Complete TOPIK Grammar List Beginner

Level with Explanations

// offer to do something for // This pattern is used for

someone else when you think something
is advisable, similar to "had
better" or "(I) guess (I)
should" or "(I) guess I have
to." This pattern is often
used in a way to reflect
your own personal thought,
so the regular ending is
often used (i.e. ).
This is less strong than the
other patterns which stress
obligation such as V + /
+ , V + / +
and V + / + .
// is used to convey // the informal polite speech
meanings such as style
someone tries doing
something ( to see how it
will turn out) or someone
does something to see
(how it will turn out).
// conveys meanings such as // Expresses a change in
likeness, resemblance, or state over time and means
similarity. when attached to become + adjective.
directly to the stems of
adjectives.
The past tense form of this
pattern is -// .
// expresses the speakers // is used to indicate an
request for something action which took place in
the past or a condition
which used to exist.
// `- is used to express // This grammar pattern is
even if, even though used to convey supposition,
conjecture, a guess, a
thought or observation
about something in the
past. It can sometimes be
translated as 'I think', 'I
bet', 'I guess', 'It must have
been ~'. This pattern can
not be used to express the
thoughts or supposition
(etc) of a second or third
person and must express
the thought of the person
saying or writing it.
// if `- is used with the // is used to express the
word , , `, speakers hope or desire.

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 this pattern is used to ask Even though the past tense
for and giving permission. -//- is used, this
For the negative answer to pattern does not refer to
a request for permission, the past. So, even when
you have to use the this pattern is used without
pattern -() . May the past tense like -()
do , there is no
difference in meaning.
// 1 is used to indicate cause or / the negative of -
reason; mostly used with
adjectives and '(to go),
'(to come), '(dont
have) etc. in declarative
and interrogative
sentences; cannot be used
in imperative and
propositive sentence,
where another connective
-() is used

// 2 is used when the subject / The informal polite form of

performs one action and -
then a second one; it is
attached to the first verb
and is then followed by a
second verb
// / is used to express obligation or necessity; tense is expressed in the verb
. Must, have to

TYPE 2. -()~

-() () this pattern Verb + -() -() indicate ones past

+ time word + is used to experiences. The literal
express an interval of time meaning is the experience of
which extends from a definite having done something exists
past to the present. The case ( or dont exist )
marker -` or - can be
attached optionally after
-()// is used in the present tense -()/ To ask if someone knows
with adjectives or to about something or how to do
express the speakers something in general, use
thought or opinion, in the ~()/ ? or ~()/
future tense to indicate the ? I would advise you
speakers stronger conjecture to use this with care because
or presumption. With general to directly state or ask if
verbs, the pattern - someone older than you
is used in the present tense, knows (or doesn't know)

2
 () in the past tense, and about something might come
() in the future tense; off looking like an asshat so
tense is expressed in the final just be careful.
verb

-() means after having done -()/ is used to introduce a certain

smth; used with the action fact,occurrence, or event. The
verbs. The tense is expresses form `() is used for the
in the main (final) verb adjectives and ` in the
present tense. The form
` is used for all other cases.
-() The informal ending of the -() Indicates reason and cause; if
future tense -() ; the main clause is an
with a 3rdperson subject it imperative or propositive, only
expresses a supposition or the connective - can be
presumption, with a used in the dependent clause.
1st person subject the In this case, (/)
speakers plan or intention cannot be used
-() / is used with verbs and -() While; when the two actions
indicates ability, capability, happen at the same time,
possibility or permission past tense is not expressed
with this pattern. But if the
action of the `- clause
happened before the action of
the next clause, past tense
should be expressed in the `-
clause; is used with all
verbs and adjectives but `
can be used only in the past
tense
-() -() / is used to express the
knowledge or lack of
knowledge of a technique or
process of doing something
-() Means I think I will (do smth) -() the speakers intention or plan
or promise. It is used with
action verbs as well as with
the verb , but not with
adjectives.

-() 1. is used when asking about -()? is used to express inquiring

the listener`s preference or about someones opinion,
intention or when gently view or appraisal on a certain
making a request. matter or fact with the action
2. Expresses the fact that the verb.
speaker has the will or
intention to do something.
(colloquial language)
-() is used to express the -() used to indicate the purpose
purpose of the subjects of the speaker (subject)s
action and is followed by action; can be followed by
either '(to go), '(to any verbs; it is used in the

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 come) or their compounds, or present and past tense of the
any verb which indicates main verb (final verb), but is
movement, such as '(to never used with the future
go and come regularly) tense. Tense and negation are
expressed in the main verb
(final verb).
-() -() is used with verbs(including `
); this pattern is used to
indicate a subjects intention;
restricted to first and second
personal pronouns
-() is the shortened form of -() -() can be used with any verb or
. It is used with verbs adjective and indicates
to express a plan or intention condition and/or stipulation; in
to do something in the first Korean the dependent clause
clause, with the condition precedes the main clause.
required to fulfull that plan or Sometimes, the word `/
intention given in the second is used at the beginning of
clause. a conditional clause
-() means prohibition, it can be -() Expresses the prohibition or
translated shouldnt or limitation of a particular
cant in English. It can be action of the listener. It also
the opposite meaning of -(/ can represent social
/) ,which is conventions or common sense
permission. If you dont dictating in a behavior or
remember you can click here state is prohibited or not
to review it. tolerated.
-() his is used to express desire, -() is used to express two
hope, or wish. This is literally simultaneous actions done by
translated to 'If (a/v) then it the same person. It attaches
would be nice/good/great' or to the verb directly; someone
'It would be great/nice if does something while he is
(A/V).' doing something else (at the
same time)
-() to expressing the subjects -() implies respect of the speaker
suggestion with the action for the subject of the
verbs and the verb of sentence, means Please do
existence . It cannot be something when referring to
used with nor with the second person
adjectives. In plain speech
style() you can use the
form - instead of -//
-()- the honorific form -() imperative verb form

TYPE 3. ~

()+ because of, owing to, as a ()+

result of, in consequence of
- [] and; or; [](even) - Polite form of

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 though [if]; no matter how
(whatwhenwherewho);
whatever
- is used to express the idea -- pre-ending -- is used for
that the situation has been expressing the speakers
arranged by certain conjecture or supposition or for
environmental facts or asking intention of the person
conditions. It is used with spoken to in a polite request.
verbs and ; (it) turns
out (that), It is arranged that
-, (the situation) makes
something to be

- is used to indicate the desire - is used to indicate a kind of

of the subject and is used process or continuing action; Is
with action verbs and . doing; this pattern can have
two different meanings when
used with verbs dealing with
items of clothing : , ,
; it is often used to express an
action which started in the past
and is still going on
- is used to express surprise, - is used to express cause and
delight, or wonder with an reason; so, therefore, because
exclamation mark; adjectives
and - take the -!
form, other verbs take the -
! form. In past tense,
verbs also take the -
form.
- - Is used in complex sentences
and indicates the action in the
second sentence that is the
reason for achieving the object
of the first sentence
- -
- is used to indicate ones /()/() the ending `- is attached to
decision; the verb `- can () the verb directly and is used in
be replaced by the verb ` the present tense; the ending `-
, , , () is used in the past tense;
- means to The forms , , ,
decide not to do; - , are the present
means do not decide to inflected forms of the
do infinitives; `-() is used in
the future tense
- formal polite speech style
-/? Formal style question final stop doing
ending
/ - Forms a negative suggestion
- the pattern - ` - is used to join two sentences

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 preceded by an action verb which are in contrast with each
expresses prohibition or other. But
dissuasion. This pattern is
always used as a negative
imperative sentence or a
negative propositive
sentence.
- long type negation; directly - is used if you want to seek the
followes by verbs or listeners agreement or to
adjectives; not, no ascertain what listener means

TYPE 4.

/ indicates that the preceding noun , at or in indicating the place where

phrase is the subject of the sentence. an action takes place; from,
- is used after a word which ends indicating a starting point or cause.
with a vowel, while `- is used after a
consonant
, expresses the finishing point of the /, and, with, along (together) with
action
, to (by/for) a person; about; around; (), Indicates a choice, shows direction,
toward (a time); in the vicinity means, status, cause
(neighborhood) of; near (a place)
, From (a person) /, is attached to a Noun to indicate the
direct object of a transitive verb
/, indicates the comparison of topics. If , is preceded by a noun and indicates
there is no connotation of comparison possession, relationship, origin or
with another subject, this marker status location
cannot be used.
, means also or too. This can replace (), Indicates a choice, shows direction,
the subjective marker -/, and the means, status, cause
objective marker -/`
, each; every; all only; can be attached to almost any
word in the sentence
, because (of); since; as; for (), [] but; (and) yet; [] while;
meanwhile; [ ] though;
although; nevertheless; however;
still.
, outside, in the open air + besides () 2, [] as many [much] as; no less
[fewer] than; as long as; nearly;
about.; [] either or; or; any.
, (more than) is attached to a standard , like; as; as as; <not> so as; as if
of comparison (which is usually the
second noun) when both items of
comparison are mentioned. It is often
accompanied by - which means
more; when the standard of
comparison is omitted, '(more) is
used

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, means from, the starting point of an , means and; connects words on an
action equal basis
, indicates a destination and that is used for indicating the receiver of
someone or something is stationary in an action; the marker - is used
a place. It is attached to nouns, and for indicating the source or starting
followed by '(to be) and '(not point of an action.
to be).. meanings: to, in, at.
, Its a dative marker which attaches to
animate nouns; is often used as
in spoken language

TYPE 5.

, Plural form of the noun -, means aroundoclock

, is used to indicate distribution and is () (a space of) time; a period; in, for,
attached to numbers and any during, as (so) long as
counting classifier; each, respectively

TYPE 6.

, is used with action verbs, and means expresses the negative and means
impossibility or strong denial and do not. is put before the verb.
refusal.