Asme Sec V B Se 165 Examen Con Liquidos Penetrantes PDF

STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR
LIQUID PENETRANT EXAMINATION

SE-165
(Identical with ASTM Specification E 165-95)
1. Scope 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be

regarded as the standard. SI units are provided for
1.1 This test method covers procedures for penetrant
information only.
examination of materials. They are nondestructive test-
ing methods for detecting discontinuities that are open 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all
to the surface such as cracks, seams, laps, cold shuts, of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.
laminations, through leaks, or lack of fusion and are It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
applicable to in-process, final, and maintenance exami- establish appropriate safety and health practices and
nation. They can be effectively used in the examination determine the applicability of regulatory limitations
of nonporous, metallic materials, both ferrous and non- prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Notes
ferrous, and of nonmetallic materials such as glazed 5, 12, and 20.
or fully densified ceramics, certain nonporous plastics,
and glass.
1.2 This test method also provides a reference: 2. Referenced Documents
1.2.1 By which a liquid penetrant examination 2.1 ASTM Standards:

process recommended or required by individual organi- D 129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
zations can be reviewed to ascertain its applicability (General Bomb Method)
and completeness. D 516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in Water
D 808 Test Method for Chlorine in New and Used Petro-
1.2.2 For use in the preparation of process specifi- leum Products (Bomb Method)
cations dealing with the liquid penetrant examination D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
of materials and parts. Agreement by the user and D 1552 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
the supplier regarding specific techniques is strongly (High-Temperature Method)
recommended. D 4327 Test Method for Anions in Water in Chemically
Suppressed Ion Chromatography
1.2.3 For use in the organization of the facilities
and personnel concerned with the liquid penetrant exam- E 433 Reference Photographs for Liquid Penetrant In-
spection
ination.
E 543 Practice for Evaluating Agencies that Perform
1.3 This test method does not indicate or suggest Nondestructive Testing
criteria for evaluation of the indications obtained. It E 1208 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant
should be pointed out, however, that after indications Examination Using the Lipophilic Post-Emulsification
have been produced, they must be interpreted or classi- Process
fied and then evaluated. For this purpose there must E 1209 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant
be a separate code or specification or a specific Examination Using the Water-Washable Process
agreement to define the type, size, location, and direction E 1210 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant
of indications considered acceptable, and those consid- Examination Using the Hydrophilic Post-Emulsifica-
ered unacceptable. tion Process
464
COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

Licensed by Information Handling Services
ARTICLE 24 LIQUID PENETRANT STANDARDS SE-165
E 1219 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant TABLE 1

Examination Using the Solvent-Removable Process CLASSIFICATION OF PENETRANT EXAMINATION
E 1220 Test Method for Visible Penetrant Examination TYPES AND METHODS
Using the Solvent-Removable Process Type I Fluorescent Penetrant Examination
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations Method A Water-washable (see Test Method E 1209)
E 1418 Test Method for Visible Penetrant Examination Method B Post-emulsifiable, lipophilic (see Test Method E
Using the Water-Washable Process 1208)
Method C Solvent removable (see Test Method E 1219)
2.2 ASNT Document: Method D Post-emulsifiable, hydrophilic (see Test Method
Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A for Nondestructive E 1210)
Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification Type II Visible Penetrant Examination
Method A Water-washable (see Test Method E 1418)
2.3 Military Standard: Method C Solvent removable (see Test Method E
MIL-STD-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Quali- 1220)
fication and Certification
2.4 APHA Standard:
429 Method for the Examination of Water and Waste-
water
Each of the various methods has been designed for
specific uses such as critical service items, volume of
3. Terminology parts, portability or localized areas of examination. The
method selected will depend accordingly on the service
3.1 The definitions relating to liquid penetrant exami-
requirements.
nation, which appear in Terminology E 1316, shall
apply to the terms used in this standard.
6. Classification of Penetrations and Methods
4. Summary of Test Method 6.1 Liquid penetrant examination methods and types
are classified as shown in Table 1.
4.1 A liquid penetrant which may be a visible or a
fluorescent material is applied evenly over the surface 6.2 Fluorescent penetrant examination utilizes pene-
being examined and allowed to enter open discontinu- trants that fluoresce brilliantly when excited by black
ities. After a suitable dwell time, the excess surface light (see 8.9.1.2). The sensitivity of fluorescent pene-
penetrant is removed. A developer is applied to draw trants depends on their ability to be retained in the
the entrapped penetrant out of the discontinuity and various size discontinuities during processing, then to
stain the developer. The test surface is then examined bleed out into the developer coating and produce indica-
to determine the presence or absence of indications. tions that will fluoresce. Fluorescent indications are
many times brighter than their surroundings when
NOTE 1: The developer may be omitted by agreement between
purchaser and supplier. viewed under black light illumination.
NOTE 2: Caution Fluorescent penetrant examination shall not 6.3 Visible penetrant examination uses a penetrant
follow a visible penetrant examination unless the procedure has been that can be seen in visible light. The penetrant is
qualified in accordance with 10.2, because visible dyes may cause usually red, so that the indications produce a definite
deterioration or quenching of fluorescent dyes.
contrast with the white background of the developer.
4.2 Processing parameters, such as surface preclean- The visible penetrant process does not require the use
ing, penetration time and excess penetrant removal of black light. However, visible penetrant indications
methods, are determined by the specific materials used, must be viewed under adequate white light (see 8.9.2.1).
the nature of the part under examination (that is, size,
shape, surface condition, alloy), and type of discontinu-
7. Types of Materials
ities expected.
7.1 Liquid penetrant examination materials (see Notes
3, 4, and 5) consist of fluorescent and visible penetrants,
5. Significance and Use
emulsifiers (oil-base and water-base; fast and slow
5.1 Liquid penetrant examination methods indicate acting), solvent removers and developers. A family of
the presence, location and, to a limited extent, the liquid penetrant examination materials consists of the
nature and magnitude of the detected discontinuities. applicable penetrant and emulsifier or remover, as rec-
465

SE-165 2001 SECTION V
ommended by the manufacturer. Intermixing of materi- and chemical composition, and also the surface
als from various manufacturers is not recommended. roughness of the area being examined (see 8.6.2).
NOTE 3: Refer to 9.1 for special requirements for sulfur, halogen 7.3.2 Hydrophilic Emulsifiers are water-miscible
and alkali metal content. liquids used to emulsify the excess oily fluorescent
penetrant on the surface of the part, rendering it water-
NOTE 4: Caution While approved penetrant materials will not
adversely affect common metallic materials, some plastics or rubbers washable (see 8.6.3). These water-base emulsifiers (de-
may be swollen or stained by certain penetrants. tergent-type removers) are supplied as concentrates to
be diluted with water and used as a dip or spray.
NOTE 5: Warning These materials may be flammable or emit The concentration, use and maintenance shall be in
hazardous and toxic vapors. Observe all manufacturers instructions
and precautionary statements. accordance with manufacturers recommendations.
7.2 Penetrants: 7.3.2.1 Hydrophilic emulsifiers function by dis-

placing the excess penetrant film from the surface of
7.2.1 Post-Emulsifiable Penetrants are designed to the part through detergent action. The force of the
be insoluble in water and cannot be removed with water spray or air/mechanical agitation in an open dip
water rinsing alone. They are designed to be selectively tank provides the scrubbing action while the detergent
removed from the surface using a separate emulsifier. displaces the film of penetrant from the part surface.
The emulsifier, properly applied and given a proper The emulsification time will vary, depending on its
emulsification time, combines with the excess surface concentration, which can be monitored by the use of
penetrant to form a water-washable mixture, which can a suitable refractometer.
be rinsed from the surface, leaving the surface free of
7.4 Solvent Removers function by dissolving the
fluorescent background. Proper emulsification time must
penetrant, making it possible to wipe the surface clean
be experimentally established and maintained to ensure
and free of excess penetrant as described in 8.6.4.
that over-emulsification does not occur, resulting in
loss of indications. 7.5 Developers Development of penetrant indica-
tions is the process of bringing the penetrant out of open
7.2.2 Water-Washable Penetrants are designed to discontinuities through blotting action of the applied
be directly water-washable from the surface of the test developer, thus increasing the visibility of the indica-
part, after a suitable penetrant dwell time. Because the tions.
emulsifier is built-in to the water-washable penetrant,
it is extremely important to exercise proper process 7.5.1 Dry Powder Developers are used as supplied
control in removal of excess surface penetrant to ensure (that is, free-flowing, non-caking powder) in accordance
against overwashing. Water-washable penetrants can be with 8.8.2. Care should be taken not to contaminate
washed out of discontinuities if the rinsing step is too the developer with fluorescent penetrant, as the penetrant
long or too vigorous. Some penetrants are less resistant specks can appear as indications.
to overwashing than others.
7.5.2 Aqueous Developers are normally supplied
7.2.3 Solvent-Removable Penetrants are designed as dry powder particles to be either suspended or
so that excess surface penetrant can be removed by dissolved (soluble) in water. The concentration, use and
wiping until most of the penetrant has been removed. maintenance shall be in accordance with manufacturers
The remaining traces should be removed with the recommendations (see 8.8.3).
solvent remover (see 8.6.4.1). To minimize removal of
NOTE 6: Caution Aqueous developers may cause stripping of
penetrant from discontinuities, care should be taken to indications if not properly applied and controlled. The procedure
avoid the use of excess solvent. Flushing the surface should be qualified in accordance with 10.2.
with solvent to remove the excess penetrant is pro-
hibited. 7.5.3 Nonaqueous Wet Developers are supplied as
suspensions of developer particles in a nonaqueous
7.3 Emulsifiers: solvent carrier ready for use as supplied. Nonaqueous,
7.3.1 Lipophilic Emulsifiers are oil-miscible liquids wet developers form a coating on the surface of the
used to emulsify the excess oily penetrant on the surface part when dried, which serves as the developing medium
of the part, rendering it water-washable. The rate of (see 8.8.4).
diffusion establishes the emulsification time. They are NOTE 7: Caution This type of developer is intended for application
either slow- or fast-acting, depending on their viscosity by spray only.
466

7.5.4 Liquid Film Developers are solutions or 8.4 Removal of Surface Contaminants:
colloidal suspensions of resins/polymer in a suitable
carrier. These developers will form a transparent or 8.4.1 Precleaning The success of any penetrant
translucent coating on the surface of the part. Certain examination procedure is greatly dependent upon the
types of film developer may be stripped from the part surrounding surface and discontinuity being free of any
and retained for record purposes (see 8.8.5). contaminant (solid or liquid) that might interfere with
the penetrant process. All parts or areas of parts to be
examined must be clean and dry before the penetrant
8. Procedure
is applied. If only a section of a part, such as a weld,
8.1 The following general processing guidelines apply including the heat affected zone is to be examined, all
(see Figs. 2, 3, and 4) to both fluorescent and visible contaminants shall be removed from the area being
penetrant examination methods (see Fig. 1). examined as defined by the contracting parties. Clean
is intended to mean that the surface must be free of
8.2 Temperature Limits The temperature of the
rust, scale, welding flux, weld spatter, grease, paint,
penetrant materials and the surface of the part to be
oily films, dirt, and so forth, that might interfere with
processed should be between 50 and 100F (10 and
the penetrant process. All of these contaminants can
38C). Where it is not practical to comply with these
prevent the penetrant from entering discontinuities (see
temperature limitations, qualify the procedure as de-
Annex or Cleaning of Parts and Materials).
scribed in 10.2 at the temperature of intended use and
as agreed to by the contracting parties. NOTE 11: Caution Residues from cleaning processes such as
strong alkalies, pickling solutions and chromates, in particular, may
8.3 Surface Conditioning Prior to Penetrant Examina- adversely react with the penetrant and reduce its sensitivity and
tion Satisfactory results usually may be obtained performance.
on surfaces in the as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-
forged conditions (or for ceramics in the densified
conditions). Sensitive penetrants are generally less easily 8.4.2 Drying after Cleaning It is essential that
rinsed away and are therefore less suitable for rough the surface of parts be thoroughly dry after cleaning,
surfaces. When only loose surface residuals are present, since any liquid residue will hinder the entrance of
these may be removed by wiping with clean lint- the penetrant. Drying may be accomplished by warming
free cloths. However, precleaning of metals to remove the parts in drying ovens, with infrared lamps, forced
processing residuals such as oil, graphite, scale, insulat- hot air, or exposure to ambient temperature.
ing materials, coatings, and so forth, should be done
using cleaning solvents, vapor degreasing or chemical 8.5 Penetrant Application After the part has been
removing processes. Surface conditioning by grinding, cleaned, dried, and is within the specified temperature
machining, polishing or etching shall follow shot, sand, range, the penetrant is applied to the surface to be
grit or vapor blasting to remove the peened skin and examined so that the entire part or area under examina-
when penetrant entrapment in surface irregularities tion is completely covered with penetrant.
might mask the indications of unacceptable discontinu-
ities or otherwise interfere with the effectiveness of 8.5.1 Modes of Application There are various
the examination. For metals, unless otherwise specified, modes of effective application of penetrant such as
etching shall be performed when evidence exists that dipping, brushing, flooding, or spraying. Small parts
previous cleaning, surface treatments or service usage are quite often placed in suitable baskets and dipped
have produced a surface condition that degrades the into a tank of penetrant. On larger parts, and those
effectiveness of penetrant examination. (See Annex with complex geometries, penetrant can be applied
A1.1.1.8 for precautions.) effectively by brushing or spraying. Both conventional
and electrostatic spray guns are effective means of
NOTE 8 When agreed between purchaser and supplier, grit
blasting without subsequent etching may be an acceptable cleaning applying liquid penetrants to the part surfaces. Electro-
method. static spray application can eliminate excess liquid
build-up of penetrant on the part, minimize overspray,
NOTE 9: Caution Sand or shot blasting may possibly close
discontinuities and extreme care should be used with grinding and and minimize the amount of penetrant entering hollow-
machining operations to avoid masking discontinuities. cored passages which might serve as penetrant reser-
voirs, causing severe bleedout problems during examina-
NOTE 10 For structural or electronic ceramics, surface preparation
by grinding, sand blasting and etching for penetrant examination is tion. Aerosol sprays are conveniently portable and
not recommended because of the potential for damage. suitable for local application.
467

FIG. 1 FLUORESCENT AND VISIBLE PENETRANT INSPECTION GENERAL PROCESSING PROCEDURES

FLOWSHEET
NOTE 12: Caution Not all penetrant materials are suitable for should be taken to prevent pools of penetrant from
electrostatic spray applications, so tests should be conducted prior
to use. forming on the part), while allowing for proper penetrant
dwell time (see Table 2). The length of time the
NOTE 13: Warning With spray applications, it is important that
there be proper ventilation. This is generally accomplished through
penetrant must remain on the part to allow proper
the use of a properly designed spray booth and exhaust system. penetration should be as recommended by the penetrant
manufacturer. Table 2, however, provides a guide for
8.5.2 Penetrant Dwell Time After application, selection of penetrant dwell times for a variety of
allow excess penetrant to drain from the part (care materials, forms, and types of discontinuity. Unless
468

FIG. 2 GENERAL PROCEDURE FLOWSHEET FOR PENETRANT EXAMINATION USING THE WATER-
WASHABLE PROCESS (TEST METHOD E 1209 FOR FLUORESCENT AND TEST METHOD E 1220 FOR VISIBLE
LIGHT)
otherwise specified, the dwell time shall not exceed off manually, by the use of automatic or semi-automatic
the maximum recommended by the manufacturer. water-spray equipment or by immersion. For immersion
rinsing, parts are completely immersed in the water
NOTE 14 For some specific applications in structural ceramics
(for example, detecting parting lines in slip-cast material), the required bath with air or mechanical agitation. Accumulation of
penetrant dwell time should be determined experimentally and may water in pockets or recesses of the surface must be
be longer than that shown in Table 1 and its notes. avoided. If the final rinse step is not effective, as
evidenced by excessive residual surface penetrant after
8.6 Penetrant Removal rinsing, dry (see 8.7) and reclean the part, then reapply
the penetrant for the prescribed dwell time.
8.6.1 Water Washable:
(a) The temperature of the water should be relatively
8.6.1.1 Removal of Excess Penetrants After constant and should be maintained within the range of
the required penetration time, the excess penetrant on 50 to 100F (10 to 38C).
the surface being examined must be removed with (b) Spray-rinse water pressure should not be greater
water, usually a washing operation. It can be washed than 40 psi (280 kPa).
469

FIG. 3 TYPE 2 POST EMULSIFIABLE PROCEDURES A-2 (FLUORESCENT) AND B-2 (VISIBLE)
(c) Rinse time should not exceed 120 s unless other- the surface with a clean, absorbent material dampened
wise specified by part of material specification. with water until the excess surface penetrant is removed,
as determined by examination under black light for
NOTE 15: Caution Avoid overwashing. Excessive washing can
cause penetrant to be washed out of discontinuities. With fluorescent fluorescent methods and white light for visible methods.
penetrant methods perform the rinsing operation under black light
so that it can be determined when the surface penetrant has been 8.6.2 Lipophilic Emulsification:
adequately removed.
8.6.2.1 Application of Emulsifier After the
8.6.1.2 Removal by Wiping In special applica- required penetration time, the excess penetrant on the
tions, penetrant removal may be performed by wiping part must be emulsified by immersing or flooding
470

FIG. 4 SOLVENT-REMOVABLE PENETRANT EXAMINATION GENERAL PROCEDURE FLOWSHEET

(TEST METHOD E 1219 FOR FLUORESCENT AND TEST METHOD E 1220 FOR VISIBLE LIGHT)
the parts with the required emulsifier (the emulsifier Nominal emulsification time should be as recommended
combines with the excess surface penetrant and makes by the manufacturer. The actual emulsification time must
the mixture removable with water rinsing). After appli- be determined experimentally for each specific applica-
cation of the emulsifier, the parts are drained in a tion. The surface finish (roughness) of the part is a signifi-
manner that prevents the emulsifier from pooling on cant factor in the selection of and in the emulsification time
the part(s). of an emulsifier. Contact time should be kept to the least
possible time consistent with an acceptable background
8.6.2.2 Emulsification Dwell Time begins as soon and should not exceed the maximum time specified for the
as the emulsifier has been applied. The length of time that part or material.
the emulsifier is allowed to remain on a part and in contact
with the penetrant is dependent on the type of emulsifier 8.6.2.3 Post Rinsing Effective post rinsing
employed and the surface condition (smooth or rough). of the emulsified penetrant from the surface can be
471

TABLE 2
RECOMMENDED MINIMUM DWELL TIMES
Dwell TimesA (minutes)
Type of
Material Form Discontinuity PenetrantB DeveloperC
Aluminum, magnesium, steel, brass castings and welds cold shuts, porosity, lack of fusion, 5 10
and bronze, titanium and high- cracks (all forms)
temperature alloys
wrought materials extrusions, laps, cracks (all forms) 10 10
forgings, plate
Carbide-tipped tools lack of fusion, porosity, cracks 5 10
Plastic all forms cracks 5 10
Glass all forms cracks 5 10
Ceramic all forms cracks, porosity 5 10
A
For temperature range from 50 to 100F (10 to 38C) for fluorescent penetrants and 50 to 125F (10 to 52C) for visible penetrant.
B
Maximum penetrant dwell time in accordance with 8.5.2.
C
Development time begins as soon as wet developer coating has dried on surface of parts (recommended minimum). Maximum development
time in accordance with 8.8.6.
accomplished using either manual, semi-automated, or 8.6.3 Hydrophilic Emulsification:

automated water immersion or spray equipment or
8.6.3.1 Prerinsing Directly after the required
combinations thereof.
penetration time, it is recommended that the parts be
prerinsed with water prior to emulsification (8.6.3.3).
8.6.2.4 Immersion For immersion post rinsing,
This step allows for the removal of excess surface
parts are completely immersed in the water bath with
penetrant from the parts prior to emulsification so as
air or mechanical agitation. The time and temperature
to minimize the degree of penetrant contamination in
should be kept constant.
the hydrophilic emulsifier bath, thereby extending its
(a) The maximum dip-rinse time should not exceed
life. In addition, prerinsing of penetrated parts minimizes
120 s unless otherwise specified by part or material
possible oily penetrant pollution in the final rinse step
specification.
of this process. This is accomplished by collecting the
(b) The temperature of the water should be relatively prerinsings in a holding tank, separating the penetrant
constant and should be maintained within the range of from water.
50 to 100F (10 to 38C). Caution: A touch-up rinse
may be necessary after immersion. 8.6.3.2 Prerinsing Controls Effective prerins-
ing is accomplished by either manual or automated
8.6.2.5 Spray Post Rinsing Effective post water spray rinsing of the parts as follows:
rinsing following emulsification can also be accom- (a) Water should be free of contaminants that could
plished by either manual or automatic water spray clog spray nozzles or leave a residue on parts.
rinsing of the parts as follows: (b) Control water temperature within the range of
(a) Control rinse water temperature within the range 50 to 100F (10 to 38C).
of 50 to 100F (10 to 38C). (c) Spray rinse at a water pressure of 25 to 40 psi
(b) Spray rinse water pressure should be in accord- (175 to 275 kPa).
ance with manufacturers recommendations. (d) Prerinse time should be the least possible time
(c) The maximum spray rinse time should not exceed (nominally 60 s maximum) to provide a consistent
120 s unless otherwise specified by part or materials residue of penetrant on parts. Wash time is to be as
specification. specified by the part or material specification.
(e) Remove water trapped in cavities using filtered
8.6.2.6 Rinse Effectiveness If the emulsifica-
shop air at a nominal pressure 25 psi (175 kPa) or a
tion and final rinse step is not effective, as evidenced
suction device to remove water from pooled areas.
by excessive residual surface penetrant after emulsifica-
tion and rinsing, dry (see 8.7) and reclean the part and 8.6.3.3 Application of Emulsifier After the
reapply the penetrant for the prescribed dwell time. required penetration time and following the prerinse,
472

the residual surface penetrant on part(s) must be emulsi- 8.6.3.7 Immersion Post-Rinsing Parts are to
fied by immersing the part(s) in a hydrophilic emulsifier be completely immersed in the water bath with air or
bath (8.6.3.4) or by spraying the part(s) with the mechanical agitation.
emulsifier (8.6.3.5) thereby rendering the remaining (a) The temperature of the water should be relatively
residual surface penetrant water-washable in the final constant and should be maintained within the range of
rinse station (8.6.3.6). 50 to 100F (10 to 38C).
(b) The maximum dip rinse time should not exceed
8.6.3.4 Immersion For immersion application, 120 s unless otherwise specified by part or material
parts are completely immersed in the emulsifier bath. specification. Caution: A touch-up rinse may be neces-
The hydrophilic emulsifier should be gently agitated sary after immersion.
throughout the contact cycle. 8.6.3.8 Spray Post-Rinsing Following emulsi-
(a) Bath concentration should be as recommended fication parts can be post-rinsed by water spray rinsing
by the manufacturer. Most hydrophilic emulsifiers are as follows:
used within the range of 20 to 33% in water. Nominal (a) Control rinse water temperature within the range
use concentration for immersion applications is 20%. of 50 to 100F (10 to 38C).
(b) Bath temperatures should be maintained between (b) Spray rinse water pressure should be in accord-
50 and 100F (10 to 38C). ance with manufacturers instructions.
(c) Immersion contact time should be kept to the (c) The maximum spray rinse time should not exceed
minimum time consistent with an acceptable background 120 s unless otherwise specified by part or materials
and should not exceed 120 s or the maximum time specification.
stipulated by the part or material specification.
(d) Emulsifier drain time begins immediately after 8.6.3.9 If the emulsification and final rinse steps
are not effective, as evidenced by excessive residual
parts have been withdrawn from the emulsifier tank
surface penetrant after emulsification and rinsing, dry
and continues until the parts are washed in the final
(see 8.7) and reclean the part and reapply the penetrant
rinse station (8.6.3.6). This drain time should be kept
for the prescribed dwell time.
to a minimum to avoid over emulsification and should
not exceed 90 s. 8.6.4 Solvent-Removable Penetrants:
8.6.3.5 Spray Application For spray applica- 8.6.4.1 Removal of Excess Penetrant After
tion following the prerinse step, parts are emulsified the required penetration time, the excess penetrant is
by the spray application of an emulsifier. All part removed insofar as possible, by using wipers of a dry,
surfaces should be evenly and uniformly sprayed to clean, lint-free material and repeating the operation
effectively emulsify the residual penetrant on part sur- until most traces of penetrant have been removed. Then
faces to render it water-washable. using a lint-free material lightly moistened with solvent
remover the remaining traces are gently wiped to avoid
(a) The concentration of the emulsifier for spray
removing penetrant from discontinuities. Avoid the use
application should be in accordance with the manufac-
of excess solvent. If the wiping step is not effective,
turers recommendations, but should not exceed 5%.
as evidenced by difficulty in removing the excess
(b) Temperature to be maintained at 50 to 100F penetrant, dry the part (see 8.7), and reapply the pene-
(10 to 38C). trant for the prescribed dwell time. Flushing the surface
(c) The spray pressure should be 25 psi (175 kPa) with solvent following the application of the penetrant
max for air and 40 psi (280 kPa) max for water. and prior to developing is prohibited.
(d) Contact time should be kept to the minimum
consistent with an acceptable background and should 8.7 Drying Drying the surface of the part(s) is
not exceed 120 s or the maximum time stipulated by necessary prior to applying dry or nonaqueous devel-
the part or material specification. opers or following the application of the aqueous devel-
oper. Drying time will vary with the size, nature, and
number of parts under examination.
8.6.3.6 Post-Rinsing of Hydrophilic Emulsified
Parts Effective post-rinsing of emulsified penetrant 8.7.1 Drying Modes Parts can be dried by
from the surface can be accomplished using either using a hot-air recirculating oven, a hot or cold air
manual, semi-automated, or automated water immersion blast, or by exposure to ambient temperature, particu-
or spray equipment or combinations thereof. larly when the excess surface penetrant was removed
473

with a solvent. Drying is best done in a thermostatically the parts in a prepared developer bath. Immerse parts
controlled recirculating hot-air dryer. Local heating or only long enough to coat all of the part surfaces with
cooling is permitted provided the temperature of the the developer (see Note 18). Then remove parts from
part remains in the range of 50 to 100F (10 to 38C) the developer bath and allow to drain. Drain all excess
for fluorescent methods and in the range of 50 to developer from recesses and trapped sections to elimi-
125F (10 to 52C) for visible methods unless otherwise nate pooling of developer, which can obscure discontinu-
agreed by the contracting parties. ities. Dry the parts in accordance with 8.7. The dried
developer coating appears as a translucent or white
NOTE 16: Caution Drying oven temperature should not exceed
160F (71C). coating on the part.
NOTE 18: Caution Atomized spraying is not recommended since
8.7.2 Drying Time Limits Do not allow parts a spotty film may result.
to remain in the drying oven any longer than is necessary
to dry the surface. Times over 30 min in the dryer NOTE 19: Caution If parts are left in the bath too long,
indications may leach out.
may impair the sensitivity of the examination.
8.8 Developer Application: 8.8.4 Nonaqueous Wet Developers After the
8.8.1 Modes of Application There are various excess penetrant has been removed and the surface has
modes of effective application of the various types of been dried, apply developer by spraying in such a
developers such as dusting, immersing, flooding or manner as to ensure complete part coverage with a
spraying. The size, configuration, surface condition, thin, even film of developer. These types of developer
number of parts to be processed, and so forth, will carrier evaporate very rapidly at normal room tempera-
influence the choice of developer application. ture and do not, therefore, require the use of a dryer (see
Note 20). Dipping or flooding parts with nonaqueous
8.8.2 Dry Powder Developer Dry powder devel- developers is prohibited, since they may flush or dissolve
opers should be applied immediately after drying in the penetrant from within the discontinuities because
such a manner as to ensure complete part coverage. of the solvent action of these types of developers.
Parts can be immersed in a container of dry developer
or in a fluid bed of dry developer. They can also be NOTE 20: Warning The vapors from the evaporating, volatile
solvent developer carrier may be hazardous. Proper ventilation should
dusted with the powder developer through a hand be provided in all cases, but especially when the surface to be
powder bulb or a conventional or electrostatic powder examined is inside a closed volume, such as a process drum or a
gun. It is common and effective to apply dry powder small storage tank.
in an enclosed dust chamber, which creates an effective
and controlled dust cloud. Other means suited to the 8.8.5 Liquid Film Developers Apply by spraying
size and geometry of the specimen may be used, as recommended by the manufacturer. Spray parts in
provided the powder is dusted evenly over the entire such a manner as to ensure complete part coverage of
surface being examined. Excess powder may be removed the area being examined with a thin, even film of
by shaking or tapping the part, or by blowing with developer.
low-pressure (5 to 10 psi) (34 to 70 kPa) dry, clean,
compressed air. 8.8.6 Developing Time The length of time the
developer is to remain on the part prior to examination
NOTE 17: Caution The air stream intensity should be established should be not less than 10 min. Developing time
experimentally for each application.
begins immediately after the application of dry powder
developer and as soon as the wet (aqueous and nonaque-
8.8.3 Aqueous Developers Aqueous developers ous) developer coating is dry (that is, the solvent carrier
should be applied to the part immediately after the has evaporated to dryness). The maximum permitted
excess penetrant has been removed and prior to drying. developing times are 2 h for aqueous developers and
Aqueous developers should be prepared and maintained 1 h for nonaqueous developers.
in accordance with the manufacturers instructions and
applied in such a manner as to ensure complete, even, 8.9 Examination Perform examination of parts
part coverage. Caution should be exercised when using after the applicable development time as specified in
an aqueous developer with water-washable penetrants 8.8.6 to allow for bleedout of penetrant from discontinu-
to avoid possible stripping of indications. Aqueous ities into the developer coating. It is good practice to
developers may be applied by spraying (see Note 17), observe the bleedout while applying the developer as
flowing, or immersing the part. It is common to immerse an aid in interpreting and evaluating indications.
474

8.9.1 Fluorescent Light Examination: 8.9.3 Housekeeping Keep the examination area
free of interfering debris, including fluorescent objects.
8.9.1.1 Visible Ambient Light Level Examine Practice good housekeeping at all times.
fluorescent penetrant indications under black light in a
darkened area. Visible ambient light should not exceed 8.9.4 Evaluation Unless otherwise agreed, it
2 ft candles (20 Lx). The measurement should be made is normal practice to interpret and evaluate the disconti-
with a suitable photographic-type visible light meter nuity based on the size of the indication (see Referenced
on the surface being examined. Photographs E 433).
8.10 Post Cleaning Post cleaning is necessary in
8.9.1.2 Black Light Level Control Black those cases where residual penetrant or developer could
light intensity, minimum of 1000 W/cm2, should be interfere with subsequent processing or with service
measured on the surface being examined, with a suitable requirements. It is particularly important where residual
black light meter. The black light wavelength shall be penetrant examination materials might combine with
in the range of 320 to 380 nm. The intensity should other factors in service to produce corrosion. A suitable
be checked weekly to ensure the required output. Re- technique, such as a simple water rinse, waterspray,
flectors and filters should be checked daily for cleanli- machine wash, vapor degreasing, solvent soak, or ultra-
ness and integrity. Cracked or broken ultraviolet (UV) sonic cleaning may be employed (see Annex on Post
filters should be replaced immediately. Defective bulbs, Cleaning). It is recommended that if developer removal
which radiate UV energy, must be replaced before is necessary, it should be carried out as promptly as
further use. Since a drop in line voltage can cause possible after examination so that it does not fix
decreased black light output with consequent inconsist- on the part.
ent performance, a constant-voltage transformer should
be used when there is evidence of voltage fluctuation. NOTE 23: Caution Developers should be removed prior to vapor
degreasing. Vapor degreasing can bake the developer on parts.
Caution: Certain high-intensity black light may emit unacceptable
amounts of visible light, which will cause fluorescent indications to
disappear. Care should be taken to use only bulbs certified by the 9. Special Requirements
supplier to be suitable for such examination purposes.
9.1 Impurities:
NOTE 21 The recommended minimum light intensity in 8.9.1.2
is intended for general usage. For critical examinations, higher 9.1.1 When using penetrant materials on austenitic
intensity levels may be required. stainless steels, titanium, nickel-base or other high-
temperature alloys, the need to restrict impurities such
as sulfur, halogens and alkali metals must be considered.
8.9.1.3 Black Light Warm-Up Allow the
These impurities may cause embrittlement or corrosion,
black light to warm up for a minimum of 10 min prior
particularly at elevated temperatures. Any such evalua-
to its use or measurement of the intensity of the
tion should also include consideration of the form in
ultraviolet light emitted.
which the impurities are present. Some penetrant materi-
als contain significant amounts of these impurities in
8.9.1.4 Visual Adaptation The examiner
the form of volatile organic solvents. These normally
should be in the darkened area for at least 1 min
evaporate quickly and usually do not cause problems.
before examining parts. Longer times may be necessary
Other materials may contain impurities which are not
under some circumstances.
volatile and may react with the part, particularly in
NOTE 22: Caution Photochromic lenses shall not be worn during the presence of moisture or elevated temperatures.
examination.
9.1.2 Because volatile solvents leave the surface
quickly without reaction under normal examination
8.9.2 Visible Light Examination: procedures, penetrant materials are normally subjected
to an evaporation procedure to remove the solvents
8.9.2.1 Visible Light Level Visible penetrant before the materials are analyzed for impurities. The
indications can be examined in either natural or artificial residue from this procedure is then analyzed in accord-
light. Adequate illumination is required to ensure no ance with Test Method D 129, Test Method D 1552,
loss in the sensitivity of the examination. A minimum or Test Method D 129 decomposition followed by Test
light intensity at the examination site of 100 fc (1000 Method D 516, Method B (Turbidimetric Method) for
Lx) is recommended. sulfur. The residue may also be analyzed by Test
475

Method D 808 or Annex A2 on Methods for Measuring be qualified/certified in accordance with a written proce-
Total Chlorine Content in Combustible Liquid Penetrant dure conforming to the applicable edition of recom-
Materials (for halogens other than fluorine) and Annex mended Practice SNT-TC-1A or MIL-STD-410.
A3 on Method for Measuring Total Fluorine Content
in Combustible Liquid Penetration Materials (for fluo- 10.2 Procedure Qualification Qualification of
rine). An alternative procedure, Annex A4 on Determi- procedures using times or conditions differing from
nation of Anions by Ion Chromatography, provides those specified or for new materials may be performed
a single instrumental technique for rapid sequential by any of several methods and should be agreed by
measurement of common anions such as chloride, fluo- the contracting parties. A test piece containing one or
ride, and sulfate. Alkali metals in the residue are more discontinuities of the smallest relevant size is
determined by flame photometry or atomic absorption used. The test piece may contain real or simulated
spectrophotometry. discontinuities, providing it displays the characteristics
of the discontinuities encountered in product exami-
NOTE 24: Some current standards indicate that impurity levels nation.
of sulfur and halogens exceeding 1% of any one suspect element
may be considered excessive. However, this high a level may be
unacceptable for some applications, so the actual maximum acceptable 10.3 Nondestructive Testing Agency Qualification
impurity level must be decided between supplier and user on a case If a nondestructive testing agency as described in
by case basis. Practice E 543 is used to perform the examination, the
9.2 Evaluated-Temperature Examination Where agency shall meet the requirements of Practice E 543.
penetrant examination is performed on parts that must be 10.4 Requalification may be required when a change
maintained at elevated temperature during examination,
or substitution is made in the type of penetrant materials
special materials and processing techniques may be
or in the procedure (see 10.2).
required. Such examination requires qualification in
accordance with 10.2. Manufacturers recommendations
should be observed. 11. Keywords
11.1 fluorescent liquid penetrant testing; hydrophilic
10. Qualification and Requalification
emulsification; lipophilic emulsification; liquid penetrant
10.1 Personal Qualification When required by testing; nondestructive testing; solvent removable; visi-
user/supplier agreement, all examination personnel shall ble liquid penetrant testing; water-washable methods
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. Cleaning of Parts and Materials soils, such as grease and oily films, cutting and machin-
ing fluids, and unpigmented drawing compounds, etc.
A1.1 Choice of Cleaning Method
Detergent cleaners may be alkaline, neutral, or acidic
A1.1.1 The choice of a suitable cleaning method in nature, but must be noncorrosive to the item being
is based on such factors as: (1) type of contaminant inspected. The cleaning properties of detergent solutions
to be removed since no one method removes all contami- facilitate complete removal of soils and contamination
nants equally well; (2) effect of the cleaning method from the surface and void areas, thus preparing them
on the parts; (3) practicality of the cleaning method to absorb the penetrant. Cleaning time should average
for the part (for example, a large part cannot be put 10 to 15 min at 170 to 200F (77 to 93C) with
into a small degreaser or ultrasonic cleaner); and (4) moderate agitation, using concentrations (generally 6
specific cleaning requirements of the purchaser. The to 8 oz/gal or 45 to 60 kg/m3) recommended by the
following cleaning methods are recommended: manufacturer of the cleaning compound.
A1.1.1.1 Detergent Cleaning Detergent clean- A1.1.1.2 Solvent Cleaning There are a variety
ers are nonflammable water-soluble compounds con- of solvent cleaners that can be effectively utilized to
taining specially selected surfactants for wetting, pene- dissolve such soils as grease and oily films, waxes and
trating, emulsifying, and saponifying various types of sealants, paints, and in general, organic matter. These
476

solvents should be residue-free, especially when used strippers. In most cases, the paint film must be com-
as a hand-wipe solvent or as a dip-tank degreasing pletely removed to expose the surface of the metal.
solvent. Solvent cleaners are not recommended for the Solvent-type paint removers can be of the high-viscosity
removal of rust and scale, welding flux and spatter, thickened type for spray or brush application or can
and in general, inorganic soils. Caution: Some cleaning be of low viscosity two-layer type for dip-tank applica-
solvents are flammable and can be toxic. Observe all tion. Both types of solvent paint removers are generally
manufacturers instructions and precautionary notes. used at ambient temperatures, as received. Hot-tank
alkaline strippers are water-soluble powder compounds
A1.1.1.3 Vapor Degreasing Vapor degreasing generally used at 8 to 16 oz/gal (60 to 120 kg/m3) of
is a preferred method of removing oil or grease- water at 180 to 200F (82 to 93C). After paint removal,
type soils from the surface of parts and from open the parts must be thoroughly rinsed to remove all
discontinuities. It will not remove inorganic-type soils contamination from the void openings and then thor-
(dirt, corrosion, salts, etc.), and may not remove resinous oughly dried.
soils (plastic coatings, varnish, paint, etc.). Because of
the short contact time, degreasing may not completely A1.1.1.7 Mechanical Cleaning and Surface Con-
clean out deep discontinuities and a subsequent solvent ditioning Metal-removing processes such as filing,
soak is recommended. buffing, scraping, mechanical milling, drilling, reaming,
grinding, liquid honing, sanding, lathe cutting, tumble
A1.1.1.4 Alkaline Cleaning: or vibratory deburring, and abrasive blasting, including
(a) Alkaline cleaners are nonflammable water solu- abrasives such as glass beads, sand, aluminum oxide,
tions containing specially selected detergents for wet- ligno-cellulose pellets, metallic shot, etc., are often used
ting, penetrating, emulsifying, and saponifying various to remove such soils as carbon, rust and scale, and
types of soils. Hot alkaline solutions are also used for foundry adhering sands, as well as to deburr or produce
rust removal and descaling to remove oxide scale a desired cosmetic effect on the part. These processes
which can mask surface discontinuities. Alkaline cleaner may decrease the effectiveness of the penetrant examina-
compounds must be used in accordance with the manu- tion by smearing or peening over metal surfaces and
facturers recommendations. Caution: Parts cleaned by filling discontinuities open to the surface, especially
the alkaline cleaning process must be rinsed completely for soft metals such as aluminum, titanium, magnesium,
free of cleaner and thoroughly dried by heat prior to and beryllium alloy.
the penetrant inspection process [part temperature at
the time of penetrant application shall not exceed 125F A1.1.1.8 Acid Etching Inhibited acid solutions
(52C)]. (pickling solutions) are routinely used for descaling
(b) Steam cleaning is a modification of the hot- part surfaces. Descaling is necessary to remove oxide
tank alkaline cleaning method, which can be used for scale, which can mask surface discontinuities and pre-
preparation of large, unwieldy parts. It will remove vent penetrant from entering. Acid solutions/etchants
inorganic soils and many organic soils from the surface are also used routinely to remove smeared metal that
of parts, but may not reach to the bottom of deep peens over surface discontinuities. Such etchants should
discontinuities, and a subsequent solvent soak is recom- be used in accordance with the manufacturers recom-
mended. mendations. Caution:
A1.1.1.5 Ultrasonic Cleaning This method NOTE A1 Etched parts and materials must be rinsed completely
free of etchants, the surface neutralized and thoroughly dried by
adds ultrasonic agitation to solvent or detergent cleaning heat prior to application of penetrants. Acids and chromates can
to improve cleaning efficiency and decrease cleaning adversely affect the fluorescence of fluorescent materials.
time. It should be used with water and detergent if
the soil to be removed is inorganic (rust, dirt, salts, NOTE A2 Whenever there is a possibility of hydrogen embrittle-
ment as a result of acid solution/etching, the part should be baked
corrosion products, etc.), and with organic solvent if at a suitable temperature for an appropriate time to remove the
the soil to be removed is organic (grease and oily hydrogen before further processing. After baking, the part shall
films, etc.). After ultrasonic cleaning, parts should be be cooled to a temperature below 125F (52C) before applying
penetrants.
heated to remove the cleaning fluid, then cooled to at
least 125F (52C), before application of penetrant.
A1.1.1.9 Air Firing of Ceramics Heating of
A1.1.1.6 Paint Removal Paint films can be a ceramic part in a clean, oxidizing atmosphere is an
effectively removed by bond release solvent paint re- effective way of removing moisture or light organic
mover or disintegrating-type hot-tank alkaline paint soil or both. The maximum temperature that will not
477

cause degradation of the properties of the ceramic the bomb is of proper design and construction and in
should be used. good mechanical condition. It is desirable, however,
that the bomb be enclosed in a shield of steel plate
A1.2 Post Cleaning
at least 12 in. (12.7 mm) thick, or equivalent protection
A1.2.1 Removal of Developer Dry powder be provided against unforeseeable contingencies.
developer can be effectively removed with an air blow-
A2.3 Apparatus
off (free of oil) or it can be removed with water rinsing.
Wet developer coatings can be removed effectively by A2.3.1 Bomb, having a capacity of not less than
water rinsing or water rinsing with detergent either by 300 mL, so constructed that it will not leak during
hand or with a mechanical assist (scrub brushing, the test, and that quantitative recovery of the liquids
washing machine, etc.). The soluble developer coatings from the bomb may be readily achieved. The inner
simply dissolve off of the part with a water rinse. surface of the bomb may be made of stainless steel
or any other material that will not be affected by the
A1.2.2 Residual penetrant may be removed through
combustion process or products. Materials used in the
solvent action. Vapor degreasing (10 min minimum),
bomb assembly, such as the head gasket and leadwire
solvent soaking (15 min minimum), and ultrasonic
insulation, shall be resistant to heat and chemical action,
solvent cleaning (3 min minimum) techniques are rec-
and shall not undergo any reaction that will affect the
ommended. In some cases, it is desirable to vapor
chlorine content of the liquid in the bomb.
degrease, then follow with a solvent soak. The actual
time required in the vapor degreaser and solvent soak A2.3.2 Sample Cup, platinum, 24 mm in outside
will depend on the nature of the part and should be diameter at the bottom, 27 mm in outside diameter at
determined experimentally. the top, 12 mm in height outside and weighing 10 to
11 g, opaque fused silica, wide-form with an outside
diameter of 29 mm at the top, a height of 19 mm,
A2. Methods for Measuring Total Chlorine and a 5-mL capacity (Note 1), or nickel (Kawin capsule
Content in Combustible Liquid Penetrant form), top diameter of 28 mm, 15 mm in height, and
Materials 5-mL capacity.
A2.1 Scope and Application NOTE A2.1 Fused silica crucibles are much more economical
and longer-lasting than platinum. After each use, they should be
A2.1.1 These methods cover the determination of scrubbed out with fine, wet emery cloth, heated to dull red heat
chlorine in combustible liquid penetrant materials, liquid over a burner, soaked in hot water for 1 h, then dried and stored
or solid. Its range of applicability is 0.001 to 5% using in a desiccator before reuse.
either of the alternative titrimetric procedures. The
procedures assume that bromine or iodine will not be A2.3.3 Firing Wire, platinum, approximately No.
present. If these elements are present, they will be 26 B & S gage.
detected and reported as chlorine. The full amount of
A2.3.4 Ignition Circuit (Note A2.2), capable of
these elements will not be reported. Chromate interferes
supplying sufficient current to ignite the nylon thread
with the procedures, causing low or nonexistent end
or cotton wicking without melting the wire.
points. The method is applicable only to materials that
are totally combustible. NOTE A2.2: Caution The switch in the ignition circuit shall be
of a type that remains open, except when held in closed position
A2.2 Summary of Methods by the operator.
A2.2.1 The sample is oxidized by combustion in

A2.3.5 Nylon Sewing Thread, or Cotton Wicking,
a bomb containing oxygen under pressure (Caution,
white.
see A2.2.1.1). The chlorine compounds thus liberated
are absorbed in a sodium carbonate solution and the A2.4 Purity of Reagents
amount of chloride present is determined titrimetrically
A2.4.1 Reagent grade chemicals shall be used in
either against silver nitrate with the end point detected
all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
potiometrically (Method A) or coulometrically with the
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the
end point detected by current flow increase (Method B).
Committee on Analytical Reagents of the American
A2.2.1.1 Safety Strict adherence to all of Chemical Society, where such specifications are avail-
the provisions prescribed hereinafter ensures against able. Other grades may be used provided it is first
explosive rupture of the bomb, or a blow-out, provided ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently high purity
478

to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of the TABLE A2.1
determination. GAGE PRESSURES
Gage Pressure, atm (MPa)
A2.4.2 Unless otherwise indicated, references to
water shall be understood to mean referee grade reagent Capacity of Bomb, mL minA max
water conforming to Specification D 1193.
300 to 350 38 (3.85) 40 (4.05)
A2.5 Decomposition 350 to 400 35 (3.55) 37 (3.75)
400 to 450 30 (3.04) 32 (3.24)
A2.5.1 Reagents and Materials: 450 to 500 27 (2.74) 29 (2.94)
A
A2.5.1.1 Oxygen, free of combustible material The minimum pressures are specified to provide sufficient oxygen
for complete combustion and the maximum pressures present a safety
and halogen compounds, available at a pressure of 40 requirement.
atm (4.05 MPa).
A2.5.1.2 Sodium Carbonate Solution (50 g

Na2CO3/L) Dissolve 50 g of anhydrous Na2CO3 or
58.5 g of Na2CO3 H2O) or 135 g of Na2CO3 10H2O employed in place of white oil. However, the combined weight of
in water and dilute to 1 L. sample and nonvolatile diluent shall not exceed 1 g. Some solid
additives are relatively insoluble, but may be satisfactorily burned
A2.5.1.3 White Oil, refined. when covered with a layer of white oil.
A2.5.2 Procedure: NOTE A2.5 The practice of running alternately samples high
and low in chlorine content should be avoided whenever possible.
A2.5.2.1 Preparation of Bomb and Sample It is difficult to rinse the last traces of chlorine from the walls of
Cut a piece of firing wire approximately 100 mm in the bomb and the tendency for residual chlorine to carry over from
sample to sample has been observed in a number of laboratories.
length. Coil the middle section (about 20 mm) and When a sample high in chlorine has preceded one low in chlorine
attach the free ends to the terminals. Arrange the coil content, the test on the low-chlorine sample should be repeated and
so that it will be above and to one side of the sample one or both of the low values thus obtained should be considered
suspect if they do not agree within the limits of repeatability of this
cup. Place 5 mL of Na2CO3 solution in the bomb method.
(Note A2.3), place the cover on the bomb and vigorously
shake for 15 s to distribute the solution over the inside
of the bomb. Open the bomb, place the sample-filled A2.5.2.2 Addition of Oxygen Place the sample
sample cup in the terminal holder, and insert a short cup in position and arrange the nylon thread, or wisp
length of thread between the firing wire and sample. of cotton so that the end dips into the sample. Assemble
Use of a sample weight containing over 20 mg of the bomb and tighten the cover securely. Admit oxygen
chlorine may cause corrosion of the bomb. The sample (Caution, Note A2.6) slowly (to avoid blowing the
weight should not exceed 0.4 g if the expected chlorine sample from the cup) until a pressure is reached as
content is 2.5% or above. If the sample is solid, not indicated in Table A2.1.
more than 0.2 g should be used. Use 0.8 g of white
oil with solid samples. If white oil will be used (Note Note A2.6: Caution Do not add oxygen or ignite the sample if
A2.4), add it to the sample cup by means of a dropper the bomb has been jarred, dropped, or tilted.
at this time (Caution, see Notes A2.5 and A2.6).
NOTE A2.3 After repeated use of the bomb for chlorine determina- A2.5.2.3 Combustion Immerse the bomb in
tion, a film may be noticed on the inner surface. This dullness
should be removed by periodic polishing of the bomb. A satisfactory a cold-water bath. Connect the terminals to the open
method for doing this is to rotate the bomb in a lathe at about 300 electrical circuit. Close the circuit to ignite the sample.
rpm and polish the inside surface with Grit No. 2/0 or equivalent Remove the bomb from the bath after immersion for
paper coated with a light machine oil to prevent cutting, and then
with a paste of grit-free chromic oxide and water. This procedure at least ten minutes. Release the pressure at a slow,
will remove all but very deep pits and put a high polish on the uniform rate such that the operation requires not less
surface. Before using the bomb, it should be washed with soap and than 1 min. Open the bomb and examine the contents.
water to remove oil or paste left from the polishing operation. Bombs
with porous or pitted surfaces should never be used because of the If traces of unburned oil or sooty deposits are found,
tendency to retain chlorine from sample to sample. Caution: Do discard the determination, and thoroughly clean the
not use more than 1 g total of sample and white oil or other chlorine- bomb before again putting it in use (Note A2.3).
free combustible material.
NOTE A2.4 If the sample is not readily miscible with white oil, A2.6 Analysis, Method A, Potentiometric Titration
some other nonvolatile, chlorine-free combustible diluent may be Procedure
479

A2.6.1 Apparatus: each amount of AgNO3 solution and the amount of

difference between the present reading and the last
A2.6.1.1 Silver Billet Electrode.
reading. Continue adding 0.1-mL increments, making
A2.6.1.2 Glass Electrode, pH measurement type. readings and determining differences between readings
until a maximum difference between readings is ob-
A2.6.1.3 Buret, 25-mL capacity, 0.05-mL gradu- tained. The total amount of AgNO3 solution required
ations. to produce this maximum differential is the end point.
Automatic titrators continuously stir the sample, add
A2.6.1.4 Millivolt Meter, or expanded scale pH
titrant, measure the potential difference, calculate the
meter capable of measuring 0 to 220 mV.
differential, and plot the differential on a chart. The
Note A2.7 An automatic titrator is highly recommended in place maximum differential is taken at the end point.
of items A2.6.1.3 through A2.6.1.4. Repeatability and sensitivity of
the method are much enhanced by the automatic equipment while NOTE A2.8 For maximum sensitivity, 0.00282 N AgNO3 solution
much tedious effort is avoided. may be used with the automatic titrator. This dilute reagent should
not be used with large samples or where chlorine content may be
over 0.1% since these tests will cause end points of 10 mL or
A2.6.2 Reagents and Materials: higher. The large amount of water used in such titrations reduces
the differential between readings, making the end point very difficult
A2.6.2.1 Acetone, chlorine-free. to detect. For chlorine contents over 1% in samples of 0.8 g or
larger, 0.282 N AgNO3 solution will be required to avoid exceeding
A2.6.2.2 Methanol, chlorine-free. the 10-mL water dilution limit.
A2.6.2.3 Silver Nitrate Solution (0.0282 N)

A2.6.5 Blank Make blank determinations with
Dissolve 4.7910 0.0005 g of silver nitrate (AgNO3)
the amount of white oil used but omitting the sample.
in water and dilute to 1 L.
(Liquid samples normally require only 0.15 to 0.25 g
A2.6.2.4 Sodium Chloride Solution (0.0282 of white oil while solids require 0.7 to 0.8 g.) Follow
N) Dry a few grams of sodium chloride (NaCl) for normal procedure, making two or three test runs to be
2 h at 130 to 150C, weigh out 1.6480 0.0005 g sure the results are within the limits of repeatability
of the dried NaCl, dissolve in water, and dilute to 1 L. for the test. Repeat this blank procedure whenever new
batches of reagents or white oil are used. The purpose
A2.6.2.5 Sulfuric Acid (1 + 2) Mix 1 volume of the blank run is to measure the chlorine in the white
of concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4, sp. gr 1.84) with oil, the reagents, and that introduced by contamination.
2 volumes of water.
A2.6.6 Standardization Silver nitrate solutions
A2.6.3 Collection of Chlorine Solution Remove are not permanently stable, so the true activity should
the sample cup with clean forceps and place in a 400- be checked when the solution is first made up and
mL beaker. Wash down the walls of the bomb shell then periodically during the life of the solution. This
with a fine stream of methanol from a wash bottle, is done by titration of a known NaCl solution as
and pour the washings into the beaker. Rinse any follows: Prepare a mixture of the amounts of the
residue into the beaker. Next, rinse the bomb cover chemicals (Na2CO3 solution, H2SO4 solution, acetone,
and terminals into the beaker. Finally, rinse both inside and methanol) specified for the test. Pipet in 5.0 mL
and outside of the sample crucible into the beaker. of 0.0282-N NaCl solution and titrate to the end point.
Washings should equal but not exceed 100 mL. Add Prepare and titrate a similar mixture of all the chemicals
methanol to make 100 mL. except the NaCl solution, thus obtaining a reagent blank
reading. Calculate the normality of the AgNO3 solution
A2.6.4 Determination of Chlorine Add 5 mL
as follows:
of H2SO4 (1:2) to acidify the solution (solution should
be acid to litmus and clear of white Na2CO3 precipitate).
Add 100 mL of acetone. Place the electrodes in the 5.0 NNaCl
NAgNO3 p
solution, start the stirrer (if mechanical stirrer is to be VA VB
used), and begin titration. If titration is manual, set
the pH meter on the expanded millivolt scale and note where:
the reading. Add exactly 0.1 mL of AgNO3 solution NAgNO3 p normality of the AgNO3 solution,
from the buret. Allow a few seconds stirring; then NNaCl p normality of the NaCl solution,
record the new millivolt reading. Subtract the second VA p millilitres of AgNO3 solution used for the
reading from the first. Continue the titration, noting titration including the NaCl solution, and
480

VB p millilitres of AgNO3 solution used for the A2.7.3 Reagent Preparation:

titration of the reagents only.
NOTE A2.9 The normal reagent preparation process has been
A2.6.7 Calculation Calculate the chlorine con- slightly changed, due to the interference from the 50 mL of water
required to wash the bomb. This modified process eliminates the
tent of the sample as follows: interference and does not alter the quality of the titration.
(VS VB) N 3.545 A2.7.3.1 Gelatin Solution A typical prepara-

Chlorine, weight % p
W tion is: Add approximately 1 L or hot distilled or
deionized water to the 6.2 g of dry gelatin mixture
where: contained in one vial supplied by the equipment manu-
VS p millilitres of AgNO3 solution used by the facturer. Gently heat with continuous mixing until the
sample, gelatin is completely dissolved.
VB p millilitres of AgNO3 solution used by the blank,
N p normality of the AgNO3 solution, and A2.7.3.2 Divide into aliquots each sufficient for
W p grams of sample used. one days analyses. (Thirty millilitres is enough for
approximately eleven titrations.) Keep the remainder
A2.6.8 Precision and Accuracy: in a refrigerator, but do not freeze. The solution will
keep for about 6 months in the refrigerator. When
A2.6.8.1 The following criteria should be used ready to use, immerse the days aliquot in hot water
for judging the acceptability of results: to liquefy the gelatin.
A2.6.8.1.1 Repeatability Results by the same A2.7.3.3 Glacial Acetic Acid-Nitric Acid Solu-
analyst should not be considered suspect unless they tion A typical ratio is 12.5 to 1 (12.5 parts CH3COOH
differ by more than 0.006% or 10.5% of the value to 1 part HNO3).
determined, whichever is higher.
A2.6.8.1.2 Reproducibility Results by differ- A2.7.3.4 Mix enough gelatin solution and of
ent laboratories should not be considered suspect unless acetic acid-nitric acid mixture for one titration. (A
they differ by more than 0.013% or 21.3% of the value typical mixture is 2.5 mL of gelatin solution and 5.4
detected, whichever is higher. mL of acetic-nitric acid mixture.)
A2.6.8.1.3 Accuracy The average recovery NOTE A2.10 The solution may be premixed in a larger quantity
of the method is 86% to 89% of the actual amount for convenience, but may not be useable after 24 h.
present.
A2.7 Analysis, Method B, Coulometric Titration A2.7.3.5 Run at least three blank values and
A2.7.1 Apparatus: take an average according to the operating manual of
the titrator. Determine separate blanks for both 5 drops
A2.7.1.1 Coulometric Chloride Titrator. of mineral oil and 20 drops of mineral oil.
A2.7.1.2 Beakers, two, 100-mL, or glazed cruci- A2.7.4 Titration:

bles (preferably with 112 in.-outside diameter bottom).
A2.7.4.1 Weigh to the nearest 0.1 g and record
A2.7.1.3 Refrigerator. the weight of the 100-mL beaker.
A2.7.2 Reagents: A2.7.4.2 Remove the sample crucible from the

cover assembly support ring using a clean forceps, and,
A2.7.2.1 Acetic Acid, Glacial. using a wash bottle, rinse both the inside and the
outside with water into the 100-mL beaker.
A2.7.2.2 Dry Gelatin Mixture.
A2.7.4.3 Empty the bomb shell into the 100-
A2.7.2.3 Nitric Acid. mL beaker. Wash down the sides of the bomb shell
with water, using a wash bottle.
A2.7.2.4 Sodium Chloride Solution 100 meq
C/1. Dry a quantity of NaCl for 2 h at 130 to 150C. A2.7.4.4 Remove the cover assembly from the
Weigh out 5.8440 0.0005 g of dried NaCl in a closed cover assembly support, and, using the wash bottle,
container, dissolve in water, and dilute to 1 L. rinse the under side, the platinum wire, and the terminals
481

into the same 100-mL beaker. The total amount of A3. Method for Measuring Total Fluorine
washings should be 50 1 g. Content in Combustible Liquid Penetrant
Materials
A2.7.4.5 Add specified amounts of gelatin mix- A3.1 Scope and Application
ture and acetic acid-nitric acid mixture, or gelatin mix-
acetic acid-nitric acid mixture, if this was premixed, A3.1.1 This method covers the determination of
into the 100-mL beaker that contains the 50 g of fluorine in combustible liquid penetrant materials, liquid
washings including the decomposed sample. or solid, that do not contain appreciable amounts of
interfering elements, or have any insoluble residue after
A2.7.4.6 Titrate using a coulometric titrimeter, combustion. Its range of applicability is 1 to 200
according to operating manual procedure. 000 ppm.
A2.7.5 Calculations Calculate the chloride ion A3.1.2 The measure of the fluorine content employs
concentration in the sample as follows: the fluoride selective ion electrode.
A3.2 Summary of Method

(P B) M A3.2.1 The sample is oxidized by combustion in
Chlorine, weight % p
W a bomb containing oxygen under pressure (Caution,
see A3.2.1.1). The fluorine compounds thus liberated
are absorbed in a sodium citrate solution and the amount
where:
of fluorine present is determined potentiometrically
P p counter reading obtained with the sample,
through the use of a fluoride selective ion electrode.
B p average counter reading obtained with average
of the three blank readings, A3.2.1.1 Safety Strict adherence to all of
M p standardization constant. This is dependent on the provisions prescribed hereinafter ensures against
the instrument range setting in use and the read- explosive rupture of the bomb, or a blow-out, provided
ing obtained with a known amount of the 100 the bomb is of proper design and construction and in
meq of Cl per litre of solution, and good mechanical condition. It is desirable, however,
W p weight of sample used, g. that the bomb be enclosed in a shield of steel plate
at least 12 in. (12.7 mm) thick, or equivalent protection
A2.7.6 Precision and Accuracy: be provided against unforeseeable contingencies.
A2.7.6.1 Duplicate results by the same operator A3.3 Interferences
can be expected to exhibit the following relative standard
deviations: A3.3.1 Silicon, calcium, aluminum, magnesium,
and other metals forming precipitates with fluoride ion
Approximate % Chlorine RSD, % will interfere if they are present in sufficient concentra-
1.0 and above 0.10 tion to exceed the solubility of their respective fluorides.
0.1 2.5 Insoluble residue after combustion will entrain fluorine
0.003 5.9
even if otherwise soluble.
A3.4 Apparatus
A2.7.6.2 The method can be expected to report
values that vary from the true value by the following A3.4.1 Bomb, having a capacity of not less than
amounts: 300 mL, so constructed that it will not leak during
the test, and that quantitative recovery of the liquids
0.1% chlorine and above 2% from the bomb may be readily achieved. The inner
0.001 to 0.01% chlorine 9%. surface of the bomb may be made of stainless steel
A2.7.6.3 If bromine is present, 36.5% of the bomb assembly, such as the head gasket and leadwire
true amount will be reported. If iodine is present, 20.7% insulation, shall be resistant to heat and chemical action,
of the true amount will be reported. Fluorine will not and shall not undergo any reaction that will affect the
be detected. fluorine content of the liquid in the bomb.
482

A3.4.2 Sample Cup, nickel, 20 mm in outside A3.5.3 Fluoride Solution, Stock (2000 ppm)
diameter at the bottom, 28 mm in outside diameter at Dissolve 4.4200 0.0005 g of predried (at 130 to
the top, and 16 mm in height; or platinum, 24 mm in 150C for 1 h, then cooled in a desiccator) sodium
outside diameter at the bottom, 27 mm in outside fluoride in distilled water and dilute to 1 L.
diameter at the top, 12 mm in height, and weighing
10 to 11 g. A3.5.4 Oxygen, free of combustible material and
halogen compounds, available at a pressure of 40 atm
A3.4.3 Firing Wire, platinum, approximately No. (4.05 MPa).
26 B & S gage.
A3.5.5 Sodium Citrate Solution Dissolve 27 g
A3.4.4 Ignition Circuit (Note A3.1), capable of of sodium citrate dihydrate in water and dilute to 1 L.
supplying sufficient current to ignite the nylon thread
or cotton wicking without melting the wire. A3.5.6 Sodium Hydroxide Solution (5 N) Dis-
solve 200 g of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pellets in
NOTE A3.1 Caution The switch in the ignition circuit shall be water and dilute to 1 L; store in a polyethylene container.
of a type that remains open, except when held in closed position
by the operator. A3.5.7 Wash Solution (Modified TISAB, Total Ionic
Strength Adjustment Buffer) To 300 mL of distilled
A3.4.5 Nylon Sewing Thread, or Cotton Wicking, water, add 32 mL of glacial acetic acid, 6.6 g of sodium
white. citrate dihydrate, and 32.15 g of sodium chloride. Stir
to dissolve and then adjust the pH to 5.3 using 5 N
A3.4.6 Funnel, polypropylene (Note A3.2).
NaOH solution. Cool and dilute to 1 L.
A3.4.7 Volumetric Flask, polypropylene, 100-mL
A3.5.8 White Oil, refined.
(Note A3.2).
A3.6 Decomposition Procedure
A3.4.8 Beaker, polypropylene, 150-mL (Note
A3.2). A3.6.1 Preparation of Bomb and Sample Cut
A3.4.9 Pipet, 100-L, Eppendorf-type (Note A3.2). a piece of firing wire approximately 100 mm in length.
Coil the middle section (about 20 mm) and attach the
A3.4.10 Magnetic Stirrer and TFE-coated magnetic free ends to the terminals. Arrange the coil so that it
stirring bar. will be above and to one side of the sample cup. Place
10 mL of sodium citrate solution in the bomb, place
A3.4.11 Fluoride Specific Ion Electrode and suit-
the cover on the bomb, and vigorously shake for 15
able reference electrode.
s to distribute the solution over the inside of the bomb.
A3.4.12 Millivolt Meter capable of measuring to Open the bomb, place the sample-filled sample cup in
0.1 mV. the terminal holder, and insert a short length of thread
between the firing wire and the sample. The sample
NOTE A3.2 Glassware should never be used to handle a fluoride
solution as it will remove fluoride ions from solution or on subsequent
weight used should not exceed 1 g. If the sample is
use carry fluoride ion from a concentrated solution to one more dilute. a solid, add a few drops of white oil at this time to
ensure ignition of the sample.
A3.5 Reagents
NOTE A3.3 Use of sample weights containing over 20 mg of
A3.5.1 Purity of Reagents Reagent grade chemi- chlorine may cause corrosion of the bomb. To avoid this it is
cals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, recommended that for samples containing over 2% chlorine, the
sample weight be based on the following table:
it is intended that all reagents shall conform to the Chlorine Sample White Oil
specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents Content, % weight, g weight, g
of the American Chemical Society, where such specifi- 2 to 5 0.4 0.4
cations are available. Other grades may be used, pro- 5 to 10 0.2 0.6
vided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of 10 to 20 0.1 0.7
20 to 50 0.05 0.7
sufficiently high purity to permit its use without less-
Caution: Do not use more than 1 g total of sample
ening the accuracy of the determination.
and white oil or other fluorine-free combustible material.
A3.5.2 Purity of Water Unless otherwise indi- A3.6.2 Addition of Oxygen Place the sample
cated, all references to water shall be understood to cup in position and arrange the nylon thread, or wisp
mean Type I reagent water conforming to Specification of cotton so that the end dips into the sample. Assemble
D 1193. the bomb and tighten the cover securely. Admit oxygen
483

TABLE A3.1 A3.7.4 Add 100 L of stock fluoride solution and

GAGE PRESSURES obtain the reading after the same length of time neces-
Gage Pressure, atm sary for A3.7.3.
(MPa)
A3.8 Calculation
Capacity of Bomb, mL minA max
300 to 350 38 40 A3.8.1 Calculate the fluorine content of the sample
350 to 400 35 37 as follows:
400 to 450 30 32
450 to 500 27 29

A 2 104 2 104
The minimum pressures are specified to provide sufficient oxygen
for complete combustion and the maximum pressures present a safety 10E1/S 1 10E2 /S 1
Fluorine, ppm p 106
requirement. W
where:
E1 p millivolt change in sample solution on addition
(Caution, Note A3.4) slowly (to avoid blowing the of 100 L of stock fluoride solution,
sample from the cup) until a pressure is reached as E2 p millivolt change in blank solution on addition
indicated in Table A3.1. of 100 L of the stock fluoride solution,
NOTE A3.4: Caution Do not add oxygen or ignite the sample S p slope of fluoride electrode as determined in
if the bomb has been jarred, dropped, or tilted. A3.7.1, and
W p grams of sample.
A3.6.3 Combustion Immerse the bomb in a
cold-water bath. Connect the terminals to the open A3.9 Precision and Bias
electrical circuit. Close the circuit to ignite the sample.
A3.9.1 Repeatability The results of two determi-
Remove the bomb from the bath after immersion for
nations by the same analyst should not be considered
at least 10 min. Release the pressure at a slow, uniform
suspect unless they differ by more than 1.1 ppm
rate such that the operation requires not less than 1
(0.00011%) or 8.0% of the amount detected, whichever
min. Open the bomb and examine the contents. If
is greater.
traces of unburned oil or sooty deposits are found,
discard the determination, and thoroughly clean the A3.9.2 Reproducibility The results of two deter-
bomb before again putting it in use. minations by different laboratories should not be consid-
A3.6.4 Collection of Fluorine Solution Remove ered suspect unless they differ by 6.7 ppm or 129.0%
the sample cup with clean forceps and rinse with wash of the amount detected, whichever is greater.
solution into a 100-mL volumetric flask. Rinse the
A3.9.3 Bias The average recovery of the method
walls of the bomb shell with a fine stream of wash
is 62 to 64% of the amount actually present although
solution from a wash bottle, and add the washings to
83 to 85% recoveries can be expected with proper
the flask. Next, rinse the bomb cover and terminals
technique.
into the volumetric flask. Finally, add wash solution
to bring the contents of the flask to the line.
A3.7 Procedure A4. Determination of Anions by Ion
A3.7.1 Ascertain the slope (millivolts per ten-fold Chromatography With Conductivity
change in concentration) of the electrode as described Measurement
by the manufacturer. A4.1 Scope and Application
A3.7.2 Obtain a blank solution by performing the
A4.1.1 This method is condensed from ASTM
procedure without a sample.
procedures and APHA Method 429 and optimized for
A3.7.3 Immerse the fluoride and reference elec- the analysis of detrimental substances in organic based
trodes in solutions and obtain the equilibrium reading materials. It provides a single instrumental technique
to 0.1 mV. (The condition of the electrode determines for rapid, sequential measurement of common anions
the length of time necessary to reach equilibrium. This such as bromide, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, phos-
may be as little as 5 min or as much as 20 min.) phate, and sulfate.
484

A4.2 Summary of Method the test, and that quantitative recovery of the liquids
from the bomb may be readily achieved. The inner
A4.2.1 The material must be put in the form of
surface of the bomb may be made of stainless steel
an aqueous solution before analysis can be attempted.
The sample is oxidized by combustion in a bomb
containing oxygen under pressure. The products liber-
bomb assembly, such as the head gasket and leadwire
ated are absorbed in the eluant present in the bomb
insulation, shall be resistant to heat and chemical action,
at the time of ignition. This solution is washed from
and shall not undergo any reaction that will affect the
the bomb, filtered, and diluted to a known volume.
chlorine content of the liquid in the bomb.
A4.2.1.1 A filtered aliquot of sample is injected
into a stream of carbonate-bicarbonate eluant and passed A4.3.2 Sample Cup, platinum, 24 mm in outside
through a series of ion exchangers. The anions of diameter at the bottom, 27 mm in outside diameter at
interest are separated on the basis of their relative the top, 12 mm in height outside, and weighing 10 to
affinities for a low capacity, strongly basic anion ex- 11 g; opaque fused silica, wide-form with an outside
changer (guard and separator column). The separated diameter of 29 mm at the top, a height of 19 mm,
anions are directed onto a strongly acidic cation ex- and a 5-mL capacity (Note A4.1), or nickel (Kawin
changer (suppressor column) where they are converted capsule form), top diameter of 28 mm, 15 mm in
to their highly conductive acid form and the carbonate- height, and 5-mL capacity.
bicarbonate eluant is converted to weakly conductive NOTE A4.1 Fused silica crucibles are much more economical
carbonic acid. The separated anions in their acid form and longer lasting than platinum. After each use, they should be
are measured by conductivity. They are identified on scrubbed out with fine, wet emery cloth, heated to dull red heat
over a burner, soaked in hot water for 1 h then dried and stored
the basis of retention time as compared to standards. in a desiccator before reuse.
Quantitation is by measurement of peak area or peak
height. Blanks are prepared and analyzed in a similar
fashion. A4.3.3 Firing Wire, platinum, approximately No.
26 B and S gage.
A4.2.2 Interferences Any substance that has a
retention time coinciding with that of any anion to be A4.3.4 Ignition Circuit (Note A4.2), capable of
determined will interfere. For example, relatively high supplying sufficient current to ignite the nylon thread
concentrations of low-molecular-weight organic acids or cotton wicking without melting the wire.
interfere with the determination of chloride and fluoride.
NOTE A4.2: Caution The switch in the ignition circuit shall be
A high concentration of any one ion also interferes of a type that remains open, except when held in closed position
with the resolution of others. Sample dilution overcomes by the operator.
many interferences. To resolve uncertainties of identifi-
cation or quantitation use the method of known addi- A4.3.5 Nylon Sewing Thread, or Cotton Wicking,
tions. Spurious peaks may result from contaminants in white.
reagent water, glassware, or sample processing appara-
tus. Because small sample volumes are used, scrupu- A4.3.6 Ion Chromatograph, including an injection
lously avoid contamination. valve, a sample loop, guard, separator, and suppressor
columns, a temperature-compensated small-volume con-
A4.2.3 Minimum Detectable Concentration The
ductivity cell (6 L or less), and a strip chart recorder
minimum detectable concentration of an anion is a
capable of full-scale response of 2 s or less. An
function of sample size and conductivity scale used.
electronic peak integrator is optional. The ion chromato-
Generally, minimum detectable concentrations are in
graph shall be capable of delivering 2 to 5 mL eluant/
the range of 0.05 mg/L for F and 0.1 mg/L for Br,
min at a pressure of 1400 to 6900 kPa.
Cl, NO3, NO2, PO43, and SO42 with a 100-L
sample loop and a 10-mho full-scale setting on the A4.3.7 Anion Separator Column, with styrene divi-
conductivity detector. Similar values may be achieved nyl-benzene-based low-capacity pellicular anion-ex-
by using a higher scale setting and an electronic integ- change resin capable of resolving Br, Cl, F, NO3,
rator. NO2, PO43, and SO42; 4 250 mm.
A4.3 Apparatus
A4.3.8 Guard Column, identical to separator col-
A4.3.1 Bomb, having a capacity of not less than umn except 4 50 mm, to protect separator column
300 mL, so constructed that it will not leak during from fouling by particulates or organics.
485

A4.3.9 Suppressor Column, high-capacity cation- light; contains 10 mg/L each of Cl, F, NO3, NO2,
exchange resin capable of converting eluant and sepa- and PO43, 1 mg Br/L, and 100 mg SO42/L. Prepare
rated anions to their acid forms. fresh daily.
A4.3.10 Syringe, minimum capacity of 2 mL and A4.4.8 Combined Working Standard Solution, Low
equipped with a male pressure fitting. Range Dilute 100 mL combined working standard
A4.4 Reagents solution, high range, to 1000 mL and store in a plastic
bottle protected from light; contains 1.0 mg/L each
A4.4.1 Purity of Reagents Reagent grade chemi- Cl, F, NO3, NO2, and PO43, 0.1 mg Br/L, and
cals shall be used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, 10 mg SO42/L. Prepare fresh daily.
it is intended that all reagents shall conform to the
specifications of the Committee on Analytical Reagents A4.4.9 Alternative Combined Working Standard
of the American Chemical Society, where such specifi- Solutions Prepare appropriate combinations ac-
cations are available. Other grades may be used, pro- cording to anion concentration to be determined. If
vided it is first ascertained that the reagent has suffi- NO2 and PO43 are not included, the combined working
ciently high purity to permit its use without lessening standard is stable for one month.
the accuracy of the determination.
A4.4.2 Deionized or Distilled Water, free from A4.5 Decomposition Procedure
interferences at the minimum detection limit of each
A4.5.1 Preparation of Bomb and Sample Cut
constituent and filtered through a 0.2-m membrane
a piece of firing wire approximately 100 mm in length.
filter to avoid plugging columns.
Coil the middle section (about 20 mm) and attach the
A4.4.3 Eluant Solution, sodium bicarbonate-sodium free ends to the terminals. Arrange the coil so that it
carbonate, 0.003M NaHCO3 0.0024M Na2CO3: dis- will be above and to one side of the sample cup. Place
solve 1.008 g NaHCO3 and 1.0176 g Na2CO3 in water 5 mL of Na2CO3/NaHCO3 solution in the bomb, place
and dilute to 4 L. the cover on the bomb, and vigorously shake for 15
s to distribute the solution over the inside of the bomb.
A4.4.4 Regenerant Solution 1, H2SO4, 1 N, use
Open the bomb, place the sample-filled sample cup in
this regenerant when suppressor is not a continuously
the terminal holder, and insert a short length of thread
regenerated one.
between the firing wire and the sample. The sample
A4.4.5 Regenerant Solution 2, H2SO4, 0.025 N, weight used should not exceed 1 g. If the sample is
dilute 2.8 mL conc H2SO4 to 4 L or 100 mL regenerant a solid, add a few drops of white oil at this time to
solution 1 to 4 L. Use this regenerant with continuous ensure ignition of the sample.
regeneration fiber suppressor system.
NOTE A4.3 Use of sample weights containing over 20 mg of
A4.4.6 Standard Anion Solutions, 100 mg/L, pre- chlorine may cause corrosion of the bomb. To avoid this it is
pare a series of standard anion solutions by weighing recommended that for samples containing over 2% chlorine, the
sample weight be based on the following:
the indicated amount of salt, dried to a constant weight
Chlorine Sample White Oil
at 105C, to 1000 mL. Store in plastic bottles in a content, % weight, g weight, g
refrigerator; these solutions are stable for at least one 2 to 5 0.4 0.4
month. 5 to 10 0.2 0.6
Amount, 10 to 20 0.1 0.7
Anion Salt g/L 20 to 50 0.05 0.7
CAUTION: Do not use more than 1 g total of sample and white oil
Cl NaCl 1.6485
or other fluorine-free combustible material.
F NaF 2.2100
Br NaBr 1.2876 A4.5.2 Addition of Oxygen Place the sample
NO3 NaNO3 1.3707 cup in position and arrange the nylon thread, or wisp
NO2 NaNO2 1.4998 of cotton so that the end dips into the sample. Assemble
PO43 KH2PO4 1.4330 the bomb and tighten the cover securely. Admit oxygen
SO42 K2SO4 1.8141
(Caution, Note A4.4) slowly (to avoid blowing the
A4.4.7 Combined Working Standard Solution, High sample from the cup) until a pressure is reached as
Range Combine 10 mL of the Cl, F, NO3, NO2, indicated in Table A4.1.
and PO43 standard anion solutions, 1 mL of the Br,
and 100 mL of the SO42 standard solutions, dilute to NOTE A4.4: Caution Do not add oxygen or ignite the sample
1000 mL, and store in a plastic bottle protected from if the bomb has been jarred, dropped, or tilted.
486

TABLE A4.1
GAGE PRESSURES
Gage Pressures, atm
Capacity of Bomb, mL minA max
300 to 350 38 40
350 to 400 35 37
400 to 450 30 32
450 to 500 27 29
A
The minimum pressures are specified to provide sufficient oxygen
for complete combustion and the maximum pressures present a safety
requirement.
A4.5.3 Combustion Immerse the bomb in a FIG. A4.1 TYPICAL ANION PROFILE
cold-water bath. Connect the terminals to the open
electrical circuit. Close the circuit to ignite the sample.
Remove the bomb from the bath after immersion for
at least 10 min. Release the pressure at a slow, uniform
rate such that the operation requires not less than 1 but if standard eluant and anion separator column are
min. Open the bomb and examine the contents. If used, retention always in the order F, Cl, NO2,
traces of unburned oil or sooty deposits are found, PO43, Br, NO3, and SO42. Inject at least three
discard the determination, and thoroughly clean the different concentrations for each anion to be measured
bomb before again putting it in use. and construct a calibration curve by plotting peak height
or area against concentration on linear graph paper.
A4.5.4 Collection of Solution Remove the sam- Recalibrate whenever the detector setting is changed.
ple cup with clean forceps and rinse with deionized With a system requiring suppressor regeneration, NO2
water and filter the washings into a 100-mL volumetric interaction with the suppressor may lead to erroneous
flask. Rinse the walls of the bomb shell with a fine NO2 results; make this determination only when the
stream of deionized water from a wash bottle, and add suppressor is at the same stage of exhaustion as during
the washings through the filter paper to the flask. Next, standardization or recalibrate frequently. In this type
rinse the bomb cover and terminals and add the washings of system the water dip (see Note A4.4) may shift
through the filter into the volumetric flask. Finally, add slightly during suppressor exhaustion and with a fast
deionized water to bring the contents of the flask to run column this may lead to slight interference for F
the line. Use aliquots of this solution for the ion or Cl. To eliminate this interference, analyze standards
chromatography (IC) analysis. that bracket the expected result or eliminate the water
A4.6 Procedure dip by diluting the sample with eluant or by adding
concentrated eluant to the sample to give the same
A4.6.1 System Equilibration Turn on ion chro- HCO3/CO32 concentration as in the eluant. If sample
matograph and adjust eluant flow rate to approximate adjustments are made, adjust standards and blanks
the separation achieved in Fig. A4.1 (2 to 3 mL/min). identically.
Adjust detector to desired setting (usually 10 mho)
and let system come to equilibrium (15 to 20 min). NOTE A4.4 Water dip occurs because water conductivity in
sample is less than eluant conductivity (eluant is diluted by water).
A stable base line indicates equilibrium conditions.
Adjust detector offset to zero-out eluant conductivity;
A4.6.2.1 If linearity is established for a given
with the fiber suppressor adjust the regeneration flow
detector setting, it is acceptable to calibrate with a
rate to maintain stability, usually 2.5 to 3 mL/min.
single standard. Record the peak height or area and
A4.6.1.1 Set up the ion chromatograph in accord- retention time to permit calculation of the calibration
ance with the manufacturers instructions. factor, F.
A4.6.2 Calibration Inject standards containing A4.6.3 Sample Analysis Remove sample particu-
a single anion or a mixture and determine approximate lates, if necessary, by filtering through a prewashed
retention times. Observed times vary with conditions 0.2-m-porediam membrane filter. Using a prewashed
487

syringe of 1 to 10 mL capacity equipped with a male TABLE A4.2

luer fitting inject sample or standard. Inject enough PRECISION AND ACCURACY OBSERVED FOR ANIONS
sample to flush sample loop several times: for 0.1 AT VARIOUS CONCENTRATION LEVELS IN REAGENT
mL sample loop inject at least 1 mL. Switch ion WATER
chromatograph from load to inject mode and record Single-
peak heights and retention times on strip chart recorder. Amount Amount Overall Operator Significant
Added, Found, Precision, Precision, Bias 95%
After the last peak (SO42) has appeared and the
Anion mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L Level
conductivity signal has returned to base line, another
sample can be injected. F 0.48 0.49 0.05 0.03 No
F 4.84 4.64 0.52 0.46 No
A4.6.4 Regeneration For systems without fiber Cl 0.76 0.86 0.38 0.11 No
suppressor regenerate with 1 N H2SO4 in accordance Cl 17 17.2 0.82 0.43 No
Cl 455 471 46 13 No
with the manufacturers instructions when the conductiv- NO2 0.45 0.09 0.09 0.04 Yes, neg
ity base line exceeds 300 mho when the suppressor NO2 21.8 19.4 1.9 1.3 Yes, neg
column is on line. Br 0.25 0.25 0.04 0.02 No
Br 13.7 12.9 1.0 0.6 No
A4.7 Calculation PO43 0.18 0.10 0.06 0.03 Yes, neg
PO43 0.49 0.34 0.15 0.17 Yes, neg
A4.7.1 Calculate concentration of each anion, in NO3 0.50 0.33 0.16 0.03 No
mg/L, by referring to the appropriate calibration curve. NO3 15.1 14.8 1.15 0.9 No
Alternatively, when the response is shown to be linear, SO42 0.51 0.52 0.07 0.03 No
use the following equation: SO42 43.7 43.5 2.5 2.2 No
CpHFD
where:
C p mg anion/L,
H p peak height or area,
A4.8 Precision and Bias
F p response factor concentration of standard/
height (or area) of standard, and A4.8.1 Samples of reagent water to which were
D p dilution factor for those samples requiring di- added the common anions were analyzed in 15 labora-
lution. tories with the results shown in Table A4.2.
488


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What is the scope of the standard test method?

What is the scope of the standard test method?

What are the referenced documents mentioned in the standard test method?

What are the referenced documents mentioned in the standard test method?

STANDARD TEST METHOD FOR

LIQUID PENETRANT EXAMINATION

(Identical with ASTM Specification E 165-95)

1. Scope 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be

1.2.1 By which a liquid penetrant examination 2.1 ASTM Standards:

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E 1219 Test Method for Fluorescent Liquid Penetrant TABLE 1

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7.2 Penetrants: 7.3.2.1 Hydrophilic emulsifiers function by dis-

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

FIG. 1 FLUORESCENT AND VISIBLE PENETRANT INSPECTION GENERAL PROCESSING PROCEDURES

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

FIG. 4 SOLVENT-REMOVABLE PENETRANT EXAMINATION GENERAL PROCEDURE FLOWSHEET

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accomplished using either manual, semi-automated, or 8.6.3 Hydrophilic Emulsification:

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

A2.2.1 The sample is oxidized by combustion in

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A2.5.1.2 Sodium Carbonate Solution (50 g

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A2.6.1 Apparatus: each amount of AgNO3 solution and the amount of

A2.6.2.3 Silver Nitrate Solution (0.0282 N)

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VB p millilitres of AgNO3 solution used for the A2.7.3 Reagent Preparation:

(VS VB) N 3.545 A2.7.3.1 Gelatin Solution A typical prepara-

A2.7.1.2 Beakers, two, 100-mL, or glazed cruci- A2.7.4 Titration:

A2.7.2 Reagents: A2.7.4.2 Remove the sample crucible from the

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A3.2 Summary of Method

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COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

TABLE A3.1 A3.7.4 Add 100 L of stock fluoride solution and

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COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

syringe of 1 to 10 mL capacity equipped with a male TABLE A4.2

COPYRIGHT American Society of Mechanical Engineers

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