also should publish more of
handbook for PAM Form since there are not much of writer had published such
handbook for the construction players even the students and lecturer as well and thus,
86
they able to know and figure out what are changed from the previous version of the
standard form of contract. Besides that, the institution parties can deliver more
knowledge on the latest form of contract but not focus on the previous version of the
standard form.
On the other hand, PAM Form is advisable to change the complex English
language to simple English language in order to make the construction players,
students and lecturers are easier to understand and will not be misled by the complex
language. Further to that, PAM Form is advisable as well to consider some of the
Relevant Events that are entitled to grant the EOT with loss and expenses or
otherwise to the Contractor base on the Malaysian construction industry practice
such as the delay is due to decision making by the Employer and changes to
law/terms of authority/service provider in order to declare and shift the risks and
responsibilities to the defaulted party.
Furthermore, the respondents are neutral with that an additional provision of

instruction for insufficient information by the Architect is an improvement since
there is no legal implication for such issue in the event Contractor failed to submit
further particulars. So, the drafter of PAM Form should look into this issue and
establish further legal implication to strengthen this provision.
Last but not least, the respondents also brought up a question for this research,
which is asking whether the Architect can issue EOT retrospectively, and it is silent
in PAM 2006. According to Clause 23.4 under PAM Form 2006, it is stated that the
Architect must assess and issue the certificate of EOT or rejection within six weeks,
and there is no legal implication if the Architect never issue or assess the claim of
EOT within the time frame. Therefore, PAM Form is required to look up this issue in
order to declare the legal implication to the Architect based on this issue.
87
5.4 Limitation of Research
Lack of conference is one several limitations that figured out by the author. The
author had found very few of the reference books regarding PAM Form from the
market. Besides that, this study is only focused in the changes of EOT clause, but not
the entire PAM Form since the author has to complete this research within a limited
time. Furthermore, this research is only able to focus on the awareness and effects of
the changes to the Contractor and Employer, and there is no further evaluation of the
details of the effects of changes since such changes in PAM Form 2006 is still
considered new to this construction industry.
5.5 Recommendation for Further Research
As mentioned in the limitation of the research, the author had limited time to
complete this research and thus, it is recommended that the future students can study
the changes on the other aspect between PAM Form 1998 and 2006 such as payment
issues, arbitration issues, determination issues and more. Besides that, the study of
differences between PAM Form and the other Form of Contractor can also be done
by the future students. Furthermore, a study regarding the effects of the said changes
can be done in the future research since this research is only able to show the level of
fairness on the revised EOT clause. Lastly, students also can study the
recommendations that were made by the author in order to draft out a better PAM
Form revision in the future which is able to suit most of the project types and able to
shift the risks and responsibilities to become more impartial and fair to both of the
contract parties.
88
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93
5 APPENDIX A
Questionnaire Survey Form

105
APPENDIX B
EOT & Loss and Expenses Clause under PAM FORM 1998
109
APPENDIX C
EOT & Loss and Expenses Clause under PAM FORM 2006
115
APPENDIX D
Record of Supervision/Meeting
116
UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) QUANTITY SURVEYING
Students Name : LIAW KOK CHENG ID Number: 09UEB06436
Supervisors Name : MS. FELICIA YONG YAN YAN
RECORD OF SUPERVISION/MEETING
Date Time Students Lecturers Subject of

Start End Initials Initial Discussion
1. 14/06/11 11.00am 1230pm Method to do the
FYP
2. 13/07/11 10.30am 11.00am Submit Chapter 1
4. 09/08/11 11.10am 11.15am Submit FYP Part 1
5. 14/11/11 14.00pm 15.00pm Discussion on FYP
Part 1
6. 17/01/12 11.00am 12.00pm Revision of
Questionnaires
8. 09/02/12 11.00am 11.00am Method for data
analysing
and 5
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

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REVISED EXTENSION OF TIME CLAUSE

IN PAM FORM 2006

LIAW KOK CHENG

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN

LIAW KOK CHENG

A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

Faculty of Engineering and Science

Name : LIAW KOK CHENG

Date : 06TH APRIL 2012

APPROVAL FOR SUBMISSION

I certify that this project report entitled REVISED EXTENSION OF TIME

Supervisor : Ms. Felicia Yong Yan Yan

2012, Liaw Kok Cheng. All right reserved.

In addition, I would also like to express my gratitude to my loving parents

REVISED EXTENSION OF TIME CLAUSE IN PAM FORM 2006

As a recommendation, the relevant parties should organise more seminars or

2 CONTRACT PROVISION OF EXTENSION OF TIME 7

2.4 EOT Provision in PAM Form 2006 12

2.5.1.2 Condition Precedent 18

2.5.1.3 Extend a Copy to NSC for Contractors

2.5.2 Architects Obligation under PAM Form 1998

2.5.2.2 Time Provision for Approval and

2.5.2.3 Consideration of other Relevant Events

2.5.2.4 EOT after Issuance of Certificate of

2.5.2.5 Revision of EOT 32

2.5.3 Relevant Events 34

3.5.2 Secondary Data 60

3.6 Analysis Method 61

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 65

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 84

TABLE TITLE PAGE

2.1 Contractors Obligations 13-14

2.2 Architects Obligations 23-24

2.3 Excusable Non-Compensable Delays 38-42

2.4 Excusable Compensable Delays 43-50

2.5 Amendment of Clauses for Excusable Non

2.6 Amendment of Clauses for Excusable

3.1 The classification of the rating scales in Section A

3.2 The classification of the rating scales in Section B

3.3 The classification of the rating scales in Section C

4.1 Average Index of the Relevant Events happens to

4.2 Improvement of changes in Rights and Obligation

4.3 Improvement of changes in Relevant Events in

4.4 Favourability in the Contractor for Rights and

4.5 Favourability in the Contractor for Relevant

FIGURE TITLE PAGE

2.1 Facts of Chestermount case. 31

2.2 Types of Delay 35

4.1 Frequency of using the standard form of

4.2 Frequency of the listed type of projects that the

4.3 Frequency of involvement for application of EOT 69

4.4 Frequency of the Relevant Events happens to the

LIST OF COURT CASES

CASE TITLE PAGE

1 Pantland Hick v. Raymond & Reid [1893] AC 22 16

2 Percy Bilton v Greater London Council [1982] 20 BLR 1 16

3 Bremer Handelsgesellshaft MBH v. Vanden Avenne- 18

4 Turner Corporation Ltd v Austotel Pty Ltd [1987] 2 19

5 Graymark Investment v. Walter Construction Group [1999] 19,29