FCE3400 Educational

Technology

Week 3 Lecture
Integration of Media and Technology in Teaching
by Mas Nida Md. Khambari
Technology Integration / Integrasi
Teknologi
any technology used by educators in support of the
teaching and learning process
Lever-Duffey, McDonald & Mizell (2005)
Technology Integration / Integrasi
Teknologi
the educational technology that can make the biggest
difference to schools and students is not the hardware, but the
process of designing effective instructions which incorporates
computer technology and other media appropriately
(Wager, 1992)
Technology Integration / Integrasi
Teknologi
it is not technology (or instructional media) per se that has
resulted in improved student outcomes, but rather how the
technology was used and integrated into instructional
processes.
(Bernauer, 1995)
Technology Integration / Integrasi
Teknologi
Melibatkan alatan (tools) untuk:
(i) sampaikan isi pelajaran, dan
(ii) melaksanakan amalan pengajaran dengan lebih baik
(Earle, 2002)
Technology Integration / Integrasi
Teknologi
Tidak tertumpu kepada berapa banyak alat diguna dan berapa
jenis alat diguna.
Technology Integration / Integrasi
Teknologi
utamakan soal bagaimana
(i) isi kandungan pelajaran dan
(ii) amalan pengajaran
dapat menghasilkan pengajaran dan pembelajaran yang
berkesan
Technology Integration / Integrasi
Teknologi
Proses menentukan alat teknologi/ media apa yang
paling sesuai dan paling efektif utk digunakan bagi
menyampaikan mesej pengajaran.

Refers to the PROCESS of determining which electronic

tools (or instructional media) and which methods for
implementing them are appropriate for given classroom
situations and problems

(Roblyer, 2004)
Technology Integration / Integrasi
Teknologi
Perlu mengambil kira
Pelajar & keperluan
Masalah pembelajaran
Situasi/ persekitaran kelas
Technology Integration / Integrasi
Teknologi
Integrasi Teknologi bergantung kepada bagaimana:
Mesej Pengajaran dan Amalan Pengajaran
disatukan

Mesej Amalan Integrasi

Pengajaran Pengajaran Teknologi
Role of Technology / Peranan Teknologi

Catalyst / Pemangkin
(Earle, 2002)
Technology Integration
// Integrasi Teknologi
Integrasi Teknologi melibatkan:

Alat
Proses-proses
teknologi

Roblyer ( 2006)
Proses-proses

Teori-teori Pembelajaran
Model-model Pengajaran
Alat Teknologi (tools)

Komputer teknologi, ICT

Teknologi mobil
Teknologi cetak
Tujuan Integrasi Media dan Teknologi

Meningkatkan
Kefahaman
Ingatan
Pembelajaran
Syarat untuk Kejayaan Integrasi

Wajib Sokongan
Kesediaan Teknikal
guru
Kewangan
Kesediaan
pelajar Galakan/Moral
Tahap Integrasi ICT di Sekolah

(Hajar, 2005)
Sumber Sumber
Verbal Bercetak

Tahap
Integrasi

Pengalaman Kombinasi
hands-on semua tahap
Tahap Sumber Verbal

sebut secara lisan

nama laman web/koswer/ perisian
pengajaran berpusat guru
Integrasi tahap minima
Tahap Sumber Bahan Bercetak

muat turun dpd Internet

dicetak, diedar
pelajar baca bahan
disoal berdasarkan bacaan
Tahap Pengalaman Hands-on

pengajaran di makmal komputer

ICT guna secara langsung dlm pengajaran
perbincangan
pelbagai tugasan
pembelajaran secara kumpulan
persembahan pelajar
Kombinasi Semua Tahap

integrasi sumber verbal, sumber bahan bercetak &

pengalaman hands-on
perbincangan
muat turun bahan
berpusatkan pelajar
Model Technology Integration Planning
(TIP)
berlaku dalam bentuk cyclical / pusingan dan
berkaitan di antara satu sama lain
6 Fasa utama
 Phase 1:
Assess Technological Pedagogical
Ana
Content Knowledge
Phase 2:
Determine relative advantage

Phase 4:
Design integration strategies
Phase 3:
Decide objectives and
assessments Phase 5:
Prepare the instructional
environment

Phase 6:
Evaluate and revise integration
strategies
Model Technology Integration Planning
(TIP)
TIP benefits teachers by giving them a general approach
to address challenges involved in integrating technology
into teaching.
Each of the models six phases outlines a set of planning
and implementation steps that help ensure technology
use will be meaningful and efficient.
Model Technology Integration Planning
(TIP)
Phase 1: Reflect on Technological Pedagogical Content
Knowledge Focus:
What is my technological pedagogical content knowledge?
Questions:
What is my knowledge of technology (TK)?
What is my knowledge of pedagogy (PK)?
What is my knowledge of content (CK)?
Where do I see myself in the TPACK model?
 The three circles represent
Pedagogy

C P Content
Knowledge
Content and Pedagogy
pedagogical-content overlap to form
knowledge
pedagogical-content

T
knowledge while
technology is seen as being
a separate and
independent knowledge
domain.
 Technological Technological Technological
Pedagogical Knowledge Content
Knowledge (TK) Knowledge

Technological
Pedagogical
Content Knowledge
(TPACK)
Pedagogical Content
Knowledge Knowledge
(PK) (CK)

Pedagogical
Content
Knowledge

Context
 Model Technology Integration Planning
(TIP)
Phase 2: Determine relative advantage

Focus:
Why should I use a technology-based method?
Questions:
What is the problem I am addressing?
* Do not focus on technologies
* Look for evidence

Do technology-based methods offer a solution with sufficient relative

advantage?
* Estimate the impact
* Consider the required effort and expense
Model Technology Integration Planning
(TIP)
Phase 3: Decide objectives and assessments
Focus:
How will I know students have learned?
Questions:
What outcomes do I expect from using the new methods?
* Focus on results, not process
Make a statement observable and measurable

What are the best ways of assessing these outcomes?

* Use written test to assess skill achievement outcomes
* Use evaluation criteria checklists to assess complex tasks or
products
 Model Technology Integration Planning
(TIP)
Phase 3: Decide objectives and assessments
* Use rubrics to assess complex tasks or products
* Use Likert scale-type surveys or semantic differentials to assess
attitude outcomes

Examples:
Likert Scale
Strongly Agree Agree No Opinion Disagree Strongly Disagree
12345

Semantic differential
Good------------------------------------------------------Bad
Extremely Quite Slightly Neither Slightly Quite Extremely
* Use observation instruments to measure frequency of behaviors
Model Technology Integration Planning
(TIP)
Phase 3: Decide objectives and assessments Example Outcomes,
Objectives and Assessments
Higher achievement outcome
Cooperative work outcomes
Attitude outcome
Improved motivation
Model Technology Integration Planning
(TIP)
Phase 4: Design integration strategies
Focus:
What teaching strategies and activities will work best?
Questions:
What kinds of instructional methods are needed in light of
content objectives and student characteristics?
* Content approach
* Grouping approach
--Whole class, individual, pairs, and small group
Model Technology Integration Planning
(TIP)
Phase 4: Design integration strategies
How can technology best support these methods?
* Refer back to Phase 3

How can I prepare students adequately to use technologies?

* Prepare and teach students before graded product

Deciding On Teaching / Learning Methods

* Use Directed Strategies
* Use Constructivist Strategies
 Model Technology Integration Planning
(TIP)
Phase 5: Prepare the instructional environment
Focus:
Are essential condition in place to support technology integration?

Questions:
What equipment, software, media, and materials will I need to carry out
the instructional strategies?
* Computers
* Copies of software and media
* Access to peripherals
* Handouts and other materials
Model Technology Integration Planning
(TIP)
Phase 5: Prepare the instructional environment
How should resources be arranged to support
instruction and learning?
* Access by students with disabilities
* Privacy and safety issues

What planning is required to make sure technology resources work

well?
* Troubleshooting
* Test-runs and backup plans
Model Technology Integration Planning
(TIP)
Phase 5: Prepare the instructional environment
Essential conditions for effective technology uses
Adequate hardware, software, and media
Time to use resources
Special needs of students
Planning for technology use
Model Technology Integration Planning
(TIP)
Phase 6: Evaluate and revise integration strategies
Focus:
What worked well? What could be improved?

Questions:
How well has the technology integration strategy worked?
* Achievement data
* Attitude data
* Students comments
Model Technology Integration Planning
(TIP)
teachers need to plan TI for their own lessons
know the level of students ability
students diversity interests, learning styles, motivation