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    Subordinate Clauses - Rules

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    Vanessa Lau
    This document discusses different types of subordinate clauses and the conjunctions used to introduce them. It covers time, reason, purpose, result, condition, and other conjunctions. For time, common conjunctions include when, as, after, before, while, until, and since. For reason, because, since, and as are used. So that and so as are common for purpose. Result can be introduced with so or such. Condition uses if and unless. Other conjunctions include as if, as though, except that, when, where, and if.

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    Subordinate Clauses - Rules

    Uploaded by

    Vanessa Lau
    32 views2 pages
    This document discusses different types of subordinate clauses and the conjunctions used to introduce them. It covers time, reason, purpose, result, condition, and other conjunctions. For time, common conjunctions include when, as, after, before, while, until, and since. For reason, because, since, and as are used. So that and so as are common for purpose. Result can be introduced with so or such. Condition uses if and unless. Other conjunctions include as if, as though, except that, when, where, and if.

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    English

    Original Title

    EN_C1_1558

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    This document discusses different types of subordinate clauses and the conjunctions used to introduce them. It covers time, reason, purpose, result, condition, and other conjunctions. For time, common conjunctions include when, as, after, before, while, until, and since. For reason, because, since, and as are used. So that and so as are common for purpose. Result can be introduced with so or such. Condition uses if and unless. Other conjunctions include as if, as though, except that, when, where, and if.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    32 views2 pages

    Subordinate Clauses - Rules

    Uploaded by

    Vanessa Lau
    This document discusses different types of subordinate clauses and the conjunctions used to introduce them. It covers time, reason, purpose, result, condition, and other conjunctions. For time, common conjunctions include when, as, after, before, while, until, and since. For reason, because, since, and as are used. So that and so as are common for purpose. Result can be introduced with so or such. Condition uses if and unless. Other conjunctions include as if, as though, except that, when, where, and if.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    Subordinate Clauses - Rules

    Time
    Common conjunctions of time include: when, as, after, before, while, until and since:
    - Jane waited until she'd finished university before getting married.
    Less common conjunctions of time include: as soon as, once, whenever, now (that), the minute/moment(that), immediately and by the time
    (that):
    - I'm so angry that you didn't call me the moment you got back.
    - Hurry up! By the time we get there, the party will be over!

    Reason
    We usually give a reason with the conjunction because:
    - We've decided to only have three people in this office because it's too small to take any more.
    In speech, because is often shortened to 'cos /koz/.
    Other conjunctions of reason are since, as and for. (Note: since and as both introduce reasons that are already known.)
    - Lola, since you raised the subject, perhaps you could start by telling us your concerns.
    In formal speech and writing, we often use given that to introduce a reason that is already known:
    - Given that there are so few women in powerful positions in business, the number of women in politics is quite surprising.
    In informal English, we would use because or as:
    - She decided not to move to the countryside, as it was full of old, retired people.

    Purpose
    The most common conjunction of purpose is so that ... (not). We often omit that:
    - Would you mind coming in a little earlier tomorrow so (that) I can welcome our visitors?
    We can also use infinitive clauses after in order and so as:
    - The committee will be holding a number of events in order/so as to raise money for charity.

    Result
    The most common conjunction expressing result is so:
    - The baby was crying for half of the night so I'm feeling exhausted today.
    Note the difference between so and because:
    - Jim hated his new job, so he resigned last week. (so + result of hating the job)
    - Jim resigned last week because he hated the new job. (because + reason for resigning)
    We can describe the result of a particular quality or characteristic using these patterns:
    so + adjective/adverb + (that) clause I'm afraid it was so expensive (that) I couldn't afford it.
    such + (adjective +) noun + (that) clause It was such an expensive coat (that) I couldn't afford it.
    too + adjective + for + infinitive clause It was too expensive for me to buy.
    (not) adjective + enough + for + infinitive clause It was not cheap enough for me to afford it.
    We can use so much ... that after a verb to express the result of an action:
    - Kate shouted so much at the rugby match that she couldn't speak the next day.
    We can never combine so much + adjective:
    - Sorry, I was so busy that I forgot to call you to cancel our appointment. (We cannot say: -Sorry, I was so much busy that ...)

    Condition
    The most common conjunctions to express condition are if and unless:
    - I won't be able to come to the conference unless I cancel my holiday.
    Other conjunctions expressing condition are as long as, providing and in case:
    - I'll go on the hen night with you on Saturday as long as we can book a taxi home.

    Other conjunctions
    We can use the conjunctions as if and as though to say how someone behaves or does something:
    - The CEO continues to act as though he's unaware of the serious complaints against him.
    - She behaves as if she can go on holiday whenever she wants.
    We use except that, when, where and if to express exception:
    - What can I say except that I'm sorry? I really didn't mean to upset you.
    - I keep my office locked except if I'm only away for a few minutes.

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