1

(Common American Slang)

WORD / PHRASE MEANING

awesome very good, interesting, or appealing

important event; may be used sarcastically to refer to something that is

big deal
not important

blast or Its going to be a

Its going to be a lot of fun
blast!

bomb to be unsuccessful

blow it off to ignore or avoid someone or something

blue or have the blues feel depressed

bogus 1) nonexistent, fake 2) bad, awful, unsatisfactory

1) to hurry up or do something very quickly 2) to reserve a ticket to an

to book
event or on transportation

born again to hold strong, fundamentalist, Christian beliefs

bounce a check to overdraw a checking account

broke having no money

buddy friend

bum a cigarette to borrow a cigarette

bummed out depressed

bummer unpleasant experience

burned rejected, insulted, or otherwise negatively treated

burned out 1) exhausted 2) dull or lifeless as a result of excessive work or drug use

1) to be caught by anyone in authority while misbehaving, or by the

busted
police while using drugs 2) to be broke or out of money

check out 1) to sign out materials from a library 2) to try to find out something

check it out to look over a situation

chill out or cool it a command to stop what you are doing, relax

cop out to not face the issue

a lazy person who spends a large amount of time (perhaps on a couch)

couch potato
watching television
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cram To study frantically the night before a test

1) to stay overnight in someone elses dwelling, usually without notice or

crash
formal arrangement 2) to go to sleep after becoming extremely tired

cruising Driving around for pleasure with no particular destination

to have a crush on
To be extremely infatuated with someone
someone

cut it out! Stop it!

dead 1) very tired 2) not living

dork an unfashionable and awkward male

dorm dormitory

dough money

down in the dumps depressed

drop in to visit unexpectedly

dude a fashionable man

fire up to get excited about something; to motivate

fix up to arrange a date for a friend

fed up or sick of disgusted with; tired of

freak out to lose control of oneself

device used by some motorists to determine when police are using radar
fuzzbuster
to detect drivers who are speeding

geek unattractive, unstylish, socially inept person

get a kick out of

find someone or something amusing or enjoyable
someone/something

get on someones case to annoy

get off someones case to stop annoying a person

give someone a break to stop criticizing or teasing

Give me a break! Expresses disbelief

Give someone a buzz, a

to call someone on the telephone
ring

goofing off acting silly; doing something that has no particular purpose

give up to quit
 3

go bananas to be so excited that one loses control of oneself

gross something crude, usually unpleasant

hang in there keep trying; do not be discouraged

hang out 1) to waste time 2) a regular meeting place for friends

hang-up fear; phobia or worry

1) a problem or inconvenience 2) cause another person to have a

hassle
problem or inconvenience

head another name for the bathroom or toilet facilities

someone from a small town or rural area (usually uncomplimentary

hick
meaning unsophisticated)

hit the road to leave a place

hit the sack or turn in to go to bed

hitch a ride to get a ride from another person

hung up to be in conflict over a problem

ID identification card

in a nutshell very briefly and concisely

jerk person who cannot do things correctly; a mildly derogatory term

jock an athlete or athletic person, or one who is not very intelligent

john another name for the toilet or bathroom facilities; head

Stop doing that! Usually expressed when you are doing something
Knock it off!
annoying

Lighten up! Relax, dont be so serious

someone who has had too much to drink; someone who has a lot of
loaded
money

Loosen up! Relax

lose it to lose control of oneself

luck out or get lucky to have something good happen due to luck or chance

Dont mess with me! Leave me alone

Do not ask questions or make statements about this matter; it is my

Mind your own business!
concern and not yours

to borrow frequently and/or take things from others, usually without the
mooch
intention of returning or repaying
 4

nerd a strange or socially inept person

on the house free, no cost

Oops! An exclamation used when a small mistake is made

to be open to be accepting of something or someone; to speak frankly about oneself

out of ones mind (head) 1) crazy 2) doing something ridiculous

out of it tired and not concentrating

pal friend

pig out overeat

pop, soda pop, soda, or

carbonated beverage (Coke, Pepsi, Sprite, et al)
soft drink

psych up prepare oneself mentally or emotionally for something

psyched up enthusiastic

pull someones leg to tease

put someone on to tease or try to fool

take a raincheck postpone; accept the same invitation but for a later date

raunchy vulgar, crude

relationship a close affiliation with someone, usually romantic

right-hand an important and reliable assistant

rip off 1) steal 2) anything too expensive and not worth the price

rowdy noisy, loud, obnoxious

scoop gossip, recent news

see eye-to-eye having the same opinion

show television program, movie, film, or theater performance

shush! Be quiet, dont make so much noise

slam insult a person

1) a lazy, fat person 2) a person who is not dressed neatly 3) an untidy

slob
person

spaced out unable to concentrate

split to leave

stood up to be left waiting for someone who never arrives

 5

tacky in poor taste

Take a hike! Go away and leave me alone

to be crazy about to like someone or something very much

to be into something to be very interested in or concerned with something

touch base verify information with someone

tough luck its too bad that happened to you

turn over a new leaf adopt a better course of conduct

unreal unbelievable

uptight worried, tense

Way to go! Thats very good! Sometimes used sarcastically

Whats up? Whats

happening? Whats going What event is taking place? What are you doing?
on?

wimp weakling

zero in on to focus or concentrate on

zonked or zonkered completely exhausted

Proverb Explanation / Meaning

Absence makes the heart grow When you are away from someone you love, you love
A
fonder. them even more.

Accidents will happen. Some unfortunate events must be accepted as inevitable.

What a person actually does is more important that what

Actions speak louder than words.
they say they will do.

Advice is cheap. It doesn't cost anything to offer advice.

 6
Advice is least heeded when most When a problem is serious, people often do not follow the
needed. advice given.

Advisers run no risks. It's easier to give advice than to act.

All cats are grey in the dark. People are undistinguished until they have made a name.

All good things come to those who

Patience brings rewards.
wait.

All that glitters is not gold. Appearances can be deceptive.

All days are short to Industry and

Time goes by slowly when you have nothing to do.
long to Idleness.

All is fair in love and war Things that are done in love or war can often be excused.

There is a solution to everything even though there are

All's well that ends well
doubts.

All that glitters is not gold. What look good on the outside may not be so in reality.

All things grow with time - except

As time goes by, grief subsides little by little.
grief.

All things are difficult before they

With practice things become easier.
are easy.

All work and no play makes Jack a Everybody needs a certain amount of relaxation. It is not
dull boy. good to work all the time.

Eating an apple every day can help to keep you healthy.

An apple a day keeps the doctor
Other interpretation : A small preventive treatment wards
away.*
off serious problems.

An empty purse frightens away When one's financial situation deteriorates, friends tend to
friends. disappear.

An Englishman's home is a place where he feels safe,

An Englishman's home is his castle.
enjoys privacy and can do as he wishes.

An idle brain is the devil's workshop. When you work you avoid temptation.

An onion a day keeps everyone *A humoristic version of "an apple a day..."

 7
away.*

An ounce of prevention is worth a It is easier to prevent something from happening than to

pound of cure. repair the damage or cure the disease later.

Anger is the one thing made better When you are angry, it is best not to speak or act
by delay. immediately.

Any time means no time. If the date of an event remains vague, it will never happen.

Something bad or unpleasant today may bring good things

April showers bring May flowers.
in the future.

A bad tree does not yield good

A bad parent does not raise good children.
apples.

Blaming the tools for bad workmanship is an excuse for

A bad workman blames his tools.
lack of skill.

A bird in hand is worth two in a It's better to keep what you have than to risk losing it by
bush. searching for something better.

A broken friendship may be soldered Friendships can be rebuilt after a dispute but will never be
but will never be sound. as strong as before.

A burden of one's own choice is not Something difficult seems easier when it is done
felt. voluntarily.

A bad experience will make people stay away from certain

A burnt child dreads the fire.
things.

1) Cats can survive many accidents because they land on

A cat has nine lives. their feet without injury. 2) Three lives = 3 years to play, 3
years to stray, 3 years to stay.

A chain is no stronger than its The strength of a group depends on each individual
weakest link. member.

A change in routine is often as refreshing as a break or a

A change is as good as a rest.
holiday.

A dry March, a wet April and a cool

May fill barn and cellar and bring Harvest predictions according to the weather.
much hay.
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A fault confessed is half redressed. Confession is the beginning of forgiveness.

A flower blooms more than once. If you miss an occasion, you can avail of it at another time.

A fool and his money are soon

A foolish person usually spends money carelessly.
(easily) parted.

If a person hasn't matured by the age of 40, they never

A fool at forty is a fool forever.
will.

Someone who helps you when you are in trouble is a real

A friend in need is a friend indeed.
friend.

Someone who is a friend to everyone makes none of them

A friend to all is a friend to none.
feel special.

A friend's eye is a good mirror. A real friend will tell you the truth.

A good example is the best sermon. Giving an example is better than giving advice.

A good beginning makes a good If a task is carefully planned, there's a better chance that it
end. will be done well.

A good conscience is a soft pillow. You sleep well when you have nothing to feel guilty about.

A guilty conscience needs no

accuser.

It is not possible for a bad or unpleasant person to become

A leopard cannot change its spots.
good or pleasant.

A loaded wagon makes no noise. Really wealthy don't talk about money.

A loveless life is a living death.

A man can die but once.

A man is as old as he feels himself

to be.

A man is known by the company he A person's character is judged by the type of people with
keeps. whom they spend their time.

A monkey in silk is a monkey no No matter how someone dresses, it's the same person
 9
less. underneath.

A new broom sweeps clean. A newly-appointed person makes changes energetically.

A problem shared is a problem It will be easier to deal with a problem if you discuss it with
halved. someone.

A rising tide lifts all boats. Describes something that will be helpful to all.

If a person keeps moving from place to place, they gain

A rolling stone gathers no moss. neither friends nor possessions. Another interpretation is
that, by moving often, one avoids being tied down!

A dishonest or immoral person can have a bad influence

A rotten apple spoils the barrel.
on a group.

A smooth sea never made a skilled

Overcoming adversity leads to competence.
mariner.

It's better to deal with a problem at an early stage, to

A stitch in time saves nine.
prevent it from getting worse.

Correcting a small mistake may help you to avoid making

A stumble may prevent a fall.
a bigger one.

A swallow does not make the

One good event does not mean that everything is alright.
summer.

A tree is known by its fruit. A man is judged by his actions.

If you wait anxiously for something, it seems to take a long

A watched pot never boils
time.

If you don't work, you won't have any money when you're
A young idler, an old beggar.
old.

After dinner rest a while, after Today 'dinner' is usually called 'lunch', and 'supper' more
supper walk a mile. often called 'dinner'.

As you sow, so shall you reap You have to accept the consequences of your actions.

Ask me no questions, I'll tell you no

There are subjects I'd rather not discuss.
lies.
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People tend to circulate bad news (accidents, illness etc.)
B Bad news travels fast.
very quickly.

A person's character is more important than their

Beauty is only skin deep.
appearance.

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. Different people have different tastes.

Beauty is the wisdom of women.

Wisdom is the beauty of men.

Be swift to hear, slow to speak. Listen carefully before speaking.

Better be alone than in bad

Be careful in the choice of the people you associate with.
company.

Better be the head of a dog then the It's better to be the leader of a small group than a
tail of a lion. subordinate in a bigger one.

Better flatter a fool than fight him. It's better to avoid disputes with stupid people.

Better the devil you know than the It's better to deal with somebody difficult but familiar, than
devil you don't know change and risk dealing with somebody worse.

It's better to do something, even if it's late, than not do it at

Better late than never.
all.

Better lose the saddle than the It's better to stop and accept a small loss, rather than
horse. continue and risk losing everything.

It's better to be too careful than to be careless and regret it

Better safe than sorry
later.

Better to drink the milk than to eat Be careful not to destroy the source of your income or
the cow. welfare.

Better untaught than ill-taught It's better not to be taught at all than to be taught badly.

Beware of Greeks bearing gifts. Don't trust your enemies.

Birds of a feather flock together. People of the same sort are usually found together.

Family relationships are stronger than relationships with

Blood is thicker than water
other people.
 11
Blood will out. A person's background or education will eventually show.

C Charity begins at home. A person's first duty is to help and care for his own family.

Children and fools tell the truth.

Cleanliness is next to godliness. A clean body is just as important as a pure soul.

Clear moon, frost soon. If the atmosphere is clear, frost may form.

Clothes don't make the man. Appearances can be deceiving.

Constant occupation prevents

When you work you avoid temptation.
temptation.

A dead person cannot cause difficulties by revealing

D Dead men tell no tales
something that it would be preferable to conceal.

Diamond cuts diamond. Refers to two people equally matched in wit or cunning.

Diligence is the mother of good

Hard work brings rewards.
fortune.

Discretion is the better part of valour It is useless to take unnecessary risks.

Diseases of the soul are more

dangerous than those of the body.

Distance makes the heart grow When you are separated from the person you love, your
fonder. feelings are even stronger.

People from the same background have the same

Dogs of the same street bark alike.
behaviour.

Don't bark if you can't bite. Don't complain if you can't enforce your point of view.

Don't count your chickens before You must not be too confident that something will be
they're hatched. successful.

Don't dig your grave with your own Don't do something yourself which causes your own
knife and fork. downfall.
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Don't judge a book by its cover. Don't judge by appearances.

Early to bed and early to rise makes

E
a man healthy, wealthy and wise.

What is suggested sounds easy but it is more difficult to

Easier said than done.
actually do it.

Elbow grease is the best polish. Hard work gives the best results.

The least intelligent people are often the most talkative or

Empty vessels make the most noise.
noisy.

Every ass likes to hear himself bray. People like to listen to themselves talking.

There is a positive or hopeful side to every unpleasant

Every cloud has a silver lining
situation.

You must think of your own interests before the interests of

Every man for himself.
others.

Every man has his price. Everyone's loyalty can be bought for a price.

Every man is the architect of his own

Life is what you make it.
fortune.

Every path has its puddle. Progress is rarely without difficulty.

Every rose has its thorn. Every good thing has an unpleasant side.

Every why has a wherefore. There is an explanation for everything.

Everything in the garden is rosy. Everything is satisfactory.

Experience is the father of wisdom. Experience and knowledge result in better judgement.

People show what they are really like by what they do,
F Facts speak louder than words.
rather than by what they say.

Failure teaches success.

False friends are worse than open

 13
enemies.

Knowing somebody very well may lead to a lack of respect

Familiarity breeds contempt
for them.

Fine words butter no parsnips. No amount of talking can replace action.

First come, first served. The first person in the line will be attended to first.

Fool me once, shame on you; fool

One should learn from one's mistakes.
me twice, shame on me.

Fools rush in where angels fear to Inexperienced people act in situations that more intelligent
tread people would avoid

Friendship is love with

understanding.

Gardens are not made by sitting in

G Nothing is achieved without effort.
the shade.

Give someone an inch and they will Give someone a little and they will want more - some
take a mile (or yard). people are never satisfied.

Give someone enough rope and they Give someone enough time and freedom and they will get
will hang themselves. into trouble.

God helps those who help

themselves.

Good accounting makes good You will keep your friends if you avoid disputes over
friends. money.

Good and quickly seldom meet. A well-done job takes time.

Good management is better than

good income.

Said when you express the same opinion as another

Great minds think alike.
person at the same time.

Great oaks grow from little acorns. Large successful operations can begin in a small way.
 14
Grief divided is made lighter If you share your grief it is easier to bear.

You should be grateful for something, even if it's not as

H Half a loaf is better than none.
much as you wanted.

Hard words break no bones.

If something is done too quickly, it may be done carelessly

Haste makes waste.
and need to be redone.

A person who feels hatred does not see any qualities in

Hatred is a blind as love.
the person he/she hates.

If you believe you can do something, you will be able to do

He can who believes he can.
it.

He has enough who is content. A happy person needs nothing more.

If you delay your decision too long, you may miss a good
He who hesitates is lost.
opportunity.

He who is everywhere is nowhere. It's not good to do too many things at the same time.

He who knows nothing, doubts

Knowledge leads us to make choices.
nothing.

The person who provides the money for something should

He who pays the piper calls the tune.
control how it is spent

If you behave in a risky way, you are likely to have

He who plays with fire gets burnt.
problems.

He who wills the end wills the

If you are determined to do something you will find a way.
means.

He laughs best who laughs last. Don't express your joy, or your triumph, too soon!

Health is better than wealth. It's better to be in good health than to be rich.

Home is where the heart is. You call home the place where the people you love are.

Honesty is the best policy. It's always better to be honest.

Honey catches more flies than You can obtain more cooperation from others by being
 15
vinegar. nice.

However long the night, the dawn

Bad things don't last forever.
will break

Hunger is a good sauce. All food tastes good when you are hungry.

In times of prosperity friends are

I You have many friends when you have no difficulties.
plentiful.

If a camel gets his nose in a tent, his If you let something intrusive enter your life, your life will
body will follow. become difficult .

If in February there be no rain, 'tis Plants and crops will grow badly if there is no rain in early
neither good for hay nor grain. spring.

If you are patient in one moment of

Avoid regrets by taking time to think before speaking or
anger, you will avoid 100 days of
acting angrily.
sorrow.

If you chase two rabbits, you will not If you try to do two things at the same time, you won't
catch either one. succeed in doing either of them.

If two ride a horse, one must ride When two people do something together, one will be the
behind. leader and the other will be the subordinate.

If you want a friend, be a friend.

If wishes were horses, then beggars

Wishing alone is of no use; you must act as well.
would ride.

Possible interpretation: What you do not know causes no

Ignorance is bliss.
worry or sadness.

If you start something, it's better to spend the time or

In for a penny, in for a pound.
money necessary to complete it.

In the land of the blind, the one-eyed A man of even limited ability has an advantage over a
man is king. person who is less able.

It never rains but it pours. Misfortunes usually come in large numbers.

It is always darkest before the dawn The most difficult time is just before a problem is solved.
 16
Don't express regret for something that has happened and
It's no use crying over spilt milk.
cannot be remedied.

People vary in character and abilities, and this is a good

It takes all sorts to make a world.
thing.

J Justice delayed is justice denied. If the law is applied too late, there is no justice.

Knowledge in youth is wisdom in What you learn when you are young will be invaluable
K
age. when you grow old.

Knowledge is power. Knowledge makes it possible for you to act.

Kill one to warn a hundred. Warn many by punishing a few.

Kill the goose that lays the golden Destroy something that would be a source of wealth or
egg. success.

Kindness begets kindness. If you are kind to people, they will be kind to you.

L Laughter is the best medicine.

Don't rush into doing something until you know how to do

Learn to walk before you run.
it.

Learning is a treasure that will follow

Education is something you keep forever.
its owner everywhere.

Least said soonest mended. The more discreet you are, the less damage you cause.

Let bygones be bygones. Let's forgive and forget past quarrels.

Let not the sun go down on your

Do not stay angry for more than one day.
wrath.

Let the chips fall where they may. We should not try to control our destiny.

People who do not tell the truth must be careful to

Liars need good memories.
remember what they say.

Lightning never strikes in the same An unusual event is not likely to occur again in exactly the
place twice same circumstances.
 17
A son's character can be expected to resemble his
Like father, like son.
father's.

If you divide a task into small parts, it becomes easier to

Little strokes fell great oaks.
do.

Look before you leap. Consider possible consequences before taking action.

Disclosing important information ( to the enemy or a

Loose lips sink ships.
competitor) could result in large losses.

If you lose something you weep, if you find something you

Losers weepers, finders keepers.
keep it.

A person in love does not see the faults of the person

Love is blind.
he/she loves.

M Make a silk purse out of a sow's ear Manage to produce something good using poor material.

Man is the head of the family;

woman is the neck that turns the
head.

Man proposes, God disposes. Our destiny depends on God's will.

Manners make the man. Possibly: a person's manners show their origins.

Many hands make light work. Sharing work makes work easier.

If you get married too quickly, you may spend all your life
Marry in haste, repent at leisure.
regretting it.

Memory is the treasure of the mind.

Men make houses, women make

homes.

Might as well be hanged for a sheep If the penalty is going to be the same, you might as well
as (for) a lamb commit the greater offence.

Money begets money. If you have money you can make more money.

Money doesn't grow on trees. You shouldn't waste money because it is not plentiful.
 18
Money is the root of all evil. Money is the main cause of wrongdoing and problems.

The need for something forces people to find a way of

N Necessity is the mother of invention.
obtaining it.

Need teaches a plan. Necessity will make you find a solution.

Never put off till tomorrow what can

Don't postpone something you can do now.
be done today

Never say die. Never give up.

Nobody is perfect.

It's impossible to follow instructions from two different

No man can serve two masters.
sources.

No man is an island. We all need other people.

If the news was bad, we would hear of it. Since we have

No news is good news.
heard nothing, we can assume that all is well.

No smoke without fire. There could be some truth in the rumour...

No wind, no waves. Similar to : 'no smoke without fire'.

You cannot expect to achieve anything if you don't take

Nothing ventured, nothing gained.
risks.

After an unpleasant experience, people are careful to

O Once bitten, twice shy.
avoid something similar.

One father is more than a hundred

schoolmasters.

One good turn deserves another. You should be helpful to someone who helps you.

One of these days is none of these

'One of these days' remains vague.
days.

What you have today is better than what is promised or

One today is worth two tomorrow.
hoped for.
 19
One man's meat is another man's
People don't always like the same things.
poison

One man's trash is another man's What is useless to one person could be valuable to
treasure. another.

One swallow doesn't make a A single satisfactory event does not mean that all the
summer. others will be as good.

Only real friends will tell you when

Only a real friend will tell you the truth.
your face is dirty.

Opportunity seldom knocks twice. Don't miss opportunities that come along.

Out of the mouths of babes and

Children often speak wisely.
sucklings

Out of sight, out of mind. We tend to forget people or things that we do not see.

P Patience is a virtue It is good to be patient.

Refers to a person who is careful about spending small

Penny wise, pound foolish. amounts of money, but not careful about spending large
amounts of money.

People who live in glass houses One should not criticize others for faults similar to one's
should not throw stones. own.

Poverty waits at the gates of

If you do not work you will not make money.
idleness.

Doing something repeatedly is the only way to become

Practice makes perfect.
good at it.

Practise what you preach Do yourself what you advise others to do.

It is easier to prevent something from happening than to

Prevention is better than cure
repair the damage or cure the disease later.

Don't be too self-confident or proud; something may

Pride comes before a fall.
happen to make you look foolish.

Procrastination is the thief of time Delaying an action for too long is a waste of time.
 20
You should always be on time for your business
Punctuality is the soul of business
appointments.

Risk everything by relying on one plan (by putting all one's

Put all your eggs in one basket
money in one business).

R Revenge is sweet. There is satisfaction in returning an injury.

It takes a long time to do a job properly. You should not

Rome was not built in a day.
expect to do it quickly.

S Save me from my friends. Friends can be more dangerous than enemies.

Saying is one thing, doing is

People don't always do what they announce.
another.

Short reckonings make long friends. Debts paid quickly encourage friendship.

Sickness in the body brings sadness

to the mind.

If you don't object to something it can be assumed that you

Silence gives consent.
agree with it.

Snug as a bug in a rug. Feeling very comfortable.

If you don't punish a child when he does wrong, you will

Spare the rod and spoil the child
spoil his character.

Sticks and stones will break my

Physical attacks may harm me, but cruel words will not.
bones but names will never hurt me

Still waters run deep. A quiet person can have much knowledge or wisdom.

It's better to deal with a problem in its early stages,

A stitch in time saves nine
because if you don't, it will get worse.

Stolen fruit is the sweetest. What is forbidden is the most tempting.

T Tall oaks grow from little acorns. Great things may come from small beginnings.

The apple doesn't fall far from the Children resemble their parents.
 21
tree.

The best advice is found on the After a good night's sleep we may find an answer to our
pillow. problem.

You don't have to pay for what is important : happiness,

The best things in life are free.
friendship, good health.

The darkest hour is just before

There is hope even in the worst of times.
dawn.

The devil looks after his own. Success comes to those who deserve it least .

People who have no work, or are idle, often get into or

The devil makes work for idle hands
make trouble.

The die is cast. A decision has been made and it's impossible to change it.

If you want to do something successfully, you should do it

The early bird catches the worm.
as soon as you can.

Wrong or unfair methods may be used if the result of the

The end justifies the means.
action is good.

The first step is the hardest. The most difficult thing is to begin.

A person makes more progress if they do things less

The more haste, the less speed.
quickly.

The more you have, the more you

People have a constant desire to possess more.
want.

The mouse that has but one hole is If you depend on just one thing, and it fails you, you will
quickly taken. have no alternatives.

Words and communication have greater effect than war

The pen is mightier than the sword
and fighting.

The proof of the pudding is in the The real value of something can be judged only after it has
eating. been tried or tested.

The road to hell is paved with good It's not enough to intend to do something, you must
intentions. actually do it.
 22
The tongue wounds more than a
Insults can be more hurtful than physical injuries.
lance.

The truth is in the wine. People speak more freely under the influence of alcohol.

The way to a man's heart is through

Feed a man well and he will love you.
his stomach.

You think that something is true because you want it to be

The wish is father to the thought.
so.

There is always one who doesn't behave or perform like

There is a black sheep in every flock.
the others.

There is a trick in every trade. There is an established way of doing things.

There is no fool like an old fool. A older person is expected to behave more sensibly.

There is safety in numbers Being in a crowd makes you feel more confident.

Delaying a decision will not prevent events from taking

Time and tide wait for no man.
place.

Time has wings. Time goes by quickly.

Time is money. Time is valuable and should not be wasted.

It is human nature to make mistakes, therefore one should

To err is human, to forgive divine
forgive.

Too many cooks spoil the broth.

If too many people are involved in something, it will not be
(Humoristic version : Too many
done properly.
clicks spoil the browse!)

Too much bed makes a dull head. If you sleep too much, you are not able to think clearly.

It's when you have problems that you realize who your real
True friends are tested in adversity.
friends are.

Trust not a horse's heel nor a dog's

Be careful of the reaction of animals.
tooth.

Truth has no answer. You cannot argue against facts or refute what is true.
 23
Truth is stranger than fiction. Events in real life are sometimes stranger than in fiction.

It is wrong to harm someone because they have harmed

Two wrongs don't make a right
you.

U Union is strength. A group has more force than an individual.

Unwillingness easily finds an A person who doesn't want to do something always finds a
excuse. reason to avoid it.

V Variety is the spice of life. Doing a lot of different things makes life more interesting.

You should not expect praise for acting in a correct or

Virtue is its own reward.
moral way.

W Walls have ears. Be careful. People could be listening.

If you never waste anything, you will have it when you

Waste not, want not.
need it.

What the eye doesn't see, the heart If a person doesn't know about something, it cannot hurt
doesn't grieve over. them.

What a man says drunk, he thinks

People speak more freely under the influence of alcohol.
sober.

What soberness conceals,

People are less discreet under the influence of alcohol.
drunkenness reveals.

People misbehave when their boss, or the person in

When the cat's away, the mice play.
authority, is absent.

When in Rome, do as the Romans You should adopt the customs of the people or country
do. you are visiting, and behave in the same way.

When poverty come in the door, love

goes out the window.

Where there's life there's hope.

A person with determination will find a way of doing

Where there's a will, there's a way.
something.
 24
Who makes himself a sheep will be Possible interpretation: an easily influenced person can be
eaten by the wolves. mislead.

Wisdom is better than strength.

Expresses surprise at an unexpected pleasure or event

Wonders will never cease!
(ironic).

Worry often gives a small thing a big

Worrying over small details can make them seem worse.
shadow.

Y You are what you eat. What you eat has an effect on your well-being.

You are never too old to learn.

You can lead a horse to water but You can offer someone an opportunity to do something but
you can't make it drink. you can't force them.

You can't teach an old dog new A person who is used to doing things a certain way cannot
tricks. change.

You never know what you can do

Try first before deciding not to do something.
until you try.

You scratch my back and I'll scratch

You help me and I'll help you.
yours.

Everyday Idioms

after all - despite, nevertheless - I knew it! After all, I was right!

I knew about his little secret all

all along - all the time ,
along.
 25
all ears - eager to listen I am all ears.

All of a sudden, he refused to

all of a sudden - suddenly
pay.

If it's all the same to you, let's

all the same - no difference ,
start at two.

He can't fix anything, he's all

all thumbs - clumsy ,
thumbs.

apple of discord - subject of This question is an apple of

envy or quarrel discord in our family.

As a rule, we offer a 5%
as a rule - usually
discount.

As far as I am concerned, both

as far as I am concerned - in ,
the book and the movie are
my opinion
good.

as for me/as to me - in my As for me, you can rely on his

opinion support.

He knows math, and physics as

as well - also, too ,
well.

at all - (not) in the smallest He doesn't know French at all. I

()
degree dont like it at all.

He chose those places at

at random - without order ,
random.

at this point - at this time At this point, we can't turn back.

I was about to leave when you

be about to - ready (to do)
called.

His mother is always after him to

be after someone - insist, press ,
study.

I'm all in, I'd better go to bed

be all in - be extremely tired
now.

He's back on his feet after a long

be back on one's feet - healthy
period of debt and
again or better financially
unemployment.
 26
beat around the bush - avoid Stop beating around the bush!

giving a clear/definite answer Get to the point!

be beside oneself - be very , She was beside herself with

upset, nervous, worried, etc. . worry / with grief.

be better off - be in a better

He'll be better off with a new job.
situation (financially) ()

be broke - have no money at all " " ( ) I spent all my money, I'm broke.

My son is hard on shoes, they

be hard on something
- don't last long with him. Life was
/someone - treat roughly
pretty hard on Tom.

A new car is high on my list of

be high on one's list - be one of
priorities. A new TV is not high
the most important things
on my list.

be in charge of - be responsible
He is in charge of marketing.
for

Our sales were in the red last

be in the red - be in debt
year.

He is into computers. She is into

be into smth. - be interested in -
sports.

I bent over backwards to help

bend over backwards - try hard
her.

be on one's way . I'm on my way.

be on the safe side - not to take Take an extra key, just to be on

any chances the safe side.

We are out of bread, cheese,

be out of - be without
and sugar.

be out of shape - be physically He needs to exercise, he is out

unfit of shape.

Leave him alone, he's out of

be out of sorts - in bad humor
sorts today

I'm pressed for time now. We are

be pressed for time / money -
pressed for money at the
be short of; not have enough
moment.
 27
, What I said to him privately is
beside the point - off the point
beside the point.

Who is to blame for this awful

be to blame - be responsible for ,
mistake? Tom is to blame for this
a mistake / something wrong
mix-up.

He was very sick, and for some

be touch and go - be uncertain ; ,
time it was touch and go, but he
of the result
is better now.

Our company is up against

be up against - be opposed by,
serious attempts of hostile
have problems, be in danger -, -
takeover.

be up and around/about - able He was sick for a month, but

,
to be out of bed after an illness now he is up and around.

be up to one's ears - very busy I'm up to my ears in work.

be up to something - do I have to check what the kids are

,
mischief up to.

It's up to you to decide. It's up to

be up to someone - be one's ,
you to close the office every day
own decision or responsibility
at 8 o'clock.

I'm used to hard work. He's used

be used to - be accustomed to
to heat.

big shot - important person He is a big shot around here.

bite off more than one can I couldn't handle two jobs and
chew - try to do more than one family. I really bit off more than I
can could chew.

I almost told her, but bit my

bite one's tongue - stop talking
tongue.

Many of them bit the dust in that

bite the dust - die, be defeated ,
war.

Their second son is the black

black sheep - a good-for-nothing
sheep of the family, he is good
member of the family
for nothing.

She refuses to go on a blind

blind date - a meeting of a man
date again because she had bad
and woman arranged by friends
experience.
 28
blow it - lose the chance He understood that he blew it.

Wait here till his anger blows

blow over - pass, end ,
over.

The bottom line is, I don't have

bottom line - main result/factor ,
enough money.

The police broke into the

break into - enter by force ( )
robber's house.

The news of her death broke his

break one's heart - hurt deeply
heart.

The party was dull until someone

break the ice - overcome
broke the ice with a joke and we
shyness in making the first step
all laughed.

CNN is breaking the news right

break the news - tell new facts
now.

bring home the bacon - earn He works very hard at several

the living for the family places to bring home the bacon.

The boss brushed off my project

brush off - give no attention to
again.

You need to brush up on the

brush up on - review
tenses.

by all means -definitely, Do you need my help? - By all

,
certainly means.

Learn this poem by heart for

by heart - by memorizing
tomorrow.

by hook or by crook - by any She will get what she wants by

,
means possible hook or by crook.

By the way, Ann is coming back

by the way - incidentally
today.

call a spade a spade - use plain, He always tells the truth and

direct words calls a spade a spade.

call it a day - consider work We've been working for 10

finished for the day straight hours. Let's call it a day.
 29
call off - cancel , The police called off the search.

carry out - fulfill She never carries out her plans.

His advice always carries weight

carry weight - be important
here.

He was cast down by the bad

cast down - depressed, sad
news.

Instead of working hard, he

castles in the air - daydreaming
() spends time building castles in
about success
the air.

catch one's eye - attract

This picture caught my eye.
attention

catch one's breath - stop and I can't run, I need to catch my

rest breath.

catch someone off guard - He caught me off guard with his

catch someone unprepared question.

catch someone red-handed - The manager caught the boy

,
find smb. in the act of doing red-handed when he was

wrong stealing cigarettes.

He needs to catch up with the

catch up - become not behind
others.

The speeding car almost hit the

close call - a narrow escape, a - ,
man. That was really a close
bad thing that almost happened
call.

I came across that article

come across - meet by chance
yesterday.

come down with - become ill - I'm coming down with a cold.

He finally came to his senses,

come to one's senses - start
, started to work hard, and passed
acting reasonably, intelligently
his exams.

My dream came true when I met

come true - become reality
Pat.

Mike came up with a brilliant

come up with - suggest
idea.
 30
You can always count on me for
count on - depend on
help.

He ran fast, cutting corners

cut corners - to take a short-cut; ;
where he could. I have to cut
to limit one's spending
corners this week.

You have to cut down on

cut down on - reduce
chocolate.

cut out to be /cut out for it - - She isn't cut out to be a surgeon.
have the ability to do something He's cut out to be a leader.

I did my best to help him in his

do one's best - try very hard ,
work.

I'll do my bit, you can count on

do one's bit - do what's needed
me.

do over - do again This work is not good, do it over.

Fresh air and exercise will do

do someone good - be good for
you good.

do something behind one's I hate people who do things

()
back - do (harmful) things behind my back. He did it behind

secretively my back again.

I'll have to do without a car for a

do without - live without
while.

He's quiet, sensible and down to

down to earth - practical
earth.

He drew the line for her at $100

draw the line - fix a limit ()
a day.

dress up - put on the best

What are you dressed up for?
clothes

Can you drop me off at the

drop off - deliver somewhere ,
bank?

He dropped out of school last

drop out - quit (school)
year.

duty calls - must fulfill He said, "Duty calls" and left for

obligations work.
 31
It's easier said than done, but I'll
easier said than done ,
try to do it.

eat one's words - take back He had to eat his words after her

words report.

I work hard. Even so, I like my

even so - nevertheless, but
job.

every now and then - Every now and then I visit my old

occasionally aunt.

She washes her hair every other

every other - every second one
day.

The little boy fell behind the

fall behind - lag behind
older boys.

Tom fell in love with Sue at first

fall in love - begin to love
sight.

They fell out of love and

fall out of love - stop loving
divorced soon.

I heard he quit but it was a false

false alarm - untrue rumor
alarm.

His second book wasn't bad, but

a far cry from something - very
, it was a far cry from his first
different, almost opposite (neg.)
book.

feel it in one's bones - expect , Something bad is going to

something bad to happen happen, I feel it in my bones.

feel like doing something -

- I feel like going for a walk. I dont
want to do, be inclined to do
feel like working now, Im tired.
smth.

I don't feel up to cleaning the

feel up to - be able to do
house.

few and far between - rare, Her visits are few and far

scarce between.

He always finds faults with

find fault with - criticize
everybody.

find out - learn or discover , I found out that Maria left town.
 32
firsthand - directly from the , You can trust it, it's firsthand
source information.

First things first: how much

first things first - important
money do we have to pay right
things come before others
away?

He flew off the handle and yelled

fly off the handle - get angry ()
at me.

Igor followed in his father's

follow in someone's - ,
footsteps, he became a doctor,
footsteps - do the same thing
too.

Nina got a foot in the door

foot in the door - a special
because her friend works in that
opportunity for a job
company.

Her father footed the bill for the

foot the bill - pay the bill
party.

After her death, he left town for

for good - forever
good.

For the time being, this house is

for the time being - at this time
all right for us.

frame of mind - mental state I can't do it in this frame of mind.

from A to Z - completely He knows this town from A to Z.

from now on - now and in the From now on, I forbid you to go

future there.

get a grip on oneself - take Stop crying! Get a grip on

control of one's feelings yourself!

Ann gets along with most

get along with - have good ,
coworkers, but doesn't get along
relations
with Laura.

get away with - not be caught The police didn't find the thief.

after doing wrong He got away with his crime.

get carried away - get too He got carried away with

excited and enthusiastic about - opening a store and lost most of
something his money.
 33
I wanted to try it but got cold
get cold feet - be afraid to do
feet.

get even with - have one's I'll get even with him for
-
revenge everything!

Get in touch with Mr. Smith for

get in touch with - contact -
help.

She got lost in the old part of

get lost - lose one's way
town.

I don't want to see you again.

Get lost! - Lay off! !
Get lost!

I got mixed up, went the wrong

get mixed up - get confused
way and got lost.

Stop bothering me! Get off my

get off one's back - leave alone -
back!

get on one's high horse - Every time I ask her to help me

behave haughtily towards with typing, she gets on her high
someone horse.

get on (the bus, train, plane) () I got on the bus on Oak Street.

get off (the bus, train, plane) () I got off the bus at the bank.

get out of hand - get out of If he gets out of hand again, call
-
control me right away.

I can't get over how rude he was

get over - recover after an illness
, - to me. She got over her illness
or bad experience
quite quickly.

get rid of - dispose of, discard He got rid of his old useless car.

My friends and I get together

get together - meet with
often.

He usually gets to the bottom of

get to the bottom - know deeply
things.

get to the point - get to the

Get to the point!
matter

Give me a break! - spare me Come on, stop it! Give me a

 34
break!

Can you give me a hand with

give someone a hand - help -
cooking?

Can you give me a lift to the

give someone a lift /a ride -
- bank? He gave her a ride in his
take to some place by car
new Porsche.

She lost my umbrella again, so I

give someone a piece of one's , ,
gave her a piece of my mind
mind - criticize frankly
about her carelessness.

give up - stop doing something, -, I gave up smoking. I gave up

stop trying to do something trying to fix my old car.

First he said he would help me,

go back on ones word - break
, but then he went back on his
a promise
word.

go for it - try to do a new thing If I were you, I would go for it.

go from bad to worse - be His business went from bad to

worse worse.

go out - go to parties, movies Do he and his wife go out often?

go out of one's way -try very He goes out of his way to please

hard her.

go to one's head - make too His acting success went to his

proud head.

go to pieces - get very upset, fall She went to pieces when she

apart heard it.

go with the flow - lead quiet life She always goes with the flow.

grow on someone - become When she knew him more, he

liked grew on her.

You look ill, you'd better see a

had better - should ,
doctor.

Yesterday we had a ball at the

have a ball - have a good time
party.

Mr. Brown, I have a bone to pick

have a bone to pick - complain -,
with you. My mail was lost
 35
or discuss something unpleasant - because of you.

have a word with someone -

- Can I have a word with you?
talk to

have words with someone - I had words with my coworker

argue with someone about today because he used my
something computer again.

Laura has it in her to be a good

have it in him - have the ability
doctor.

have no business doing , You have no business staying

something - have no right to do . here without my permission.

have one's back to the wall - be I had no choice, I had my back

hard-pressed, on the defensive to the wall.

have one's hands full - very He has his hands full with hard

busy work.

have one's heart set on She has her heart set on going
-,
something - want something to New York. He has his heart
-
very much set on Betty.

Does he have pull with the

have pull - have influence on
director?

(not) have the heart - (not) have I don't have the heart to tell him
()
the courage to do smth. that he wasn't accepted, he'll be

unpleasant so unhappy.

I searched high and low for my

high and low - everywhere ( ..)
lost cat.

You hit the nail on the head

hit the nail on the head - say
when you said our company
exactly the right thing
needs a new director.

hit upon something - to They hit upon gold. I hit upon a

discover plan.

hold it against someone -

I lost his book, but he doesn't
blame somebody for doing () -
hold it against me.
something

Hold it! - Stop! Wait! /! Hold it! I forgot my key.

 36
Hold on! - Wait! ! Hold on! I'll be back in a minute.

hold one's own - maintain He can hold his own in any

,
oneself in a situation, behave as situation. We need men who can
-
needed hold their own.

This bank was held up twice last

hold up - rob using a weapon
year.

She felt ill at ease because of

ill at ease - uncomfortable
her cheap dress.

He told her about his plan in

in advance - well before
advance.

In a nutshell, my plan is to buy

in a nutshell - in a few words ,
land.

in care of someone - write to I'm staying at Tom's house.

one person at the address of Write to me in care of Tom Gray,
( )
another Chicago, Illinois.

in cold blood - mercilessly He killed her in cold blood.

In fact, he works as a manager

in fact - actually, in reality
here.

In general, he likes to be alone.

in general - generally, generally
, He described the place only in
speaking
general.

in one's element - what one He's in his element when he's

likes arguing.

in other words - using other In other words, you refused to do

words it for her.

I didn't really like the concert. In

in plain English - in simple,
plain English, the concert was
frank terms
terrible.

He knows the ins and outs of this

the ins and outs - all info about
business.

I'd hate to be in his shoes now.

in someone's shoes - in another ,
He lost his job, and his wife is in
person's position
the hospital.
 37
In the long run, it'll be better to
in the long run - in the end
buy it.

Stop arguing with me, we're in

in the same boat - in the same
the same boat and should help
situation
each other.

Pay the bill and you'll be in the

in the clear - free from blame
clear.

,
in time (to do something) - I came in time to have a cup of
- ( -
before something begins coffee before class.
)

It goes without saying that he

it goes without saying - should
, must pay what he owes right
be clear without words
away.

His name is on the tip of my

It's on the tip of my tongue.
tongue.

it's time - should do it right away Hurry up, it's time to go.

Watch this film, it's worth it. Don't

It's worth it. / It's not worth /
buy this coat, it is not worth it.
it. Its (not) worth buying, visiting, ; () ,
This museum is worth visiting.
watching, etc. , ..
This film is not worth watching.

it will do - it's enough Stop reading, it will do for now.

jump at the His boss mentioned a job in

opportunity/chance - accept the Europe, and Peter jumped at the
opportunity eagerly opportunity.

I'd just as soon stay home, I'm

just as soon - prefer this one ()
tired.

just in case - to be on the safe

Take an extra shirt, just in case.
side

They lost my job application.

Just my luck! - Bad / Hard luck! !
Just my luck!

keep an eye on - take care of, Betty keeps an eye on my sons

,
watch, look after for me. Ill keep an eye on you!

keep a straight face - not to I tried to keep a straight face, but

laugh failed.
 38
She keeps me company quite
keep company - accompany
often.

keep one's word - fulfill a You promised, now keep your

promise word.

Keep me posted about your

keep someone posted - inform
plans.

I have a job interview today.

keep your fingers crossed - ,
Keep your fingers crossed for
hope that nothing will go wrong
me, will you?

kill time - fill/spend empty time I went to the show to kill time.

(not) know the first thing

- I don't know the first thing about
about - not to have any
nuclear physics.
knowledge about

know the ropes - be very He knows all the ropes in this

familiar with some business company.

His arrival was a last-minute

last-minute notice - little or no
notice, we didn't have time to
time to prepare for something
prepare for it.

Finally, we asked him to lay his

lay one's cards on the table -
, cards on the table and tell us
be frank and open
about his plans.

He laid his life on the line to fulfill

lay one's life on the line - put
this task, but nobody
oneself in a dangerous situation
appreciated his efforts.

lead a dog's life - live in misery He leads a dog's life.

lead someone on - make

- They suspect that you are
someone believe something that
leading them on. You led me on!
isn't true

leave it at that - accept Leave it at that, what else can

reluctantly you do?

He left word for you to meet him

leave word - leave a message
at the airport at 6.

Why don't you let bygones be

let bygones be bygones - forget
bygones and forget about what
and forgive bad things in the past
he said?
 39
Let go of my hand or I'll call the
let go of - release the hold ,
guard.

He's still in despair and can't let

let (it) go - forget bad
(it) go. You cant change
experience, return to normal life
anything, so let it go.

let one's hair down - be relaxed She is always so formal. She

and informal with other people never lets her hair down.

let someone down - disappoint,

- Don't let me down this time!
fail someone

Let me know when you find a

let someone know - inform
job.

Paul won a prize in a chess

like father, like son - be like
, tournament. Great! Like father,
one's parent in something
like son!

Little by little, he got used to

little by little - step by step
Tokyo.

look for - search for What are you looking for?

I'm looking forward to your letter.

look forward to - expect with
Mary is looking forward to the
pleasure
party.

look out - be careful, watch out Look out! The bus is coming!

look up - check with /in a If you dont know this word, look
dictionary or a reference book it up in the dictionary.

lose one's temper - become

He loses his temper very often.
angry

lose one's way - get lost I lost my way. Can you help me?

lose track of - not to know

I lost track of him years ago.
where someone or something is

He got his lucky break when he

lucky break - a lucky chance
got this job.

He works hard. His family is big,

make a living - earn money to
and he has to make a living
provide for life
somehow.
 40
Don't criticize him so hard, make
make allowance for - take into
, (an) allowance for his
consideration when judging
inexperience.

Make a point of asking about his

make a point of - be sure to do
wife. Make it a point to be here
something intentionally -
by 10.

His doesnt get much money. I

make ends meet - to have and
wonder how he manages to
spend only what one earns
make ends meet.

make friends - become friends Anton makes new friends easily.

make fun of - laugh at, joke He made fun of her German

about accent.

make no bones about it - , I'll make no bones about it: I

say/do openly, without hesitation don't like your attitude to work.

We can make room for one more

make room for - allow space for
dog.

make sense - be logical What you say makes sense.

make the most of smth - do the Let's make the most of our

best in the given situation vacation.

I'm tired of fighting. Let's make

make up - become friends again
up.

I'll make up for the time you

make up for smth - compensate
spent on it.

When will you go? Make up your

make up one's mind - decide
mind.

make yourself at home - be Come in please. Make yourself

comfortable, feel at home at home.

man of his word - one who , You can depend on his promise
keeps promises, is dependable to help. He's a man of his word.

He meant well, but it turned out

mean well - have good
, that he spoiled a couple of things
intentions
for me.

might as well - a good idea

I might as well telephone him
 41
now.

The little boy disappeared. The

missing person - someone who
( ) police registered him as a
is lost and can't be located
missing person.

He's reasonable and tries to

meet someone halfway -
- meet his coworkers halfway,
compromise with others
when possible.

never mind - it doesn't matter , Thank you. - Never mind.

We have three dogs, not to

not to mention - in addition to
mention two cats.

He ate three big fish. No wonder

no wonder - not surprising ,
he's sick.

I meet them now and again at

now and again - occasionally
the bank.

odds and ends - a variety of

I needed to buy some odds and
small unimportant things or , ,
ends for the kitchen.
leftovers

Off the cuff, I can give you only a

off the cuff - without preparation
rough estimate.

What I think about him is off the

off the point - beside the point
point.

Strictly off the record, I think the

off the record - not for the
, director is going to get married
public, unofficially
soon.

You must quit smoking once and

once and for all - decidedly
for all.

on credit - not pay cash right

He bought a car on credit.
away

He's been on edge ever since

on edge - nervous, irritable ,
she left.

He's cautious and always on

on guard - on the alert ,
guard.

on hand - available
Do you have a calculator on
 42
hand?

, , She likes to live and work on her

on one's own - alone, by oneself
own.

He was on his toes and

on one's toes - alert, attentive,
, produced a very good
prepared for difficulties
impression on them.

I didn't do it on purpose, it just

on purpose - intentionally ,
happened so.

I'd like to sit on the aisle. On

on second thought - after
second thought, I'd like a window
thinking again
seat.

He's cautious and always on the

on the alert - on guard ,
alert.

Yesterday the boss called her on

on the carpet - called in by the
the carpet for being rude to the
boss for criticism
coworkers.

on the go - busy, on the move , He is always on the go.

On the off chance that you don't

on the off chance - unlikely to ,
find him at work, here's his home
happen, but still
address.

I'd like to have a dog. On the

on the other hand - considering
other hand, my wife likes cats
the other side of the question
better.

on the spot - right there , I decided to do it on the spot.

on the spur of the moment - He bought this car on the spur of

without previous thought / plan the moment, now he regrets it.

on time - punctual Jim is always on time.

If you think so, you're out of your

out of one's mind - crazy
mind.

out of one's way - away from I can't give you a lift to the bank,

someone's usual route it's out of my way today.

Paying him is out of the

out of the question - impossible
question!
 43
Why does she keep all those
pack rat - a person who saves ,
things she never uses? - She is
lots of unnecessary things
a pack rat.

pay attention - be attentive Pay attention to his words.

He often tries to pick a fight with

pick a fight - start a quarrel
me.

pick up - take, get , I'll pick you up at 7.

play one's cards right - choose

If you play your cards right, he'll
the right steps in doing
agree to your plan.
something

You know what happened at our

potluck supper - a surprise
, last potluck supper? Everybody
meal, where nobody knows what
, brought macaroni and cheese,
dishes other guests will bring
apples, and beer!

Stop crying and complaining!

pull oneself together - brace
c You have to pull yourself
oneself, summon your strength
together now.

pull the wool over someone's Are you trying to pull the wool
,
eyes - deceive, mislead over my eyes? It won't do you

someone any good.

She always puts a damper on

put a damper on - discourage
my plans.

put in a word for someone - I'd be very grateful if you could

say positive things about put in a word for me when you
someone speak to him.

put off - postpone Don't put it off till tomorrow.

Her father put his foot down

put one's foot down - object
when she said she wanted to
strongly
marry Alan.

put one's foot in it - do the He put his foot in it when he told

wrong thing, make a fool of / the boss his daughter wasn't
oneself pretty.

put up with - accept, tolerate , I can't put up with your bad work!

I had quite a bit of trouble with

quite a bit of - much, a lot of
that car.
 44
He wrote quite a few good
quite a few - many, a lot of
stories.

rack one's brain - try hard to He racked his brain to solve the

think puzzle.

His books are not easy to

read between the lines - find or
understand; you have to read
understand the implied meaning
between the lines.

Please remember me to your

remember me to - say hello to
family.

It' very important to do it right

right away - immediately ,
away.

ring a bell - remind someone of Annabel Lee? Yeah, it rings a

-
something familiar /half-forgotten bell, but I can't place it right now.

Peter always rocks the boat

rock the boat - make the ,
when we discuss company's
situation unstable
spending policy.

He doesn't rub shoulders with

rub shoulders with - meet with
the rich.

rub someone the wrong way - His remarks rub many coworkers
, -
irritate, annoy, make angry the wrong way.

run into - meet by chance I ran into an old friend yesterday.

He said a stupid thing and tried

save face - try to change the
to save face by saying he
negative impression produced
misunderstood me.

There's no use talking to him

save one's breath - stop useless
about his spending habits, so
talk
save your breath.

He examines all the facts

scratch the surface - study
closely, he doesn't just scratch
something superficially
the surface.

see about - make arrangements I have to see about our plane

-
for tickets.

We don't see eye to eye any

see eye to eye - agree
longer.
 45
It serves him right that he didn't
serve someone right - get what
get this job, he despised all other
someone deserves
candidates.

serve one's purpose - be useful I doubt that hiring this man will

to someone for his purpose serve your purpose.

show promise - be promising This young actor shows promise.

I waited for hours but he didn't

show up - appear
show up.

It took me 5 minutes to size up

size up - evaluate someone ,
that man.

sleep on it - postpone a decision

Don't decide now, sleep on it.
till next morning

a slip of the tongue - a mistake () It was just a slip of the tongue!

It slipped my mind what she

slip (from) one's mind - forget
asked me.

I'm not sure what it is, but I smell

smell a rat - suspect something
a rat.

So far, I have read 3 books by

so far - up to now ,
King.

so much the better - it's even If he can pay cash, so much the

better better.

Who spilled the beans about our

spill the beans - tell a secret
plan?

He doesn't stand a chance of

stand a chance - have a chance
getting it.

He stands out in any group of

stand out - be noticeable
people.

It stands to reason that he

stand to reason - be logical ,
apologized.

Don't try to spare my feelings,

straight from the shoulder -
, give it to me straight from the
speak frankly
shoulder.
 46
take a dim view of something - My sister takes a dim view of the

disapprove of something way I raise my children.

take a break - stop for rest Lets take a break, Im tired.

We took advantage of the low

take advantage of - use for
prices and bought a computer
one's own benefit, to profit from
and a monitor.

Tom takes after his father in

take after - be like one of the
character, and after his mother in
parents ()
appearance.

take a stand on something -

People need to take a stand on
make a firm opinion/decision on ,
the issue of nuclear weapons.
smth.

Can you take care of my dog

take care of - look after, protect, -, -,
while Im away? Tom takes good
see that smth. is done properly
care of his car.

take hold of something - take,

, Take hold of this rope and pull.
hold

take into account - consider You must take into account her

smth. old age.

Take it easy, everything will be

take it easy - relax, be calm
OK.

take (it) for granted - accept as Mother's love is always taken for

given granted by children.

That great view took my breath

take one's breath away
away.

take one's time - do slowly Don't hurry. Take your time.

Take my word for it, he wont go

take ones word for it - believe
there.

He took pains to make his report

take pains - try hard to do it well
perfect.

Mary is going to take part in the

take part in smth. - participate in
show.

take place - happen ,

The accident took place on Oak
 47
Street.

take someone's mind off

Go to a concert or a movie to
things - distract from fixed
take your mind off things.
ideas/thoughts

take steps - take action

We need to take steps against it.
/measures

take the words right out of I was about to say the same!

one's mouth - say the same You took the words right out of
,
before somebody else says it my mouth.

It takes time to get used to a new

take time - take a long time
place.

take time off - be absent from He took time off to attend the

work wedding.

We went to Minsk by car. We

take turns - alternate doing ,
didn't get tired because we took
something one after another
turns driving

talk back - answer rudely Don't talk back to the teacher!

talk it over - discuss - I'll talk it over with my family.

tell apart - see the difference , Can you tell the twins apart?

That's just the point! I hate this

That's just the point. - That's it. - .
job!

The plane crashed. Tim said he

the writing on the wall - a sign (,
saw the writing on the wall about
of future events (usually, trouble) )
this flight.

not think much of - think low I don't think much of her cooking.

Think over your answer. Think it

think over - consider carefully
over carefully.

till one is blue in the face - try I repeated it till I was blue in the

hard face!

to make a long story short - in To make a long story short, we

short won.

to say the least - to make the , The film was boring and long, to
 48
minimum comment about smth. say the least.

Try on this leather coat, it's very

try on - put on new clothes to (
good. She tried it on, but it didnt
test them for size or look )
fit her at all.

try one's hand at something -

I want to try my hand at painting.
try

Turn on the radio. Turn off the

turn on / off - switch on / off /
water.

turn out to be - result/end this He turned out to be a very good

way actor.

turn over a new leaf - make a (, ) He promises to turn over a new

fresh start in life, work, etc. leaf and quit alcohol for good.

The new evidence turned the

turn the tide - reverse the
tide, and the defendant was
course of events
acquitted of charges.

They twisted his arm to sell the

twist one's arm - make to agree
house.

I'm a little under the weather

under the weather - feel ill
today.

He is an up-and-coming young
up-and-coming - showing ,
lawyer who might help you with
promise of future success
your case.

up in arms - hostile to, in strong , The employees are up in arms

protest against something about the new retirement rules.

My vacation plans are still up in

up in the air - undecided
the air.

(not) up to par - equal in

() His behavior isn't up to par.
standard

I used to play the piano when I

used to - did often in the past,
, was in school (but I don't play it
but not now
now).

He got the job and is walking on

walk on air - be very happy
air now.
 49
Don't waste your breath trying to
waste one's breath - speak
make him do it, he won't change
uselessly, to no purpose
his mind.

watch one's step - be careful Watch your step!

Watch out for that car! Watch

watch out - look out, be careful
out!

Remember what a wet blanket

wet blanket - a kill-joy, who ,
he was last time? Please don't
spoils everybody's fun
invite him again.

What's the matter? What

What's the matter? - What is it? ?
happened?

He knows which way the wind

which way the wind blows -
blows and always acts
what the real situation is
accordingly.

A white lie is told to spare your

white lie - unimportant lie
feelings.

word for word - in the same Tell me word for word what he
,
words said.

would rather - prefer I'd rather stay at home today.

Are you up to it? ?

an all-rounder

( )
an armchair traveler

 50

at your service

a backbreaking

a bad apple in the basket

to be caught in the act

to be home and dry

to be in the doghouse

( ,
to be on the house
)

to be on the same wavelength ( )

to be out of earshot ( )

to be running low ,

a beer belly

a bench warmer

beyond a shadow of doubt

a big fish = a big shot

to bump into someone / to run into someone - ( )

to call names

to catch up on old times

come to the point

a cooked-up story
 51

to cut a deal with somebody - ( )

a cut-and-dried solution

day and night , ()

a dead giveaway

to do something in double-quick time -

Dont beat about the bush. .

Dont digress from the issue. He .

,
Dont get onto the bandwagon.
.

Dont lose your nerve. He .

Dont pull a fast one on me. He .

Dont spring a surprise. .

to earn the living

an egghead

a fender-bender car accident

Fill me in with the details. .

fond memories

for once

to get fresh with someone ()

to get mugged
 52

to give it a go (- )

to have no idea

to have pipe dreams

cracked up with laughter. .

dotes on her. .

he has got deep pockets

is driving in the fast lane. = is living on

.
the edge.

is over the hill now. , .

is poker-faced. , .

is randy as hell. , .

h shot his bolt

was out of his depth. .

went around the bend. .

will be where the action is. .

to hit the bottle

I am through for the day. .

I bought it for a song. .

I dont know him a great deal. .

I dont see eye to eye with him.

- (
 53

).

I dont see much of him. .

I ran hell for leather. .

In the end things will even out. .

Ive had my fill. .

I was all ears. .

I wish I could turn it around. .

I wont rat on you. .

I would rather not (do something) = I'd rather

( -)
not

if your hunch turns out to be right

It goes over my head. .

it goes without saying

It really took a load off. !

Its easy on the pocket. .

its raining cats and dogs

it is about time we leave

( ,
it is not my cup of tea
)

it is not too much of a bother

it seems to be on the cards

 54

It was one hell of a day. !

it wont keep you very long

Keep things to yourself. .

to kick the bucket ()

kinky stuff

Lets face it. ( ).

Lets quit when the going is still good. , .

Lets start afresh. .

loads of something -

a lovely-dovey person ,

a man of action

a man-eater

to make up for lost time

My contacts have all gone cold. .

a nine days wonder

a peppy girl ,

to place more value on something -

The project is in cold storage. .

round the clock ,

 55

seed money

Scotch flowed freely like water. .

The day began on the wrong foot. .

- , -
to see through someone

someones blue-eyed boy -

Take your pick. .

to take ones breath away (, )

to talks through ones hat

that settles the issue

There is light at the end of the tunnel. .

They took him to the cleaners. .

things were at sixes and sevens

This bugs me no end. .

This calls for some celebration. .

to top it all / to crown it all

You are slow to catch on. .

you can count on my support

You have been taken for a ride. ().

you have done nothing out of turn

 56

Your eyes will pop out. .

We will go Dutch. .

within a matter of months

Would you like a peg or two? ?

(Essential World English Slang)

SLANG WORD OR PHRASE MEANING

airhead stupid person

ace excellent, great

Adam and Eve Rhyming Slang for 'believe'

aggro short for aggravation or violence

amber fluid beer

anorak geek, nerd

apples and pears Rhyming Slang for 'stairs'

armpit dirty, unappealing place

arse / ass [] (1) backside

arse / ass (2) an unworthy person

arse about / arsing about to fool around

arse-about-face something that is in a mess or crooked

 57
arseholed very drunk

arvo afternoon

Aussie Australian

awesome great and impressive

backhander (1) a payment given, normally in a secretive fashion

backhander (2) hit someone

ball (1) a fun time

ball [] (2) a testicle

ballistic to go mad with rage

bang [] (1) to make love

bang (2) a powerful effect

banged up to be put in prison

bangers another name for sausages

barbie barbecue, grill

barf (1) vomit

barmy a foolish person, mad

barney row, violent argument

beans money

beast [] an ugly woman

beat tired

beemer a BMW
 58
bent (1) a 'gay man'

bent (2) 'stolen'

biggie something important

biker a motorcycle rider

bikkie biscuit

a young woman considered sexually attractive but

bimbo
of limited intelligence

bird woman/girl/girlfriend

bitch [] (1) a very unpleasant woman

bitch [] (2) complain

bitchy [] moody

bitzer bitzer : mongrel dog (bits of this and bits of that)

bladdered very drunk

blag a robbery

bloke man

blotto 'very drunk'

blue (1) XXX; dirty, hot, steamy, pornographic

blue (2) domestic fight or row

bluey pornographic film

boat race Rhyming Slang for 'face'

bod body

bonkers; go bonkers crazy

 59
bonzer great

booboo a mistake

bovver trouble, usually fighting

booze alcohol

boozer (1) a pub

boozer (2) someone who likes alcohol

Brahms and Liszt Rhyming Slang for 'pissed' (drunk)

brass monkeys cold weather

bread money

brew (1) tea or coffee

brew (2) beer

brill short for 'brilliant'

bull bullshit; lie

bullshit [] lie; dishonesty

bugger a mild form of abuse or an exclamation

bunk-off to be absent without permission

bunk-up to make love

bushed extremely tired

butt the buttocks, bottom

cabbage someone who is a bit slow or stupid

cakehole mouth
 60
catch some rays get some sunshine

char / cha tea

cheesy cheap; lacking in good taste

chicken coward

chook a chicken

chuck up vomit

take the day off sick from work when you're

chuck a sickie
perfectly healthy

ciggy slang for cigarette

cock and bull story a rubbish story, nonsense

(to) cop it to die, to get into trouble

cool excellent; superb

cooler, the gaol; jail; prison

couch potato a person who watches too much television

cozzie swimming costume

cranky in a bad mood, angry

crap [] (1) something worthless

crap [] (2) excrement

crap [] (3) falsehoods and lies

crikey an expression of astonishment

crust money / wage

cushy easy
 61
dead cert something that is definite

deck to hit someone

dicey unpredictable; risky

dickhead [] an idiot, fool

dill an idiot

ding-dong argument or fight

dipstick idiot, fool

dirt extremely bad person

dirty ; pornographic

div/divvy stupid or slow person

doodle something thats easy / no problem

dodgy dubious person or thing

dog [] an ugly girl

done over beaten up

dope a slow or stupid person

a nonsensical word used when you forget the name

doobry
of something

dorky strange; peculiar

dosh money

dosser down-and-out, tramp

down under Australia and New Zealand

Drongo a dope, stupid person

 62
dude a male

dump [] to defecate

dyke [] lesbian

dynamite powerful; excellent

dinosaur something out of date or old fashioned

earbashing nagging, non-stop chatter

evil great; excellent

eyeball to stare long and hard at someone or something

eyepopper something or someone visibly astounding

fab fabulous

face-off confrontation

fag [] (1) homosexual

fag (2) cigarette

family jewels Rhyming Slang for testicles

far out splendid

fart [] (1) an escape of gas from the bowels

fart [] (2) an unpleasant person

fat head an idiot or dull person

fender-bender small accident

filth [] the police

fit sexually attractive

 63
five finger discount shoplifting

flaky unpredictable

flashback sudden memory

flick (1) film; movie

to give something or somebody the flick is to get rid

flick (2)
of it or him/her

floating intoxicated

floozie a mistress or girlfriend

flommox confuse

flutter a bet (on horse racing or football)

footie Abbreviated form for football

for crying out loud! a expression of frustration or anger

forty winks a short sleep or nap

fox attractive, alluring person

freebie something that does not cost money

French kiss kissing with the tongue

full monty 'the whole lot', everything

full-on powerful, with maximum effort

funny farm mental hospital or institution

funny money counterfeit money

gaff house or flat

gander to look at
 64
geek an unattractive person who works too hard

get it to understand something

glitch flaw

gobshite [] someone who talks rubbish all the time

go bananas go slightly mad

good onya good for you, well done

goof (1) make a mistake

goof (2) a silly and foolish person

goof off waste time

goof up make a mistake

goofy silly

Gordon Bennet an exclamation

grand one thousand dollars

grass marijuana

greaser slang name for a 1950's style man

grog alcohol, beer

grub food

grubby not clean

grungy unclean and stinky

gut a person's stomach; belly

guts courage
 65
gyno gynaecologist

hacked off fed up, annoyed

hairy difficult; dangerous

ham-fisted clumsy

hammered drunk

handcuffs an engagement ring or wedding ring

hang a left make a left turn

hang a right make a right turn

headcase mad

hep sensible; informed

her ('er) indoors wife, girlfriend

hickey a love bite on the skin

hip sensible; informed

hole in the wall a cashpoint machine or bankomat

hoo-ha trouble; commotion

hooker prostitute

horny in the mood for sex, sexually stimulated;

hot (1) sexy

hot (2) popular

hottie hot water bottle

huff bad mood

 66
humungous really big

hump (1) to have sex

hump (2) bad mood

hyper overly excited

icky unpleasant

ID identification

iffy dubious, doubtful

I'm outta here I'm leaving; I'm departing

in fashionable

ivories teeth

jack around waste time

jam (1) trouble

jam (2) improvise (musically)

jamming, to be going well

jammy lucky

jerk stupid or annoying person

jock someone good at sports

K a thousand

keep your hair on "keep calm"

kick back relax and enjoy

kick the bucket die

 67
kip sleep

knackered exhausted

knees up party

knock condemn, criticise

knockout beautiful woman; handsome man

knock back refusal (noun), refuse (transitive verb)

kook peculiar person

kraut [] German

laid back relaxed; calm

lairy loud, brash

lame incompetent

legless very drunk

limp wristed a gay man

lip cheeky talk

loaded someone with a lot of money

loo toilet

loser a bungling and worthless person

lost the plot crazy/mad

love handles excess fat around the waist

luvverly jubberly wonderful, great, all is well

make waves cause problems

 68
malarkey nonsense

mate friend

max, to the maximum

mega big

megabucks a large amount of money

mellow relaxed

mickey-mouse unimportant; time-wasting

minger [] an unattractive person (usually female)

mongrel despicable person

to show one's bottom (arse) to unsuspecting

moonie [!]
onlookers

moose [] an ugly girl

mozzie mosquito

mug a gullible person

naff something which is cheap and nasty

naff off a milder version off fu*k off

nancy (nancy boy) a homosexual

nark a police informer

narked to be annoyed

neat cool; great

nick to steal

nipper a small child

 69
no-hoper somebody who'll never do well

nosh food

not cricket not normal or correct

not all there someone who is stupid, not bright intellectually

not half! cetainly, for sure

not the full quid someone who is stupid, not bright intellectually

nuke (1) nuclear weapon

nuke (2) destroy; delete

nuke (3) cook something in the microwave oven

nut (1) odd or crazy person

nut (2) someone passionate about something

nutter crazy person

nuts [] testicles

nutty eccentric

off your face to be very drunk

out of your tree crazy, drunk or stoned

pad someone's home

pants (1) an exclamation of frustration

pants (2) bad or rubbish

party celebrate

party animal someone that loves parties

 70
paws hands

peanuts very little money

pee to urinate

pickled drunk

pig out eat too much

pigs ear to make a mistake with something

piss [] to urinate

pissed drunk

pissed (off) angry; upset

piss-head a habitual drinker or alcoholic

piss-up a big drinking session

plank an idiot

plastered drunk

plonker an idiot

pad someone's home

plonk (1) cheap wine

plonk (2) sit down, as in "plonk your arse down there"

poop [] defecation; shit

poop out get tired and quit

postie postman

pot marijuana
 71
prezzy present, gift

pro someone who's good at something; professional

psycho crazy person

puke vomit

pumped (up) excited

queer [] a homosexual

rabbit talk

racket (1) noise

racket (2) an occupation

racket (3) something that's dishonest or deceptive

rat a despicable person

rat-arsed drunk

rear (end) buttocks

(a) riot something or someone very funny

rip off (1) stealing

rip off (2) fraud

ripper great, fantastic

rocking great; excellent

roll up a hand rolled cigarette

rosie lee tea

rubbish nonsense; not true

 72
ruck a fight

rug wig, toupee

rug rat a child

rum odd, strange

runs, the diarrhoea

scoff to eat

screw up to make a mistake

screw-up a person who makes a mistake

scum (] a despicable individual

shades sunglasses

shag [] to make love

shagged-out to feel tired

shed-load a huge amount

shite milder variation of the word shit

shitfaced [] very drunk

shithead [] a stupid, impolite person

skint to have no money

skosh a little bit

slapper [] a loose or easy woman

smeghead an idiot

snog to kiss
 73
snookered cheated, stuck

solid (1) really good; cool

solid (2) consecutive

specs eyeglasses

split to leave

spunk [] (1) semen

spunk (2) spirit

spunk (3) an attractive man

stoned drunk from drugs or alcohol

stunner a very good looking woman

street smart knowledgeable about city life

strewth exclamation

(I'll be) stuffed expression of surprise

suck to be bad and unacceptable

sunnies sunglasses

swagman tramp

sweet excellent, cool

ta thanks

tacky something of poor taste or style

tanked (up) to get very drunk

tea leaf Rhyming Slang for thief

 74
telly television

thick as shit [] very stupid

thick as two short planks [] very stupid

Wadjamacallit, thingummy, whatsit, something you

thingo
don't know the name of!

thou thousand

threads clothing

ticker (1) the heart

ticker (2) a watch

tiddly slightly drunk

toss-pot [] idiot

totally really; completely

to the max maximum

troll an ugly girl

(the) trots diarrhoea

trouble and strife Rhyming Slang for 'wife'

trout [] unattractive woman

turkey (1) failure; flop

turkey (2) dumb person

turn-off something that repulses a person

umpteen many; countless

up for it to be willing to have a good time

 75
up the duff to be pregnant

Uncle Tom Cobley and all a phrase meaning 'everyone'

uptight nervous; anxious

veg out relax in front of the TV (like a vegetable)

wad a lot of money

wanker an idiot or an unpleasant person

wasted killed

weed (1) marijuana

weed (2) someone who is weak

wheels car; motorcycle

whiz someone who shows a special talent for something

wicked excellent, cool

wimp weak; feeble

wimpy weak

wind up to tease

winks sleep

wuss coward

x-rated pornographic

yabber talk (a lot)

Yank an American

yob a horrible or uncouth young man

 76
zeds sleep

zero an unimportant person

zilch nothing

zip (1) nothing

zip (2) energy; vigor

zip it shut up

zit pimple; acne

ANNOTATION PLAN

1. The title of the article. The article is headlined

The headline of the article I have read is
As the title implies the article describes ...

2. The author of the article, The author of the article is

where and when the article The authors name is ...
was published. Unfortunately the authors name is not mentioned ...
The article is written by
It was published in (on the Internet).
It is a newspaper (scientific) article (published on March 10, 2012 / in
2010).

3. The main idea of the article. The main idea of the article is
The article is about
The article is devoted to
The article deals (is concerned) with
The article touches upon the issue of
The purpose of the article is to give the reader some information on
The aim of the article is to provide the reader with some material
on

4. The contents of the article. The author starts by telling (the reader) that
Some facts, names, figures. The author (of the article) writes (reports, states, stresses, thinks,
notes, considers, believes, analyses, points out, says,
 77

describes) that / draws readers attention to...

Much attention is given to
According to the article
The article goes on to say that
It is reported (shown, stressed) that
It is spoken in detail about
From what the author says it becomes clear that
The fact that is stressed.
The article gives a detailed analysis of
Further the author reports (writes, states, stresses, thinks, notes,
considers, believes, analyses, points out, says, describes)
that / draws readers attention to...
In conclusion the author writes (reports, states, stresses, thinks,
notes, considers, believes, analyses, points out, says,
describes) that / draws readers attention to...
The author comes to the conclusion that
The following conclusions are drawn:

5. Your opinion. I found the article (rather) interesting (important, useful) as /

because
I think / In my opinion the article is (rather) interesting (important,
useful) as / because
I found the article too hard to understand / rather boring as /
because

( )

( - ) - .
() , ,
(, ).
, .
- , .

, () ... ,
Many people think but others do not agree.
.

Let us consider what the advantages and ,

disadvantages of are. ... .

Lets consider some pros and cons of it.
().

Let us start by considering the facts. .

Let us start by considering pros and cons of it.

 78
().

It is generally agreed today that , ... .

, ""
"". -.

To begin with, . , ... .

You can . () ... .

Firstly, ... / Secondly, ... / Finally, ... . -, ... / -, .../ , ... .

One argument in support of ... . ... .

, , , ... . (
The first thing that needs to be said is ... .
, , .)

First and foremost . .

It is true that ... / clear that ... / noticeable , ... / , ... / ,

that ... . ...

One should note here that ... . , ... .

Another good thing about is that .
(, ) ... .

The second reason for ... . ... .

It is often said that ... . , ... .

It is undeniable that... , ... .

It is a well-known fact that ... . , ... .

For the great majority of people ... . ... .

We live in a world in which ... . , ... .

A number of key issues arise from the

statement. For instance, ... . . , ... .
 79
One of the most striking features of this
problem is ... . ... .

First of all, let us try to understand ... . , ... .

The public in general tend to believe that ... . , ... .

What is more, . , ... .

Besides, because it is . , ... ... .

Doubtless, ... . , ... .

One cannot deny that ... . , ... .

It is (very) clear from these observations

() , ... .
that ... .

On the other hand, we can observe ,

that ... . , ... .

The other side of the coin is,

, , ... .
however, that ... .

Another way of looking at this

question is to ... . , ... .

One should, nevertheless,

,
consider the problem from another
.
angle.

One should, however, not forget ,

that ... . , ... .

,
If on the one hand it can be said
, ... ,
that ... the same is not true for ... .
... .

On the other hand, . , ... .

Although . ... .

Besides, . , ... .
 80
Moreover, . , .

Furthermore, one should not forget , ,

that ... . ... .

In addition to ... . (, ) ... .

Nevertheless, one should accept , ,

that ... . ... .

, ,
However, we also agree that ... .
... .

( ) .

Experts... ...

... believe that . ... , .

... say that . ... , .

... suggest that . ... , .

... are convinced that . ... , .

... point out that . ... , .

... emphasize that . ... , .

According to some experts... , ... .

Perhaps we should also point out the

, , ... .
fact that ... .

It would be unfair not to mention that

, ... .
fact that ... .

One must admit that ... . , ... .

We cannot ignore the fact that ... . , ... .

One cannot possibly accept the fact that

, ... .
... .
 81
From these facts, one may conclude
, ( ), ... .
that ... .

Which seems to confirm the idea that ...

, -, ( ), ... .
.

Thus, ... / Therefore,... , ... / ... .

The most common argument against

this is that ... . , ... .

In conclusion, I can say that although , . , , ... , ... .

To draw the conclusion, one can say that . , , ... .

So its up to everybody to decide whether or ...

not. , .

...
The arguments we have presented ... suggest
, ... / , ... /
that ... / prove that ... / would indicate that ... .
, ... .

, ... / ... /
From these arguments one must ... / could... /
... ,
might ... conclude that ... .
... .

In western countries after secondary school, students very often do not continue immediately with
their studies, but they take a one year break, called a gap year, when they travel or do voluntary work.
Write an argumentative essay presenting arguments for and against the gap year.

 82

In todays world of fierce competition, it is important for young people to
get well-prepared for the challenges of the future. Thus the institution of gap
year can be regarded as a step in the right direction though it is also not without
its problems.

In its favour, the gap year seems to be useful psychologically as it helps

young people understand their needs and interest better before they actually
commit themselves to any particular career path. Besides, the gap year
has educational advantages because it offers a lot of opportunities to learn
about the world and ones own place in it. For all these reasons, the gap year
can be regarded as a positive social institution.

However, as critics are quick to point out, the gap year can in fact be
harmful as it interrupts with the rhythm of learning and often makes it difficult for
students to return to their studies. Apart from that, unfortunately not every young
person can afford to travel around the world and many of them end up sitting
around at home, which can be very demotivating.

All in all, the gap year may arouse mixed feelings, but still thousands of
people every year take a year off. One can only hope they will use it fruitfully,
minimizing the dangers and taking full advantage of its benefits.

1. : 1. : The problem / issue / phenomenon

(In todays world it is important) of is / has always been, People always say /
, have always thought / agreed /said / believed, It
(It can be regarded as but not without is a controversial / burning / hot question, There
its problems). is no agreement

2. : 2. :
(In its favour) :
(However, critics are quick to point out). on the one hand on the other hand; Firstly, To
, begin with, Secondly, Finally; In addition, Besides,
Moreover, What is more, Furthermore; However,
. , Despite this, In spite of this; In fact, As a matter of
(, , fact; As a result, Consequently
: One major advantage is,
). , As advocates ofclaim / argue, As critics point
. out / claim, There are a number of
disadvantages / weaknesses / drawbacks /
downsides

3. : 3. : All in all, To sum up, In

 83

(All in all) conclusion, In summary, In general; it seems

, important to add/point out/remind that, the issue
, / debate is far from...
(One can hope
minimizing the danger and talking full advantage of
benefits).

Introductory Phrases

, Moreover,

Most of all,

, ... It is important to note that ...

, ... It is important to remember that ...

, ... An important point is that ...

, t the moment,

, ... In conclusion,...

, After all,

, In any case, / Anyway, / Either way,

-, Actually, ...

-, Firstly,

, All in all,

, Instead of

, In the first place,

, From time to time,

 84
s a result of

, Indeed,

, In order to

, I must admit,

, In other words,

It makes sense (to)

, () It seems that

, ... / , ... In short, ... / In a nutshell, ...

, Besides,

... Luckily, / Fortunately,

, ... Unfortunately, ...

, ... In addition, ...

, / , By the way,

I should / I had better

, It may seem that

, Finally,

, In fact, / Actually,

As far as I know,

, . as far as I can judge,

, It doesn't matter that

, ... It is not surprising that... / It is no great surprise that

...
 85
But other than that,

, / , However,

, ... In a word, ...

, ... It turned out that

, / , Frankly speaking, / To tell the truth,

, In my opinion, .

, To tell the truth,

, ... As a matter of fact, ...

, First of all, / Above all,

, ... It is self-evident that ...

, It goes without saying that

, ... It should be noted that ...

t first, / First, ...

I advise you (to)

, ... , , ... On the one hand, ... , on the other hand, ...

Also,

As well as

, Meanwhile, / Meantime,

, / -, / , Nevertheless,

, ... It is well known that ...

... As for ... / Concerning ...

 86
, It can mean, that

I would rather

I would like to

, / , / , I think, / I believe, / I guess,

Who? ?

What? ?

Which? ? ?

When? ?

Where? ?

Where from? ?

Why? ?

How? ?

How much/many? ?

How much time? ?

How much money? ?

Who is this? ?

Who's there? ?
 87
What is this? ?

Where are we? ?

Where is that? ?

How do we call it? How is it called? ?

What did you say? ?

What are you doing? ?

What do you want? ?

What do you need? ?

What's the trouble? What's the matter? ?

? / /
What have you been doing today?
?

? /
What are you doing tomorrow?
?

What are your hobbies? ? / ?

I am watching TV. .

I am listening to music. .

I am talking to friends online. .

I am bored. .

I am tired. /.
 88
Today I have been to my friends house. / .

I am going to go to my friends house. .

I've been shopping. .

I am going shopping. .

I love to sing. .

I love music. .

I study music at college, and I sing. .

I studied music at college. .

Listening to music. .

Learning languages. .

,
.
, . ,
: , , , , , .
( , )
. , , ,
, , , .
, . ,
, - .
( -
). "on": on Sunday - , on Fridays -
.
, "on" : next Wednesday -
, last Tuesday - .
,
.
 89

Monday
Moon ()
[ 'mndei ], [ 'mndi ]

Tiw ( -
Tuesday

[ 'tju:zdei ], [ 'tju:zdi ]
, )

Wodan / Odin ( -

Wednesday
,
[ 'wenzdei ], [ 'wenzdi ]
,
)

Thor ( - ,
Thursday

[ ':zdei ], [ ':zdi ]
)

Frige / Freyja ( - -
Friday

[ 'fraidei ], [ 'fraidi ] ,
)

Saturday Saturn ( -

[ 'stdei ], [ 'stdi ] )

Sunday
Sun ()
[ 'sndei ], [ 'sndi ]

, ""

English Equivalent

weekdays, working days

() evening; ( - 21 00 .) night

in the evening, at night

sunrise
 90
yesterday

day off

day; ( ) afternoon

birthday

in the afternoon

tomorrow

sunset, dusk

every day

week

night

at night

in the night

the day before yesterday

noon, midday

at noon, at midday

midnight

at midnight

in the small hours; in the early hours of the morning

the day after tomorrow

holiday

dawn, daybreak, break of day

at the crack of dawn

today
 91
the seven-day week

next day

, (
weekend
)

morning

in the morning

nice day

() in two (three) days

-
, .
.

, , 1 45 . .
. .
, ,
( = 365,2425 ).
XIII 4 1582
: , , 4
15 .
1918 : 31
14 .
.
"in": in August - .
, "in" : this March -
, , next June - , last January - .
, "on": on August 17,
2014 (: "on August (the) seventeenth two thousand (and) fourteen" / "on August (the)
seventeenth twenty fourteen" - ,
); on 17 August 2014 (: "on the seventeenth of August two thousand (and)
fourteen" / "on the seventeenth of August twenty fourteen" - ,
) - .

(.) Janus ( -
January [ 'dnju()ri ]
)

(.) Februa (
February [ 'febru()ri ]
)
 92
(.) Martius Mars (
March [ m:t ]
)

(.) Aphrilis (
April [ 'eipr()l ]
)

(.) Maius (
May [ mei ]
)

(.) Juno ( -
June [ du:n ] ,
)

(.) Julius (
,
July [ du'lai ]

46 . . .)

(.) Augustus (
August [ :'gst ]
)

(.) septem (
September [ sep'temb ]
)

(.) octo (
October [ k'tub ]
)

(.) novem (
November [ nu'vemb ]
)

(.) decem (
December [ di'semb ]
)

(the Zodiac Signs)

Latin Name English Translation Dates

 93
Aries The Ram 21 March 20 April

Taurus The Bull 21 April 21 May

Gemini The Twins 22 May 21 June

Cancer The Crab 22 June 22 July

Leo The Lion 23 July 22 August

23 August 23
Virgo The Maiden
September

24 September 23
Libra The Scales
October

24 October 22
Scorpio The Scorpion
November

23 November 21
Sagittarius The (Centaur) Archer
December

"Goat-Horned" (The 22 December 20

Capricorn
Sea-Goat) January

21 January 19
Aquarius The Water-Bearer
February

20 February 20
Pisces The Fishes
March

, ,

: ? / ? :

What time is it?

What is the time?
Whats the time?
 94

Could you tell me the time, please? , , ?

Do you know what time it is? , ?

Do you have the time? ?

Do you happen to have the time? , ?

12- ,
( ), ( . .).
24- ,
.

, ( ) to ask the time

, ( ) to tell the time

,
-, , :

clock
( , , ( clocks)
,
, )

watch
( , , ( - watches)
, ( wristwatch)
)

hour
( , 60 ( hours)
)

oclock
( , , ( )
,
( ) )

, , (
) , oclock,
:
 95
It's ... (=It is ) ...

one o'clock

two o'clock

three oclock

four oclock

five oclock

six oclock

seven oclock

eight oclock

nine oclock

ten oclock

eleven oclock

twelve oclock

, :

in the morning ( ,
)

in the afternoon

in the evening

at night
(in the night (
))

a. m. (. ante meridiem)

p. m. (. post meridiem) .

noon (midday)

midnight

Its noon (midday). .

Its midnight. .

at noon (at midday)

at midnight
 96

oclock :

Its one (oclock) in morning. .

(=Its one a. m.)

Its two (oclock) in morning. .

(=Its two a. m.)

Its three (oclock) in morning. .

(=Its three a. m.)

Its four (oclock) in morning. .

(=Its four a. m.)

Its five (oclock) in morning. .

(=Its five a. m.)

Its six (oclock) in morning. .

(=Its six a. m.)

Its seven (oclock) in morning. .

(=Its seven a. m.)

Its eight (oclock) in morning. .

(=Its eight a. m.)

Its nine (oclock) in morning. .

(=Its nine a. m.)

Its ten (oclock) in morning. .

(=Its ten a. m.)

Its eleven (oclock) in morning. .

(=Its eleven a. m.)

Its twelve (oclock) noon. ().

(=Its noon. Its midday)

Its one (oclock) in afternoon. .

(=Its one p. m.)

Its two (oclock) in afternoon. .

(=Its two p. m.)

Its three (oclock) in afternoon. .

(=Its three p. m.)

Its four (oclock) in afternoon. .

(=Its four p. m.)

Its five (oclock) in afternoon. .

(=Its five p. m.)

Its six (oclock) in evening. .

(=Its six p. m.)

Its seven (oclock) in evening. .

(=Its seven p. m.)

Its eight (oclock) in evening. .

(=Its eight p. m.)
 97
Its nine (oclock) at night. .
(=Its nine p. m.)

Its ten (oclock) at night. .

(=Its ten p. m.)

Its eleven (oclock) at night. .

(=Its eleven p. m.)

Its twelve (oclock) midnight. ().

(=Its midnight.)

It's ... (=It is ) ...

exactly ... ...

Its exactly six oclock. .

... sharp / ... on the dot ..., ...

( at
()
( )

Meet you there. Eight o'clock sharp! . ! (

)

The meeting will begin at two o'clock on the .

dot.

about ... ...

Its about three p. m. .

almost ... ...

Its almost midnight. .

just gone ... , ... (

)

Its just gone ten. (

).

,
:
1- ( ) ( minutes - ):

. Its five thirty-seven.

. Its nine forty.

 98
2- ( ). minutes ()
.
1 30, past ( ),
:

6:22 Its twenty-two (minutes) past six.

11.08 Its eight (minutes) past eleven.

,
:

Its twenty-two (minutes) past six. .

Its eight (minutes) past eleven. .

31 59, ,
to ( ):

5:46 Its fourteen (minutes) to six. .

9:54 Its six (minutes) to ten. .

1:58 Its two (minutes) to two. .

15 , - a quarter.
, past ( )
( ):

3:15 Its a quarter past three. .

7:15 Its a quarter past seven. .

(45 ), to (
) :

3:45 Its a quarter to four. .

7:45 Its a quarter to eight. .

 99
half ()
past ( ) (
):

3:30 Its half past three. .

7:30 Its half past seven. .

, , fast (
) slow ( ):

My watch is fast. .

Your watch is slow. .

That clock is a little fast. .

Our clock is a little slow .

, oclock hour:

at at 3 o'clock 3

by , by 3 o'clock 3

for , for 3 hours 3-

since since 3 o'clock 3

till till 3 o'clock 3

in in 3 hours 3 a

from to from 3 to 4 o'clock 3 4

Ive left my watch at home. .

Ive lost my watch. .

My watch is broken. .

My watch was stolen. .

 100

Asking Directions

Excuse me, , / , (
,
- )

Where is ? ?

Excuse me, could you tell me how to get to ... ? , ,

...?

How do I get to ? / ?

Excuse me, do you know where ... is? , , ?

Can you tell me where is? , ?

I'm looking for ... . ... .

Are we on the right road for ...? ...?

Is this the right way for ...? ?

Do you have a map? ?

Can you show me on the map? ?

Are you from around here? ?

landmark (
)

the bus station

the post office

the Market Street - ()

 101
the Stonehenge

the closest gas station

the city centre / downtown

a car park / parking lot

the traffic lights

Giving Directions

Follow me. Ill show you the way. , .

Do you want me to draw you a map? ?

It's this way. .

It's that way. .

You are going the wrong way. / .

You are going in the wrong direction. / .

Take this road. / .

Go down there. / .

Follow the signs. .

Go over the roundabout. .

Take the second exit at the roundabout. .

Go under the bridge. .

Go over the bridge. .

You'll cross some railway lines. .

Keep going for another kilometre. .

 102
Left

Go left. / .

It's on the left. .

You will see a tower on the left. .

It'll be on your left. ( / ) .

Its going to be on your left. .

Turn left. .

Take a left. .

Take the first on the left. .

Take the second (turning) on the left. .

Turn left at the crossroads. .

You'll pass a supermarket on your left. .

At the second set of traffic lights, turn left. .

Turn left at the T-junction. - .

Turn left into Oxford Street. -.

Stay in the left lane. .

Get in the left lane. .

Right

Go right. / .

It's on the right. .

You will see a tower on the right. .

 103
It'll be on your right. ( / ) .

Its going to be on your right. .

Turn right. .

Take a right. .

Take the first on the right. .

Take the second (turning) on the right. .

Turn right at the crossroads. .

You'll pass a supermarket on your right. .

At the second set of traffic lights, turn right. .

Turn right at the T-junction. - .

Turn right into Oxford Street. -.

Stay in the right lane. .

Get in the right lane. .

Ahead

Go ahead. / ().

Go straight ahead. / .

Continue straight ahead for about a mile. .

Continue past the fire station. .

Continue straight on past some traffic lights. .

Go straight on. / ( / ).

It'll be straight ahead of you. ( / ) .

 104
If You Cant Help

(Im) Sorry, I dont know. , () .

Sorry, Im not from around here. , .

Im afraid I cant help you. , .

You could ask the bus driver. .

Prepositions of Time

when

after that

then

next

when you get togo ,

finally

Prepositions of Place

where

opposite

across from

between

in front of

behind ()

next to ( )
 105
beside

near

Prepositions of Movement

where (to)

past (the post office)

along (the river)

over (the bridge)

through (the park)

towards (the church) ,

up (the hill) ,

down (the hill) ,

road

taxi rank

level crossing

underpass

overpass / flyover /

zebra crossing ( )

pedestrian crossing

tunnel

crossroads
 106
the roundabout

junction ( / )

fork in the road

turning

main road

lane ()

Warnings

Its a very busy road. .

There might be construction. .

If you pass the you went too far. ,

.

Theres no parking. .

How far is it? ?

Is it far (from here)? ()?

Is it a long way? ( )?

How far is it? ?

How far is it to the airport? ?

How far is it to the airport from here? ?

It's not far (from here). ().

Its just around the corner. .

It's quite close. .

 107
It's quite a long way. .

It takes a while. .

It's a long way on foot. .

It's a long way to walk. , .

Its about a five-minute walk. .

It's about a ten-minute walk. .

Its about a twenty minute bus ride. .

It's about a mile from here. .

-
()


" ".
: , ,
, ,
, .

HOW I SPENT MY SUMMER

VACATION (=SUMMER
HOLIDAYS)

Useful phrases for essay writing. ().

DEFINITION

Summer vacation (also called

summer holidays or summer (summer vacation) ( summer
break) is a vacation in the holidays summer break)
summertime between school .
years.
 108
INTRODUCTION

Vacations are the best time to ,

relax and enjoy, and I eagerly ,
wait for my summer
vacations every year. .

Summer vacation is the best

part of the year. .

Summer is my favourite season ,

because school is out and it is ,
the time to relax and be with the
family. .

One of my favorite family

traditions is summer vacation. .

PLANNING

We had been planning how to ,

spend the vacation this time. .

I started thinking of all the

possibilities of the places that ,
we could be going. .

My parents wished to go to ... ...

My parents planned to take me

to ... ...

The first thing I wanted to do , ,

was to go to the beach. .

WHAT I DID

In June I stayed at home as my ,

parents had to work. .

This summer I did several

different exciting things. .

We packed our bags. .

 109
I did so many different things! !

I had so much fun! !

I relaxed and it was really fun

,
spending the vacation with my
.
family.

I also did lots of shopping. .

It was nice to be able to spend

so much time with my family
.
this summer.

I took lots of photos. .

WHERE I WENT

The first thing I got to do was

, , ...
travel to ...

First of all I went to my camp

, .
with tons of my friends.

Secondly (Tnen) I (also) went to

-, () () ...
...

The city that made the biggest ,

impression on me was ... ...

We went to see different places. .

I went to really nice places. .

We finally arrived at our

, 10 .
destination at 10 a. m.

The first thing I saw was ... , , ...

We all stayed together in a

()
rented house (flat / apartment)
.
for a week.

We enjoyed our ten-day stay in ...

 110
... very much.

We really appreciated being

there because of all the , -
amazing sights and experiences .
we had.

It was fun to travel all the way to

...
...

BEACH

Going to the beach is my

.
favorite thing to do in summer.

I went to the beach with my

.
family.

My family and I spent a lot of

.
time at the beach.

The water was refreshing and I

, !
got a great tan!

At the sea, the beach was so

,
shiny, and the sun was up in
.
the sky.

I saw dolphins splashing

.
playfully.

The sand was as hot as coals in

, .
a barbecue.

The weather was hot and

.
humid.

END OF THE VACATION

We ended our summer by

...
traveling to ...

We returned on August 12,

12 .
much refreshed and happy.
 111
The vacation is over and I am
, .
back to school.

CONCLUSION: MY
:
IMPRESSIONS AND HOPES

I love being outdoors so this

,
trip was tremendously exciting
.
to me.

My summer vacation was really

,
fun and I enjoyed every minute
.
of it.

The summer I had was amazing! !

I had a fantastic summer

!
vacation!

Of all the vacations in my life,

,
this was my best summer
!
vacation ever!

It was so nice hanging out with

,
my family and having fun at the
, !
same time!

I hope next summer will be as ,

exciting as this one! , !

Im really excited for next

!
summer!

I told my parents that we would

plan similar holidays for ,
every summer vacation, in the !
coming years!

(Automobile)
- (Automobile)
 112
ENGLISH

absorber, bumper

accelerator

accumulator, battery

armrest

back door

bonnet (BrE), hood (AmE)

boot

brake

brake fluid

brake light -

bulbs

bumper

cab

car, automobile ,

car alarm

carburettor

chassis

clutch

cooling system

crankshaft
 113
cylinder

dashboard

diesel

driver's license

electrical system

engine

exhaust (pipe)

fan belt

fender, wing

filling station

fog lights

front door

fuel gauge

garage

gear

gear-change shift lever

handbrake

hatchback

headlights

headrest

highway
 114
hood (AmE), bonnet (BrE)

horn

hubcap ()

ignition

jack

license plate

lorry, truck

number plate

oil

oil pump

parking light

pedal

petrol

pump

radiator

rearview mirror

road

screwdriver

seatbelt

sedan

service station
 115
signal

spanner

spare parts

spark plug

speedometer

spring

starter

steering wheel

suspension

tail-ligh

tank

temperature gauge

tyre (BrE), tire (AmE)

tool

trailer

transmission; gear box

trunk

van

wheel

window roller

windscreen, windshield
 116
windscreen wiper

(Anatomy)
(- )
- (Anatomy)

ENGLISH WORD

anatomy

abdomen

accouchement

ankle

anus

appendage

appendix

arm

armpit

artery

backbone

bald head

beard

beauty spot

belch
 117
biceps

birth

blood

blood circulation

blood group

blood vessel

body

bone

bowels

brain

breast ()

breath

breech

bronchus

build

bust

calf

canine

capillary

cerebrum

cheek
 118
cheekbone

chin

clavicle

corpse

digestion

dimple

dream

ear

elbow

enamel

entrails

eyebrow

eyelash

eyelid

feaces

finger

finiteness

fist

flat-foot

foot (feet) , (, )

footstep
 119
forearm

forefinger

forehead

fourth finger

freckle

fringe

gland

groin

gum

haemoglobin

hair

hand

head

health

heart

heel

high temple

immunity

intestine

jaw

kidney
 120
knee

larynx

leg

lip

liver

little toe

little finger

lung

melanism

middle finger

milk-tooth

molar

mole

moustache

mouth

muscle

muscles

nail

nape

navel

neck
 121
nerve

nose

nostril

oesophagus

ovule

palm

papilla

pelvis

puberty

pulse

pupil

rhesus

rib

ring-finger

saliva

salivation

scapula

sex

shoulder

skeleton

skin
 122
skull

small fry

snot

spine

stomach

stubble

temple

thigh

thorax

throat

thumb

toe

tongue

tonsils

tooth (teeth) ()

urinary bladder

urine

vein

vertebra

wart

whisker
 123

(Airport)
- (Airport)

ENGLISH WORD

aeroplane, airplane, plane, aircraft

air sickness bag ,

airport

aisle

aisle seat (seat near the aisle)

armrest

arrival and departure monitor

baggage carousel

baggage claim area a

baggage claim check

boarding

boarding pass

cabin

call button a

cargo door

carry-on bag

check-in counter (desk)

co-pilot
 124
cockpit

concession stand/snack bar

control tower

conveyor belt ()

customs

customs declaration form

customs officer

to declare / ,

delay

departure gate ( )

departure lounge (

departures board

destination

duty-free shop

emergency exit

emergency instruction card

fasten seat belt sign " "

first-class section

flight /

flight attendant

flight engineer
 125
fuselage

galley

garment bag

gate /

gift shop

green / red channel /

hand luggage / carry-on luggage ,

hijack

immigration officer c

information

instrument panel -

landing

landing gear

lavatory

life vest

liquid

luggage, baggage

luggage carrier ( )

luggage tags / labels

luggage ticket

metal detector
 126
middle seat

no smoking sign " "

overhead compartment ()

one way trip / ticket /

oxygen mask

passenger

passport

pilot / captain

to reserve

round trip

round trip ticket

runway -

schedule

seat , ,

seat belt

seat pocket

security checkpoint -

security guard

suitcase

tail

terminal
 127
ticket

ticket agent

ticket counter

tray

trolley

visa

waiting area a

window seat

wing

X-ray machine

(Appearance)
- (Appearance)

ENGLISH WORD

arched

attractive

bald

bald patch

beard

beautiful, lovely, pretty ( )

 128
beauty

big / great toe ( )

breast

broad forehead

brows

bushy

chin

close-set eyes

common

complexion

cropped head

curly hair

deep-set eyes

dimples ( )

dull glance

ear

elbow

face

fair hair

fat

figure
 129
finger ( )

first tooth

flush

foot

fourth finger

fresh

glassy eyes

good-looking, handsome ( )

hair-cut

height

hooked nose

imposing appearance

index finger, forefinger

intelligent expression

knee

lashes

leg

little finger ( )

little toe ( )

lobe

locks, curls
 130
lower lip

middle / second finger

middle-sized

moustache

mouth

nail

neck

oval

pale

palm (of the hand)

penciled

plain

plump

prominent ears

ring finger ( )

round

shock of hair

short

slim

snow-white teeth

sparse hair
 131
splendid hair

square

stomach, belly

stooping

stout

straight

tall

thin

thumb ( )

to arrange

to dye hair

to keep fit

to paint / rouge cheeks

to put on lipstick

to use / wear make-up

toe ( )

tongue

turned up ()

ugly

unpleasant look in ones eyes

unprepossessing appearance
 132
upper lip

waist

wavy hair

weight

wrist

- ""

chemist's (shop)

arch

bank

bar

swimming pool/baths

library

hospital

bakery, baker's (shop)

lost property office

(shop) window

gate(s)

impressive
 133
entrance, way in

/ to choose, to select, to pick

high-quality

exit, way out

gallery

grocer's/grocery (shop)

/ to (go for a) walk/stroll

traffic

/ to shop, to go shopping

cash machine/dispenser

money

cheap

road

dear (), expensive ()

road sign

to get lost, to lose one's way

traffic jam, congestion

building

zoo

toyshop

to look for, search for, to seek

 134
checkout, cash-desk; till, cash register

cafe / cafe

() receipt

cinema

stall

flower-bed

bookshop

credit card

lift

shop

(small) change

mosque

coin

bridge

museum

butcher's (shop)

on the first floor (second storey)

on the ground floor (first storey)

on/to the left

on/to the right

/ to find
 135
new

nightclub

shoe shop

memorial, monument

hairdresser's, hair salon

park

crossroads, junction

() (pedestrian) crossing (zebra crossing)

() to cross the street / road

pedestrian

town plan, street map

/ ( ) to pay (for)

/ to pay (in) cash

(town) square

present, gift

second-hand

underpass, subway

fire station

buyer, purchaser; customer

/ to buy, to purchase

to receive
 136
to send/post a letter

post office

postbox, pillar box

counter

fitting/changing room

to try on

to sell

(clearance) sale

restaurant

fish shop, fishmonger's (shop)

market

(set of) traffic lights

synagogue

bench, seat

discount, (price) reduction

cathedral

stadium

statue

to cost

car park

taxi-rank
 137
to queue up (for)

theatre

( -.) to bargain/haggle (with)

shopping centre

() pavement

dead end, blind alley

corner

narrow

street

department store

supermarket

to get/grow tired

fountain

price, cost

church

circus

() cheque

chequebook

wide, broad

escalator

floor, storey
 138
jeweller's (shop), jewellery shop

(Hotel)
- (Hotel)

ENGLISH

make a reservation for a room

booking confirmation

in advance

discount

hotel facilities ,

B : ,
The rate includes sauna, gym, parking, safe ,
deposit box. ,
.

,
check-in time (
)

,
check-out time

pay for services

payment in local currency

pay cash

cater

available
 139
At the moment there are no rooms available. .

single room

twin room

double room

( ):

Standard room

Superior room

Junior suite room ""

Suite room ""

B&B - bed and breakfast :

HB - half board ( , )

FB - full board

All inclusive

1:

After a long journey from Heathrow, John finally arrives at his hotel in King's Cross. He
goes to the reception area to check in.

Receptionist: Hello. Can I help you?

 140
John: Yeah hi, I've got a reservation. My name is John Ashley.

Receptionist: Ah, yes. You booked a shared room for one week?

John: Yes, a shared room, but perhaps I'll stay longer.

Receptionist: OK, but let us know as soon as you decide?

John: Yes, of course. How much is that?

Receptionist: It's 18.50 GBP for a shared room. Can I see your passport?

John: Here you are.

2:

John is checking in at his hotel in King's Cross. He asks the receptionist some questions
about the hotel.

Receptionist: Here is your room key, it's number 13, on the first floor.

John: Is there a lift? My case is very heavy!

Receptionist: Yes, it's over there.

John: Oh one other thing, is there somewhere I can put my valuables?

Receptionist: Yes, we have lockers available, they cost two pounds a day.

John: OK. And the hotel is open all night?

Receptionist: Yes, of course, we have 24 hour reception.

John: OK, I think that's everything, thanks.

 141

(-
)
-

grammar

abbreviation

paragraph

acronym

anagram

antonym

apostrophe

article

future tense

reflexive pronoun

question mark

exclamation mark / exclamation point

() tense

auxiliary verb

second person

gerund

main clause

verb

- linking verb

grammatical
 142
colon

active voice

hyphen

dialect

object

singular

comma

idiom

inflection

common noun

proper noun

infinitive

quotation mark

communication

( ) parenthesis (parentheses)

linguist

linguistics

personal pronoun

interjection

pronoun

metaphor

plural

morphology
 143
spelling

adverb

present tense

homonym

homophone

modifier / qualifier / attribute

case

palindrome

first person

subject

rule

predicate

preposition

sentence

( ) clause

superlative

objective clause

subordinate clause

adjective

participle

capital letter

past tense

direct object
 144
punctuation

colloquial

speech

semantics

synonym

syntax

syntactic

declension

slang

, , vocabulary

word

compound sentence

compound word

contraction

conjunction

conjugation

simile

passive voice

noun

dash

period

semicolon

third person
 145
parts of speech

phonology

phrase

ellipsis

language

(- )
-

ENGLISH

acacia ['kei]

baobab ['beiubb]

birch [b:t]

beech [bi:t]

elm [elm]

walnut ['wo:lnt]

pear tree [p tri:]

oak [uk]

spruce [spru:s], fir tree [f: tri:]

willow ['wilu]

= = fig [fig]
 146
chestnut ['tesnt]

cedar ['si:d]

cypress ['saiprs]

maple ['meipl]

bay [bei]

linden ['lindn], lime tree ['laim tri:]

larch [la:t]

= olive ['oliv]

myrtle ['m:tl]

juniper ['d3u:nip]

alder ['o:ld]

hazel ['heizl]

aspen ['spn]

palm [pa:m]

fir [f:], silver fir ['silv f:]

plane [plein], sycamore ['sikmo:]

mountain ash ['mauntin ], rowan ['run]

sequoia [si'kwoi]

lilac ['lailk]

plum tree ['plm tri:]

pine [pain]
 147
yew tree ['ju: tri:]

poplar ['popl]

eucalyptus [ju:k'lipts]

apple tree ['pl tri:]

ash []

-
- -
- ""

ENGLISH NAME

balcony

/ to (have a) shave

alarm clock

vase

bath (tub)

bathroom

bucket

/ to hang out/up the washing/laundry

video (cassette) recorder, video

/ to turn/switch on; to plug in

 148
/ to get up, to rise

switch

/ to turn/switch off; to unplug

/ to wipe (clean); to (rub) dry

lawn

garage

wardrobe

/ to iron, to press

living/sitting room, lounge

dirty, filthy

mud; dirt, filth

door

house; block of flats

at home

oven

shower

fence

to close/draw the curtains

/ to close, to shut

lock

curtain
 149
/ to go to sleep; to fall asleep

mirror

study

fireplace

picture

flat, apartment

key

bookcase

carpet, rug, mat

room

chest of drawers

/ to paint

armchair

bed

roof

kitchen

stairs, staircase; ladder

/ to lie down

/ to go to bed

tape recorder, cassette recorder/player

furniture
 150
broom, brush

microwave (oven)

freezer

(rubbish) bin, dustbin

soap

/ to wash (oneself), to have a wash

outside, outdoors

heater

scissors

wallpaper

blanket

window

to open/draw the curtains

/ to open

(writing) desk

cooker, stove

window sill/ledge

pillow; cushion

floor

shelf

towel
 151
dishwasher

ceiling

/ to have/take a bath

/ to have/take a shower

/ to do/brush/comb one's hair

CD/DVD- CD/DVD-player

spacious, roomy

sheet

to wake (up)

vacuum cleaner, hoover

to vacuum, to hoover

dust

dusty

radiator

radio

sink, washbasin

(electric) socket, power point

garden

/ to sit down

l ight, bright

bedroom
 152
wall

washing machine

/ to do the washing/laundry

table

dining room

/ to build

chair

television (set)

telephone

dark

cloth, rag; duster

toilet

dressing table

/ to tidy a/the room

/ to make a/the bed

comfortable; convenient

iron

refrigerator, fridge

central heating

/ to clean/brush one's teeth

clean
 153
shampoo

cupboard

blind

brush

floor, storey

drawer

- ""

ENGLISH

adjacent

adorn

alcove ,

appliance , ,

armchair

apartment

balcony

bathroom

basement ,

be crammed up with furniture

be cramped for space

be short of light
 154
bedroom

bedside table

bedspread

blind

block of flats

block out the light

bookcase

building

building society

bungalow

bunk bed

camp bed

carpet

ceiling

cellar ,

central heating

chair

chandelier

chest of drawers

china

closet ,
 155
coat rack

coffee table

convenience

cosy

cooker

cooker hood

corridor

cottage ,

country-house

cover with dust sheets ( )

cover

crammed up with things

crockery

crystal

cupboard ,

curtain

curtain rail

cushion

,
cutlery

decorate ,

detached house
 156
dining room

dinner set

dish-drainer

do the decorating

door-handle

double bed

drawing room

dressing-table

drive in a nail

dustbin

dwelling

entrance

fail to operate

feel at home

fence

fitted carpet ,

fireplace

flight of stairs

floor (parquet, polished) (, )

floor polisher

flowered
 157
fluorescent lamp

flush-toilet

freezer

fridge

front of the house

focus of the room

furnish

furniture

garage

get rickety ( )

hall

hangings

hedge

home ,

houseplant

housewarming party

interior

keyhole

kitchen

know where things go ,

lamp
 158
lavatory

let a flat

lift

lights fuse/go out

linoleum

living room

look out onto ... ... ( )

lounge

lustre

mansion ,

mat ,

mixer tap ,

modem accomodations

mortgage , ( ),

move in/to ,

move the furniture around

neighbour

nursery

one/two/...-room flat //...

one/two/...-storeyed house //...

oven
 159
owner ,

palace

papered

parquet

patterned

pillow

pillow-case

pipes get clogged

plain ( )

portable

put things right ,

quilt

radiator

real estate agency

refrigerator

refuse-chute

renovate , ,

repair

room

rent a flat

rug
 160
running water

self-contained flat

semi-detached house

share a room with smb. -

sheet

shift

show the dirt

single bed

sink ( )

sky-scraper

sofa

sewing-machine

space ,

spacious

spyhole

stack chairs

standard lamp

statuette

stereo system

stool

storeroom
 161
stove ,

tap

tea set

three quarter bed

TV set

throw open

threshold

tiled

toilet

tubular steel chair

unlock the door

upholstered furniture

upholstery

utensil ,

vacuum cleaner

vegetable cutter

waffle-maker

wall lamp

wall-paper

wall units

wardrobe
 162
washing machine

wash-basin () ,

washing wall-paper

whitewash ; ,

window-sill

yard

-
-

apricot

(-) agar(-agar)

pineapple

anchovy

orange

watermelon

assortment; ( ) assorted chocolates

() sweet basil

sweet basil paste

 163

aubergine

banana

jar; tin, can

mutton, lamb

( ) long loaf; (
) stick; (
) stick of sausage

() white (of an egg), egg white; () protein

white cabbage

white mushroom

white chocolate

sponge (cake)

(beef)steak

pancake

dish; course

saucer

sweet pepper

broccoli

roll

bouillon; broth, stock; ( () ) beef

tea; ( ) chicken broth

 164

(piece of) bread and butter, sandwich

vanilla stick

vanilla powder

jam

/ to boil, to cook

ham

() to beat up, to whip, to whisk

fork

wine

grapes

nice, tasty

pour in

( ) undercut, sirloin, fillet; tenderloin (.)

dried

gazpacho

garnish; side dish; ( ) vegetables

beef

pea; peas

mustard
 165

bitter

hot

to prepare, to cook

grapefruit

walnut

mushroom

pear

daikon

(
sodium bicarbonate
)

decor

dessert

dessert wine

until done

until homogeneous paste is obtained

dorado

- / Dorblu blue cheese

melon

blackberries

/ to eat
 166

/ to roast; to fry; to grill

gelatin(e)

jelly

(egg) yolk

julienne

brewing

choux pastry

scalded cream; custard

breakfast

/ to (have) breakfast

/ to order; to reserve, to book

appetizer; hors d'oeuvre; snack

hot snack

light snack

collation

as / for a starter

cold snack;

aspic, fish or meat in aspic / jelly

( ) soak (steep / water / wet)

 167

mix; ( ) knead dough

frozen

to bake

( ) dress (with), season (with), add

() Sacher

green pea

spring onions

() greenery, verdure; () greens; vegetables

() crumble up; () to chop; (,

) to crush, to pound; () to grind

raisins

( ) (hard-)roe; ( ) spawn; (
) caviar; ( ) soft caviar; (
) pressed caviar; (, . .) paste

ginger

() fig

yoghurt

vegetable marrow

cocoa powder

cabbage

to caramelize
 168

caramel

curry

potatoes

(sauce) pan

() chestnut

pine nut

kiwi

sour

strawberries

cranberries

quenelle

() sausage skin; () peel

(large/slicing) sausage

() consomme sauce

sweet, bon-bon; sweetmeat; candy (.)

cognac

root

cinnamon

() fluted-edge open pie; tartlet; baked shell

 169

rissole

potato cake

chicken Kiev
-

meat rissole

chop

rissole

fish cakes

coffee

starch

crepine

strong

mug

maize, sweetcorn

cumin

sesame

dried apricots

chicken broth

chicken

/ () aspic stock
 170

() hazelnut

liqueur

lemon

lemonade

citric acid

( ) litchi

spoon

() onions

wild leek

- leek

- chive

- rocambole

/ shallot

raspberries

marinate, pickle

olive

butter; oil

( ) paste

mascarpone (cheese)
 171

honey

melange

menu

mussels

almonds

bowl, basin

milk

condensed milk

ground

carrots

mozzarella

flour;

potato flour / starch

cornmeal

meal

rice flour

fish meal

tempura flour

mousse
 172

/ to wash up, to do the washing-up / dishes

crumb (soft part of bread)

meat

mint

common mint, spearmint

bergamot mint

brandy mint, peppermint

corn mint

/ () to set / lay the table

/ to pour (out)

drink, beverage

to dice

to cut into segments

to cut into shreds

infusion, extract, tincture

knife

( ) nori (nori sheet)

( -
, to roll (in)
)

dinner, lunch, midday meal

 173

/ to have lunch/dinner, to dine

to fry (on all sides; all over)

vegetables

cucumber

olive

olive oil

honey agaric

nut

hot, spicy, strong, piquant

to beat

boiled

scald

( ) to coat with breadcrumbs; ( ) to coat with

flour; to bread, to crumb

breading

paprika

Parma ham

parfait

to pass

( ) pastillage.
 174

to smell (of)

paste; pate

Chinese cabbage

bouchee

() stir

pepper

sweet pepper

peach

shortbread, shortcake

( ) short

pesto

parsley

/ to bake

beer

pie; tart

/ to drink

food

food plastic foil

slice
 175

to ones taste

serving

semicircle

half-finished / semi-finished product; (

) prepared food, convenience foods

tomato

() tomatoes confit

() cherry tomatoes

strew (with), powder (with); sprinkle (with); (

) sugar, ( ) salt, sprinkle with salt

unleavened dough

seasoning; relish, condiment

to simmer

/ to try, to taste, to sample

/ to boil thoroughly

( ) wash (well / properly / thoroughly)

to steam (thoroughly)

wheat

wheat flour

puree;

mashed potatoes, potato mash

 176

apple sauce

/ () radicchio

baking powder, leavening agent

roll (out); ( ) roll out the paste

( ) dissolve; () melt

rye

rice

rice-paper

rosemary

rucola, rocket, roquette, arugula, Eruca sativa

( ) roll; ( )
beef roll, meat loaf; ( ) Swiss roll;
() boned gammon

fish

filleted fish

lettuce; salad

elder; fruit-and-eggwhite jelly

sugar

granulated sugar

powdered sugar

fresh
 177

beetroot

pork

condensed milk

celery

salmon

cider

syrup

frying pan

weak

sweet

plum

cream

buttercream (butter cream)

to smear (with)

( ) mixture; blend; mix

sour cream

currants; ( / / ) red /

white / black) currants

soy(a) sauce

juice; () sap ( ) birch sap / wine;

( ) fruit juices
 178

salty; salted; pickled

salt

() sorbet

sauce; gravy; dressing

soya

spicery, spice(s)

glass, tumbler

sterlet

table for two

French beans

zander, pikeperch

soup

souffle

bread crumbs

bill

cheese

hard cheese

curd cheese

cheese Philadelphia
 179

cheese ball

raw, uncooked; green, unripe

plate

tuile

curds, cottage cheese

veal

( ) dough; ( .) pastry

filo pastry

thyme

pounded, crushed; () ground; (

) ground almonds

tomatoes confit

cherry tomatoes

melted butter

cake

tuille pastry

/ to clear the table

to boil down

(
ammonium carbonate
)

dinner, supper, evening meal

 180

/ to have dinner/supper, to dine

vinegar

trout

stuffing; () minced meat; ( ) sausage

meat

haricot beans (French / kidney beans); (

) French beans

fennel

fillet; ( ) filleted fish

( ) to form, to shape

frying fat

(piece of) fruit

bread

to be hungry

to be thirsty

cauliflower

rind

zucchini / courgette (in New Zealand, South African, and

British English)

tea

cup
 181

cherry; cherries

blackcurrants

garlic

lentil(s)

(, ) to peel; () to shell; () to scale

to clean and gut fish

to clean chicken

to scrub (scour) dishes

champignon

saffron

() shiitake

() skewer

spinach

() escabeche sauce

essence

apple (The parts of an apple are the skin, the flesh, the core,

the seeds, the stem, and the leaves.)

egg
 182

-
(Animals)
- (Animals)

ENGLISH NAME

stork

shark

antelope

butterfly

ram

badger

squirrel

polar bear

beaver

ladybird

bull

, ox

wolf

budgie

sparrow

raven

crow
 183
viper

pigeon/dove

gorilla

turtledove

vulture

caterpillar

goose

wild boar

blackbird

woodpecker

hedgehog

lark

giraffe

beetle

crane

hare

zebra

snake

turkey

canary

buzzard
 184
kangaroo

bug

goat

kid

, gnat

cow

cat

kitten

crocodile

rabbit

rat

grasshopper

cuckoo

hen

partridge

swallow

swan

lion

bat

fox

elk
 185
horse

frog

bear

moth

starfish

guinea pig

ant

fly

mouse

rhino, rhinoceros

monkey

sheep

deer

eagle

wasp

donkey

peacock

spider

cock, rooster

penguin

leech
 186
pony

parrot

pig

bee

lynx

titmouse

scorpion

elephant

dog

owl

falcon

nightingale

magpie

ostrich

cockroach

calf

heath-cock

tiger

seal

snail

duckling
 187
duck

pheasant

flamingo

ferret

heron

chicken

seagull

worm

tortoise

puppy

lamb

hawk

lizard

- (Animals)

ENGLISH

ant

antelope

badger

bat
 188
bear

beaver

bee

beetle

blackbird

budgie

bug

bull

butterfly

buzzard

calf

canary

cat

caterpillar

chicken

cock

cockroach

cow

crane

crocodile

crow
 189
cuckoo

deer

dog

donkey

duck

duckling

eagle

elephant

elk

falcon

ferret

flamingo

fly

fox

frog

giraffe

gnat ,

goat

goose

gorilla

grasshopper
 190
guinea pig

hare

hawk

heath-cock

hedgehog

hen

heron

horse

kangaroo

kid

kitten

ladybird

lamb

lark

leech

lion

lizard

lynx

magpie

monkey

moth
 191
mouse

nightingale

ostrich

owl

ox ,

parrot

partridge

peakcock

penguin

pheasant

pig

pigeon/dove

polar bear

pony

puppy

rabbit

ram

rat

raven

rhino, rhinoceros

scorpion
 192
seagull

seal

shark

sheep

snail

snake

sparrow

spider

squirrel

starfish

stork

swallow

swan

tiger

titmouse

tortoise

turkey

turtledove

viper

vulture

wasp
 193
wild boar

wolf

woodpecker

worm

zebra

,
(- )
- ", "

asthma

thigh, hip

pregnant

bandage

pale, pallid

illness, sickness; disease

painkiller

pain; ache

( ) sick leave

ill, sick, diseased

thumb
 194
eyebrow

bronchitis

/ to give up smoking, to stop/quit smoking

fit, in good shape

temple

() hair

harmful, injurious (to health)

eye

deaf

head

throat

flu, influenza

chest, breast; bosom, bust

lip

diagnosis

dose

to breathe

stomach

belly, tummy; stomach

/ to fall ill (with), to be taken ill (with)

to start/begin to cry, to start crying

 195
wrist

infectious; contagious

healthy

health

tooth

stroke

skin

crutch

bone

blood

/ to smoke

lung

medicine, drug

cough medicine

(medical) treatment

face

forehead

elbow

ambulance

medicine, medical science

nurse
 196
brain

abscess, boil

(head) cold

() disabled, handicapped

incurable illness/disease

leg

(finger/toe)nail

nose

operation, surgery

/ to (have a) rest

poison

glasses, spectacles

/ to faint, to swoon

finger

toe

groin

() patient

sling

break, fracture

liver

(sticking) plaster
 197
shoulder

side-effect

chin

spine, backbone, spinal column

cut

to cut oneself

sweat, perspiration

kidney

/ to take (some) medicine

cold

to catch/get a cold

contraceptive pill

spot, pimple

pulse

heel

cancer

rehabilitation

X-ray

eyelash

(.) prescription

mouth
 198
hand; arm

heart attack

heart

bruise

skeleton

() ambulance

weak, feeble

blind

to break one's leg

sleeping tablet/pill

/ to consult a doctor

sunstroke

back

remedy, cure

foot

to suffer (from)

rash, (skin) eruption

tablet, pill

waist

body

thermometer
 199
I have a headache

I have a sore throat

I have (a) toothache

/ to die

moustache

to comfort, to console

ear

surgery

jaw(-bone)

skull

to feel well/good

neck

syringe

scar

cheek

epidemic

ulcer

tongue
 200

(Belongings)
(- )
- (Belongings)

ENGLISH

belongings

portion

fortune

stuff

fixings

furniture

aquarium

armchair

armchair-sofa -

bed

bedside-table

bench

bookcase

buffet

chair

cornice
 201
cot

couch

cradle ,

cuppoard

curbstone

desk

divan

door

hammock

jalousie

kitchen cosy nook

lamp shade

locker

matress

mirror

pad

rocker -

safe

screen

shelf

sideboard
 202
sofa

soft furniture

stool

table

three-leaved mirror

vase

wardrobe

children's goods

cot

dummy

nipple

pacifier

rattle

pots and pans

baking sheet

bank

bolter

bottle

brazier

bucket

butt
 203
butter dish

chopsticks

coffe-pot

colander

cooper

corkscrew

cup

dish

fork

frying pan

glass

grater

herring-dish

jug

kettle

knife

ladle ,

lid

mug

napkin

pepper-pot
 204
plate

pot

pressure cooker

rolling pin

salad-dish

salt cellar

saucepan

saucer

scoop

skewer

spoon

sugar bowl

support

tall wine glass

teapot

tea-strainer

thermos

tin

tray

trowel

vase
 205
wine-glass

inventory

air freshener

basin

besom

broom

brush

camber-pot

clock

clothes-brush

clothes-pin

dustpan

flasket

fry brush

hanger

hangers

pot flower

rug

step-ledder

swap

heater and lighting facilities ,

 206
bulb

candle

candlestick

chandelier

electric fire .

flash-light

lamp ,

lamp-bracket

lantern

match

night-lamp

radiator ,

socket

stove

switch

furnishings

blender

bottle-opener

circling-irons

coffee maker

coffee-grinder
 207
combine

conditioner

dish-washing machine

drawing out

electrolighter

fridge

gas-stove

geyser (.)

hair-drier

immersion heater

iron

juice squeezer

machine washing

meat grinder

mixer

oven

oven microwave

player

radio tape recorder

radio receiver

sewing-machine
 208
tape recorder

TV set

vacuum cleaner

ventilator

video recorder

Walkman

linen

bed-clothes

bedding

blanket

blanket cover

coverlet

napkin

pillow

sheet

swaddling band

table-cloth

tea-cloth

tea-towel

towel

turkish towel
 209
stationery

alidad

badge ,

ball-point pen

blot

calling card

cap

chalk

clip

commonplace-book

compass

copy-book

core

crayon

diary

(daily)diary

drawing-pad

drawing-pin

eraser

folder

folder-file -
 210
globe

glue

ink

marker

notebook

organizer

pad

pallette

paper clip

pen(holder)

pencil

pencil-box

pen-sharpener

plasticine

puncher

ruler

Scotch tape

soft-tip pen

stapler

stroke

triagle
 211
tweezers

writingbook

""
(- )
- ""

WORD / PHRASE

to practice an art

abstract art

classical art

modern art

primitive art

graphic art ,

plastic arts

art school

. (
Art Nouveau
XIX - XX .)

antique art

folk art

decorative art
 212
applied art

art of building

art castings

Graphic (black-and-white) art

art is long, life is short . ,

(
Fine Arts . . - the S. Erzya Museum of Fine
Arts)

(the) Academy of Arts

pictorial art

WORD / PHRASE

Stone Age art

Classical Greek

Byzantine

Flemish

Gothic

the Renaissance period

the Baroque age

the Romantic era

the Neo-Classicists
 213
the Itinerants

Impressionism

The Symbolists

Expressionism

Cubism

Pop art -

WORD / PHRASE

acrylic painting

bark painting

battle piece

caricature

ceremonial portrait

collage

drawing

easel painting

engraving ,

family group

full-length portrait

genre bas ,
 214
genre painting

historical painting

landscape

marine / seascape

miniature

mosaics

mural ,

oil painting

pastel picture

self-portrait

sketch ,

still life

tapestry

wall / mural painting

water-colour

master ,

c , XVII-XVIII .;
old masters

moderns c

painter ,

artist ( )

landscape painter
 215
portrait painter (portraitist)

painter of sea-scapes

still life painter ,

pastel(l)ist (pastel painter) ,

black-and-white artist (a painter in

black-and-white)

colourist -

dauber

draughtsman (draftsman)

; , ;
art dealer

colour-man

art-lover

art-worker

avant-garde

be in advance of one's time

be taught painter

become famous overnight

break with the tradition

canvas ,

capture the sitter's vitality, transient

,
expression

conform to the taste of the period

 216
depict a person, a scene of common
, ,
life, the mood of...

develop one's own style of painting

die forgotten and penniless

do a painting

expose the dark sides of life

fashionable artist

mature artist

nude model

paint from nature, memory /

paint mythological, historical

,
subjects

painting 1) , 2)

picture 1) , 2)

portrait/landscape painter /

portray people, emotions with moving , /

sincerity/restraint

render, interpret the personality of...

reveal the person's nature

self-taught artist -

specialize in portraiture, still life ,

 217

WORD / PHRASE

his painterly talents

complete command of colour

the brush

;
brushwork

creative work

finished technique

to group ,

handling

(); ,
verve

exquisite work

paint shop

studio

art exhibit

exhibit ; ,

art exhibition

art gallery

a picture gallery

a picture show
 218
show

one-man exhibition

private exhibition

at the exhibition

exhibition halls (rooms)

,
loan exhibition (
)

display ; ,

(
varnishing-day
, );

opening day

, ,
pictures hung on the line
;

WORD / PHRASE

brush

canvas

chalk

charcoal

colour box / palette

crayon ,

drapery
 219
easel

enamel ,

encaustic

frame

fresco ,

gouache

ink

India ink

Indian ink

lacquer ,

liquid 1) 2)

oil paint

paintbox

panel ,

pigment

tempera

to charcoal

vehicle

watercolour

sketch-book ,

drawing-block
 220
; The easel is a frame which supports the painting
easel during its progress. - - ,

to adjust (set) an easel ,

easel-picture ( )

He continued working on his easel- ,

pieces.

, , ( :
Canvas
, ..)

to stretch canvas

frame ;

stretcher ,

paint brush ( )

paint oil

paint-box

a box of paints

colour-box

a set of (oil) paints ()

palette knife

colour pan ( )

lacquer

solvent ;

Paint. Painting. Sketch.

 221
WORD / PHRASE

Paint 1. 1) ) ) ; 2) ) ;

to dilute paint

to mix paints

to scrape paint

to spread paint evenly

to spray paint

paint chips

paint peels ,

Paint ) (pl.)

a box of paints

Paint 2. )

to paint a portrait in oil(s)

paint from nature / ; Syn: depict, portray, delineate

Paint )

Paint ) (, , ..)

to paint a wall

; The trees in the background

paint in were painted in later by a different artist.

Paint Syn: colour

Sketch 1. ,
 222
to draw, make a sketch

a composite sketch

a rough sketch ; Syn: drawing, draft, outline

1) , ; I always sketch with

Sketch 2. pen and paper.

Sketch 2)

preliminary sketch

outline/study ; /

to draw up an outline, to make an

,
outline

bare, broad, general, rough outline ; Syn: sketch, draft

Painting 1)

Painting )

( ,
finger painting
)

Flemish painting

hard-edge painting . " "

. (
wall painting
)

water-color painting

1) ; 2) ,
oil painting

Painting ) () ; ,

to authenticate a painting
 223
to do a painting

to restore a painting

a painting depicts, portrays, shows ,

Painting ) ;

; Two hobbies she really enjoyed,

painting and gardening. ,
to be taught painting
- : .
Syn: coloring

Painting 2) ,

painting and decorating

mural painting

dip painting

Battle painting

Genre painting

Anecdotal painting

Historical painting

Landscape painting

Monumental painting

Mural painting

plain-air painting

plain-air technique

in the open air ( )

plain air (. plein air) ( )

 224
portraiture ; .

water-color painting

Colour. Depict. .

WORD / PHRASE

n; color 1) ( ), , ,
Colour 1.

out of colour ,

; . "", ,
(Antonym) without colour
,

2) , , ; This one is
Colour painted in dark colours.

1) , ; 2) , ,
colouring

v.; color ; ,
Colour 2.
;

, . The artist depicted him

Depict strolling through a garden.
. Syn: picture, portray, paint

Portray ; (-.)

Portrayal ,

1) , , . The exact position is

Delineate delineated on the plan.

2) ( ) (,
); ; .
Delineate Our laws and the whole constitution of our state having been
thus delineated. ,

 225
Deliniation

Draw. Colour and Paint.

WORD / PHRASE

, , ; The assignment
Draw is to draw a horse in motion. -

to draw in pen and ink

1) ; ; 2) , ,
Drawing
( , ); 3)

to do, make a drawing

a freehand drawing

a line drawing ;

, , ; , ;
Design
, .

trace out (, )

; ; ;
dash

; ,
dot
( , . )

(, ). He blocked the picture in

to block in
roughly.

painter's paint/decorative paint

water paint

flat paint/dull paint

water-colour
1) . . , 2)
 226
()

oil-colours/ oil(s)

gouache

, , ;
crayon
,

hue , , ,

colour tone

, , , (
tint
)

half-tint

primary colours/ simple colours/

fundamental colours

cold and warm tones

semi-tones

low-toned pictutres ,

subdued tones

broken tones

flesh colour

pastel

light and shade

pastel

pastel shades ,

to paint in pastel
 227
pastel blue -, -

play of light

line and colour

colour scheme ()

; ;
palette

coloration ( )

colour scale/ scale .

colour match ;

relations of tone and colour

colour rendition . ,

effect ( pl)

division of colours ( )

the play of colours ()

riot of colours ,

intensity , ()

saturation

colourful ,

colourless ,

colourlessness

.
 228
WORD / PHRASE

art gallery

exhibit

exhibition

art exhibition

one-man exhibition

permanent exhibition

special exhibition

travelling exhibition

exhibition about ,

exhibition hall

exposition

to display

to go to an exhibition

to put on exhibition / stage an

exhibition

accentuate something

arrange symmetrically,
(), ,
asymmetrically, in a pyramid, in a

vertical format

be scarcely discernible

blend with the landscape ,

define the nearer figures more

 229
sharply

emphasize contours purposely

in the background

at the bottom

in the foreground

in the left (right)-hand corner ()

at the top

indicate the sitter's profession

perspective

place the figures against the

landscape background

WORD / PHRASE

Picture ;

a picture by Rubens

, ; ,
to draw, paint a picture

a piece of art

art work 1. ; 2.

a work of art

piece
 230
battle piece

. (
conversation piece
(. ) -. )

life-size ( , )

half-life size

masterpiece

to create a masterpiece

enduring masterpiece

scene , ,

scenery ( .. )

; ( ,
landscape
)

city-scape/townscape

marina / sea piece/ water piece/sea- , , ,

scape

still life

flower piece

fruit-piece

portrait

self-portrait

half-lengh portrait

full-lengh portrait

shoulder-lengh portrait
 231
knee-lengh portrait

group portrait

equestrian portrait

( ,
miniature
)

caricature

reproduction ,

art reproduction

art print ,

prior art

panel ; ;

fresco ,

line art

black-and-white

art collection

daub , ;

highlights

in the foreground

in the background

in the middle ground

against a background
 232

WORD / PHRASE

chaotic

cheap

colourless daub of paint

crude

depressing ,

disappointing

distinguished by a marvellous sense

of colour and composition

exquisite piece of painting

fake ; ,

forgery , , ,

gaudy ,

lyrical

masterpiece

moving

obscure ,

original

poetic

romantic

unintelligible
 233
unsurpassed masterpiece

vulgar

bstract

abundance ,

accuracy

affirmation

air

animation

apotheosis

arrangement

at one stroke

austere ,

brilliance

brushstroke

candid glimpses

colourful

colouring

combination of colours

complete command of colours

conception

cone
 234
craftsmanship

crystal-clear , ,

cuboid

decorative

decorativeness

delicate colours

delineation ,

density ,

design

diffused light

drama , ,

effect , ,

emphasis ,

expressiveness

exquisite

facial expression

finished technique

fluid, fluent

gamut

geometrical abstraction

harmony of colours
 235
highlights

homogeneous form

hyperbole ,

immediacy

individual traits

infinite

intensity

intricate ,

life-asserting art

light and shade

line

luminous ,

message

original 1) 2)

out of value

personification

primary colours (red, blue, yellow)

projection ,

pure, vivid, brilliant, intense , ,

soft, delicate colours ,

range of colours
 236
reproduction

riot of colours

saturation

secondary colour

semi-tones

silhouette

simplicity

skill ,

sphere

spirituality

splashes of colour

subdued colours

subject

subject matter

texture

to acquire

to affect

to anticipate

to appeal , ,

to attain

to be silhouetted against
 237
to catch, capture, seize ,

to command attention

to convey

to depict

to evoke

to execute

to fade

to frame

to glorify

to grip

to penetrate ,

to portray

to produce impression

to radiate

to render, represent

to restore

to treat

tone

treatment

subtle / gaudy colouring /

to combine form and colour into

harmonious unity
 238
brilliant / low keyed colour scheme
, ,
where....predominates

muted in colour

delicacy of tones may be lost in a

reproduction

WORD / PHRASE

second-rate ,

overrated ,

revolting

, ,
unremarkable

pathetic , ,

crude , , ,

(,
sketchy
)

poor , ,

astonishing ,

remarkable , ,

superb , , ,

brilliant ,

great ,

outstanding
 239

WORD / PHRASE

brushstroke

stroke , ,

, ; ,
dab

to dab off

smear

a smear of paint will put it right ,

, , ; ,
touch

finishing touches ,

to touch up ,

line , ,

patch

blob, speck of paint ,

coat of paint

to apply a second coat of paint

splash of paint

to break the paint

paint spattered

artisic
 240
painterly ,

impression

to produce an impression (on)

pictorial ,

picturesque ,

picturesqueness

subject (genre, historical, marine, , (, ,

pastoral etc.) , . .); ,

life

, ,
true to life

(. ), attr
nude
(. )

pose ;

to pose naked

to pose sitting (standing) ()

out of the way , ,

the picture is nothing out of the way

to pose for a painter

to sit

to stand for, to stand for ones

portrait, to stand to (for) an artist

sitting
 241
sitter , ;

profile , , ;

model , , , ; ,

to execute ,

execution

experience ,

to express

expression ,

to render , ,

rendering ,

represent

representation

to convey , ( . .)

,
to heighten ; , ();
()

to retouch ( )

to scrape (out)

paint in true colours

to paint from life

to draw from nature

to load
 242
to prime

to varnish ,

(Career)
(- )
- (Career)

ENGLISH

actress

add

additional payment

administrator; manager

advance

agent

agronomist

analyst

announcer

anthropologist

application

appointment

archaeologist
 243
artist

autobiography

baker

banker

bankrupt

bookbinder

book-keeper

boycott

bribe

bribery

bricklayer

brigade-leader

brigade; team

builder

careerist

carpenter

cash

cashier

charity

chemist

clerk
 244
decree

demotion

depositor; investor

discharge pay

discharge; retiring

dismiss; discharge

(to) earn

earnings

editor

employer

employer tenant

enclosure; investment

exchange

ferryman

form

gas-man; gasfilter

geologist

guard (watchman) ; (. )

gynaecologist

head physician

(to) hire
 245
hired

invent

janitor

journalist

lawyer ,

leave; vacation; sale; supply; allotment

librarian

loader

maternity leave

midwife

milkmaid

permanent

pilot

porter

postman

potter

rent

(to) rent

reprimand

rsume

revolt; riot
 246
salary

singer

shareholder

shepherd

shoemaker

short-term

stock exchange

strike

(to) strike; be on strike

tenant; renter

trainer

translator; interpreter

vacancy

vacant

vice-; deputy

wage

waiter

(to) work off

unemployment

unemployed
 247

(Cinema)
(- )
- (Cinema)

ENGLISH

Action! !

action movie

actor / actress /

adventure film

alias

animator

aspect ratio ()

backstage, behind the scenes

black-and-white film -

box office

cameraman

caption

cartoon

cast

character

cinema (BrE), movie theater (AmE) ()

clapper, clapboard, clapperboard, slate (film)

 248
close-up

colour film

comedy

costume designer

crew

crime film

crowd scene

Cut! !

director

documentary film

drama

drive-in-theatre ,

(
dubbed film (dubbed in Russian)
)

educational film

episode /

fade out ( )

feature film

film /

flash-back ,

full-length film

happy ending
 249
historical film

horror film

location

long shot

makeup

makeup artist ()

movie (AmE), motion picture ,

musical

mute film

newsreel , ,

offscreen narration

open-air theatre

original soundtrack (OST)

plot

poster

-

post-production
(
, , )

producer

scene

science fiction film -

screen
 250
screen version (of the novel) ()

script, screenplay ()

scriptwriter, screenwriter (),

series (TV series) ()

sets

set-decorator

short-length film

shot

showing

sound effects

sound film

star-studded film

starring

still

stunt

stunt man

subtitle ,

take ( )

the final scene

the main (leading) role

the opening scene

 251
the supporting (minor) role

theatrical film

thriller

to act / play

to book tickets

to come out ( )

to go into production

to release a film

to shoot a film

tragedy

visual effects

western

X-rated film

2D / 2-D (2-dimensional) 2,

3D / 3-D (3-dimensional) 3,

3D / 3-D (three-dimensional) film, S3D

,
(stereoscopic 3D) film

(- - )
- (Computer)
 252
ENGLISH

ability ,

accurate

to affect

amount of data

approximately

to attain

available

broadband connection

to browse

browser ,

to carry out

computer desk

computer mouse

(photo)copier ,

to count ,

CPU

to crack

dangerous

data (datum) ,

defense ,
 253
to deploy ,

to design , ,

to determine

dial up

digital

display

to download ,

drive ,

electronic device

electronic mail (e-mail)

email accounts

to enable -

to enhance ,

essential

except ,

fast modem

to find

flash drive (card) - ()

floppy disk

to handle ,

hard drive
 254
infrared

informational server

to intercept ( ..)

interface

keyboard

laptop

to last

layman , ,

link

to log in ,

to math ,

message

memory

monitor

motherboard

(the) net , ()

network

obsolete

operating system

overload

to perform ,
 255
player

printer

processing unit

to provide , ;

provider ,

query ,

to receive ,

reliable

to respond ,

scale

to scan

scanner

search-program -

security

to send

set of instructions ( )

significant , ,

site

society

to solve , ;

source
 256
speakers

storage

to surf

system unit

tool ,

to type ,

to update

user

virtual reality

voice message

voltage

window

www (worldwide web)

- (Computer)

computer

analog computer

(
assembler
)

hardware
 257
/ ,

basic input / output system (BIOS)
,

(
tower case
)

safe to use

power supply

-, browser / web browser / internet browser

() cracker

video card

monitor

peripheral

the World Wide Web

to put a disk into a disk drive

internal modem

( . ) to crowd out data

to input

destructive program

power supply switch

, ( . ) to duplicate

disk

floppy disk drive

 258
hard disk, hard drive

1. uploading

mass storage device

random access memory (RAM)

to start up the computer

to infect the programs

contaminated computer programs

sound card

- ( .
zip drive
100 )

power on indicator

Internet

ininterruptible power supply

( ,
data cable
)

keyboard

reset switch

computer system

mouse

computer virus

case
 259
- ,
compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM)
(CD-ROM)

computer program

interrupt controller

drive controller

desktop case

, cashe memory

(. ,

router
,
)

motherboard

microprocessor

modem

dual inline memory module (DIMM)

single inline memory module (SIMM)

monitor

,
chipset

, hard (magnetic) disk drive (HDD)

to shut off a computer

detection programs
 260
to detect

RAM (Random Access Memory)

to display

, cooler

memory expansion card

computer users

personal computer

, device

suspect programs

"" to get a virus

-
serial port

( USB port
)

( / ) portable computer

optical drive

software

to place inside a program

power connector

drive bay

() network card

power strip
 261
network

back panel

to create programs

to scan

( ) desktop computer

to erase information

to save data

downloading

clock generator

picture tube

universal serial bus

control cable

to fix

shareware programs

device

to store on the hard disk

,
central processing unit (CPU)

expansion bus

electronic mail / e-mail / email

machine, ECM
 262

- -
- -

nitrogenous compound

ammonia

protein

1) suction 2) () absorption

suck (smth) in; () soak up / in (smth) ;

() absorb (smth)

water-soluble

picking grass

hemicellulose

() ruminant (animal)

(life / vital) activity

grind

acid

amino acid

fatty acid

volatile acid

butyric acid

propionic acid

hydrochloric acid

acetic acid

bowels, intestine

1) cellulose 2) ( ) fiber

forage, feed, () fodder

roughage

decomposition of food

food factor

microbe, germ
 263
colostrum

dairy cattle

lower jaw

metabolism

- host organism

gastrointestinal digestion

nutrient

indicator, figure

proventriculus [prouventrikjulas]

( rumen
)

rumen fluid

( fore stomach, reticulum, pocket tripe

)

( third stomach, bible-bag, booklet, manifold,

) manyplies, omasum, peck, psalterium

( 1) abomasum, 2) rennet bag 3) read 4) rede 5) rennet

) 6) fourth stomach

(. ) exasperate, innervate, stimulate

decomposition

propagate; to multiply; to reproduce; ( ) breed; (

, ) spawn

propagate (itself) by gemmation

()

vegetable

housing
- loose housing system (free stall)
- stabling; stable nursing system

/ heifer

fatness, condition factor

() digestion

enzyme

is well adapted
 264

ENGLISH

. bush

haw-thorn

elder

heather

genista

jasmine

honey-suckle

Cornelian cherry

medlar

sea-buckthorn

oleander

nut-grove

ivy

box-tree

lilac bush

blackthorn
 265
dog-rose, rose hips

(-
)
-

shop (BrE), store (AmE)

, petrol station (BrE), gas station (AmE), filling station

antique shop

chemists (BrE), dispensing chemist's, pharmacy,

drugstore (AmE),

cash dispenser, cash machine, cash point, ATM

(automated teller machine) (AmE)

bar

flea market

cash-and-carry

bakers

,
boutique

off-licence, offie, liquor store, bottle shop

newspaper stand, newsstand, newsagents,

newsagents shop, paper shop

, ,
haberdashery

- ,
garage

, , delicatessen, deli
 266

,
, , hypermarket

,
trading post

daycare centre

bucket shop

,
pet shop

key cutting

- ,
stationers

-, tearoom, tea-shop

, bowling

cinema (BrE), movie theater, movies (AmE)

booth, stall

bookstall

bookshop (BrE), bookstore (AmE)

,
thrift shop, charity shop, thrift store, hospice shop,
, opportunity shop, op shop

confectioners, sweet shop

, patisserie

coffee shop ( coffee shop

)

, big-box store
,
 267
, ,

junk shop

,
hole-in-the-wall

(-
duty-free
)

,
fish and chip shop, chip shop

, five-and-dime, five-cent store, dime store, ten-cent

store

,
card shop

lingerie shop

toy shop

leather goods shop

,
corner shop

clothing shop

gift shop

,
, sandwich shop

novelty store

, ,
, takeaway

- -
, salon

 268
,
ironmongers

outfitter

builders merchant

drapery

electronics shop

furniture shop

() dairy

photo booth

record shop

butchers

,
convenience store
, ,

,
concession

,
minimart

shoe shop

greengrocers

opticians

gun shop

,
megastore

hairdressers
 269
barbershop, barbers

perfume shop, perfumery

, post office

restaurant

fishmongers, fish shop

market

- ,
, garden centre

beauty parlour, beauty salon

- sex shop

,
service centre

( ,
chain store
)

, sports shop, sporting goods shop

information booth

, service station

gift shop

,

( , supermarket
,
)

( ),
superstore
( )

, ,
tobacconists
, . .
 270
() pay phone

shopping centre, mall

() toilet

travel agency

,
department store

,
general store
( )

dry cleaners, the cleaners, laundrette

,
hardware shop

florist's

jewelry shop, jewellery shop, jewellers

(- )
-

furniture / piece of furniture

, lampshade

() drinks cabinet

radiator

wireless Internet / Wi-Fi

vase

bath, bathtub, tub

 271
bucket

scales

( ) coat stand

() coat hanger

light switch

gas stove

, wardrobe

ironing board

doorbell

door

double bed

sofa

- sofa-bed

curtains

mirror

picture / painting

bookcase

carpet

rug

() loudspeakers

houseplants

chest of drawers

computer, PC, desktop

 272
coffee table

coffee mill

( ) tap

hot tap

cold tap

armchair

bed

laminated flooring

lamp

lightbulb

LED light (bulb)

energy saving bulb

stereo

, broom

microwave (oven)

dustbin

pillowcase

wallpaper

blanket

single bed

window

piano

desk
 273
tablet computer / tablet PC

plastic window

(3- / ---) player (MP3 / DVD player)

pillow

cushion

doormat

poster

record player

sheet

duvet

vacuum (cleaner) / hoover

radio

renovation

() socket

, sideboard

tablecloth

smartphone

, cupboard

washing machine

table

bedside table

chair

water meter
 274
gas meter

stool

TV (television)

pipe

iron

hairdryer

fridge / refrigerator

( ) spin dryer

clock

mop

, () plug

blinds

brush

electric fire

fuse box

(- )
-

ENGLISH TERM

abscess ,
 275
absolute risk reduction

abstract , , ; .. -

acellular ;

acquired immunity

c
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
()

active immunity

acute

acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) ()

acute gastrointestinal infection (AGII) ()

acute respiratory disease (ARD) ()

acute respiratory infection (ARI) ()

acute respiratory viral infection (ARVI)
()

additive interaction

adenine (A) ()

adherence (to treatment) ()

adjuvant (about vaccine) ( )

administrative structure

;
adverse event
;

();
adverse event following immunization (AEFI)
;

 276
adverse events following immunization

AEFI (adverse events following immunization)

AFP (acute flaccid paralysis) ( )

agglutination test

aggravated history

aggregate risk study

aggregated data ;

AGI (acute gastrointestinal infections) ( )

agreement study

(c
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome)
)

airborne infection -

alanine transaminase (ALT) a (AT)

algorithm

allergy

alternative hypothesis

aluminium adjuvant

analysis of variance

anamnesis/patient history /

-
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification
;
System (ATC)

 277
anisakiasis ( )

anthrax

anthroponosis

antibiotic consumption

;
antibiotic resistance

antibody

antibody titre

antibody-mediated immunity ,

antigen detection

antigenic shift

antimicrobial drug

antimicrobial resistance

antimicrobials

antiretroviral medicine/antiretroviral drug

antiretroviral treatment

antiviral

antiviral resistance

aposteme ,

appendix (anatomic) / (.)

application (method) ()

applied epidemiology
 278
arbovirus

ARD (acute respiratory disease) ( )

artificial immunity

(
ARVI (acute respiratory viral infection)
)

ascariasis

aspartate transaminase (AST) a (ACT)

associated editor

,
asylum seeker

asymptomatic infection /

-
ATC (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical
()
Classification System)

attachment/appendix (document) ( )

attack rate ,

attending physician

attenuated vaccine /

attributable risk ()

avian flu (avian influenza) ( )

avian influenza (avian flu) ( )

babesiosis
 279
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) - ()

bacteremia (bacteraemia)

bacterial infectivity

bacterium (pl. bacteria)

Barents Euro Arctic Council - -

Barents Health Programme

base pair

baseline (data) ()

BCG-vaccine ,

behaviour

behavioural

behavioural surveillance

bias ( )

biased sample

bilateral swelling

binary data

binary outcome

biologicals

biosafety (biological safety)

bioterrorism

birth cohort
 280
birth defect

birth rate

bite

bivariate correlation

blind method (masked method); blinding

blocking antibodies

;
blood count
;

blood product

blood-borne infection ,

;
booster dose

booster immunization

botulism

bovine spongiform encephalitis (BSE)

bridge financing ()

brucellosis

burden of disease

burden of disease, community

burden of disease, hospitalisation

campylobacteriosis
 281
candidate vaccine -

capacity building ()

capsule polysaccharide

carcinogenesis

carrier

carrier state

carrier, asymptomatic ,

carriership

case control study "-"

case definition

case fatality; lethality

case finding /

; ;
case history (case clinical history)

;
case record
(, , )

case report

case revealed/registered /

case study

case, clustered

case, confirmed

case, domestic
 282
(
case, indigenous
, )

case, possible

case, probable

case, sporadic

case, suspected

case-based data

(
case-fatality rate
)

case-referent study "-"

case-series study

""; ""
catch-up immunisation

catch-up immunization (campaign)

() ;
causal agent, causative agent (of disease)
()

causal link

causality

causative agent (of disease) ()

cause of disease

cause-effect relationship -

CDC (Centers for Disease Control and

Prevention) ,

cellular immunity (cell-mediated immunity)

 283
(CMI)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

(CDC) ,

central limit theorem

central nervous system (CNS) ()

central nervous system (CNS) infection ()

cephalosporin

();
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
;

cerebrospinal meningitis

cerebrospinal meningitis

chain of infection

chain of transmission ()

chancroid ,

/
checking assumptions

chemoprophylaxis

chickenpox

chief doctor

chief public health physician

chief state sanitary doctor

childhood immunization ()

chi-square test -
 284
chlamydiosis

cholera

cholera vaccine

chronic

CI (confidence interval) ( )

()
class of antimicrobial drugs

clinical diagnostics

clinical follow-up examination

clinical manifestation

clinical study

clinical surveillance

clinical trial

cluster analysis

cluster case

cluster sampling

CNS (central nervous system) ( )

cohort study

co-infection ,

cold box

cold chain

cold chain system

 285
cold-adapted strain

colibacillosis -, -,

combined forms

(
combined vaccine (combination vaccine)
)

(); ,
commercial sex worker (CSW)

,
common source outbreak

;
communicable disease (infectious disease)

community acquired infection

co-morbidity

complication

computer-based medical records /

concomitant diagnosis

concomitant infection (concurrent infection)

concurrent cohort study

concurrent control

concurrent infection (concomitant infection)

confidence interval (CI) ()

confidence level

confidence limit ;
(
 286

)

confirmed case

confounding

confounding bias

confounding factor, confounder ()

congenital heart defect (CHD)

congenital rubella infection (CRI) ()

congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) ()

conjugate

conjugated to carrier protein

conjunctivitis

consecutive observation

constituent territory of the Russian Federation

consultation team

consumables

() (
contact case (contact) ); ,
;

contact tracing; detection of contacts

contagious ,

contagious period (communicable period) ()

 287
contagiousness

contaminated

contamination ;

contingency coefficient

contingency table

continuity correction (Yates' correction) ()

continuous data /

contract

contraction ,

contraindication

control an epidemic

control event rate

control group ,

control of diseases

controlled clinical trial ()

() ;
core antigen

Correlation

correlation analysis

correlation coefficient

corresponding author

cost-benefit analysis ;
; ;
 288
-

;
cost-effectiveness analysis ;

cost-utility analysis

couch etiquette

, -
county medical officer

County Office for Communicable Disease

Control

course facilitator

(
Cox regression
)

Creutzfeldt Jakob disease -

CRI (congenital rubella infection) ( )

crisis situation

critical appraisal

cross-over trial

cross-protection

cross-sectional study ()

croup

CRS (congenital rubella syndrome) ( )

(
crude mortality rate
)

cryptosporidiosis
 289
CSW (commercial sex worker) ( )

culture

, ;
culture-confirmed case

;
culture-positive

cutaneous abscess

cut-off ;

cut-off point, cut-point

cyclosporiasis

cytomegalovirus infection

cytosine () ()

dark field (live blood cell) microscopy

data access

;
death rate (mortality rate) - an estimate of the (
proportion of a population that dies during a
specific period ,
)

( ,

death-to-case ratio

,
)

decision analysis

decontamination ;
 290
default

defined daily dose (DDD) ()

demographic data

dengue fever

denominator

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ()

dependent variable ( )

depyrogenized, pyrogen-free

deratting

descriptive epidemiology

descriptive study

designated scientific network

detection (of case) ()

detection rate () ;

developmental delay

device ,

diagnose

;
diagnostic kit
;

diagnostic tool

diarrhoea

dichotomous data
 291
diluent

dilution ,

diphtheria

diphtheria toxin

diphtheria toxoid

-
diphtheria, tetanus and acellular pertussis (),
vaccine (DTaP), DPT with acellular pertussis --

--
diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTP)
()

diphyllobothriasis

direct fluorescent antibody test for Treponema

pallidum (DFA-TP) T. pallidum (-)

()
direct person-to-person contact

Directly Observed Therapy Short-course
,
(DOTS)
() ()

Directorate of Health (Iceland) ()

dirofilariasis

disability-adjusted life years (DALY)
( DALY)

discrete data

discriminant analysis

disease mapping

disease monitoring
,
 292

disease prevention

disease specific network (DSN)

disease spectrum

disease surveillance

disinsection

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
(-)

Division of Infectious Disease Control

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) ( )

DNA sequencing

DNA target -

DNA virus -

document flow ;

dosage

dose

(
DOTS (Directly Observed Therapy Short-
,
course)
() )

double blind method

double infection ; -;

double reporting /
 293
double-blind study; double-blinded (double- ;
masked or double-mask) study)

droplet transmission ()

drug ,

drug resistance

drug sensitivity

drug-organism pair "-"

DSN (Disease Specific Network)

- (
DTaP (diphtheria - tetanus - acellular pertussis
() ),
vaccine)

- ( -
DTP (diphtheria - tetanus - pertussis vaccine)
- )

A- (
DTwcP (diphtheria -tetanus - whole-cell
()
pertussis vaccine)
),

duplicate entering (method) /

/
duplicate technical systems for data retrieval,
,
storage and dissemination

dysentery

EAggEC (enteroaggregative Escherichia coli ( ,

infection) )

early warning

early warning and response system

 294
EARSS (European Antimicrobial Resistance
Surveillance System) (EARSS)

ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention

and Control)

ECDC Advisory Forum

echinococcosis (hydatid disease)

ecological fallacy

ecological study

editorial

Editorial Board

Editorial Board member

Editorial Office ;

Editor-in-chief

effect modification

effect size

(,
effectiveness
);

; (

efficacy ( )

)

(
,
efficacy of immunization

)

efficiency ;
(
 295
(,
.)

efficient ;

EHEC (enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli ( ,

infection) )

( ,
EIEC (enteroinvasive Escherichia coli infection)
)

EISS (European Influenza Surveillance Scheme)

electrophoresis

,
eligible country (GAVI eligible countries)
( )

,
eligible target group

() -


elimination (of disease) ,

( ()
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)
)

;
emergency immunization

emergency medicine

emergency response

emergency situation

emerging infection

emerging of antibiotic resistance
()
 296
emerging pathogen

encephalitides

encephalitis

encephalopathy

endemic

endemic area (country) ()

endemicity ( )

endocarditis

enhanced surveillance

enteroaggregative Escherichia coli infection ,

(EAggEC) ()

enterobiasis

enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection ,

(EHEC) ()

,
enteroinvasive Escherichia coli infection (EIEC)
()

enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection ,

(EPEC) ()

enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection ,

(ETEC) ()

enterovirus

;
environmental health

environmental sampling

enzyme ;
 297
enzyme immunoassay (EIA) ()

()
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
()

EPEC (enteropathogenic Escherichia coli ( ,

infection) )

epidemic

epidemic curve

epidemic indications

epidemic intelligence

epidemic intelligence framework

epidemic prevention

epidemiological outbreak investigation

;
epidemiologically linked (
)

EPIET (European Programme for Intervention

Epidemiology Training)

EpiNorth Journal

epiphyte ,

epizootiological

(
equity in health
)

equity in health care (in distribution of health

care resources)

equivocal
 298
; () -

eradication (of disease)

error

ETEC (enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli ( ,

infection) )

etiology

(
EuroHIV (IV/AIDS Surveillance in Europe)
/ )

European Antimicrobial Resistance

Surveillance System (EARSS) (EARSS)

European Centre for Disease Prevention and

Control (ECDC)

European Commission Directorate-General for

Public Health

European Commissioner for Health and

Consumer Protection

European Drug Utilization Research Group

European Health Forum

European Medicines Agency ()
(EMEA)

European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and

Drug Addiction (EMCDDA)

European Programme for Intervention

Epidemiology Training (EPIET)

European Regional Office (EURO), Regional

( )
Office for Europe
 299
European surveillance networks

European Surveillance of Antimicrobial

Consumption (ESAC)
(ESAC)

European Working Group for Legionella

Infection (EWGLI)

Eurosurveillance (journal published by the

(, ECDC)
ECDC)

EuroTB (Surveillance Network of Tuberculosis (

in Europe) )

event rate (ER)

evidence based medicine

EWGLI (European Working Group for

Legionella Infection)

exanthema

expanded programme on immunization (EPI) ()

experimental event rate (EER) /

experimental study

expert group

; ;
exposure
( )

extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR

TB) ( )

external validity

face to face interview o ,

 300

facility-based routine surveillance

factor analysis

failure ,

false negative

false positive

fatality ;

FDA (Food and Drug Administration, USA) ,

febrile convulsion

Federal penitentiary service (FPS)
()

Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer

Rights Protection and Human Well-being
(Rospotrebnadzor) ()

Federal Service for Veterinary and

Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor) ()

Federal State Health Institution (FSHI) "Centre
() "
of Hygiene and Epidemiology in Arkhangelsk
"
Oblast" (Centre of Hygiene and Epidemiology in
(
Arkhangelsk Oblast)
)

fetal death (stillbirth)

fever

,
field epidemiology training

filariasis
 301
(
fingerprinting (method)
)

;
first drug of choice

first line antibiotic

first line drug

fish tapeworm disease

Fisher's exact test

fixed facility

flavivirus infection

fluorescent antibody test / technique (FAT) ()

fluoroquinolone

focal infection ()

Focal Point (national centre for communication ( ,

with WHO) )

focus (pl. foci)

focus of infection

;
follow-up
;

follow-up visit /

fomite

Food and Drug Administration, USA (FDA) ,

food-borne outbreak ;
,
 302

(
FPS (Federal penitentiary service)
)

frequency distribution

fulminant ;

gastrointestinal infection -

GAVI (Global Alliance for Vaccines and (

Immunisation) )

,
gene sequencing, DNA sequencing

general practitioner (GP)

generalizability

genetic barcode -

,
genital chlamydial infection

genitourinary system

genome

()
genomic sequencing

genotype

geometric mean

germ

giardiasis
 303
give on clinical grounds

Global Advisory Committee on Vaccine Safety

(GACVS) ()

Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation

(GAVI) ()

Global electronic reporting system for

outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases and
toxines (ProMED-mail) (ProMED-mail)

global health

Global Public Health Intelligence Network

(GPHIN, Canada)
(K)

gonorrhoea

(
good clinical practice (GCP)
GCP)

GPHIN (Global Public Health Intelligence

Network, Canada)
(K)

gradient of infection

gram-negative

gram-positive bacterium

Gram's stain

granulocytic anaplasmosis

guanine (G) ()

guidelines ,

Haemophilus influenzae infection

 304
Haemophilus influenzae type B infection (Hib , Haemophilus influenzae
infection) (-)

haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome

(Nephropathia epidemica, HFRS) ( , )

harm reduction

harmonic mean

HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV, HFV (hepatitis A, B, , , , D, E, F (

C, D, E, F virus) , , C, D, E, F)

hazard potential index (HPI)

hazardous waste

HCW (health care worker)

health authorities

health care institution

health care worker (HCW)

health education

health infrastructure

health institution

Health Protection Agency (HPA, Great Britain) ()

Health Protection Inspectorate (Estonia) ()

health service

healthcare practitioner

healthcare waste

Helicobacter pylori infection

 305
HELICS (Hospitals in Europe Link for Infection
Control through Surveillance)

helminthiasis

hemagglutination

hemolytic urmic syndrome (HUS) - ()

hepatic cirrhosis

hepatic disorder

hepatitides (pl. )

hepatitis A

hepatitis B

hepatitis C

herd immunity

herd immunity, population immunity

herpes

heterogeneity ()

HFRS (haemorrhagic fever with renal (

syndrome) )

- ( ;
Hib infection (Haemophilus influenzae type b
, Haemophilus influenzae
infection)
b)

high antibiotic pressure

high-grade immunity

highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
()
 306
;
historical cohort study

historical control ()

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) ( )

HIV- infection -

HIV-infected -

HIV-positive (status) - ()

homogeneity

homogenous ;

hospital acquired (nosocomial) infection,

()
hospital infection

hospital discharge

hospital infection

hospital-based infectious diseases
;
surveillance, hospital surveillance
,

Hospitals in Europe Link for Infection Control

through Surveillance (HELICS)

host ( , )

host immunity

HPA (Health Protection Agency, Great Britain) ,

human granulocytic (monocellular) ehrlichiosis

()
(HGE)

human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) ()

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ()

 307
human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME)

human papilloma virus (HPV) ()

T- ; -
human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV)

humoral immunity

hydatid disease

hymenolepiasis

hypothesis testing

(
HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy)
)

I and R gram-negative bacilli

ICMJE (International Committee of Medical

Journal Editors)

idiopathic

idiopathic trombocytopenic purpura

idiotype

IDU (injecting drug user) ( )

Ig G, IgM, IgA, IgE-antibodies IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE

( -
IHR (International Health Regulations)
)

immune activity

immune response
 308
;
immune response suppression

immunisation

immunity, protective ,

immunization campaign

;
immunization card, vaccination card

immunization coverage

() ;
immunization monitoring chart

immunization point (site, centre), vaccinating

centre

;
immunization record, vaccination card

immunization schedule

immunization status

immunobiological medication/drug/substance

immunoblot

immunofluorescence

immunofluorescence method ()

immunogenicity, immunogenic activity

immunoprophylaxis

; ()
immunosuppression

 309
c ;
immuncompromi sed

impetigo

importation of virus ,

imported infection

inactivated vaccine ()

inactivation ;

incentive , ,

( ,

incidence
, ,

); ;

incidence rate ;

incidence, crude

incubation period

incubation time

independent data analysis

independent sample

indication

indicator disease

indirect person-to-person contact ()

infant mortality rate

infected ,
 310
infection control ;

infection control nurse

infection control programme

infection control specialist

infection imported

( , )
Infectious Disease Register

infectious disease threat

infectious period

infectiousness

infectivity

inflammation

inflammatory reaction

influenza

influenza virus

influenza-like disease

influenza-like illness (ILI)

information technology (IT) systems ()

inhalation

in-house ,

,
in-house ELISA

 311

in-house kit

in-house reporting form

injecting drug user (IDU) ()

injection (intradermal, subcutaneous, (, ,

intramuscular, intravenous) , )

injection site reaction

,
injection-driven epidemic

; ,
inmate

innate immunity

Institut de Veille Sanitaire (InVS, France) ()

interaction

-
interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA)
()

intermediate vaccine store

internal daily verification list

internal medicine specialist, internist ,

internal validity

-
International Health Regulations (IHR)
()

(
interquartile range (IQR) ); ;

interval data
 312
interval estimate

interview c

intracellular pathogen

intrauterine infection

invasiveness

(
IPV (inactivated polio vaccine)
)

iridocyclitis

isolate ()

isolation ;

jet injector, needle-free injector

Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS /

(UNAIDS) ()

key word

kit ,

Kruskal-Wallis test -

kurtosis ;

labeling

laboratory capacity
 313

laboratory confirmation ( ,
)

laboratory diagnostics

laboratory surveillance

late presenter

latent infection , c

;
latex agglutination test
-

legal document ,

legionellosis

leishmaniasis

leptospirosis

lethal outcome

lifelong immunity

likelihood ratio

liquid phase immunoassay

list ,

listeriosis

live birth

live vaccine

logistic regression

long term registration

 314
longitudinal study

loose stool

low fever

low threshold support centre (LTSC)

LTSC (low threshold support centre)

Lyme borreliosis -, ,

Lyme disease ,

malaria

management board

management of patients

;
mandatory notification

mandatory reporting

Mantel-Haenszel test -

Mantoux test

mass media ()

mastitis

(
MDR (multidrug resistance)
)

(
MDR TB (multidrug resistant tuberculosis)
)

mean
 315
mean duration of stay in a hospital

mean rank

measles

measles - mumps - rubella vaccine (MMR) -- ()

measles vaccine ;

measurement bias

measures of central tendency ( )

measures of variability

median ;

medical and preventive treatment facility - ()

medical assistant

medical chart

medical epidemiologist -

medical history

medical officer

medical records

medical worker ,

member of the Editorial Board (EB-member)

membrane antigen ;

memorandum of understanding

,
men who have sex with men (MSM)
()
 316
meningitis

meningococcal conjugate vaccine

meningococcal disease

meningococcal infection

meningococcal nasopharyngitis

meningococcemia

meningoencephalitis

meta-analysis -

methodological quality

microcell culture

microsporia

mild disease

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
()

Ministry of Public Health and Social

Development (Minzdravsotsrazvitija, Russian ()
Federation)

MMR (measles - mumps -rubella) vaccine ( --)

mobile vaccination team

mode (c.); ; ;

molluscipoxvirus

monitoring

monodose ; ;
 317
mononucleosis

monovalent vaccine

morbidity

mortality

(,
mortality rate (death rate) ,
)

MSIS (Norwegian Surveillance System for

Communicable Diseases)

(,
MSM (men who have sex with men)
)

multidose vial, multidose container

multidrug resistance (MDR)
()

multidrug resistant tuberculosis

multiple linear regression

multiplicative interaction

;
multivariable analysis (
)

multivariable modelling

(
multivariate analysis
)

mumps

municipal ,
 318
, -
municipal medical officer

mutation

mycobacterium (pl. mycobacteria)

national IHR focal point

national priority project

natural (innate) immunity ()

NCI (nosocomial infection)

NCM (Nordic Council of Ministers)

necrotising fasciitis

needle (and syringe) destroyer ( )

needle remover (mechanical), needle puller ()

needle-stick injury, needle stick

()
negative (result) for acid-fast bacilli

negative predictive value

negative study

;
neonatal infection

;
neonatal mortality rate

neonatal period
 319
neonatal screening

"-"
nested case control study

"",
nested PCR

neutralization test (NT)

neutropenia

newborn

NGO (non-governmental organization) ( )

(
NIPH (Norwegian Institute of Public Health)
)

nominal data ()

noncompliance ()

non-governmental organization (NGO) ()

non-independent group (paired samples) ( )

non-parametric test

c , ;
non-polio AFP

non-responder
o

non-susceptible

Nordic Council of Ministers (NCM)

normal (Gaussian) distribution ()

Northern Dimension
 320
Norwegian Childhood Vaccination Register

(SYSVAK)

Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH)
()

Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services

Norwegian Surveillance System for

Communicable Diseases (MSIS)

nosocomial (hospital acquired, health care

()
acquired) infection

nosocomial infection ()

; ,
notifiable infection

notification

nucleocapsid a

null hypothesis

number needed to treat (NNT) ,

,
number of persons seeking medical care ;

numerical data

OAT (outbreak assistance team)

observation

observational study

observed and predicted data

 321
occupational disease

odds

odds ratio (R) ()

oedema, pl -mata

off-site facility ,

omphalitis

oncogenicity

,
on-site facility

,
open access journal

, ,
operation system

opisthorchiasis

-; -
opportunistic ;

(,
,
opportunistic infection , ,
,
)

OPV (oral polio vaccine) ( )

OR (odds ratio) ( )

oral ;

oral polio vaccine (OPV) ()

orchitis
 322
ordinal data

origin

ornithosis

osteomyelitis

otitis

outbreak

outbreak assistance team (OAT)

;
outbreak control

outbreak investigation

(), ()
outbreak response focal point

outcome ;

outer membrane

outpatient clinic

; ;
out-patient clinic

output requirement

(,
,
outreach immunization

)

outreach work ""-;

overdose

P
 323

paired serology

pandemic

pandemic flu

pandemic preparedness

(
pandrug-resistant (PDR) bacteria
)

panencephalitis

parainfluenza virus

parametric test

paratyphoid fever

parenteral

parotitis epidemica

partial correlation , ,

passive hemagglutination test

passive immunity

;
pathogen

pathogenesis

patient ,

patient cohort

PCR (polymerase chain reaction) ( )

PCV (proportion of the cases vaccinated)

 324
pediculosis

peer review

people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) , / ()

perinatal mortality rate

periodicity ( )

persistence of antigens

personal identifiers

pertussis, whooping cough

phenotype

phlebitis

/ ;
physical examination

(, )
pilot project

pilot study

placebo

-
placebo-controlled clinical trial

plague

PLWHA (people living with HIV/AIDS) (, /)

pneumococcal heptavalent conjugate vaccine

(PCV7)

pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine

 325
pneumocystosis

pneumonia

point estimate

,
point prevalence

;
point prevalence study
()

Poisson distribution

Poisson regression

(, ),
polio free status

poliomyelitis

polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ()

poor immune (serologic) response ()

; ;
population
(.)

population attributable risk

population immunity

positive predictive value

positive result for acid-fast bacilli

positive study

,
post-exposure immunoprophylaxis
( )
 326
postimmunization syndrome

postpartum period

postvaccinal complication

PPV (positive predictive value)

PPV (proportion of the population vaccinated)

precaution

predicable outcome

predictive value

premature labour

prenatal period ;

preparation

preparedness plan

( , ,
pre-school institution
)

prescribed daily dose (PDD) ()

presumptive diagnosis

pre-vaccine

, (

/
prevalence -
()

);

,
prevalence rate
( ,
( ,
 327
)
,

);
()

prevention

preventive intervention

primary health care (PHC) - ()

primary healthcare

primary prevention

primary vaccine failure

primer

prion

prion diseases ,

prior history of disease

probability

probable case

probiotic

procedure ,

product lot

ProMED-mail (Global electronic reporting ProMED-mail (

system for outbreaks of emerging infectious
diseases and toxines) )

proof-reader

prophylaxis
 328
proportion of cases vaccinated (PCV) ()

proportion of population vaccinated (PPV) ()

prospective study

protective level of antibodies

Pseudomonas aeroginosa

pseudotuberculosis

public domain software

public health

public health decision making

public health emergency of international
,
concern

public health sector

puerperal period

pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) -

p-value

pyoderma

pyodermatitis

pyodermatosis

pyoinflammatory -

Q-fever
 329
quadruple vaccine ;

qualitative data

qualitative immunoassay

quantitative data

quantitative immunoassay

quarantine

questionnaire ;

R gram-negative bacilli

rabies

rabies vaccine

random error

random sample

random selection

random variation

randomization

randomized controlled clinical trial

; ; ;
range

rank distribution

rapid assessment ; -
 330
rapid blood-based dot-blot test - "-"

rapid response

, ;
rash disease

rash macular-papular -

rate ,

ratio ;

RCT (randomized controlled study)

reactogenecity (of vaccine) ()

real-time PCR

reassortment

,
recall bias (
)

receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve

recombinant vaccine

recovery, clinical ,

reemerging infection

reference and coordination point

(
"-
";
reference laboratory ,
,
,

,
 331
);

reference level

refugee

regression

regression to the mean

relative risk (RR) ()

relative risk reduction

reliability analysis

reportable disease

reporting delay

reporting system

representative sampling

reproductive number (of cases) ()

reservoir

residual ;

resistance ;

respiratory infection

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) - ()

respondent driven sampling (RDS)

restriction fragment length polymorphism

typing (fingerprinting) ()

retrospective study
 332
reveal

ribonucleic acid (RNA) ()

ricketsiosis

risk difference

risk factor

risk group

risk ratio

RNA (ribonucleic acid) ( )

ROC-curve

Rospotrebnadzor (Federal Service for (

Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection
and Human Well-being) )

Rosselkhoznadzor (Federal Service for (

Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance) )

rotavirus infection

Rotavirus Vaccine Accelerated Development

and Introduction Plan (Rota(virus)ADIP)

Rotavirus Vaccine Programme (RVP) ()

routine immunization (activities)

() ;
routine surveillance

RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) (- )

RT-PCR (-)

rubella
 333
S

Salm-net

salmonellosis

, ; ,
sample
(.)

sample size

sampling ;

sampling bias

sampling fraction

(
SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)
)

scabies

scarlet fever

schedule (), ,

scientific quality

screening ;

screening method

seasonal flu c

seasonal occurrence, seasonality

seasonal variation ;

seasonality

second line drug

 334
secondary vaccine failure

self-reported

senior medical officer

senior officer ()

sensitive-intermediate-resistant (SIR) :
categorization --

sensitivity

sensitivity analysis

sentinel site

; -
sentinel surveillance

sepsis

septic

septicaemia

sequela ; ()

sequela (pl. sequelae) ;

sequencing ce

seroconversion

serologic response ;

serologic status, serostatus

(

serological surveillance, serosurveillance

)
 335
,
seroprevalence

seroprevalence study

serosurvey

serotype

serotype specific antisera

serum sample

serum, pl. sera

severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)
()

severe illness

sexual intercourse

sexual transmission

,
sexually transmitted disease (STD)
()

,
sexually transmitted infection (STI)
()

Shigella flexneri

Shigella sonnei

shigellosis ,

shingles ;

short-term professional

side effect
 336
sign test

significance level

significance test

significant ()

simple linear regression

single blind method

single genome analysis

single-dose vial

single-use syringe

SIR categorization (sensitive-intermediate- :

resistant) --

skewness

smallpox

smallpox vaccine

smear

smoothed

smoothed monthly use

somatic

SOP (standard operating procedures) ( )

spacing of vaccine, vaccine spacing

specialist in infectious diseases

 337
speciality ,

specific immunity

specificity

specimen ;

specimen carrier

()
specimen-based data

spot map

spotted fever

SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) SPSS

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences

(SPSS) (SPSS)

SSI (Statens Serum Insitut, Denmark) ,

;
SSI (surgical site infection)

stakeholder

standard case definition ()

standard deviation

standard disposable syringes, conventional

disposable syringes

standard error of the mean

standard operating procedures (SOP) ()

start-up team
 338
"
State Agency Public Health Agency (Latvia)
" ()

( c
state epidemiologist
);

Statens Serum Insitut (SSI, Denmark) ()

statistical power ()

statistical significance

statistical test

(,
STD (sexually transmitted disease)
)

steam autoclaving ,

sterilizables

sterilizables

sterilizer drum ;

(,
STI (sexually transmitted infection)
)

sting (insect) ()

stockpile

stockpiling

stockpiling

storage

strain

stratified analysis
 339
Student's t-test t-

study design ;

study population

study protocol

study sample

subcutaneous administration ()

substitution treatment

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
()

summary ;

supplemental immunization activities

suppression

surface antigen

, ,
surgery

;
surgical site

;
surgical site infection (SSI)

surveillance ;

surveillance data

Surveillance of Tuberculosis in Europe

(EuroTB) ()

surveillance report
 340
surveillance strategy

surveillance, concomitant ,

survival analysis

survival curve

susceptibility ,

, ,
susceptible

suspected adverse events

, ;
suspected case

sustainability ;

Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control

swine flu

syphilis

syringe

systematic error

systematic review

systemic infection

systemic sepsis

SYSVAK (Norwegian Childhood Vaccination

Register)

T
 341
taeniarhynchosis

taeniasis

tally sheet ( )

target age group ()

TB (tuberculosis) ()

T-cell, thymus-derived lymphocyte -

technical system for storing/accessing data /

territorial directorate

tertiary care hospital

;
tertiary health care

tertiary prevention

test accuracy

test kit -

test system -, -

tetanus

tetanus toxoid (TT) ()

tetravalent (vaccine) ()

thiomersal (preservative) / ()

third generation antibiotic

threat to the treatment of infection

throat swab
 342
thymine (T) ()

tick-borne encephalitis

time series analysis

tissue culture

tissue specimen

tolerance , ;

toxigenecity

toxocariasis

toxoid ,

toxoplasmosis

transcriptase

transfusion recipient

transmission ()

transmission mode

transmission route

treat

trichinellosis

trichocephalosis

trichophytosis

trimmed mean

true positive
 343
true prevalence

TT (tetanus toxoid) ( )

tuberculosis (TB) ()

tuberculosis pulmonary ,

tuberculosis respiratory

tuberculosis with extensive drug resistance

(XDR-tuberculosis) (-)

tuberculosis with multi-drug resistance (MDR-

tuberculosis) (-)

tuberulin skin test

tularemia

type I error (alpha-error) ()

type II error (beta-error) ()

typhoid fever

typhus

UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on (

HIV/AIDS) /)

uncover (patient, disease, infection) (, , )

underdiagnosed ;

underdiagnosis

underlying medical condition

UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund)

(
 344
)

unidimentional alternative distribution

uniform reporting ,

unique identifier

United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
()

univariate analysis

Universal Childhood Immunization

; ;
updated

urgent measure

urinary catheter

urinary tract infection

urticaria

vaccination

vaccination card, immunization card, ;

immunization record

(),
vaccination certificate

vaccination coverage ()

vaccination coverage (rate) ()

vaccination failure
 345
vaccination history

vaccination programme

,
vaccination record

vaccination schedule, immunization schedule ()

vaccination status

vaccine administration

vaccine, anthrax

vaccine composition

vaccine effectiveness ( )

;
(
, ,
vaccine efficacy
.

)

vaccine handling

vaccine induced

;
vaccine preventable diseases ; ,

vaccine reaction

vaccine reactogenecity

vaccine requirement

vaccine safety

vaccine security
 346
vaccine spacing, spacing of vaccine

vaccine uptake

vaccine wastage factor ,

(
vaccine-associated
)

();
vaccine-derived poliovirus
,

vaccine-induced immunity

validity

Vancouver regulations

variable

variance

varicella

variola; smallpox

vector ( )

vector-borne disease

vehicle of transmission

, -
verotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection (VTEC)
E. coli

,
vertical transmission

vial ;

vial presentation
 347
viral haemorrhagic fever

viral haemorrhagic fever with renal failure
(
(Nephropathia epidemica)
)

viral hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, F , , C, D, E, F

viral infectivity

viral load

viremia

virology

virulence

virulence gene

virus genome

virus replication ()

virus reservoir

virus-induced response

, -
VTEC (verotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection)
E. coli

vulnerable group ,

waning immunity

wastage

waste

waste disposal
 348
waste processing ;

waterborne infections ,

Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (WFS) -

West Nile fever

WHA (World Health Assembly) ( )

WHO (World Health Organization) ( )

WHO EURO (World Health Organization
(
Regional Office for Europe)
)

WHO IHR contact point

WHO outbreak verification list

whole-cell vaccine

whooping cough, pertussis

" " (,
,
window period (of infection)

-)

World Health Assembly (WHA) ()

World Health Organization (WHO) ()

World Health Organization Regional Office for

Europe (WHO EURO) ( )

wound botulism

XDR ()

XDR tuberculosis (tuberculosis with extensive - (

 349
drug resistance) )

X-ray confirmed pneumonia

X-ray diagnosis

x-ray test

Yates's correction ( )

yellow fever

yersiniosis

zoonosis

zoonotic

zootoxin

zoster

zymosis ;

(Mobile Phone) (- )
-
(Mobile Phone)

ENGLISH

1G (First Generation) 1G (1 )
 350
/ . ,
, .

2G (Second Generation) 2G (2 )

/ . 2G
, . 2G
.

2.5G (Second-and-a-Half Generation) 2.5G (2,5 )

2.5G . 2G,
, , (MMS),
-,
(WAP).

3G (Third Generation) 3G (3 )

/ . 3G
,
,
, 3G.

4G (Forth Generation) 4G (4 )

/ .
. , ( 300 /)
.

Bluetooth Bluetooth ()

,
.

Caller display

/ /
.

Cell broadcast

().

Coverage area
 351
, .
, ,
.

Desktop charger (charging dock / cradle)

,
, .

Dual band ()

,
. .

GSM GSM (--)

GSM ( Groupe Special Mobile, Global System for Mobile

Communications) ,
1980- .

GPRS (---
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
)

2G-,
. GPRS ,
. , .

Hands-Free Hands-Free (-)

, , ,
Bluetooth.
,
.

MP3 Player M3-

, ,
.

Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) ()

, .

Off-Peak ( )
 352
, ,
, .

Pay As You Go (PAYG)

,
, .

PC card PC (-)

Peak -

, , .
.

Polyphonic ringtones ()

40 , .
16 .

Roaming / International Roaming /

, .
.

SIM- (-) (
SIM (Subscriber Identity Module)
)

, .
.

SMS (Short Message Service) ( )

,
.

Standby time

.
,
.
 353
T9 T9

, .
. T9
Text on 9 keys - 9 .

Talk time / Air time

, ,
, , .

Tri-Band / Triple band ()

() GSM
100 .

Voice activated dialing

. ,
.
.

Voicemail

, .
, .

WAP () (
WAP (Wireless Application Protocol)
)

,
, .

(- )
- (Music)

ENGLISH
 354
accordion

album

bagpipe

balalaika

ballet

band

bass

basson

baton

bow

brass group

cello

chamber music

clarinet

classical music

composer

concert

conductor

cymbals

drum

drum sticks
 355
flute

grand piano

guitar

harp

horn

instrumental music

loudspeaker

microphone, mike, transmitter

minstreller group

musician

oboe

opera

orchestra

organ

percussion ,

piano

recital

saxophone

single

soloist

song
 356
sound

string group

symphony

synthesizer

to accompany

to compose

to transcribe

trombone

trumpet

tuba

video / clip -

viola

violin

virtuoso

(- )
-

ENGLISH

insect

butterfly
 357
flea

lady-bird

louse

caterpillar

tiger beetle

beetle

- capricorn beetle

-, - bark-beetle

- rhinoceros beetle

-, stag-beetle

- European diving beetle

- lion beetle

- click beetle

-, - stink beetle

tick

bug

Colorado beetle

mosquito, gnat

chrysalis (pl. ices), pupa (pl. -ae)

May (June) bug, cockchafer

pill bug
 358
moth

mosquito

swarm of midges

ant

fly

dung beetle

nocturnal moth

gadfly

wasp

spider

bee

lightning bug

scarab

scorpion

horse-fly, breeze

centipede

dragon-fly

(, ) cockroach, croton

termite, white ant

plant louse, aphid

drone
 359
, black beetle

bumble bee

(- )
-

ENGLISH WORD

satin

velvet

white

underwear

blouse

boot

bracelet

trousers

pin

wallet

collar

veil

tie

(light/pale) blue
 360
naked, bare, nude

coarse, rough

lipstick

lingerie, women's underwear

jeans

long

perfume, scent

yellow

waistcoat

/ to tie, to knot

/ to fasten, to do up, to button (up)

green

gold (in colour), golden

gold, (made) of gold

umbrella

needle

/ to wear out

pocket

leather

tights

ring
 361
brown

short

suit

purse

/ to dye

red

trainers, running shoes

swimming/bathing costume, swimsuit

jacket

bra

( ) tank top, undershirt

fur

fashionable, stylish

soft

/ to put on

nylon

thread

handkerchief

sock

nightdress, nightie

footwear
 362
/ to dress (oneself), to get dressed

clothes, clothing

orange

glasses, spectacles

(over)coat

/ to change (one's clothes), to get changed

glove

(pair of) pyjamas

swimming trunks

(woman's) dress

raincoat, waterproof (coat)

lining

briefcase

loose, ample

button

pullover

purple

stain, mark, spot

/ to untie, to undo

/ to undress (oneself), to get undressed

size, measurement(s)
 363
/ to unfasten, to undo, to unbutton

to tear, to rip

strap; belt

pink

shirt

sleeve

sandal

silver (in colour), silvery

grey

earring

blue

/ to take off

sunglasses

knitting needle

tight

fabric, cloth, material

underpants; knickers

shoe; slipper

violet

T-shirt/tee-shirt

cotton
 364
to fit (well), to be a good fit

colour

necklace, chain

black

/ to mend, to repair

stocking

scarf

sewing machine

silk

wool

/ to sew

hat

(shoe)lace

shorts

fur coat

elegant

skirt

jewellery
 365

(Olympic Sports)
- (Olympic
Sports)

Summer olympic sports

Archery

Artistic gymnastics

Athletics

Badminton

Basketball

BMX BMX ()

Boxing

Canoe/kayak (sprint) ()

Diving

Dressage (Equestrian) ( )

Eventing (Equestrian) ( )

Fencing

Field hockey

Football

Freestyle (Wrestling)

Greco-Roman (Wrestling) -
 366
Judo

Jumping (Equestrian) ( )

Handball

Modern pentathlon

Mountain biking ()

Rhythmic gymnastics

Road cycling ()

Swimming

Synchronized swimming

Track cycling ()

Trampoline

Volleyball (beach)

Volleyball (indoor)

Water polo

Rowing

Sailing

Shooting

Table tennis

Taekwondo

Tennis

Triathlon
 367
Weightlifting

Winter olympic sports

Alpine skiing

Biathlon

Bobsleigh

Cross country skiing

Curling

Figure skating

Freestyle skiing ( )

Ice hockey

Luge

Nordic combined

Short track speed skating - ( )

Skeleton

Ski jumping

Snowboarding

Speed skating

Olympic vocabulary

Amateur
 368
Anthem

Banned

Broadcaster //

Compete

Contestant

Controversy

Doping

Facilities (C)

Fanfare

Host -

Humanity

Medal

Motto

Nationality

Oath

Participant

(
Partisanship
)

Postpone ( )

Preliminaries

Purity

Qualify

 369

Representative

Security

Spectator

Sponsor

( - ),
Spokesman

Sportsmanship

Stamina

Standings

Substitute ,

Swifter

Symbol

Torch

(
Venue
. .)

Victory

Summer Olympic Games (Text)

By Kenneth Beare

The Summer Olympic Games will be held in London, England beginning July 17, 2012. Competitors from
around the world will compete for the gold, silver or bronze medals. For some athletes, winning is not a
 370
real possibility. However, they will strive to set personal and / or national bests in their events. Of course,
many world records will also be broken during these games. The intensely competitive nature of the
games, the strong national pride involved and the challenge in facing the best athletes from around the
world combine to demand the top performances from each individual.

In a world where soccer (football), basketball, golf and tennis dominate television broadcasts, the
Summer Olympic Games provide a chance to observe sports not usually covered. When was the last
time you watched water polo, or fencing? Chances are you watched them during the 2004 Summer
Olympic Games in Greece. In this age when many people are fortunate enough to have cable TV
connections, spectators can watch a wide variety of athletic competitions.

Athletics and wrestling are probably the oldest sports in the Olympic Games. The tradition of these sports
goes back to the original games held in ancient Greece over 2500 years ago. Some of my favorite events
include the javelin throw, the high jump and the pole vault, as well as the hurdles. There will also be a
wide variety of water sports that include canoeing, sailing and diving. Naturally, swimming is probably the
most popular water sport with a wide variety of competitive events including backstroke, breaststroke,
butterfly, freestyle and more.

The summer games also include a number of events that have recently been introduced to the games.
Kayaking and mountain biking, baseball and beach volleyball are just a few. I certainly haven't mentioned
all the sports - who would want to miss gymnastics - but you get the idea. Turn on your TV, relax and
enjoy a moment of peace and togetherness in this struggling world of ours. The Summer Olympic Games
provides an example that we all should follow: competition with respect.

(- )
English-Russian Glossary 'Professions'

Professions

accountant

actor /actress /

architect

astronomer

author ()

baker
 371
bricklayer

bus driver

butcher

carpenter

chef / cook - /

cleaner

dentist

designer

doctor

dustman / refuse collector

electrician

engineer

factory worker

farmer

fireman / fire fighter

fisherman

florist

gardener

hairdresser

journalist

judge
 372
lawyer

lecturer

librarian

lifeguard ( )

mechanic

model

newsreader

nurse

optician ,

painter /

pharmacist

photographer

pilot

plumber

politician

policeman / policewoman (. . / . .)

postman

real estate agent

receptionist / /

scientist

secretary
 373
shop assistant

soldier

tailor

taxi driver

teacher

translator

traffic warden

travel agent

veterinary doctor (vet) ()

waiter / waitress /

window cleaner

(Birds)
(- )
-

ENGLISH

stork

albatross

cormorant

snipe
 374
golden eagle

woodcock

sparrow

raven

crow

bittern

loon, diver

jackdaw, daw

cock of the wood; wood grouse

goldeneye

pigeon; dove

turtle-dove

rook

goose

thrush

woodpecker

lark

crane

halcyon, kingfisher

chaffinch

oriole
 375
turkey

canary

crossbill

dorhawk, nightjar

hummingbird

linnet

regulus

landrail, corncrake

kite

wild duck, mallard

cuckoo

sandpiper

hen

partridge (); willow grouse ()

swallow

swan; cob (), cob-swan

robin, redbreast

flycatcher

tawny owl

pochard

(yellow) bunting, yellowhammer

 376
dipper, ouzel

eagle

peacock, peafowl

chiffchaff

quail

cock; rooster

= lapwing, pewit

penguin

nuthatch

parrot

kestrel

hazel-grouse, hazel-hen

peregrine

waxwing

tomtit, blue titmouse, blue tit

starling

whitethroat, warbler

bullfinch

owl

jay

nightingale
 377
magpie

ostrich

swift

little owl

black grouse, blackcock

wagtail

ruff

hoopoe

duck

pheasant

eagle-owl

flamingo

heron; egret

guinea fowl

gull; sea gull

redpoll

siskin

teal

goldfinch

bramble finch, brambling

hawk
 378

(Travel)
- (Travel)

English

airlines

bus

agency

airport

baggage, luggage

gas, gasoline

ticket

currency

bicycle, bike

to take off, to leave the ground

visa

domestic tourism

railway station / train station

temporary migration

- to speak English

town; city

guest house

hotel
 379
hotel chain

border, frontier

attractions

European countries

annual vacation

to go abroad

railway

abroad

to get a suntan

tanned, bronzed

Western Europe

tourist industry

foreigner

foreign

vacation

map

ship

resort

take the waters

light

() route
 380
car, automobile

international boundaries

( ) international tourism

( ) spa

arrangements

motorcycle, motorbike

direction

( ) inn, hostelry

unspoiled nature

(hotel) room

environment

paid vacations

island state

rest

to be on vacation; to rest, to be resting

postcard

to set out, to leave, to depart

vacation, leave

() vacation

tent

pilgrimages to sacred places

 381
theme park

steamship

passport

transportation

beach

seaside, coast

train

journey, trip, tour

package tour

to understand

popular destination

port; harbor

flow of tourists

to arrive

to land

to see off

journey, voyage

traveling for leisure

to travel

recreation

backpack
 382
( ) to get on, to board

(air)plane

() to miss, to long / yearn (for)

life-jacket

Mediterranean

capital

country

strange, odd

souvenir shops

() to get off

taxi

thermal spring

streetcar, trolley, tram

tourism, traveling (AmE), travelling (BrE)

travel association

services for travelers

suitcase

exotic

eco-tourism

( , ) the South
 383

ENGLISH

Warehou

Yellowtail

Trevally

Icefish

Menhaden

( ) Anchovy

Herring (Atlantic)

, () Barracouta

Whitefish

Milkfish

Graeter Forkbeard

Chub, Bullhead

() Char, Loach

Blue ling

Pink (Hump-back) Salmon

Croaker

Silver Bream
 384
Yellowfin tuna

Pilchard

Dace

American plaice, Dab, Black Back

Yellow Perch

Asp

Gemfish King barracouta

Turbot Brill

Crucian Carp

Carp

Chum (Keta Dog) Salmon

Mullet

( ) Coho (Silver) Salmon

Chinook (Spring King) Salmon

Smelt

Rudd, Redeye, Redfin

( ,
Sea Trout
, -)

Bream

Tench, Marline

Skipjack

( , , Snapper
 385
)

Tusk (Cusk)

Capelin

Ling

() Sea bream

Rockfish

Gonger eal

Wachna Cod

Burbot

Picked Dogfish

Sockeye (Red) Salmon

Norway pout

Common bass

Pacific ocean perch

Halibut

Dace, Roach

Striped bass

Brown Trout

Goldfish, Common Carp

Pollack

( ) Polar Cod
 386
Pacific Saury

() Garfish

( ) Mediterranean Anchovy

Shad

( ,
Atlantic Salmon
)

(, ) Common Whitefish

Blue Bream

Bonito, Hardhead, Mackerel

Channel Catfish

() Catfish, Wolffish

Pout

Kanadischer Zander

, Vimba

Taimen

Cod, Haddock

Pacific Cod

Frigate Mackerel

Eel

Bleak

( ,
Great silver smelt
)
 387
Rainbow Trout

Grayling

Whiting

Black Sea Anchovy

Sprat

Pike

Ide, nerfling

: efish.ru

ENGLISH

Acanthur -

Acara

Afer

African Bladefish -

African Brown Snapper

African Bull Shark

African Pike ( )

Agone
 388
Albacore

Alligator Gar ,

Almaco Jack -

Amarela Piranha

Amberjack -

American Eel

American Plaice

American Shad

Amur Sleeper

Anabas ,

Angelshark -

Angler -

Aplocheil ( )

Arapaima ,

Archer Fish

Arctic Grayling

Arothron

Aruana

Asian Boneytongue ( )

Asp

Atlantic Croaker
 389
Atlantic Herring

Atlantic Horsemackerel

Atlantic Salmon ( )

Atlantic Sharpnose Shark

Atlantic Spade Fish -

Atlantic Sturgeon

Australian Salmon ,

Baby Common Carp

Baby Mirror Carp

Bagrid Catfish

Ballan Wrasse

Baltic Vimba

Banded Archerfish

Banded Sunfish

Bank Seabass

Barbel ,

Barracouta

Barracuda

Barramundi

Barred Hogfish

Barred Moray
 390
Batfish ,

Bavosa

Beardless Barb

Bengal Sargeant ,

Bicirrus

Big Eyed Scad

Bigeye Tuna

Big-Eyed Scadfish

Bighead Carp ,

Bigmouth Buffalo

Bigmouth Sleeper

Big-Scalled Redfin -

Big-Spot Coral Trout

Billfish

Bitterling

Black Banded Sunfish

Black Carp

Black Chessa

Black Cod ,

Black Crappie

Black Drum ,
 391
Black Marlin

Black Moor

Black Piranha

Black Seabream

Black Shark

Black Spot Tuskfish

Blackbelly Rosefish

Blackfin Tuna

Blackmahseer

Blackmouth Catshark

Blacktip Reef Shark

Bleak

Blonde Ray

Blue Catfish

Blue Marlin

Blue Nose Trevalla

Blue Orfe

Blue Shark ,

Blue Spotted Cod

Blue Spotted Ray

Blue Spotted Sunfish

 392
Blue Tilapia

Blue Trout

Bluefin Trevally ,

Bluefin Tuna

Bluefish ()

Bluegill

Blue-Lined Snapper -

Bluespotted Seabream

Boar Fish -

Boccadoro ( )

Boccadoro ( )

Bodian () ,

Boeseman Croaker ( )

Boga ()

Bonefish

Bonito , ,

Bonnethead Shark -

Botia -

Bottatrice -

Bowfin ,

Brill -, ,
 393
Broad Whitefish ,

Bronze Whaler Shark

Brook Trout , ,

Brown Bullhead

Brown Trout

Bull Shark

Bullhead -

Bullhuss ,

Bulltrout ,

Burbot -

Butterfish

Butterfly Peacock Bass - , -

Cachorro

Cagnetto

Calaboose

Canary Drum

Captainfish -

Caribean Reefshark

Carp ,

Castagnola , -

Catla ( )
 394
Catopra

Cernia , ,

Chain Pickerel

Channa -

Channel Catfish

Chaophraya Cat

Char

Cheetah Trout

Cherry Salmon

Chinaman Fish

Chinese Algae Eater

Chinese Carpbream ,

Chinese False Gudgeon

Chinese Pangasid Catfish

Chinese Sucker ,

Chinook Salmon

Chromis

Chub ()

Chum Salmon

Cichlid ,

Clorus
 395
Coastal Cutthroat

Cobia ,

Cobia ,

Cobite ,

Cod ()

Coelacanth

Coelacanth

Coeladia

Coho Salmon

Comber

Comizo Barbel - ()

Common Bream

Common Jollytail

Common Seabream , ,

Common Skate ()

Comoro Grouper

Conger Eel -

Coppershark

Coral Trout

Coregone

Corkwing Wrasse
 396
Coronation Trout

Corvina , ,

Cotton Mouth Jack

Cowtail Stingray -

Crevalle Jack

Crucian Carp

Cubera Snapper

Cubera Snapper

Cuckoo Ray -

Cuckoo Wrasse -

Dab

Dace

Danube Streber

Darkfinned Barracuda

Dentice

Derbio

Distycus

Dixie Chub

Dog Snapper -, -

Dogtooth Tuna ( )

Dolly Varden ( )
 397
Dolphinfish ,

Donzella ( )

Dorado ,

Dusky Flathead

Dusky Grouper ,

Eagle Ray -

Eel ()

Eeltailed Catfish

Electric Eel

Elephant Ear Gourami

Elephant Fish

Emperor Snakehead

European Hake ()

European Hausen

European Plaice

European River Lamprey

European Sea Bass

European Smelt () ,

Everglade Sunfish

Fat Snook

Featherback ,
 398
Ferox Trout

Finnock ,

Firemouth Cichlid

Five Bearded Rockling

Flat Head Mullet

Flathead Catfish

Flier

Florida Gar

Flounder

Flowery Cod

Forktailed Catfish ( )

Fragolino

Freshwater Whipray

Frigate Mackerel

Fringebarbel Sturgeon

Fully Scaled Mirror Carp

Fuscar Drum

Galapagos Shark

Gambusia

Garpike ,

Ghiozzo
 399
Ghost Carp -

Giant Danio

Giant Eel

Giant Gourami ,

Giant Guarmi ,

Giant Manta ,

Giant Maori Wrasse

Giant Pangasius

Giant Threadfin

Giant Trevally

Gibel Carp

Gizzard Shad

Goatfish ,

Golden Belly Barb

Golden Bighead Carp

Golden Carp

Golden Catfish

Golden Gray Mullet

Golden Orfe

Golden Perch

Golden Rudd
 400
Golden Shiner

Golden Tench

Golden Trevally

Golden Trout

Goldfish ,

Grass Carp ( )

Gray Reefshark

Grayling

,
Greasy Cod

Greater Forkbeard

Greater Weever

Green Jobfish ,

Green Sunfish -

Greenback Flounder

Greenland Shark

Greensturgeon ,

Grey Gurnard

Grey Snapper

Grey Triggerfish

Grey Wrasse

Guachanche Barracuda
 401
Gudgeon

Gulf Flounder

Gummy Shark

Haddock

Halibut

Hammerhead Shark -

Hampala Barb

Hapuka

Hardtop Catfish

Hatchet Fish -,

Heterotis

Hickory Shad

High Backed Mahseer

Highfin Carpsucker

Hogchoker

Holacanthus

Honeycomb Cod

Houting

Huchen

Hump Back Red Snapper

Hump-Headed Maori Wrasse

 402
Hussar -

Hybrid Striped Bass ,

Hystrix -

Ide

Inconnu ,

Isok Barb ,

Jack Mackerel ,

Jaguar Guapote

Java Barb

Jewel Fish , -

Jewfish

John Dory ,

Jolthead Porgy , -

July

Jungle Perch

Kelee Shad

King Mackeral ( )

Koi Carp

La Sidra Trout

Ladyfish

Lake Chubsucker -
 403
Lake Sturgeon ,

Lake Trout

Lamprologus

Lane Snap

Large Toothed Sawfish -,

Largemouth Bass

Largemouth Yellowfish

Lasca

Latterino ( )

Leather Carp ,

Leccia -

Leerfish

Lemon Shark

Lemon Sole

Lenok

Lesser Spotted Dogfish

Lesser Weever

Linear Carp

Ling ,

Little Gulper Shark

Little Tunny
 404
Long Finned Sea Pike

Long Nosed Emperor

Long Tailed Ray

Long Tom ,

Longbarbel Gudgeon

Longfinned Eel

Longfinned Gurnard

Longnose Gar

Long-spined Bullhead -

Longtail Snapper

Luderick

Lumpsucker

Mackerel ,

Mackerel Tuna (- )

Mad Barb

Mahseer

Mako Shark -

Malap ( )

Mango Fish -

Mango Tilapia

Mangrove Jack
 405
Marbled Electric Ray ,

Mayan Cichlid

Megrim

Mekong Catfish

Mekong Stingray

Menola ( )

Milkfish , ,

Minnow

Mirror Carp

Moderlieschen ,

Monkfish ,

Moonfish , -, -,

Moray

Mormora ,

Mormyrus ,

Morwong

Moses Perch ,

Mottled Eel

Mottled Grouper

Mountain Whitefish ,

Mozambique Tilapia
 406
Mud Carp

Muksun

Mullet

Mulloway

Murray Cod

Muskelunge -

Nassau Grouper

Needlefish , , () -

Neoceratodus ,

Niger Trigger

Night Sergeant ,

Nile Perch

Nile Tilapia

North African Catfish

Northern Pipefish

Northern Saratoga

Norway Pout

Norwegian Topknot

Nose Carp ( )

Notopterus ,

Nurse Shark -
 407
Ocean Perch

Ocean Sunfish -, -

Ombrina ,

Opah ,

Oranda

Orange File Fish

Orata , ,

Oriental Weather Fish

Oscar ,

Ostracion ,

Oxye

Pacific Tarpon (-)

Pacu

Paddlefish

Pandora ,

Paradise Fish ,

Pargo

Parrotfish -,

Payara

Peled

Perch
 408
Pesce Castagna

Pesce Gatto

Pesce San Pietro

Picua ( )

Pigfish

Pike

Piked Dogfish ,

Pinfish

Pink Salmon

Piraiba Catfish

Piraputanga

Plaice

Plector ,

Pollack

Pompano

Poor Cod ()

Porbeagle (Shark)

Port Jackson Shark -

Porthole Catfish

Pouting

Powan ,
 409
Pumpkinseed

Pungas ( )

Purple Labeo ,

Purple Wrasse

Queenfish -

Quillback

Rainbow Runner

Rainbow Trout ( )

Red Bellied Piranha

Red Bellied Tilapia

Red Cod

Red Drum

Red Emperor

Red Grouper

Red Gurnard ( )

Red Gurnard Perch

Red Seabream

Red Throat Emperor

Red Tinbarb

Red-Banded Seabream

Redbreasted Sunfish
 410
Redbreasted Tilapia

Redd Snapper ( )

Redear Sunfish

Redeye Bass

Redfin Pickerel

Redtailed Catfish

Rhone Streber

Ringed Jewel Fish ()

Rinho Fish

Rio Grande Cichlid

Ripsaw Catfish -,

River Blackfish ,

River Redhorse

Riverchub

Roach

Roach/Bream Hybrid /

Rock Cook Wrasse

,
Rock Seabass

Rockbass

Rohu -

Roosterfish , -
 411
Rosy Jobfish

Ruby Snapper

Rudd

Rudd/Bream Hybrid /

Ruffe

Saddled Coral Trout

Sailfish

Saithe

Salpa

Sand Flathead

Sand Perch ( )

Sand Whiting

Sandbar Shark

Sandeel

Sandie

Sandy Ray

Sarago , ,

Sarother

Sauger

Savetta

Scad
 412
Scarlet Seaperch

Schneider

Schwan

Sciarrano

Scorfano () ,

Sea Trout

Sergeant Major ,

Seven Gill Shark

Sharptoothed Catfish

Shoal Bass

Shore Rockling , ,

Short Finned Eel

Short Spined Sea Scorpion

Shortnose Sturgeon ,

Shubunkin

Siam Tiger

Siamcarp ,

Sickle Finned Mullet

Siganus ,

Silk Snapper

Silky Shark
 413
Silver Bream ()

Silver Carp ,

Silver Grunt ,

Silver Orfe

Silver Perch

Silver Shark

Silver Trevally

Silversides ,

Skipjack Tuna ,

Slender Piranha

Slimey Mackerel

Smalescale Sole

Small Eyed Ray

Small Scale Mud Carp

Smallmouth Bass

Smallmouth Yellowfish

Smalltooth Sawfish

Smiths Barb

Smoothhound

Snail Bullhead -,

Snakefish , -
 414
Snakehead

Snapper , ,

Snook ,

Sockeye Salmon ()

Sole ,

Solenette ,

Sooty Grunter

Southern Black Bream

Southern Brook Lamprey

Southern Fiddler Ray

Southern Sea Garfish

Southern Stingray

Spangled Emperor

Spanish Mackerel

Speckled Peacock Bass -

Splake -

Spotted Algae Eater

Spotted Bass

Spotted Bream

Spotted Bullhead

Spotted Eagle Ray -

 415
Spotted Gar

Spotted Piranha

Spotted Ray

Spurdog ,

Squid

Star Abbey

Starry Skate

Starry Smoothound

Starry Triggerfish

Steelhead

Sterlet

Sting Ray ,

Stomias Boa - ()

Stone Loach ,

Stone Minnow

Striped Bass (Land Locked)

Striped Marlin

Striped Mudminnow

Striped Red Mullet ,

Striped Trumpeter

Stripey Seaperch
 416
Sun Bass

Swallowtailed Seaperch

Swamp Eel

Swordfish -,

Swordfish -,

Synodon -

Tadpole Fish ()

Taimen

Tambaqui

Tarpon

Tarpon

Tarponsnook

Tench

Tetradon , , -

Thai Mahseer

Thick Lipped Barb

Thin-Lipped Grey Mullet -

Thornback Ray

Three Bearded Rockling

Three Spined Stickleback

Thresher Shark , -
 417
Tiger Botia

Tiger Catfish

Tiger Grouper

Tiger Muskelunge

Tiger Shark

Tiger Trout

Tigerfish

Tilapia Frontosa

Tilapia Labiata

Tinfoil Barb ( )

Tomato Cod

Tope ,

Topknot , ,

Topmouth Gudgeon

Torsk

Trigger Fish

Tropheus

Trota Marmorata

Trout Minnow

Tub Gurnard ,

Turbot ,
 418
Twaite Shad

Uaru

Undulate Ray

Unicornfish -

Uranoscopo ,

Vairone -

Valaam Whitefish

Vendace ,

Venus Tuskfish

Vermilion Snapper

Vimba ,

Viviparous Blenny

Vundu Catfish , -

Wahoo ( )

Walking Catfish

Wallago

Walleye -

Warsaw Grouper

Wels Catfish

Westslope Cutthroat

Wheaterfish
 419
White Bass

White Bream ()

White Catfish

White Crappie

White Grunt

White Guarmi

White Marlin

White Shark , -

White Spotted Dogfish

White Sturgeon

Whitefish

Whitespotted Char

Whitetip Reefshark

Whiting

Widehead Catfish

Wild Carp

Wimple Piranha

Witch

Wolf Fish ()

,
Wreckfish

Yellow Bass
 420
Yellow Bullhead

Yellow Cheek

Yellow Eyed Mullet ( )

Yellow Mouth Grouper

Yellow Perch ,

Yellow Tailed Snapper

Yellowfin Bream

Yellowfin Surgeonfish -

Yellowfin Tuna

Yellowstone Cutthroat

Zander

Zebra Catfish

Zebra Seabream

Zebra Shark

Ziege

Zingel

Zope

, ,

(Animal Terminology)
 421

Animal Male Female Young Collective Sound

Alpaca macho, wether hombre cria, tui

(neut)

Ant male ant queen, larva, antling colony, swarm,

worker (nr) army, nest,
state

Antelope ram ewe calf, fawn, kid, herd

yearling

Ape shrewdness gibber

Ass, burro, jack, jackass, jenny, foal herd, pace, bray

donkey gelding(neut), jennet drove
john(neut),
ass(neut)

Bacteria culture

Badger boar sow kit, cub cete

Bass shoal

Bat male female pup colony

Bear boar, he-bear sow, she- cub sleuth, sloth

bear

Beaver boar sow kit, kitten colony, family

Bee drone queen, larva swarm, grist,

queen bee, hive, cluster,
worker(nr) nest, erst

Beetle drone

Bird (general) fledgling, flock, sing

nestling congregation,
flight,
dissimulation,
volary(?),
volery(?)

Bittern siege

Blackbird whistle

Buffalo bull cow calf, yearling, herd, troop,

spike-bull gang

Butterfly male female larva, flutter, swarm

caterpillar army (of
caterpillar)

Camel bull cow calf, colt flock, train,

caravan

Caribou bull, stag, hart cow, doe calf, fawn herd

 422
Cat tom, tomcat, queen, pussy, kit, clowder/clutter meow, mew,
boarcat, ramcat, tabby, kitten, catling, (of cats) purr,
gib(neut) , grmalkin, kitling, kitty, kindle/kendle caterwal,
gibcat(neut) malkin, (of kittens) swear
pussy

Cattle bull, steer(neut), cow (>2yrs, calf, stot, herd, drove, bellow (bull)
ox(neut), had calf) yearling, kine moo, low,
stag(neut), , heifer bullcalf, heifer bawl (cow)
bullock(Eng,neut) (<2yrs) bleat, bawl
(calf)

Chicken rooster, cock, stag, hen, partlet, chick (very brood, peep, crow (cock),
chanticleer, capon biddy young), broiler flock, run, peep, cackle
(neut.) (ready for clutch,
market), chattering
chicken, poult,
cockerel(m),
pullet(f),
pollute(Eng,f)

Clam bed

Cobra quiver

Codfish codling, sprat

Coot cover, covert

Coyote dog bitch pup, whelp pack, band

Crane herd, sedge,

siege

Crocodile float

Crow cock hen chick murder, horde caw

Cuckoo cuckoo

Curlew herd

Deer buck, doe, fawn, yearling herd, leash bell

stag(Eng/neut), hind(Eng)
cactus buck(neut)

Dog, hound sire, stud bitch pup, puppy, pack (of dogs) bark, basy,
whelp cry, mute (of howl, yelp,
hounds) snarl, woof,
leash (of arf
greyhounds)

Dolphin pod click

Dove flight, dule coo, moan

pitying (of
turtledoves)

Duck drake, stag, duck, hen duckling, flock, brace, quack

capon(neut) cockerel, team, paddling,
flapper raft, bed, flight
 423
Eagle male female eaglet, convocation scream
fledgling

Eel elver

Elephant bull cow calf herd trumpet

Elephant seal weaner pod

Elk bull cow calf herd, gang

Emu mob

Falcon cast chant

Ferret buck, hob, dog bitch, jill, kit business,

doe fesnyng(?)

Finch charm

Fish (general) fry school, shoal,

run, haul, catch,
drought,
draught

Flamingo stand

Fly swarm buzz

Fox fox, dog vixen cub, pub, kit skulk, leash, bark, yelp
family, cloud,
troop

Frog polliwog, army, colony croak

tadpole

Giraffe bull cow calf herd, corps, bleat, grunt

troop

Gnat swarm, cloud,

horde

Goat ram, billy, doe, nanny, kid tribe, trip, flock,

wether(neut), she-goat, herd
wither(Eng), buck, nannie,
billie, billy-goat, nanny goat
he-goat

Goose gander, stag goose, gosling, gaggle, flock cackle, hiss,

dame goruse, skein (in flight) honk
cheeper, plump (on
cockerel(m) water)

Gorilla band

Grasshopper chirp, pitter

Grouse cheeper drum

Guinea Fowl cock, capon(neut) hen keet, flock cry

cockerel(m)
 424
Guinea Pig, boar sow herd squeak,
cavy whistle

Gull squawk

Hare down, husk squeak

Hawk tiercel hen eyas cast, kettle scram

Heron hedge, siege,

sedge

Hippopotamus calf bray, snort

Horse stallion, stud, mare foal, yearling, horras(?), neigh,

gilding (neut), (>2yrs), dam colt(m), stot, harras(?), whinny
stag, horse, stud stag, filly haras(?),
(<2yrs,f), hog- stable, remuda,
colt, hogget herd, string,
field, set, pair,
team, string (of
ponies)

Human male female child population, unlimited

nation, group, vocabulary
couple, pair

Hummingbird charm

Hyena laugh

Jackrabbit buck doe bunny husk, dray

Jay party chatter

Jellyfish smack

Kangaroo buck, boomer doe joey mob, troop,

herd

Lapwing desert

Lark exaltation,
ascension

Leopard leopard leopardess cub leap, leep

Lion lion, tom lioness, she- cub, whelp, pride, troop, roar, growl
lion lionet flock, sawt,
souse

Llama gelding(neut) cria

Locust plague

Loon howl

Mackerel blinker, tinker,

spike

Magpie tiding chatter

 425
Mallard sord

Marten richness

Mink buck, hob, dog bitch, jill,

doe

Mole labor

Monkey troup chatter,

gibber

Moose bull cow calf herd

Mouse squeak,
squeal

Mule jack, ass(neut) jennet, brace, barren,

jenny span

Nightingale watch pipe,

warble, jug-
jug

Otter buck, hog, dog bitch, jill,

doe

Owl owlet parliament hoot,

screech,
wail

Oxen herd, yoke, low, bellow

team, drove

Oyster bed

Parrot company talk

Partridge cock hen cheeper covey

Peafowl peacock peahen ostentation, scream

muster

Penguin baby bleat (baby)

Peregrine tiercel falcon

Falcon

Pheasant nide, nye,

bouquet, nest

Pigeon squab, flock, flight coo

squeaker

Plover congregation

Pronghorn buck doe fawn herd

Quail cock hen cheeper, covey, bevy

chick, squealer
 426
Racoon chatter

Rabbit bunny, kit, herd, nest (of

kitten bunnies)

Rat pup pack, swarm

Rattlesnake rhumba

Raven conspiracy, croak

unkindness(?)

Reindeer buck doe fawn herd

Rhinocerus calf crash snort, grunt,

growl,
whistle

Salmon parr, smolt,

grilse

Sandpiper pipe, whistle

Seal, sealion bull cow signet, whelp, herd, pod, trip,

pup, cub, rookery, harem
bachelor

Sheep ram, wether(neut), ewe, dam lamb, lambkin, flock, drove, baa, bleat
buck, male sheep, shearling, hirsel, trip, pack
mutton yearling,
cosset, hog

Snake male Ffemale snakelet nest, pit hiss

Snipe walk, wisp

Squirrel buck doe pup, kitten dray

Sparrow host chirp

Starling murmuration

Stork mustering

Swallow flight titter

Swan cob pen cygnet ballet, herd, crey, hiss,

bevy, grunt, bark
lamentation,
wedge, team,
bank

Swine, pig boar, sow pig, piglet, sounder, sty, grunt,

barrow(neut), suckling, drift, herd, squeak,
stag(neut) shoat(m), passel, parcel squeal
gilt(f), trotter, trip (litter of
farrow pigs)

Teal spring

Termite king queen nymph colony, nest,

 427
swarm, brood

Thrushes whistle

Toad male female tadpole knot

Trout hover

Tiger growl, roar

Tortoise grunt

Turkey tom, stag, hen hatchling, rafter, raft gobble

capon(neut) keet, poult,
cockerel

Turtle bale

Walrus bull cow cub pod, herd

Whale bull cow calf school, gam,

pod, herd

Wigeon company

Wild Fowl flapper

(general)

Wolf dog bitch pup pack, route, howl

herd

Woodcock fall

Woodpecker descent

Zebra stallion mare colt, foal herd

- " "

ENGLISH

family

relative, relation

parents
 428
() mother (mom, mum, mama, mamma, mummy, ma)

() father (dad, daddy, papa, pa)

wife

husband

() spouse

, child, children

daughter

son

sister

brother

only child

twin

, twins

- twin brother

- twin sister

identical twins

triplets

grandparents

grandmother (grandma, granny, grandmamma)

grandfather (grandpa, granddad, grandpapa, gran-

dad)

grandchildren
 429
granddaughter

grandson

great-grandmother

great-grandfather

great-grandparents

great-grandchildren

aunt

uncle

() godfather

() godmother

, stepfather

, stepmother

stepbrother

stepsister

half-brother

half-sister

, adopted son

, adopted daughter

adopted child

, foster family

foster father
 430
foster mother

foster parents

foster son

foster daughter

foster child

( ) single-parent family

the kin, the folks

niece

nephew

cousin (male)

cousin (female)

(), () first cousin

() second cousin

() third cousin

in-laws

mother-in-law (husband's mother)

father-in-law (husband's father)

mother-in-law (wife's mother)

father-in-law (wife's father)

, daughter-in-law

son-in-law
 431
, , , brother-in-law

, , sister-in-law

marital status

, , single

, married

marriage

engagement

, engaged

divorce

divorced

ex-husband

ex-wife

, ,
separated

widow

widower

, girlfriend

, , boyfriend

, lover

, , , ,
fiance

wedding
 432
bride

(bride)groom

honeymoon

(Sport)
- (Sport)

ENGLISH WORD

aerobics

an athlete

archery

arrow

badminton

barrel

baseball

basketball

beach volleyball

biathlon

billiards

bow

bowling/ skittles /
 433
boxing

canoeing

car racing

chess

climbing

club

coach

court

crew

cricket

cross-country skiing / langlauf

cue

curling

cycling

darts ,

diving

downhill skiing

draughts

fencing

figure skating

fishing
 434
fist ball

fitness centre

football/soccer

gliding

goal

golf

googles

gym

gymnastics

handball

hang gliding

high jump

hockey

hurdle race

ice rink

in-line skating

instructor

javelin

jogging

judo

karate
 435
long jump

martial arts

motorbike sports

mountaineering

national team

net

orienteering

parachuting

pole-vaulting

polo

puck

racetrack

racket

referee

riding

ring

rowing

rugby

running race

sailing

shooting
 436
shuttlecock

ski poles

skis

snooker ( )

sports ground

stadium

stick

swords ,

team

to break a record

to compete in a championship

to draw a game

to lose the competition

to score points, goals ,

to set records

to train

to win the competition

to win the cup

tobogganing

tournament

track-and-field
 437
triathlon

triple jump

tug of war

volleyball

water polo

waterski

weight lifting

working out

wrestling

Abkhazia Abkhazian Sukhum(i)

Afghanistan Afghan Kabul

Albania Albanian Tirana

Algeria Algerian Algiers

Argentina Argentinian Buenos Aires

Armenia Armenian Yerevan

Australia Australian Canberra

Austria Austrian Vienna

Azerbaijan Azerbaijani(an) Baku

Bahamas - Bahamian Nassau

Bahrain Manama
 438
Bangladesh Dacca

Belarus Belarussian Minsk

Belgium Belgian Brussels

Bermuda Islands - Bermudian Hamilton

Bolivia Bolivian La Paz

Brazil Brazilian Brasilia

Bulgaria Bulgarian Sofia

Burundi Bujumbura

Cambodia Cambodian Phompenh

Cameroon Cameroon Yaounde

Canada Canadian Ottawa

Chile Chilean Santiago

China Chinese Beijing/ Peking

Colombia Colombian Bogota

Congo Congolese Brazzaville

Costa Rica - Costa Rican San Jose

Cuba Cuban Havana

Cyprus Cypriot Nicosia

Czech Republic Czech Prague

Denmark Dane Copenhagen

Dominican Republic Dominican Santo Domingo

Ecuador Ecuadorian Quito

Egypt Egyptian Cairo

El Salvador Salvadoran San Salvador

Estonia Estonian Tallinn

Ethiopia Ethiopean Addis Ababa

Finland Finn Helsinki

France Frenchman Paris

Georgia Georgian Tbilisi

Germany German Bonn

Ghana Ghanaian Accra

Gibraltar Gibraltarian Gibraltar Town

 439
/
Great Britain /
British / Briton London
United Kingdom

Greece Greek Athens

Guatemala Guatemalan Guatemala City

Guinea Guinean Conakry

Haiti Haitian Port-au- Prince

Hawaii Hawaiian Honolulu

Honduras Honduran Tegucigalpa

Hong Kong Hong Kong

Hungary Hungarian Budapest

Iceland Icelander Reykjavik

India Indian New Delhi

Indonesia Indonesian Jakarta

Iran Iranian Tehran

Iraq Iraqi Baghdad

Ireland Irish(man) Dublin

Israel Israeli Jerusalem

Italy Italian Rome

Ivory Coast Abidjan

Jamaica Jamaican Kingston

Japan Japanese Tokyo

Kazakhstan Kazakh Astana

Kenya Kenyan Nairobi

Kuwait Kuwaiti Kuwait City

Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz Bishkek

Latvia Latvian Riga

Lebanon Lebanese Beirut

Liberia Liberian Monrovia

Libya Libian Tripoli

Lithuania Lithuanian Vilnius

Luxemburg Luxemburger Luxemburg

Madagascar Madagascan Antananarivo

 440
Malawi Lilongwe

Malaysia Malayaian Kuala Lumpur

Malta Maltese Valletta

Mexico Mexican Mexico City

Moldova Moldovan Chisinau (Kishinev)

Monaco Monegasque Monaco-Ville

Mongolia Mongol Ulan-Bator

Morocco Moroccan Rabat

Nepel Nepali Kathmandu

Netherlands / / Netherlander/
Amsterdam
Holland Hollander

New Zeland New Zelander Wellington

Nicaragua Nicaraguan Managua

Nigeria Nigerian Lagos

North Korea North Korean Pyongyang

Norway Norwegian Oslo

Oman Omani Muscat

Pakistan Pakistani Islamabad

Panama Panamanian Panama City

Papua New Guinea Papuan Port Moresby

Paraguay Paraguayan Asuncion

Peru Peruvian Lima

Philippines Philippian Manila

Poland Pole Warsaw

Portugal Portuguese Lisbon

Puerto Rico - Puerto Rican San Juan

Romania Romanian Bucharest

Russia Russian Moscow

Rwanda Kigali

Saudi
Saudi Arabia Riyadh
Arabian

Senegal Senegalese Dakar

Sierra Leone - Sierra Leonean Freetown

 441
Singapore Singaporean Singapore City

Slovakia Slovak Bratislava

Slovenia Slovene Ljubljana

South Africa South African Pretoria

South Korea South Korean Seoul

South Ossetia South Ossetian Tskhinval(i)

Spain Spaniard Madrid

Sri Lanka - Colombo

Sudan Sudanese Khartoum

Sweden Swede Stokholm

Switzerland Swiss Berne

Syria Syrian Damascus

Taiwan Taiwanese Taipei

Tajikistan Tajik Dushanbe

Thailand Thai/ Thailander Bangkok

Togo Togolander Lome

Tunisia Tunisian Tunis

Turkey Turk Ancara

Turkmenistan Turkman Ashgabat

Uganda Ugandan Kampala

Ukraine Ukrainian Kyiv (Kiev)

United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi

United States of
American Washington
America / USA

Uruguay Uruguayan Montevideo

Uzbekistan Uzbek Tashkent

Venezuela Venezuelan Caracas

Yemen Yemenite Sana'a

Zaire Kinshasa

Zambia Lusaka

Zimbabwe Harare
 442

(Construction) (- )
-
Russian-English Glossary 'Construction'

English Term

arch

architecture

acetone

, beam; girder

() radiator

concrete

concrete mixer

bolt; screw-bolt

cobble; cobblestone; sett

bulldozer; dozer

bucket; pail

veranda(h); gallery

workbench

vertical; perpendicular

skylight; fanlight

explosion; burst
 443
moisture; wet; damp

humidity; humidness; dampness; moistness

gutter; trough

gate

nut; screw-nut

gas welding

halogen bulb

plaster; gypsum

gypsum plasterboard

grate; grating

truck (AmE); lorry (BrE)

primer

door

dismantling

wood

design

house; building

board

lumber; timber

drill

drain; drainage
 444
bow; arc

shower

smokestack; stack

hole

dowel; dowel pin; joggle

reinforced concrete

housing; lodging; living accommodations

fence; fencing

rivet

putty

stopcock; cock; turncock

bar

building

lime; calcium hydroxide; calcium hydrate; lime

hydrate

insulation; detachment

engineer

tool

inside; interior

mortgage

cable; line; transmission line

bricklayer
 445
fireplace

rosin; resin

eaves

, helmet

flat (BrE); apartment (AmE)

brick

mallet

valve

glue; adhesive (material / agent)

paste

carpet; rug; carpeting

mat

well

column; pillar

compressor

air conditioner

container

contract

supervision; supervising; superintendence;

oversight

ditch; trench

() crane
 446
paint; colouring material

roof

sledgehammer

lacquer

laminate

scaffold

stairway; staircase

() ladder

linoleum; lino

sheet; plate

elevator (AmE); lift (BrE)

shovel; spade

chandelier

painter

marchioness

trowel

material

sack; bag

mosaic

hammer

mounting; assembly
 447
bridge

pavement

awning; sunshade; sunblind

tilt; lean

pump

floor(ing)

suspended ceiling

() surveillance

noncombustible; incombustible

carrier; bearer; porter

wallpaper

fireproof

barrier

support

lighting; illumination

hole; opening

hue; shade

(business) office

socket

control / instrument panel / board

arcade
 448
soldering-iron

(=) solder

facade; frontage; frontal

front; forepart

(electric(al)) switch

bannister; banister; balustrade; balusters; handrail

hinge; flexible joint

plan; program; programme

plank

plastic panel

mold; mould; mildew

( ) cooker; stove

() plate

() tile

density; denseness

bend; crook; twist; turn

subsoil; undersoil

contractor

porch

board; plank

ledge; shelf
 449
() crossbeam

threshold; limen

powder

supplier; provider

ceiling

ground; land; soil

( ) deadline

device

hall; anteroom; antechamber; entrance hall; foyer;

lobby; vestibule

conduction; conductivity; conductance

conductor

() design

foreman

cuboid

bubble

dust

pedestal; plinth; footstall

schedule

layout

railing; rail; lath

socket
 450
rotunda

( ) tape-measure

gasket

welding

pile

bore bit; borer; rock drill; stone drill

light-emitting diode (LED); luminodiode

LED

arch

grid

silicone

sieve; screen

siphon; syphon

ramp; incline

gradient; slope

coating; coat

dormer; dormer window

mixture; blend; premix

demolition

, agreement; contract

vessel
 451
boilersuit

loan

shutter

steel

statics

glass

glass cutter; glass-cutter; glassworker; glazier;

glazer

table

post; column; pillar

stirrup; stirrup iron

construction worker

scaffolding; staging

mortar

construction (site)

rafter

joint

subcontractor

care; maintenance; upkeep

thickness

tunnel

rip; rent; snag; split; tear

 452
walkway; sidewalk; pavement

( . .) pipe

() chimney

pipeline

toilet; lavatory; bathroom; water closet; closet;

()
W.C.; loo

level

installation; installment

implement

plywood; plyboard

() lantern

mold; mould; cast

antifungal (agent); fungicide; antimycotic (agent)

foundation

cement

goblet

loft; attic; garret

tile

spatula

putty; filler

hose; hosepipe

stucco
 453
latch

(power) shovel; excavator; digger

electrician; line(s)man

enamel

energy-saving lamp

floor (BrE); stor(e)y (AmE)

(- )
- (Transport)

ENGLISH

transport

breakdown

buddy seat

cabstand

helmet ,

crossroad

garage

highway

main
 454
passenger compartment

park

parking place

pedestrian

ring road

refuelling

sidewallk

station

stowaway

traffic lights

transit

vehicle

overland transport

automobile

bulldozer

bus

catafalque

combine harvester

dust-cart

exavator

express train
 455
jeep

kar

landrover

loader

lorry

Metro

motor bike

motorcycle

petrol tanker

push-cycle

taxi

tram

trolley bus

truck

undeground

components

boot

brake

bumper

cab

carburettor
 456
chassis

cowling

gas tank

ignition

iner tube

motor

pedal

piston

quater lights

rear wheel

shock-absorber

speedometer

trunk

tyre

wheel ,

body

cabriolet

hatch-back

jeep

limousine

sedan
 457
van

universal

railway

barrier

berth

car

compartment

diesel locomotive

electric locomotive

electrotrain

hand car

local train

locomotive

platform

semaphore

steam locomotive

suburban train

switch

track

tram

train
 458
marine

anchor

aqualung

bay

buoy

cable

canvas

compartment

deck

harbor

hold

jetty

mast

master

moorage

overboat

rostrum

scull

seafaring

shipping

skin-diver
 459
sluice

stern

water craft ,

boat

dinghy

ferry

icebreaker

raft

sailer

steamship

steam-ship

tanker

tow

yacht

aviation

aerobus

airplane (plane)

hang-glider

helicopter

undercarriage
 460

2013
(Summer Universiade 2013)
(- )
- 2013
Russian-English Glossary 'Summer Universiade 2013'

2013 The Sports of the Summer Universiade 2013

( ) Athletics (men and women)

( ) Basketball (men and women)

( ) Fencing (men and women)

( ) Football (men and women)

Gymnastics

- ( ) - Artistic (men and women)

- () - Rhythmic (women)

Aquatics

- ( ) - Swimming (men and women)

- ( ) - Diving (men and women)

- ( ) - Water Polo (men and women)

( ) Tennis (men and women)

( ) Volleyball (men and women)

( ) Judo (men and women)

( ) Table Tennis (men and women)

 461
Optional Sports of the Summer Universiade
2013 2013

( ) Badminton (men and women)

( ) Beach Volleyball (men and women)

( ) Belt Wrestling (men and women)

() Boxing (men)

( ) Chess (men and women)

(
Canoeing (men and women)
)

( ) Field Hockey (men and women)

(
Rowing (men and women)
)

-7 ( ) Rugby Sevens (men and women)

( ) Sambo (men and women)

( ) Shooting Sport (men and women)

() Synchronised Swimming (women)

( ) Weightlifting (men and women)

( ) Wrestling (men and women)

English Term

Team Sports

Individual Sports
 462
Track Events

Half Marathon

Steeplechase

Hurdles

Race Walk

Relay

Field Events

High Jump

Pole Vault

Long Jump

Triple Jump

Shot Put

Discus Throw

Hammer Throw

Javelin Throw

Heptathlon

Decathlon

Other Terms

butterfly

breaststroke
 463
beam

clubs

( ) floor

freestyle

( ) platform

Pommel horse

head of the delegation

- Greco-Roman style

substitute

player

Kazan

rings

medley

ribbon

Summer Universiade

/ individual / team event

/ individual / team classification

ball

National Sports Federation

hoop

/ singles / doubles
 464
vault

open water

official weigh-in

parallel bars

horizontal bar

backstroke

preliminary rounds

uneven bars

foil

regulations

referee

() snatch

sabre

synchronised events

mixed doubles

() apparatus

a tie

list of competitors

- organising country

() clean and jerk

( ) springboard
 465
tournament

epee

(- )

player

/ goal keeper

back

/ halfback

sweeper

/ forward

/ centre forward

left wing

right wing

playmaker

a player in the team

substitute

to be on the bench
 466

/ referee

main referee

/ / linesman

whistle

the kick off

the first half

half time

the second half

added time

the final whistle

the ball

the goal

the goalpost

the crossbar

the top angle

the net

the ball is in the net

the centre spot

 467
the centre line

the penalty area

the 6 yard box

the flag

out

the ball is out

the ball is in play

/ offside

a goal

to score a goal

no goal

/ penalty kick

to take a penalty

to take a free kick

indirect free kick

free kick

a goal kick

a corner

to take a corner

to throw in

a throw in
 468
the score

victory

a defeat

a draw

a wall

a five-man wall

a deflection

/ to bend the ball

tactics

training

warming-up

the training process

technique

technical skill

dribbling

a dummy

a tackle

/ a pass
 469
/ to pass

to mark someone

to speed up the game

to speed up the game

to slow down the game

to play counterattacking football

to play open football

to close the game down

to play attacking football

to play defensively

an injury

a serious injury

a slight injury

a substitution

a foul

a warning

a yellow card

a red card
 470
a sending off

a kick

a centre

to centre the ball

a header

to head the ball

heading the ball

to handle the ball

handball

to chest the ball

to keep the ball

to kick with the inside of the foot

/ to toe the ball

to backheel

to kick with the outside of the foot

 471
team

coach

national team

a fan

to support

( / ) the (Russian / Italian) football championship

the premier league

the first league

/ the world championship / cup

/ the European championship / cup

ENGLISH FOOTBALL VOCABULARY

TERM EXPLANATION

a match two teams playing against each other in a 90-minute game of football

a pitch the area where footballers play a match

the person who makes sure that the players follow the rules. Normally
a referee
wears a black shirt and shorts, and has a whistle

a linesman (referee's the person whose main duty it is to indicate with a flag when the ball has
assistant) gone out of play or when a player is offside

the player in goal who has to stop the ball from crossing the goal-line.
a goalkeeper
The only player who is allowed to handle the ball during open play
 472
a player who plays in the part of the football team which tries to prevent
a defender the other team from scoring goals, e.g. 'Kolo Toure is a defender and
plays in defence for Arsenal and Ivory Coast'.

a midfielder - a player who plays mainly in the middle part of the pitch (or
a midfielder midfield), e.g. Michael Essien is a midfielder and plays in midfield for
Chelsea and Ghana

also called a forward; a player whose duty it is to score goals, e.g.

an attacker Samuel Eto'o is an attacker and plays in attack for Barcelona and
Cameroon

a skipper the player who leads a team, also called the captain

a player who sits on the bench ready to replace another team-mate on

a substitute the pitch. Can also be used as a verb, e.g. the manager was not happy
with his attacker and substituted him after 60 minutes

the person in charge of a team and responsible for training, new players
a manager and transfers. For example, Alex Ferguson is the manager of
Manchester United

a violation of the rules. For example, if a player other than the goalkeeper
a foul handles the ball in the penalty box (or penalty area) it is a foul and a
penalty is given to the other team

a yellow card shown to a player by the referee for a serious foul. Two
a booking
bookings or yellow cards result in a red card or sending-off

the point of the game when the referee blows the final whistle and the
full-time match is over. Normally after 90 minutes and any added injury or
stoppage time

also called stoppage time, added minutes at the end of the regular
injury time playing time at half-time or full-time. Entirely at the referee's discretion
and normally indicated by an official on the sideline (or touchline)

if a match has no winner at full-time, 2 x 15 minutes of extra time may be

extra time
played in some competitions

in a position which is not allowed by the rules of the game, i.e. when an
attacking player is closer to the opposing team's goal-line at the moment
offside
the ball is passed to him or her than the last defender apart from the
goalkeeper

the score the record of goals that indicates who is winning. The final score is the
result that decides who has won the match . Can also be used as a verb,
 473
e.g. the attacker scored a beautiful goal

to allow a goal in, the opposite of scoring a goal. For example, Ghana
to concede
conceded only four goals in the World Cup qualifying group 2

a successful attempt at scoring achieved by putting the ball over the goal
a goal line into the goal past the goalkeeper. For example, Gyan Asamoah has
scored a beautiful goal for Ghana

a goal scored accidentally by a member of the defending team that

an own goal
counts in favour of the attacking team

when a team scores first it is "in the lead", i.e. winning the match at the
the lead point of scoring. For example, Fabrice Akwa's early goal gave Angola the
lead after 72 minutes but the final score was 1-1 (one all)

a goal that cancels out the opposing team's lead and leaves the match
an equaliser tied or drawn. Can also be used as a verb, e.g. Marouan Chamakh
equalised for Morocco after 40 minutes and brought the score level

a match in which a team is victorious and beats the other team. A win
normally gives the winning team three points, the losing team does not
to win
get any points. More commonly used as a verb, e.g. Brazil won the World
Cup in 2002

a match that ends in a tie, i.e. has no winner or loser. The teams get one
a draw point each for a draw. Can also be used as a verb, e.g. Congo drew 0-0
(nil all) with Senegal in June

a match that is lost, the opposite of a win. For example, Sudan suffered a
a defeat
home defeat to Zambia in September 2002

to eliminate another team from a competition. For example, in the last

to knock out
World Cup Brazil knocked out England in the quarter-finals

in a knock-out competition, a penalty shoot-out takes place if a match is

a draw after full-time or extra-time. Five players from each team take a
a penalty shoot-out
penalty each, and if the score is still level after that, one player from each
team takes a penalty in turn, in order to decide who wins the match

If team A has scored four goals and team B one, the goal difference is
a goal difference
three

a way of deciding which team is ranked higher if two teams are level (or
a head-to-head
equal) on points. For example, if team A and B both have six points, but
team A beat team B in the head-to-head game, team A will be ranked
 474
above team B

an extra match to decide which of two or more teams should go through

a play-off to the next round. For example, Australia beat Uruguay on penalties in a
play-off to qualify for the World Cup 2006

in some competitions, e.g. the UEFA Champions' League, a rule that

rewards teams for scoring away from home over two legs (or matches).
For example, in 2005 AC Milan beat PSV Eindhoven 2-0 at home (in
the away-goal rule Milan) but lost 1-3 away in Holland. So both teams had scored three
goals and conceded three goals, but because AC Milan had scored a
goal away from home it went through to the Champions' League final on
the away-goal rule

to hit something, or somebody, with your foot. In football, the players kick
to kick
the ball.

to kick the ball towards the net at one end of the pitch (the goal) in an
to shoot
attempt to score a goal

the first kick of the game when two players from the same team in the
the kick-off centre circle play the ball and start the match. Also the first kick after half-
time or after a goal has been scored

a kick taken from the 6-yard line by the defending team after the ball has
a goal-kick
been put over the goal line by the attacking team

the kick awarded to a team by the referee after a foul has been
a free-kick
committed against it

a free shot at goal from 12 yards (11 metres or the penalty spot) awarded
a penalty by the referee to a team after a foul has been committed in the penalty
area

a kick from the corner flag awarded to the attacking team when the ball
a corner has crossed the gaol-line (or byline) after last being touched by a player
of the defending team

a throw is taken from the sideline (or touchline) after the ball has gone
a throw-in out of play. The only time a player can handle the ball without committing
a foul

a kick of the ball from one player to another. Can also be used as a verb,
a pass
e.g. the defender passed the ball to the midfielder

a cross a pass from the side of the pitch into the penalty area in an attempt to
find an attacker and score a goal. Can also be used as a verb, e.g. the
 475
defender crossed the ball into the penalty area

a passing move in which player 1 passes the football to player 2, who

a one-two
immediately passes it back to player 1

the "shot" that occurs when a player touches and guides the ball with his
or her head. For example, El Hadji Djouf scored with a fine header. Can
a header
also be used as a verb, e.g. the defender headed the ball back to the
goalkeeper

a kick where the ball is hit with the heel (or the back) of the foot. Can also
a backheel be used as a verb, e.g. Nwankwo Kanu back-heeled the ball to Thierry
Henry

to kick a moving ball from the air before it hits the ground. Can also be
to volley used as a noun, e.g. Jay Jay Okocha's beautifully-struck volley beat the
goalkeeper at the near post

a defensive kick that is intended to put the ball out of danger, e.g. Peter
a clearance
Odemwingie's clearance went out of play for a throw-in

an often admiring reference to a style of football in which a team can

one-touch football pass the ball quickly from one player to another without the need to
control it with more than one touch

an often disapproving reference to a style of football in which a team

the long-ball game prefers to play long balls in the hope that an attacking player will get
them, flick them on or score

to be able to keep the ball and prevent the opposing team from touching
keep possession
it. The opposite of "lose possession" or "give the ball away"

they are dangerous on the referring to a team that can switch quickly from defence to attack and
counter-attack score goals in that way

referring to a team that defends with all the players and is not very
put eleven men behind the interested in scoring goals. For example, many visiting teams put eleven
ball men behind the ball and are happy with a 0-0 draw when they play Real
Madrid at the Bernabeu stadium

refers to the way in which a player can fool the goalkeeper and pretend
send the keeper the wrong
to shoot at one side of the goal while the ball goes in another direction.
way
This expression is used often during penalties

a clinical finish referring to a well-placed, controlled shot from a scoring position that
ends in a goal. For example, Tunisia's Hatem Trabelsi controlled the
 476
pass and scored with a clinical finish

his/her first touch let this means a player was unable to control the ball (or pass) with his or
him/her down her first touch and as a result lost precious time or even possession

referring to a team that has a lot of (tall) players who can head the ball
very well. As a result, they are strong in the air, may prefer the long-ball
they are strong in the air
game, and score a lot of goals with headers while not conceding any or
many headed goals themselves

referring to a team that has a lot of big and physically strong players and,
they have a big physical as a result, prefers a very robust style of play. For example, Bolton
presence Wanderers have a big physical presence and are a difficult team to beat
in the Premiership

referring to a goalkeeper who is fast and makes quick (and normally

the goalkeeper is quick off
correct) decisions as to when to leave the goal in order to prevent an
his/her line
attacking player from reaching a pass or cross

that shot stung the referring to a shot on goal that is so hard that the goalkeeper might well
goalkeeper's palms have felt pain when he/she stopped it with his/her hands

referring to a player, normally a striker, who scores or has scored a lot of

a prolific goal scorer
goals. For example, Henrik Larsson is a prolific goal scorer for Sweden

referring to a foul that is punished by a yellow or red card and results in

the foul earned him/her a the player being banned from playing in the next game(s). For example,
suspension the two-footed tackle earned the defender a suspension and he will miss
the next game

to score a goal, e.g. Nigeria and Middlesbrough striker Aiyegbeni Yakubu

put it in the back of the net
controlled the cross and calmly put it in the back of the net

shout during a football match to warn a team-mate that a player of the

man on!
other team is right behind. Often a call to pass the ball quickly

a trick or technique in which a player passes the ball through an

a nutmeg opponent's legs and then collects it from the other side. Can also be
used as a verb, e.g. the attacker nutmegged the defender

a shout to encourage a player to play a long ball into the penalty area
bang it in the mixer! (i.e. the "mixer") in the hope that an attacking player will get on the end of
it and score

we was robbed an expression to signal that a defeat was unjust, possibly due to an
injustice committed by somebody else. For example, we was robbed by
 477
the ref (the referee)

referring to a player who is very skilful at kicking the ball with her/his left
s/he's got a sweet left foot
foot (the majority of footballers play with their right foot)

referring to a very strong, quick or acrobatic stop of a shot by the

s/he pulled off a great save
goalkeeper

the crossbar or the post of the goal. This expression means a team
they hit the woodwork kicked the ball against the crossbar or post and was very unlucky not to
score

referring to a team whose players showed a lot of determination and

they got stuck in
fought very hard during a match

referring to an attacking player who made the defence work very hard
s/he ran the defence ragged
and made the defenders look uncomfortable or unprofessional

s/he's got a lot of pace this player is very fast

the goalkeeper made a this means the goalkeeper made a very basic mistake (and probably let
howler in a goal)

to change direction of play and pass the ball from one side of the pitch to
to switch play the other. For example, she switched play from left to right wing (the left-
hand side of the pitch to the right-hand-side)

referring to a player, normally a striker, who fought very hard and used
s/he made a nuisance of
his physical presence to put the defenders under pressure and forced
herself/himself
them to make mistakes

an expression referring to the fact that a football match can change

it's a game of two halves unexpectedly over 90 minutes, and especially between the first half and
second half of the match

: http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/vocabulary/football.shtml

.
 478
Football (Soccer)

Football is one of the world's most popular games. It is played in nearly every country, by everyone from
kids in vacant lots and back streets to professional players in giant stadiums. Professional football is
watched by billions of people all over the world, and is probably the world's most popular spectator sport.

History

The earliest known form of the game was developed in China around 500 B.C. It was known as cuju
('kick-ball') and was played with a leather ball. The object was to kick the ball into a net stretched between
two goal-posts. By 800 A.D. there was a well-organized professional league in China, and similar games
were also being played in Korea and Japan.

The earliest form of the game that we know of in Europe was played in England around 1100 A.D. It was
played between big teams, sometimes whole villages, on a large field, and the ball could be thrown,
kicked, or carried towards the opponent's goal. There were very few rules and games were often wild and
rough. The game was repeatedly banned by the authorities because of the violence and injuries it
caused.

The modern game first developed in England in the 19th century. The Football Association was set up in
1863 and the 'Laws of the Game' were drawn up in the same year. In 1882 the International Football
Association Board (IFAB) was formed, and this organization still oversees the rules of the game. Then
FIFA (Federation Internationale de Football Association) was founded in 1904 to run international
competitions. FIFA still runs the World Cup, as well as regional competitions such as the European and
Asian Cups.

How the Game Works

The modern game is played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with a goal at each
end. Players pass the ball to each other by kicking or heading it, with the aim being to score goals by
getting the ball into the opponent's goal. The game lasts for two 45-minute halves, and the team scoring
the most goals wins. Draws are common, but if a winner has to be found, a game can go into extra time.
If the score is still tied after thirty minutes of extra time, a 'penalty shootout' can decide the winner.

In general play, the goalkeeper is the only player who can touch the ball with the hands or arms. All the
other players can kick or head the ball only. Players can tackle an opponent in order to get the ball from
them, but must do so without pushing or tripping the player. Pushing and tripping, along with other illegal
actions such as 'handball' and 'offside', are fouls that can be penalized with a free kick. If a foul is
committed in the penalty area near either goal, the referee can award a penalty kick, meaning a player
can have a free shot at goal, with only the goalkeeper being allowed to try to block it. If a player commits
a more serious offence, such as dangerous play, the referee can issue a yellow card as a warning, or
issue a red card, in which case the player is sent off and cannot be replaced by a substitute. Teams are
 479
normally allowed three substitutes, which can be used to replace players because of injury, or for tactical
reasons.

(- )
- (Character)

active

, ambitious, high-flying

reckless

light-hearted, easygoing

furious

strong-willed

grumbling

proud

humane

kind

greedy

acrimonious

cruel

envious

unsociable
 480
, arrogant

angry

ideal, perfect

capricious, fretful

, sly

lazy

lying, mendacious

personality

curious

disgusting

impertinent

, reliable

importunate

naive

, ( ) naughty

touchy

mischievous, naughty

he is a man of (strong) character

optimist

witty

courageous
 481
responsible

responsive

passive

pessimist

positive

complaisant

indifferent

, smart

uninhibited

sober-minded, reasonable

realist

harsh

self-critical

selfish

serious

attitude of mind, mentality

modest

brave

fair, impartial

talented

temperament
 482
patient

calm, quiet

tolerant

stupid, dull

clever

, intelligent

stubborn

cynical

character trait

sensitive

generous

(Hobbies)
(- )
- (Hobbies)

ENGLISH WORD

aerography

aircraft modeling

anime

aquaria

backgammon
 483
ballroom dancing

basejumping

basketball

beading

berry

billiards

bowling

break dance

breeding animals

cards

carving

cinema

circus

chat

checkers

chess

computer games

crosswords

collecting antiques

collecting antique wine

collecting knives
 484
collecting pens

collecting stamps

collecting vintage cars

crosswords

cycling

decoupage

diggerstvo

diving

domino

draw

embroidery

equestrian sport

feng shui

fiddle

fishing

fitness

football

gardening

go to restaurants

graffiti

hockey
 485
hunting

ikebana

karting

kitesurfing

knitting

latin american dances

learning foreign languages

motorcycle racing

mountaineering

mushrooming

music

new acquaintances

oriental dance

origami

paraplanerism

parkour

photo

play the guitar

play the piano

play the accordion

reading
 486
rock climbing

rollers

running

Russian folk dances

sing

scanwords

sculpture

shopping

skateboarding

skiing

skydiving

sledge

snowboarding

snowmobile

steam-bath

swimming

talking on telephone

tattoo

tennis

theatre

tourism
 487
volleyball

watch TV

windsurfing

winemaking

writing poetry

yoga

(- )
-

hockey

jockstrap / jock / jock strap

/ blocker / blocking glove / shield / waffle (pad)

interference / obstruction

- blocked shot

gross-misconduct penalty

major penalty

boards

- screen(ed) shot

shot on goal (SOG)

flip shot

/ one-timer

bullet
 488
() short-handed / shorthanded

at full strength

at even strength (EV)

() face-off

/ stickhandling

video replay / review

techniques

/ visor / half shield

out of play

goal

cage

reinforced skates

/ goalkeeper (GK) / goalie / goaltender

clearance / clearing the puck / clearing attempt

breakout

/ () goal

empty-net goal / empty net goal

own goal

even-strength goal

/ assist

/ scoring opportunity / chance

roughing

double minor
 489
top corner

misconduct penalty

game misconduct (GM)

/
overtime (OT)
/

fighting

dribbling

() to score

delayed whistle / slow whistle

delay of game

holding the stick

hooking

holding an opponent

falling on the puck

substitution

pulling the goalie

/ defense

neck protector / neck guard / throat protector /

/
throat guard

defender / defenseman / defensive player

glass (protector) / protective shielding

shin pad / shin guard

forward line / offensive line

zone
 490
/ defensive zone / defense zone / defending zone

end zone

attacking zone / offensive zone

/ game

() /
power play (PP)

/ defensive play

high-sticking / high sticking

/
kill (off) a penalty

regular (player)

, puck-carrier / puck carrier

, sleeper

mouthguard / mouthpiece

wrist shot / wrister / sweep shot

qualifying

() stick / hockey stick

curved stick / curved blade stick

goals scored

spearing

- winner

team match

/ counterattack

cycling the puck

 491
(x) hockey skates

snap shot / snap pass

gloves

winger / wingman

red line

red circle

face-off circle

blade (of stick)

/ left winger (LW)

left wing

hockey arena

ice dome

/ / linesman

end line / goal line

() catcher / catch(ing) glove / trapper

bench minor penalty

minor penalty

() face mask

goalie mask

match

bronze medal game

gold medal game

third place play-off

 492
- match penalty (MP)

International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF)

IIHF IIHF World Ranking

/ lift pass

chest pad / chest protector / (goalkeeper) breast

()
protector

knee pad

attacker

/ forward

shoulder pad

Infraction

too many men on ice

disallowed goal / non-goal

neutral zone

charging

unsportsmanlike conduct

/ loose puck

deke [di:k]

defensive line

coincidental penalties

dangerous play

cover

/ pivot

clearing the zone

 493
regulation time / regular time

() playing time

interruption of the game / stoppage

tight angle / bad angle / sharp angle / tough

angle

check(ing) / takeaway

poke check

hook check

sweep check

/ steal

delayed offside

delayed penalty

breakaway

/ carom / deflection / rebound

/ offside

penalized player / sanctioned player

block

/ pass / feed

/ drop pass

centering pass

under-led pass
/

- passout

/ lead pass
 494
/ saucer pass

flat pass

flip pass

hand pass

crossbar

intermission

interception

/ intercepted pass / intercepted shot

period

/ quarterback / playmaker

goal crease

referees crease

shut-out / shutout (SO)

game-winning goal / game winning goal (GWG)

tripping

slew-footing

skater / field player / fielder / skater

semi-final game

fisticuffs

garter (belt)

sudden death shootout

/ right winger (RW)

right wing
 495
/ forechecking

freezing the puck

() icing (the puck)

length of game

/ break

() save percentage (SvPct/SV%)

empty net

slot

goal difference

athletic cup / cup (protector) / groin protector /

pelvic protector / protective cup

line-up / lineup

() shaft (of the stick)

scramble

light signal

save (SV)

() (penalty) shootout

() net

bodycheck(ing) / contact

/
shoulder check

diver

diving / embellishment

blue line
 496
officials bench / scoring bench

/ players bench / subs bench / bench

/ penalty box / sin bin

/ blind pass

change on the fly / change on the go / change

on the move / flying substitution

/ line change

goalkeepers equipment

() cutting (down) the angles

roster

face-off leader

/
penalty killer

disputed goal

goals against average (GAA)

center ice

starting line-up

c stick rack

rush

officials

off-ice official

on-ice official

video goal judge

goal judge
 497
- game scorekeeper / scorer

- game timekeeper

- penalty timekeeper

score

scoreboard

- time-out

tough guy

enforcer

() boarding / boardchecking

cross-checking

face-off spot

trailer

third-man-in

() (attacking) line

shooting angle

slashing

ejection / dismissal / sending-off

game ejection

broken stick penalty

butt-ending

elbowing

kneeing

ragging
 498
Intentional obstruction

all-round player

/ game-tying goal / game tying goal (GTG)

fake

wing

foul

- hat trick

(/) / home team

hockey player

ice hockey

ice rink

hockey stop / side stop

/ jersey

center line

center (ice) spot

center (ice) circle

center (forward) / centerman

puck

helmet with mask

() goalpost / upright

() penalty

penalty time / penalty minutes

/ penalty shot (PS)

 499
slap shot / slapshot

() five-hole / five hole

leg guard / leg pad

(-
)
-

arts and crafts

birchbark

ornate

cord, corduroy, velvet

rebirth of the tradition

embroidery

headwear

durability

suede

silver work

glassware

crystalware

icon

burl, wart

ceramics
 500
on-board shop

goat down

lacework

dolls

varnish

lacquer miniature

lacquer miniature

linden

osier

oil paints

workshop

nesting doll, matryoshka

copper

metal tray

mouton

traditional dress

easter egg

mother-of-pearl

fake

authentic

festive events

applied arts

stone carving
 501
bone carving

craftsman

handicraft

samovar

handmade

quality certificate

resin

straw

() alloy

rhinestones

souvenir

gold leaf

talisman

tempera paints

trademark

goods for outdoor activity

traditional toy

labour-intensive

porcelain

porcelain doll

faience

miniature on enamel

woodpaintimg
 502
metal craft

masterpiece

silk fringe

ecologically friendly

enamel

jeweller

amber

fair

English

amber

anise

apricot

aqua

aquamarine

ash -

azure

beige

berry
 503
black

blue

blue violet -

bottle green

bronze

brown

buff -

burgundy

burgundy ( )

burly wood

burnt

buttercup yellow -

cadet blue -

cambridge blue -

camel

cerise -

charcoal

chartreuse -

chartreuse -

chlorine -

chocolate
 504
claret

clay

clay-colored -

cocoa

copper

coral

cornflower

cornsilk

cream

cream

cyan -

dark blue -

dark cyan

dark gray -

dark green -

dark magenta

dark red -

dark yellow -

deep blue

deep-brown -

deep-green -
 505
denim blue

dim gray -

dull

dusty

ecru

emerald

fallow -

firebrick

forest

forest green

forest green

fuchsia

garnet -

ghostwhite -

ginger brown -

gold

golden

goldenrod

gray

green

green yellow -
 506
grey; gray

honeydew

hot pink

hunter green

indigo

ivory

jade -

khaki

lavender -

lavender

lavender blush

lawn green

lemon

lemon chiffon

light blue -

light coral

light cyan

light goldenrod -

light goldenrod yellow -

light gray -

light pink -
 507
light salmon

light seagreen ,

light sky blue -

light slate blue -

light slate gray -

light steel blue

light yellow -

light-green

lilac

lime

lime green -

liver-coloured -

livery -

magenta

magenta

maroon -

mastic -,

mauve -

mazarine -

medium gray

medium green -
 508
midnight blue -

mint

misty rose -

mole

mouse grey

murrey -

navajo white -

- (
navy
)

navy blue -

navy, dark blue -

nutmeg

off-white -

olive

olive green

orange

orange red -

orangey -

oyster white -

pale goldenrod -

pale green -

pale pink -
 509
pale turquoise -

pale violet red -

pale yellow -

peach

peachpuff

pearl

petunia -

pewter

photo magenta -

pink

pistachio ,

plum

plum -

powder blue

primrose

pumpkin

purple

purple

raspberry

red

rose
 510
rosy

rosy brown -

(,
royal blue
)

rust

saddle brown -

salmon

sand

seafoam

seagreen

seashell

sienna

silver

silvery

sky blue -

slate -

slate blue -

slate gray -

smoke blue -

snow

spice orange

spring green -
 511
steel blue

steel gray

tan -

tan -

tanned

taupe -

taupe -

tawny -

terra cotta

turquoise

vinous

violet , -

violet red -

wheat

white

yellow

yellow green -

: lesson1.ru

 512
English

apricot

aquamarine

anise

beige

snow

white

- navajo white

turquoise

- pale turquoise

- pale yellow

-, mastic

- pale green

- chartreuse

- pale goldenrod

- lavender

- pale pink

- smoke blue

claret

burgundy

vinous
 513
bronze

tanned

bottle green

cornflower

camel

- spring green

clay

deep blue

lavender blush

light steel blue

- light slate gray

- slate blue

- off-white

denim blue

charcoal

- jade

- tan

burly wood

- yellow green

yellow

pearl
 514
burnt

lawn green

- cyan

- chartreuse

- green yellow

green

hunter green

forest green

goldenrod

gold

golden

emerald

indigo

firebrick

- saddle brown

coral

light coral

brown

(,
royal blue
)

- violet red

- pale violet red

 515
red

( ) burgundy

cream

lavender

azure

forest

- lime green

lemon

lemon chiffon

primrose

salmon

raspberry

copper

honeydew

aqua

seashell

mouse grey

mint

- sky blue

- light sky blue

olive
 516
olive green

pewter

- orange red

orange

spice orange

sienna

- ash

peach

peachpuff

sand

- midnight blue

- ghostwhite

magenta

purple

wheat

dusty

rust

- mauve

- rosy brown

pink

rosy
 517
- ginger brown

- tan

light-green

- clay-colored

- cerise

- cambridge blue

- buttercup yellow

- fallow

- light yellow

- light goldenrod yellow

- chlorine

- light goldenrod

- buff

- orangey

- photo magenta

- light pink

- light gray

- light blue

- light slate blue

light salmon

light cyan
 518
silver

silvery

- oyster white

- taupe

- cadet blue

gray

grey; gray

mole

medium gray

- slate

- slate gray

blue

powder blue

steel blue

lilac

plum

cream

ivory

- medium green

steel gray

- maroon
 519
- dark yellow

- tawny

- dark green

- deep-green

- liver-coloured

- livery

- deep-brown

- dark red

- garnet

- murrey

- petunia

- dark gray

- taupe

- dark blue

- mazarine

- navy, dark blue

- navy blue

- (
navy
)

- plum

dark cyan

hot pink
 520
terra cotta

- misty rose

- dim gray

dull

- blue violet

purple

, - violet

, pistachio

magenta

dark magenta

fuchsia

forest green

khaki

cocoa

lime

seagreen

, light seagreen

seafoam

ecru

rose

pumpkin
 521
nutmeg

black

cornsilk

chocolate

berry

amber

(flowers)
(- )
- (flowers)

ENGLISH

flowers

azalea

aloe

pansies

aster

African marigold

begonia

bouquet

rosebud
 522
cornflower

verbena

convolves (convolvulus)

carnation

dahlia

geranium

herbera

hyacinth

gladiolus

glycinia

hydrangea

delphinium

-- cow-wheat

-, willow herb

ikebana

iris

kalanchoe

calendula, marigold

camellia

rush, reed

cannee
 523
bluebell (harebell, campanula)

pot flower

stinging-nettle

crocus

(yellow) water-lily

double buttercup, globeflower

lavender

lily-of-the-valley

goose-foot

gillyflower

lily

() water lily

snap-dragon

lupine

buttercup, yellowcup

poppy

holly-hox

daisy

lung-wort

mimosa, acacia

milkweed
 524
() narcissus

() daffodil

nasturtium, Indian cress

forget-me-not

marigold

dandelion

orchid

cowslip

petunia

peony

plantain

snowdrop

sunflower

mignonette

, burdock

rhododendron

rose

daisy

() chamomile, camomile

() plant

saintpaulia
 525
() catkin

spathiphyllum

winter-cress

Missouri tobacco

cane

milfoil

tulip

fertilize, nourish

violet

cyclamen

ficus, rubber plant

phlox

fuchsia

hosta

chrysanthemum

bloom, blossom

cyclamen

chicory

cynia

sage

edelweiss
 526

"" (- )

ENGLISH

acid rain

air

alkalinity

atmosphere

be threatened with extinction

biodegradability

biosphere

blizzard

(to) bloom; blossom

bog

burdock
 527
by-product

carbon dioxide / co2 /

carbon monoxide

catchment level

chamomile

clay

hlorine

chop down ,

cloud

coast

shell; mussel

conservation of natural resources

crawfish

crones

decay; rot

deforestation

depletion

desertification

dirt

ditch

diversion of flow of rivers

 528
downpour

dragonfly

drizzle

drought

dump

dumping ,

earth

ecosystem

effluent

elements

emissions /

endangered species

environmental ontamination earthquake cliff

environmental emergency

environmental protection

flood; overflow river

flooding

flook

flower

foliage

forest
 529
fossil fuel

frost

fume ,

fungus (fungi) ()

glade

global environment facility (gef)

gloom ,

grass

greenhouse effect

green belt

grove

habitat ,

hazardous wastes

heat

herbicide

hill

humidity

hurricane

hydrocarbons

ice

ice floe
 530
icy cold

incineration

island

lake

landfill

list of endangered species

marsh

maximum allowable emissions

meadow

mean daily sample

moon

moonrise

mountain ridge

multiple use ()

natural calamity

negligence

nightingale

/
noise pollution / standards

non-point source of pollution

occupational disease

oil slick ( )
 531
ozone depleting substances (ods)

ozone hole

ozone layer

peninsula

permafrost

pesticide

phenomenon

pine

plain

plant

plume

poacher

pollutant

precipice

(p)reserve, sanctuary

prey upon

quality assurance / quality control (qa/qc) /

radioactive wastes

ravine

, ,
recycling

reduce the threat

 532
relief

renewable energy

reservoir

resources

right in the sun

ripen

river

rock

runoff ,

salinity ,

sampling

sand

sea

sediment, precipitation

sewage system

sewage ,

shrubbery

sky

sludge, slurry , ,

snowdrift

soil
 533
solid waste management

spider

spring

stalk

star

stone

stream

stuffiness

sun

sunrise

sustainable development

taxidermy

thermal pollution

thicket

thunder-storm

timber

toxic substance

trunk

unleaded petrol

unrenewable resources

vegetation
 534
visual pollution

wastes

water abstraction

water quality criteria

water / air pollution /

wave

"PhoneticTM.ttf" -
" () ".
C:\WINDOWS\Fonts.

ENGLISH

to abolish [tu q'bOlIS] , ,

abuse [q'bjHs]

access ['xkses]

account [q'kaunt] , ,

accountancy (UK) [q'kauntqnsI]

,
accounting (US) [q'kauntIN]

accumulation of capital
( )
[q"kjHmju'leIS(q)n qv 'kxpItl]

1) , ; 2) ; 3)
to acquire [tu q'kwaIq]
()

1) ; 2) ,
activity [xk'tIvItI]
(, )

1) , ;
adequate ['xdIkwIt]
2) ; 3)

adherence [qd'hIqr(q)ns] ,
 535
to adopt [tu q'dOpt] 1) ; 2)

1) , ; 2)
to advocate [tu 'xdvqkeIt]
; 3)

1) , ; 2) ,
agent ['eIdZ(q)nt] ; ; 3) ,

aid [eId] 1) , ; 2)

1) (. ); 2)
to allege [tu q'ledZ] , ; 3) ; 4)

allocation of resources

["xlOu'keIS(q)n qv rI'sLsIz]

altruistically [xltrH'IstIkqlI]

1) , , ; 2) ; 3)
analyses . . analysis [q'nxlqsIs]

1) , , ;
applicable ['xplIkqbl]
2)

1) ( ); 2)
;
to apply [tu q'plaI]
3) (), (to); 4)

1) ; ; 2) ,
appraisal [q'preIz(q)l]
; 3)

approach [q'prOutS] , ,

1) , ,
to argue [tu 'RgjH] , ; 2) ; 3)

1) ; ;
to ascertain [tu "xsq'teIn] 2) (
)

1) ; 2)
assassination [q"sxsI'neIS(q)n] , ;
3)

, , ,
to assert [tu q'sWt]
(, )

assertion [q'sWS(q)n] , (, )

assets ['xsets] , , , ,

1) (,
assumption [q'sAmpS(q)n] , , ); 2) ,
,

assurance [q'Suqr(q)ns] , , ,

, ,
to attest [tu q'test]

 536

,
( ,
balance of payments ['bxlqns qv 'peImqnts]

)

bank deposit [bxNk dI'pOzIt] ,

1) ; 2) ,
to bargain [tu 'bRgIn] ; 3) ; 4)
, (for),

basis ['beIsIs] , ;

to be bound [tu bJ baund]

1) , ; ; 2) ,
bias ['baIqs]
, ,

, , ,
blackmail ['blxkmeIl]

bond [bOnd]

1) , ; 2) ; 3)
bonus ['bOunqs]

book-keeping (=bookkeeping) [buk'kJpIN] ,

, , ,
to borrow [tu 'bOrOu]
( )

bourgeois ['buqZwR] ,

bourgeoisie ["buqZwR'zJ]

budget restriction ['bAdZIt rIs'trIkS(q)n] ,

= budget limitation

1) ; 2) ; 3) ,
bulk [bAlk]

,
capacity [kq'pxsItI]

[],
capital assets ['kxpItl 'xsets] [] ,

, ,
capital flow ['kxpItl flOu]

1) ; 2)
capital goods ['kxpItl gudz]

1) ; 2) ,
capital offense (offence (UK)) ['kxpItl q'fens]

 537
, , ;
to carry out [tu 'kxrI'aut]

1) , , ; 2)
to cause [tu kLz]

1) , , ; ;
( ); ; 2)
charge [tSRdZ] [] ; , ;
, (
)

charter ['tSRtq]

1) ; 2) , ,
chattel ['tSxtl]

to cheat [tu tSJt] , ;

1) , ;
to cite [tu saIt]
; 2) ()

(

civil liberties ['sIvl 'lIbqtIz]
,
)

1) ; 2) , ; 3)
claim [kleIm]
,

to claim responsibility (
[tu kleIm rIs"pOnsq'bIlItI] )

1) ( ); 2)
close [klOus]
( )

code [kOud]

to coerce [tu kOu'Ws] ,

1) , , 2)
coercion [kOu'WS(q)n]
;

coercive [kOu'WsIv] ,

1) ; 2) ; 3)
coinage ['kOInIdZ]

collapse [kq'lxps] , , , ,

, (,
collateral [kO'lxt(q)r(q)l]
),

commerce ['kOmq(:)s] 1) (); 2)

, ,
commensurate [kq'menS(q)rIt]
,

, ( ,
commodity [kq'mOdItI]
)

Common Market ['kOmqn 'mRkIt] (

 538
)

common practice ['kOmqn 'prxktIs]

(

,
Commonwealth of Nations
. 50 ;
['kOmqnwelT qv 'neIS(q)nz]
,
, ,
)

communism ['kOmjunIzm]

compatible [kqm'pxtqbl] ,

to compete [tu kqm'pJt] , ,

competition ["kOmpI'tIS(q)n] , ,

compliance [kqm'plaIqns] ,

to comply with [tu kqm'plaI wID]

compulsory [kqm'pAls(q)rI] ,

1) , ; 2) ,
to condemn [tu kqn'dem]

conscious ['kOnSqs] , ;

consequence ['kOnsIkwqns] ,

concession [kqn'seS(q)n] 1) ; 2)

1) , ; 2) ,
to consider [tu kqn'sIdq] ;
3) ,

1) ; 2) ; 3)
consistent [kqn'sIst(q)nt]
;

consumer [kqn'sjHmq] ,

1) ;
consumerism [kqn'sjHmqrIz(q)m]
2)

1) ; , , ; 2)
consumption [kqn'sAmpS(q)n]

contributor [kqn'trIbjutq] ,

, ,
controversial ["kOntrq'vWS(q)l]
, ,

,
copyright law ['kOpIraIt lL]

corporation ["kLpq'reIS(q)n] , ,

, ,
corporation tax ["kLpq'reIS(q)n txks]
(,
corporate income tax
(
['kLp(q)rIt 'InkAm txks]
,
 539
))

corvee ['kLveI] 1) ; 2) ,

counsel ['kauns(q)l] ; ,

counterproductive ['kauntqprq'dAktIv]

1) , ; 2) ; 3)
to credit [tu 'kredIt] (-. -.
)

, (

credit history ['kredIt 'hIst(q)rI] (

))

criteria [kraI'tIqrIq]

(. . criterion [kraI'tIqrIqn])

currency ['kAr(q)nsI] , ,

customs union ['kAstqmz 'jHnjqn]

-, , ,
de facto ['dJ'fxktOu]

, , ,
defensive [dI'fensIv] , ,

, , , ,
delay [dI'leI]

1) , ; 2) ,
to deny [tu dI'naI]
() -.

1) , , ,
to deposit [tu dI'pOzIt]
; 2)

(
,
depreciation [dI"prJSI'eIS(q)n]

)

to derive [tu dI'raIv] , , (from)

1) (); 2)
derogation ["derOu'geIS(q)n]
(, )

, , , ,
to destroy [tu dIs'trOI]

detractor [dI'trxktq] , ,

to the detriment of [tu Dq 'detrImqnt qv] -.

devastating ['devqsteItIN] ,

developing countries [dI'velqpIN 'kAntrIz]

direct [dI'rekt] [daI'rekt] ,

 540
direct relationship [dI'rekt rI'leIS(q)nSIp]

disaster [dI'zRstq] ,

discharge [dIs'tSRdZ] 1) , ; 2) ,

; (); ,
disclosure [dIs'klOuZq]

discrepancy [dIs'krep(q)nsI] , ,

1) ; 2) ,
disparity [dIs'pxrItI]

(
dispute settlement [dIs'pjHt 'setlmqnt]
, )

1) , , , ; 2) ,
disruption [dIs'rApS(q)n]

1) , 2)
to distribute [tu dIs'trIbju(:)t] 3) 4) ,

1) , ; ; 2)
distribution ["dIstrI'bjHS(q)n]
,

, , ,
diverse [daI'vWs]
;

( ,
;
dividend ['dIvIdend]

)

domestic currency [dOu'mestIk 'kAr(q)nsI] (, )

to drain [tu dreIn] , ,

drastically ['drxstIkqlI] ,

(

drawings ['drLINz]
,
)

to earn [tu Wn] 1) ; 2)

economic activity ["Jkq'nOmIk xk'tIvItI]

economic development

["Jkq'nOmIk dI'velqpmqnt]

economic sanctions

["Jkq'nOmIk 'sxNkS(q)nz]

, ,
economics ["Jkq'nOmIks] , ,

in effect [In I'fekt] , ,

 541
effort ['efqt] , ,

egalitarian [I"gxlI'tFqrIqn] ,

electoral rights [I'lekt(q)r(q)l raIts]

embargo [em'bRgOu] , ,

1) , ,
to embody [tu Im'bOdI] , ; 2) ,
( )

emergence [I'mWdZ(q)ns] ,

employer [Im'plOIq] , ,

to encourage [tu In'kArIdZ] ,

1) , , ,
to enforce [In'fLs] ; 2) ( . .),

1) ; 2)
enforceable [In'fLsqbl]
; 3)

enforcement [In'fLsmqnt] , ,

1) (, , );
to engage [tu In'geIdZ] 2) -. (in/on/with); 3)
(oneself)

(, , ,
to enhance [tu In'hRns]
), , ,

enormous [I'nLmqs] , , ,

1) (, );
enterprise ['entqpraIz] 2) ; 5) ,

1) -.; 2) ; 3)
entitlement [In'taItlmqnt]

1) ,
; 2) [-
entity ['entItI]
] ( ; .
, )

entrepreneurship ["Ontrqprq'nWSIp]

equity ['ekwItI]
,

established [Is'txblISt] 1) ; ; 2)

1) , , ; 2)
, ; 3)
establishment [Is'txblISmqnt]
, ; 4)

European Central Bank
( ,
["juqrq'pI(:)qn 'sentr(q)l bxNk]
1998 . -
 542
)

(
(,
European Economic Community , , , ,
["juqrq'pI(:)qn "Jkq'nOmIk kq'mjHnItI] , , , ,
, , ),
1957)

European Investment Bank

["juqrq'pI(:)qn In'vestmqnt bxNk]

(
European Union ["juqrq'pI(:)qn 'jHnIqn] 12- , 1 1993
.

evaluating [I'vxljueItIN]

1) ; 2) , ; 3)
evidence ['evId(q)ns]

1) , ; 2)
, ,
to evidence [tu 'evId(q)ns]
; 3) ,

1) (); 2) ; 3)
to exact [tu Ig'zxkt]

1) , ; 2)
to exaggerate [tu Ig'zxdZqreIt]

1) , ; 2) ; 3)
to examine [tu Ig'zxmIn]

to exceed [tu Ik'sJd] ,

excess [Ik'ses] ,

exchange rates [Iks'tSeIndZ reIts] ,

( ,
excise tax [ek'saIz txks]
)

to exhibit [tu Ig'zIbIt] ,

1) (), () ;
to expand [tu Iks'pxnd]
2) ()

, , (
expenditure [Iks'pendItSq] (, ,
. .)

exploitative [Iks'plOItqtIv]

extent [Iks'tent] 1) ; 2) , ; 3)

,
(
externalities ["ekstW'nxlItIz] ,
/,

 543
/)

1) , ; 2) ,
extra ['ekstrq]
; 3)

, , ,
to facilitate [tu fq'sIlIteIt]

1) , ; 2) (-
famine ['fxmIn]
.)

1) ; 2) ; 3)
to favor
, ; 4)
(favour (UK)) [tu 'feIvq]

feudal ['fjHdl]

feudalism ['fjHdqlIzm]

(

financial accounting [faI'nxnS(q)l q'kauntIN] , ,

)

financial statement(s)

[faI'nxnS(q)l 'steItmqnt(s)]

(
financial market [faI'nxnS(q)l 'mRkIt] , ,
)

findings ['faIndINz] ,

to fire [tu 'faIq] ,

fisheries ['fISqrIz]

flat [flxt] 1) , ; 2)

1) (), ; 2)
to fluctuate [tu 'flAktjueIt]
( , )

,
to forge [tu fLdZ]

, , ,
to foster [tu 'fOstq]

fraud [frLd] ;

free market [frJ 'mRkIt] ,

to frighten [tu 'fraItn] ,

full employment [ful Im'plOImqnt]

funds [fAndz] , ()

to furnish [tu 'fWnIS] (with); ,

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

 544
['dZen(q)r(q)l q'grJmqnt On 'txrIfs qnd treId] ( 23
30.10.1947 . 1995
)

1) , , ; 2)
to generate [tu 'dZenqreIt]
, ,

goods and services [gudz qnd 'sWvIsIz]

, ;
to gouge [tu gaudZ]

governmental authorities

["gAv(q)n'mentl L'TOrItIz]

, (
,
gross domestic product
(
(GDP) [grOus dOu'mestIk 'prOdAkt]
),
)

guerrilla warfare [gq'rIlq 'wLfFq]

health care [helT kFq]

hence [hens] 1) ; 2) ; 3)

heritage ['herItIdZ] ,

, , ,
heterogeneous ['hetqrOu'dZJnjqs]
,

hierarchical [haIq'rRkIkql]

to highlight [tu 'haIlaIt]

Holy See ['hOulI sJ] , ,

home rule [hOum rHl] ,

homemaker ['hOum"meIkq] ,

, , (
household ['haushOuld]
)

human rights ['hjHmqn raIts]

ills [Ilz] , ,

impact ['Impxkt] 1) , ; 2) ,

to implement [tu ImplImqnt] ,

1) (, , )
to impose [Im'pOuz] (on/upon); 2) (); 3)
; 4)

, , ,
inaccessible ["Inxk'sesqbl]

incentive [In'sentIv] 1) , ; 2)

income ['InkAm] , ;
 545
( ,
income statement ['InkAm 'steItment] ,
, )

income tax ['InkAm txks]

indigenous [In'dIdZInqs] , ,

indirect ["IndI'rekt] 1) ; 2)

1) , , ; 2)
to induce [tu In'djHs]

industrial revolution

[In'dAstrIql "revq'lHS(q)n]

inevitable [In'evItqbl] ,

(,
information technology
, , ,
["Infq'meIS(q)n tek'nOlqdZI]
,
(= infotech) (IT)
)

ingot ['INgqt] ; ,

1) , ; 2) ,
inherent [In'hIqr(q)nt]

inheritance [In'herIt(q)ns] , ,

initial [I'nIS(q)l] ,

, ()
insider trading ['In'saIdq 'treIdIN] (

-)

instant ['Instqnt] , ,

to institute [tu 'InstItjHt] 1) , ; 2)

1) , ; 2)

institutionalize ["InstI'tjHSqnqlaIz]
( , ,
)

insurance [In'Suqr(q)ns]

, ,
integrity [In'tegrItI]
,

(
intellectual property ["IntI'lektjuql 'prOpqtI] (industrial property) ,
(copyrightable
subject-matter))

intellectual property rights
( ,
["IntI'lektjuql 'prOpqtI raIts]
)

intended use [In'tendId jHs]

 546
1) , ; 2) ,
;
interest ['IntrIst]
3) , ; 4) ( ),

, ,
interest group ['IntrIst grHp]
,

intergovernmental organization

['Intq"gAv(q)n'mentl "LgqnaI'zeISqn]

interim ['IntqrIm] ,

(

internal control [In'tWnl kqn'trqul]
,
)

international law ["Intq(:)'nxSqnl lL]

,
( -
International Monetary Fund
, 1944 .
["Intq(:)'nxSqnl 'mAnIt(q)rI fAnd]

)

interrogation [In"terOu'geIS(q)n] ( )

1) , ; 2)
intervention ["Intq(:)'venS(q)n] ;
3)

1) , ; 2)
innovation ["InOu'veIS(q)n]

inventory ['InvqntrI] , ,

1) (,

()); 2)
investment fund [In'vestmqnt fAnd]
[] (
,
)

invoice ['InvOIs] , , -,

to involve [tu In'vOlv] 1) , ; 2)

involvement [In'vOlvmqnt] , ( -. - in; with)

1) , ; 2) (),
issue ['ISH]

1) , ;
to issue [tu 'ISH]
2) ; 3)

1) () 2) () 3)
to join [tu dZOIn]

judgment ['dZAdZmqnt] 1) ; 2) ; 3)

( ,
in kind [In kaInd]
)
 547
1) , ,
. .; 2) ,
to label [tu 'leIbl]
-. ; ,
(as)

labor (US) (labour (UK)) ['leIbq] ,

laborer ['leIbqrq]

1) ; 2) , ; 3)
latitude ['lxtItjHd]

law [lL]

to lay out the principles [tu leI aut Dq 'prInsqplz]

1) , ; 2) ,
to lease [tu lJs]

legal entity ['lIg(q)l 'entItI]

legal recognition
,
['lJg(q)l "rekqg'nIS(q)n]

legal sense ['lJg(q)l sens]

legal system ['lJg(q)l 'sIstIm] 1) ; 2)

legal tender ['lJg(q)l 'tendq]

legitimate [lI'dZItImIt] 1) ; 2)

1) ; 2) ; 3) (); 4)
levy ['levI]
()

liabilities ["laIq'bIlItIz] , ,

life expectancy [laIf Iks'pekt(q)nsI]

1) (., ); 2)
to liquidate [tu 'lIkwIdeIt] ; 3) ,
()

loan [lOun] , ,

loss [lOs]

(
,
Maastricht treaty [mR'strIht 'trJtI] 7 1992 .

1957 .)

1) , ,
;
machinery [mq'SJnqrI]
2) ; 3) ( .
.)

macroeconomics ["mxkrOuIkq'nOmIks]

magnitude ['mxgnItjHd] 1) , ; 2)

mainstream ['meInstrJm] , ,
 548

1) , , ; 2)
management ['mxnIdZmqnt]
; 3) ; 4)

mandatory ['mxndqt(q)rI]

1) ; 2) ; 3) ;
manufacturer ["mxnju'fxktS(q)rq]
4) ; 5)

1) ; (
); 2)
market place ['mRkIt pleIs] ( ,
-
())

1) (
); 2) (
markup ['mRkAp]

, )

means of payment [mJnz qv 'peImqnt]

means of production [mJnz Ov prq'dAkS(q)n]

by means of [baI mJnz qv]

1) , , ; 2) ; 3)
measure ['meZq] ;
4) ; 5)

medieval ["medI'Jv(q)l]

to meet the needs [tu mJt Dq nJdz]

microeconomics ["maIkrOuIkq'nOmIks]

Middle East ['mIdl Jst]

militant ['mIlIt(q)nt] ,

minimum wage ['mInImqm weIdZ]

ministerial meeting ["mInIs'tIqrIql 'mJtIN]

1) ; 2)
to misguide [tu 'mIs'gaId]

, (, ;
to mitigate [tu 'mItIgeIt] ), , (, ),
(, )

mixed economy [mIkst I(:)'kOnqmI]

- [, ]
(
monetary policy ['mAnIt(q)rI 'pOlIsI]

)

monopoly [mq'nOpqlI]

monopsony [mq'nOpsqnI] ,

most favoured nation ,

 549
[mOust 'feIvqd 'neIS(q)n] ,

movement of capital ['mHvmqnt qv 'kxpItl]

multinational corporation

['mAltI'nxSqnl "kLpq'reIS(q)n]

mutually beneficial ['mjHtjuqlI "benI'fIS(q)l]

nation-state ['neIS(q)n steIt] -,

national market ['nxSqnl 'mRkIt] = , (

domestic market [dOu'mestIk 'mRkIt] , )

( ,
()
natural person ['nxtSr(q)l 'pWsn]

)

natural rate of unemployment

['nxtSr(q)l reIt qv 'AnIm'plOImqnt]

negotiating [nI'gOuSIeItIN] -

, (,

net loss [net lOs]

)

net profit [net 'prOfIt]

non-profit organization

["nOn'prOfIt "LgqnaI'zeISqn]

note [nOut] ,

1) , , ; 2) ,
notion ['nOuS(q)n]
,

novel ['nOv(q)l] ; ,

objective [qb'dZektIv] , ,

,
to obligate ['OblIgeIt]
(, . .)

, ,
( -.
obligation ["OblI'geIS(q)n]
,
. .)

obtaining [qb'teInIN] ,

(
,
Ombudsman ['Ombdzmqn]

)

oppression [q'preS(q)n] , , ,

,
to ordain [tu L'deIn]

 550
1) ; ; ;
; ; ; 2)
order ['Ldq] (
-. (.
, ))

1) ; 2) ; 3) ,
output ['autput] , ; 4) ; 5)
,

, ,
outsider ['aut'saIdq]
,

,
to overproduce [tu 'Ouvqprq'djHs]
,

to oversee [tu 'Ouvq'sJ] 1) 2) ()

to overstate [tu 'Ouvq'steIt] 1) (); 2)

oversupply ['Ouvqsq'plaI] ,

, ,
to overuse [tu "Ouvq'jHz]

1) , -.; 2)
to owe [tu Ou]
; 3) ()

1) ; 2) ; 3)
ownership ['OunqSIp]

1) (), (); 2) ;
to part [tu pRt]
3)

passage ['pxsIdZ] 1) , ; 2) ; 3) ()

1) , , , , ,
patron ['peItr(q)n] ; 2) ,

pattern ['pxtqn] 1) , ; 2)

to pay debts [tu peI dets] ,

per annum [pqr'xnqm] ,

perfect information ['pWfIkt "Infq'meIS(q)n]

, ,
(
performance [pq'fLmqns]
);

permanent damage ['pWmqnqnt 'dxmIdZ] ,

, ,
perpetrator ['pWpItreItq]
,

perpetual [pq'petSuql] ,

personal possessions ['pWsnl pq'zeS(q)nz]

planned economy [plxnd I(:)'kOnqmI] ,

 551
plot [plOt] 1) ; 2)

( ,
plutocracy [plH'tOkrqsI]
)

political freedom [pq'lItIk(q)l 'frJdqm]

Poll Tax [pOl txks]

,
per capita tax [pW'kxpItq txks]

capitation tax ["kxpI'teIS(q)n txks]

pollution [pq'lHS(q)n] ( )

1) ; 2) ; 3)
pool [pHl] (
)

poverty ['pOvqtI] , , ,

in practice [In 'prxktIs] 1) , ; 2)

practitioner [prxk'tISnq]

precious ['preSqs] ,

predecessor ['prJdIsesq] ,

, ,
predominant [prI'dOmInqnt]

,
price ceiling [praIs 'sJlIN] (
)

price floor [praIs flL]

private enterprise ['praIvIt 'entqpraIz]

private property ['praIvIt 'prOpqtI]

privately owned ['praIvItlI Ound]

,
privatization ["praIvqtaI'zeIS(q)n]

proceeds ['prOusJdz] , ,

, ,
, (
production [prq'dAkS(q)n]

)

production level [prq'dAkS(q)n 'levl]

productive capacity ,
[prq'dAktIv kq'pxsItI]

to proffer [tu 'prOfq] , ( )

progressive tax [prOu'gresIv txks]

progressive taxation ,
 552
[prOu'gresIv txk'seIS(q)n]

1) ; 2) , ; 3)
prominent ['prOmInqnt]

1) , , ; 2)
to promote [tu prq'mOut] ; 3)
-.

1) , , ; 2)
proper ['prOpq]
, ,

proponent [prq'pOunqnt] , ,

1) ; 2) ; 3)
proprietary [prq'praIqt(q)rI]

to prosper [tu 'prOspq] , ,

provable ['prHvqbl]

1) (with), ; 2)
to provide [tu prq'vaId]
(for)

;
public finance ['pAblIk faI'nxns]

public good ['pAblIk gud]

punishment ['pAnISmqnt] ,

purchase price ['pWtSqs praIs] ,

1) (); 2) ; 3)
to pursue [tu pq'sjH] -., ( ); 4)

1) , ; 2) ; 3)
pursuit [pq'sjHt]

pursuit of profits

[pq'sjHt qv 'prOfIts]

1) (); 2)
; ; 3) ; 4)
to qualify [tu 'kwOlIfaI]
(); 5) () /;
6) ()

in question [In 'kwestS(q)n]

1) (, . .),
to raise [tu reIz] ; 2) , (); 3)
()

,
/, ,
to range [tu reIndZ]

 553
1) , , , , , ,
rate [reIt] ; 2) , ; 3) , ,
, ,

rationale ["rxSq'nRl]

raw material(s) [rL mq'tIqrIql(z)]

realm [relm] 1) , ; 2) ,

1) , ; 2) ,
reasonable ['rJznqbl] ; 3) , ,
, , ( )

receipt [rI'sJt] ,

records ['rekLdz] ,

1) , , ,
; 2) ; 3) 4)
to recover [tu rI'kAvq]
; 5) ; 6)
( )

( ,
Red Cross [red krOs]
1864 )

redistribution ['rI"dIstrI'bjHS(q)n]

1) , ,
; 2) ,
to refer [tu rI'fW]
; 3) ; 4) ,
-

regime [reI'ZJm] , , ,

regressive [rI'gresIv]

1) ; ; 2)
regulation ["regju'leIS(q)n] ; ; ; ;

regulatory agencies

['regjuleItqrI 'eIdZ(q)nsIz]

to remedy [tu 'remIdI] 1) ; 2) ; 3)

1) , (); 2)
; 3) ( ); 4)
to remit [tu rI'mIt]
; 5) (
)

1) , ; 2) ; 3)
to render [tu 'rendq]
(, ); 4)

to remunerate [tu rI'mjHnqreIt] , ,

1) ; 2) , ; 3)
requirement [rI'kwaIqmqnt]

1) , (-.), ,
to reside [tu rI'zaId] (in, at); 2) ,
, (in)
 554
resident ['rezId(q)nt] ,

1) (); 2) ; 3)
to resolve [tu rI'zOlv]
, ()

retail distributor ['rIteIl dIs'trIbjutq]

to retain [tu rI'teIn] 1) ; 2) ; 3)

, ,
retaliatory measure [rI'txlIqt(q)rI 'meZq]
,

( [] ),
revenue ['revInjH] (
)

review [rI'vjH] , ,

1) ; 2) ; 3)
to review [tu rI'vjH]

reward [rI'wLd] ,

risk-taking ['rIskteIkIN]

1) , ; 2)
rule of law [rHl qv lL]

1) ; 2) ,
ruling ['rHlIN]
(, )

sacred ['seIkrId] ,

1) ; 2)
sales representative [seIlz "reprI'zentqtIv]
; 3)

() ( ,
sales tax [seIlz txks]
)

1) , ; 2) ; 3)
to save [tu seIv]
; 4) ()

savings ['seIvINz]

, , ;
scarcity ['skFqsItI]

1) , ; 2) (); 3)
scope [skOup]
; , ; 4)

self-interest ["self'IntqrIst] ,

1) , ; 2)
self-supporting ['selfsq'pOtIN] ; 3)

semiofficial ["semIq'fIS(q)l]

,
signatory ['sIgnqt(q)rI]

simultaneously ["sIm(q)l'teInjqslI] , ,
 555
1) , ,
to skew [tu skjH] ; 2) ; 3) ,

slavery ['sleIvqrI]

social setting ['sOuS(q)l 'setIN]

socialism ['sOuSqlIzm]

sole proprietorship [sOul prq'praIqtqSIp] (
)

solution [sq'lHS(q)n] , (, )

sovereign state ['sOvrIn steIt]

to split [tu splIt] 1) (up), ; 2)

stagnant ['stxgnqnt] 1) ; 2) ,

stand [stxnd] , ,

standard of living ['stxndqd qv 'lIvIN] ,

to start a business [tu stRt q 'bIznIs] ,

stock [stOk] , , ; ,

, (
,
stockholder ['stOk"hOuldq]
, . .
)

success [s(q)k'ses] , ,

1) ; 2) ; 3)
successive [s(q)k'sesIv]

suicide bomber ['sjuIsaId 'bOmq] -

supply and demand [sq'plaI qnd dI'mRnd]

, ,
to surmise [tu 'sWmaIz]

1) , ; 2) ,
to sustain [tu sqs'teIn]

to target [tu 'tRgIt]

tax [txks]

[]
[] ( ,
tax-deductible [txks dI'dAktqbl]
(., ,
. .))

tax evader (evador (UK)) [txks i'veIdq] ,

tax fraud [txks frLd]

 556
1) ; 2) ,
thereby ['DFq'baI]

terrorist act ['terqrIst xkt]

totals ['tOutlz]

1) ; 2) , ; 3) ;
trade [treId]
4)

transaction [trxn'zxkS(q)n] ,

transborder data flow (

[trxnz'bLdq'deItq flOu] )

1) , ; 2)
(, ); 3)
transfer ['trxnsfq(:)]
( ); 4) ; 5) ()

transferability ['trxnsfq(:)rqbIlItI] ;

treaty ['trJtI] , ,

tribal ['traIb(q)l] ,

to turn down [tu tWn daun] , (. )

ultimately ['AltImItlI] ,

unanimity ["jHnq'nImItI] ,

unavoidable ["Anq'vOIdqbl] , ,

uncollectible [Ankq'lektIbl]

,
undue influence ['An'djH 'Influqns]

unemployment ['AnIm'plOImqnt]

, , ,
unequivocal ['AnI'kwIvqk(q)l]

uneven ['An'Jv(q)n] 1) ; 2) ,

United Nations ['ju'naItId 'neIS(q)nz]

universal suffrage ["jHnI'vWs(q)l 'sAfrIdZ]

unjustifiably ['An'dZAstIfaIqblI] , ,

, , ,
unlawful ['An'lLful]
,

untamed [An'teImd] ,

; ; ;
usage ['jHsIdZ]

 557
valuation ["vxlju'eIS(q)n] , ,

1) ; 2) ,
value ['vxljH] , ; 3) ; 4) ; 5)

()
( , ,

Value Added Tax (VAT) , . .
['vxljH 'xdId txks]
,

)

1) (.
vehicle ['vJIkl] ); 2) ,
-.; ,

vice versa ['vaIsI'vWsq] , ,

1) , ; 2)
virtual ['vWtjuql] , ,

1) ; 2) ;
voluntary ['vOlqnt(q)rI] ( ); 3) ,
,

1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4)
vote [vOut]

wallet ['wOlIt]

war crime [wL kraIm]

1) , , ; 2)
welfare ['welfFq] ,

wholesale distributor ['hOulseIl dIs'trIbjutq]

,
wholesaler ['hOulseIlq]

to wind (wound, wound) up

, ()
[tu waInd (waund) Ap]

1) , ; 2) ; 3) , ;
withdrawal [wID'drL(q)l]
4) ( )

work force [wWk fLs] , ,

(
International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development,
,
World Bank [wWld bxNk]
- ,
1945 .
;
)

world economy [wWld I(:)'kOnqmI]

World Trade Organization ,

 558
[wWld treId "LgqnaI'zeISqn]
,

. - .
1.01.1995.

worth [wWT] , ,

written statement ['rItn 'steItmqnt]

( . faux amis), (
) , / ,
, . , . miasto , ;
czas , , . angina , , genial ,
, magazine , ; . . mosquito , .

.
- ,
, ,
- , ; .
. . 1928 Les faux
amis ou Les pieges du vocabulaire anglais.

, ( / )
:
,
.

,
.
.

ENGLISH

, (academician)
academic
, ;

accurate
, (tidy);
 559
( 5 )

airline , ;

air-port ( ) ( );

, , (,
aggressive
aggressive salesman);

alley , ; blind alley ;

ammunition , ;

,
anecdote
(joke);

angina , (tonsillitis);

argument ,

artist , ,

audience
,

baseball, football, basketball

ball , , (He caught the football, Do
you have a baseball?, football-shaped . .);

banner ; ; ( );

barrack , ;

, ; gasoline ,
benzene
;

biscuit , (sponge cake);

brilliant , (diamond);

, , , , , ,
, ( ),
/ cockpit,
cabin () (crew) compartment
flight deck, // cab,
lift car .; elevator car .), shower
stall, shower booth, bathroom stall,
polling /voting booth,
 560
bathing box

cabinet ( ), ();

cable ( );

caravan , , ;

carton ( cardboard);

, (
cartoon
cardboard);

, (film casting ,
casting
);

, ;
Caucasian
;

chef - ( chief, boss, patron);

closet , , , ;

collector , ;

comfort , , ;

, ; , ,
complexion complection
build, bodily constitution;

compositor , (composer, musician);

, , ( ), .-
. , , , (
conductor

);

constitution , ;

( verify,
control
check);

convoy , , ;

crest , ( cross);

debris , , ;
 561
decade 10 ( - 10 );

, , ,
design (, ); ,

-, - ,
designer , ,
( stylist);

, , , ( ,
director
);

, (
dock
);

, ; ( ); , ;
dramatic , (, ),
;

drug , , ;

, Dane; Dutch
Dutchman
(. . ), Danish;

elctric , (electrician)

engineer , ( );

episode 1 1, 1, 1 ( 1);

erection , , ;

, ( test,
examine
exam);

() , (
expert examination, evaluation); (
expertise -
,
)

, ,
extravagant

faggot () ( - bassoon)

figure p, ; ; ( );
 562
fiction , , ;

( ) ,
football
(soccer);

; ; ; ,
formula
;

fruit ( ), ;

gallant ( ; . gallant sail );

( ), gasoline ,
gas
;

, .
gay
,
.

general , , ( );

genial ( genius);

guide ,

glands (. . gland) , (tonsils)

idea , ( );

; ;
instruments
(financial instruments) ( tools);

intelligent , ( );

interest () (.), , . .

( ,
interview
);

, , , (
lift elevator (, .), lift(). , ,
);

liquor , liqueur;

lobster
(
 563
)

lord , , ;

lunatic ( sleep-walker);

machinist ( )

( ) ,
magazine
shop, store;

master , ( );

matron , ( );

mayor ( major);

morale ( morality);

more . . much ( sea);

mosquito ( sandfly phlebotomine);

. . much ,
most
( bridge);

mystery , ;

, ,
, (

nationality
.
: Where are you from? I am an ethnic Russian from
Uzbekistan, ? );

net ;

(, );
novel
;

, , ( ,
at the interview was present not only the
officer Secretary of the Consulate but one of the other officers too

), ;

original , , ( );
 564
paragraph , ;

; ( ),
partisan
;

party ( );

pathetic , ( );

, ( ),
patron
;

periodic acid , ;

phenomenon ( );

, , (),
phonograph
;

piston , ;

plaster , ( bandaid);

, (
plastic
);

poem c, ;

, , ,
principal
( principle);

, , chess problem
problem
, ;

, ,
rehabilitation , (,
, ).

, (jet/rocket propelled). ,
, -,
reactive
active-reactive
rocket assisted.

realise , ( );

, , ( ;
regular
regular water () , );
 565
repetition ( rehearsal)

resin , , ( rubber);

restaurant
( McDonalds), ;

revision , , ;

revolution , ;

romance ( );

satin , ( sateen chintz);

scholar -, ;

sever , ( north);

sex , ;

( silicone).
silicon
.

speaker , ;

, ,
speculation
( , );

student , ;

sympathetic , ( );

, ,
-, -.; ,
sympathy : sym- -, + pathos
; : sympathetic,
sympathize .;

, , ;
technique , (
technics);

, , ,
thesis

tort , ;
 566
, , () (
trailer
- );

( War booty,
trophy
);

tunic , , ;

universal , ;

utilise ( );

velvet ( corduroy);

virtual , , .

ENGLISH

1 H Hydrogen
2 He Helium
3 Li Lithium
4 Be Beryllium
5 B Boron
6 C Carbon
7 N Nitrogen
8 O Oxygen
9 F Fluorine
10 Ne Neon
11 Na Sodium
12 Mg Magnesium
13 Al Aluminum
14 Si Silicon
15 P Phosphorus
16 S Sulfur
17 Cl Chlorine
18 Ar Argon
19 K Potassium
20 Ca Calcium
21 Sc Scandium
22 Ti Titanium
23 V Vanadium
 567
24 Cr Chromium
25 Mn Manganese
26 Fe Iron
27 Co Cobalt
28 Ni Nickel
29 Cu Copper
30 Zn Zinc
31 Ga Gallium
32 Ge Germanium
33 As Arsenic
34 Se Selenium
35 Br Bromine
36 Kr Krypton
37 Rb Rubidium
38 Sr Strontium
39 Y Yttrium
40 Zr Zirconium
41 Nb Niobium
42 Mo Molybdenum
43 Tc Technetium
44 Ru Ruthenium
45 Rh Rhodium
46 Pd Palladium
47 Ag Silver
48 Cd Cadmium
49 In Indium
50 Sn Tin
51 Sb Antimony
52 Te Tellurium
53 I Iodine
54 Xe Xenon
55 Cs Cesium
56 Ba Barium
57 La Lanthanum
58 Ce Cerium
59 Pr Praseodymium
60 Nd Neodymium
61 Pm Promethium
62 Sm Samarium
63 Eu Europium
64 Gd Gadolinium
65 Tb Terbium
66 Dy Dysprosium
67 Ho Holmium
68 Er Erbium
69 Tm Thulium
70 Yb Ytterbium
71 Lu Lutetium
72 Hf Hafnium
73 Ta Tantalum
74 W Tungsten
75 Re Rhenium
76 Os Osmium
77 Ir Iridium
 568
78 Pt Platinum
79 Au Gold
80 Hg Mercury
81 Tl Thallium
82 Pb Lead
83 Bi Bismuth
84 Po Polonium
85 At Astatine
86 Rn Radon
87 Fr Francium
88 Ra Radium
89 Ac Actinium
90 Th Thorium
91 Pa Protactinium
92 U Uranium
93 Np Neptunium
94 Pu Plutonium
95 Am Americium
96 Cm Curium
97 Bk Berkelium
98 Cf Californium
99 Es Einsteinium
100 Fm Fermium
101 Md Mendelevium
102 No Nobelium
103 Lr Lawrencium
104 Rf Rutherfordium
105 Db Dubnium
106 Sg Seaborgium
107 Bh Bohrium
108 Hs Hassium
109 Mt Meitnerium

(2- English Name
ANSI*)

US United States (federal state) (

)

AL Alabama

Alaska
 569
AZ Arizona

AR Arkansas

CA California

CO Colorado

CT Connecticut

DE Delaware

DC District of Columbia

FL Florida

GA Georgia

HI Hawaii

ID Idaho

IL Illinois

IN Indiana

IA Iowa

KS Kansas

KY Kentucky

LA Louisiana

ME Maine

MD Maryland

Massachusetts

MI Michigan

MN Minnesota

MS Mississippi

Missouri

MT Montana

NE Nebraska

NV Nevada

NH New Hampshire -

NJ New Jersey -

NM New Mexico -

NY New York -

NC North Carolina

ND North Dakota
 570
Ohio

Oklahoma

OR Oregon

Pennsylvania

RI Rhode Island -

SC South Carolina

SD South Dakota

TN Tennessee

Texas

UT Utah

VT Vermont

VA Virginia

WA Washington

WV West Virginia

WI Wisconsin

WY Wyoming

* ANSI = American National Standards Institute

. Good morning.

. Good afternoon.

. Good evening.

. Hello.
 571
! Hi!

. Nice to see you!

? How are you?

, ! Fine, thanks!

! Not so bad.

? What's your name?

... My name is...

. Thank you.

. Thank you very much..

. That's all right.

. You're welcome.

. Sorry!

. Excuse me.

, . That's all right.

. No harm.

, () . I'm sorry I (we) should be going.

! Good-bye!

! Bye-bye!

. See you.

! Have a nice trip!

-? Do you speak Russian?

 572
-. My English is bad.

, , . Could you speak more slowly?

. I don't understand.

. I understand.

-

-

I don't care

I don't give a damn

I have no idea

(I) Havent (got) a clue

I wish I knew

It doesn't make sense

It doesn't matter

It doesn't prove a thing

It's a waste of time

It's all the same to me

It's none of your business

 573
It's out of the question

Let's drop this subject

Mind your own business

That's not the point

So what? ?

What are you driving at? ?

What (the hell) are you talking about? ?!

What for? ?

What of it? ?

Who cares? ?

Why on earth ...? ... ?

(Synonyms for the Most Commonly Used English Words)
- , ,
, ,
- , ,
, .

English Word Synonyms

incredible, unbelievable, improbable, fabulous, wonderful,

Amazing
fantastic, astonishing, astounding, extraordinary

Anger
enrage, infuriate, arouse, nettle, exasperate, inflame,
 574
madden

mad, furious, enraged, excited, wrathful, indignant,

Angry
exasperated, aroused, inflamed

Answer reply, respond, retort, acknowledge

question, inquire of, seek information from, put a question to,

Ask demand, request, expect, inquire, query, interrogate,
examine, quiz

Awful dreadful, terrible, abominable, bad, poor, unpleasant

evil, immoral, wicked, corrupt, sinful, depraved, rotten,

contaminated, spoiled, tainted, harmful, injurious,
unfavorable, defective, inferior, imperfect, substandard,
faulty, improper, inappropriate, unsuitable, disagreeable,
Bad unpleasant, cross, nasty, unfriendly, irascible, horrible,
atrocious, outrageous, scandalous, infamous, wrong,
noxious, sinister, putrid, snide, deplorable, dismal, gross,
heinous, nefarious, base, obnoxious, detestable, despicable,
contemptible, foul, rank, ghastly, execrable

pretty, lovely, handsome (man), attractive, gorgeous,

dazzling, splendid, magnificent, comely, fair, ravishing,
Beautiful graceful, elegant, fine, exquisite, aesthetic, pleasing,
shapely, delicate, stunning, glorious, heavenly, resplendent,
radiant, glowing, blooming, sparkling

Begin start, open, launch, initiate, commence, inaugurate, originate

enormous, huge, immense, gigantic, vast, colossal,

gargantuan, large, sizable, grand, great, tall, substantial,
Big
mammoth, astronomical, ample, broad, expansive, spacious,
stout, tremendous, titanic, mountainous

courageous, fearless, dauntless, intrepid, plucky, daring,

Brave heroic, valorous, audacious, bold, gallant, valiant, doughty,
mettlesome

fracture, rupture, shatter, smash, wreck, crash, demolish,

Break
atomize

shining, shiny, gleaming, brilliant, sparkling, shimmering,

Bright radiant, vivid, colorful, lustrous, luminous, incandescent,
intelligent, knowing, quick-witted, smart, intellectual
 575
quiet, peaceful, still, tranquil, mild, serene, smooth,
Calm composed, collected, unruffled, level-headed, unexcited,
detached, aloof

Come approach, advance, near, arrive, reach

Cool chilly, cold, frosty, wintry, icy, frigid

Crooked bent, twisted, curved, hooked, zigzag

Cry shout, yell, yowl, scream, roar, bellow, weep, wail, sob, bawl

gash, slash, prick, nick, sever, slice, carve, cleave, slit, chop,
Cut
crop, lop, reduce

Dangerous perilous, hazardous, risky, uncertain, unsafe

shadowy, unlit, murky, gloomy, dim, dusky, shaded, sunless,

Dark
black, dismal, sad

Decide determine, settle, choose, resolve

Definite certain, sure, positive, determined, clear, distinct, obvious

savory, delectable, appetizing, luscious, scrumptious,

Delicious
palatable, delightful, enjoyable, toothsome, exquisite

portray, characterize, picture, narrate, relate, recount,

Describe
represent, report, record

Destroy ruin, demolish, raze, waste, kill, slay, end, extinguish

Difference disagreement, inequity, contrast, dissimilarity, incompatibility

implement, carry out, execute, enact, finish, conclude, effect,

Do
accomplish, achieve, attain

boring, tiring, tiresome, uninteresting, slow, dumb, stupid,

unimaginative, lifeless, dead, insensible, tedious,
Dull
wearisome, listless, expressionless, plain, monotonous,
humdrum, dreary

Eager keen, fervent, enthusiastic, involved, interested, alive to

 576
stop, finish, terminate, conclude, close, halt, cessation,
End
discontinuance

appreciate, delight in, be pleased, indulge in, luxuriate in,

Enjoy
bask in, relish, devour, savor, like

Explain elaborate, clarify, define, interpret, justify, account for

Fair just, impartial, unbiased, objective, unprejudiced, honest

Fall drop, descend, plunge, topple, tumble

fake, fraudulent, counterfeit, spurious, untrue, unfounded,

False
erroneous, deceptive, groundless, fallacious

well-known, renowned, celebrated, famed, eminent,

Famous
illustrious, distinguished, noted, notorious

quick, rapid, speedy, fleet, hasty, snappy, mercurial, swiftly,

Fast rapidly, quickly, snappily, speedily, lickety-split, posthaste,
hastily, expeditiously, like a flash

stout, corpulent, fleshy, beefy, paunchy, plump, full, rotund,

Fat
tubby, pudgy, chubby, chunky, burly, bulky, elephantine

fright, dread, terror, alarm, dismay, anxiety, scare, awe,

Fear
horror, panic, apprehension

soar, hover, flit, wing, flee, waft, glide, coast, skim, sail,
Fly
cruise

Funny humorous, amusing, droll, comic, comical, laughable, silly

acquire, obtain, secure, procure, gain, fetch, find, score,

Get accumulate, win, earn, rep, catch, net, bag, derive, collect,
gather, glean, pick up, accept, come by, regain, salvage

Go recede, depart, fade, disappear, move, travel, proceed

excellent, fine, superior, wonderful, marvelous, qualified,

suited, suitable, apt, proper, capable, generous, kindly,
friendly, gracious, obliging, pleasant, agreeable, pleasurable,
Good
satisfactory, well-behaved, obedient, honorable, reliable,
trustworthy, safe, favorable, profitable, advantageous,
righteous, expedient, helpful, valid, genuine, ample,
salubrious, estimable, beneficial, splendid, great, noble,
 577
worthy, first-rate, top-notch, grand, sterling, superb,
respectable, edifying

noteworthy, worthy, distinguished, remarkable, grand,

Great
considerable, powerful, much, mighty

, improper, rude, coarse, indecent, crude, vulgar, outrageous,

Gross
extreme, grievous, shameful, uncouth, obscene, low

pleased, contented, satisfied, delighted, elated, joyful,

Happy cheerful, ecstatic, jubilant, gay, tickled, gratified, glad,
blissful, overjoyed

despise, loathe, detest, abhor, disfavor, dislike, disapprove,

Hate
abominate

hold, possess, own, contain, acquire, gain, maintain, believe,

Have
bear, beget, occupy, absorb, fill, enjoy

aid, assist, support, encourage, back, wait on, attend, serve,

Help
relieve, succor, benefit, befriend, abet

conceal, cover, mask, cloak, camouflage, screen, shroud,

Hide
veil

Hurry rush, run, speed, race, hasten, urge, accelerate, bustle

Hurt damage, harm, injure, wound, distress, afflict, pain

thought, concept, conception, notion, understanding,

Idea
opinion, plan, view, belief

necessary, vital, critical, indispensable, valuable, essential,

Important significant, primary, principal, considerable, famous,
distinguished, notable, well-known

fascinating, engaging, sharp, keen, bright, intelligent,

animated, spirited, attractive, inviting, intriguing, provocative,
though-provoking, challenging, inspiring, involving, moving,
Interesting titillating, tantalizing, exciting, entertaining, piquant, lively,
racy, spicy, engrossing, absorbing, consuming, gripping,
arresting, enthralling, spellbinding, curious, captivating,
enchanting, bewitching, appealing

Keep hold, retain, withhold, preserve, maintain, sustain, support

 578
Kill slay, execute, assassinate, murder, destroy, cancel, abolish

Lazy indolent, slothful, idle, inactive, sluggish

tiny, small, diminutive, shrimp, runt, miniature, puny,

Little exiguous, dinky, cramped, limited, itsy-bitsy, microscopic,
slight, petite, minute

gaze, see, glance, watch, survey, study, seek, search for,

peek, peep, glimpse, stare, contemplate, examine, gape,
Look ogle, scrutinize, inspect, leer, behold, observe, view,
witness, perceive, spy, sight, discover, notice, recognize,
peer, eye, gawk, peruse, explore

like, admire, esteem, fancy, care for, cherish, adore,

Love
treasure, worship, appreciate, savor

create, originate, invent, beget, form, construct, design,

fabricate, manufacture, produce, build, develop, do, effect,
Make
execute, compose, perform, accomplish, earn, gain, obtain,
acquire, get

label, tag, price, ticket, impress, effect, trace, imprint, stamp,

Mark
brand, sign, note, heed, notice, designate

Mischievous prankish, playful, naughty, roguish, waggish, impish, sportive

plod, go, creep, crawl, inch, poke, drag, toddle, shuffle, trot,
dawdle, walk, traipse, mosey, jog, plug, trudge, slump,
lumber, trail, lag, run, sprint, trip, bound, hotfoot, high-tail,
streak, stride, tear, breeze, whisk, rush, dash, dart, bolt,
fling, scamper, scurry, skedaddle, scoot, scuttle, scramble,
Move race, chase, hasten, hurry, hump, gallop, lope, accelerate,
stir, budge, travel, wander, roam, journey, trek, ride, spin,
slip, glide, slide, slither, coast, flow, sail, saunter, hobble,
amble, stagger, paddle, slouch, prance, straggle, meander,
perambulate, waddle, wobble, pace, swagger, promenade,
lunge

temperamental, changeable, short-tempered, glum, morose,

Moody sullen, mopish, irritable, testy, peevish, fretful, spiteful, sulky,

touchy

clean, orderly, tidy, trim, dapper, natty, smart, elegant, well-

Neat organized, super, desirable, spruce, shipshape, well-kept,
shapely
 579
fresh, unique, original, unusual, novel, modern, current,
New
recent

feeble, frail, ancient, weak, aged, used, worn, dilapidated,

ragged, faded, broken-down, former, old-fashioned,
Old outmoded, passe, veteran, mature, venerable, primitive,
traditional, archaic, conventional, customary, stale, musty,
obsolete, extinct

Part portion, share, piece, allotment, section, fraction, fragment

space, area, spot, plot, region, location, situation, position,

Place
residence, dwelling, set, site, station, status, state

plot, scheme, design, draw, map, diagram, procedure,

Plan arrangement, intention, device, contrivance, method, way,
blueprint

well-liked, approved, accepted, favorite, celebrated,

Popular
common, current

Predicament quandary, dilemma, pickle, problem, plight, spot, scrape, jam

place, set, attach, establish, assign, keep, save, set aside,

Put
effect, achieve, do, build

Quiet silent, still, soundless, mute, tranquil, peaceful, calm, restful

correct, accurate, factual, true, good, just, honest, upright,

Right
lawful, moral, proper, suitable, apt, legal, fair

race, speed, hurry, hasten, sprint, dash, rush, escape, elope,

Run
flee

inform, notify, advise, relate, recount, narrate, explain,

reveal, disclose, divulge, declare, command, order, bid,
enlighten, instruct, insist, teach, train, direct, issue, remark,
converse, speak, affirm, suppose, utter, negate, express,
verbalize, voice, articulate, pronounce, deliver, convey,
Say/Tell
impart, assert, state, allege, mutter, mumble, whisper, sigh,
exclaim, yell, sing, yelp, snarl, hiss, grunt, snort, roar, bellow,
thunder, boom, scream, shriek, screech, squawk, whine,
philosophize, stammer, stutter, lisp, drawl, jabber, protest,
announce, swear, vow, content, assure, deny, dispute

Scared afraid, frightened, alarmed, terrified, panicked, fearful,

unnerved, insecure, timid, shy, skittish, jumpy, disquieted,
 580
worried, vexed, troubled, disturbed, horrified, terrorized,
shocked, petrified, haunted, timorous, shrinking, tremulous,
stupefied, paralyzed, stunned, apprehensive

display, exhibit, present, note, point to, indicate, explain,

Show
reveal, prove, demonstrate, expose

Slow unhurried, gradual, leisurely, late, behind, tedious, slack

cease, halt, stay, pause, discontinue, conclude, end, finish,

Stop
quit

tale, myth, legend, fable, yarn, account, narrative, chronicle,

Story
epic, sage, anecdote, record, memoir

odd, peculiar, unusual, unfamiliar, uncommon, queer, weird,

Strange
outlandish, curious, unique, exclusive, irregular

hold, catch, seize, grasp, win, capture, acquire, pick, choose,

Take select, prefer, remove, steal, lift, rob, engage, bewitch,
purchase, buy, retract, recall, assume, occupy, consume

disclose, reveal, show, expose, uncover, relate, narrate,

Tell inform, advise, explain, divulge, declare, command, order,
bid, recount, repeat

judge, deem, assume, believe, consider, contemplate,

Think
reflect, mediate

distress, anguish, anxiety, worry, wretchedness, pain,

Trouble danger, peril, disaster, grief, misfortune, difficulty, concern,
pains, inconvenience, exertion, effort

accurate, right, proper, precise, exact, valid, genuine, real,

True ,
actual, trusty, steady, loyal, dependable, sincere, staunch

hideous, frightful, frightening, shocking, horrible, unpleasant,

Ugly monstrous, terrifying, gross, grisly, ghastly, horrid, unsightly,
plain, homely, evil, repulsive, repugnant, gruesome

miserable, uncomfortable, wretched, heart-broken,

unfortunate, poor, downhearted, sorrowful, depressed,
Unhappy
dejected, melancholy, glum, gloomy, dismal, discouraged,
sad

Use employ, utilize, exhaust, spend, expend, consume, exercise

 581
, incorrect, inaccurate, mistaken, erroneous, improper,
Wrong
unsuitable

(English Tongue Twisters)

English Tongue Twisters

Amidst the mists and coldest frosts,

With stoutest wrists and loudest boasts,
He thrusts his fist against the posts
And still insists he sees the ghosts.

Are our oars oak?

Around the rugged rocks the ragged rascal ran.

Betty and Bob brought back blue balloons from the big bazaar.

Betty better butter Brad's bread.

Betty Botter bought some butter,

"But," she said, "this butter's bitter.
If I bake this bitter butter,
It will make my batter bitter.
But a bit of better butter -
That would make my batter better."
So she bought a bit of butter,
Better than her bitter butter,
And she baked it in her batter,
And the batter was not bitter.
So 'twas better Betty Botter
Bought a bit of better butter.
 582

A big black bug bit a big black bear, made the big black bear bleed blood.

A bitter biting bittern

Bit a better brother bittern,
And the bitter better bittern
Bit the bitter biter back.
And the bitter bittern, bitten,
By the better bitten bittern,
Said: "I'm a bitter biter bit, alack!"

Black bug's blood.

The blue bluebird blinks.

The bootblack bought the black boot back.

A box of biscuits, a batch of mixed biscuits.

Brad's big black bath brush broke.

Can you imagine an imaginary menagerie manager imagining managing an imaginary menagerie?

Cedar shingles should be shaved and saved.

A cheap ship trip.

Chop shops stock chops.

Comical economists.

Cows graze in groves on grass which grows in grooves in groves.

Crisp crusts crackle crunchily.

The crow flew over the river with a lump of raw liver.
 583

Don't pamper damp scamp tramps that camp under ramp lamps.

A dozen double damask dinner napkins.

Draw drowsy ducks and drakes.

Ed had edited it.

The epitome of femininity.

Fat frogs flying past fast.

A fat thrush flies through thick fog.

Flash message!

Flee from fog to fight flu fast!

Fred fed Ted bread, and Ted fed Fred bread.

Freshly fried flying fish, freshly fried flesh.

Friendly Frank flips fine flapjacks.

Gertie's great-grandma grew aghast at Gertie's grammar.

Girl gargoyle, guy gargoyle.

 584

Give me the gift of a griptop sock: a drip-drape, ship-shape, tip-top sock.

Give Mr. Snipe's wife's knife a swipe.

Good blood, bad blood.

Greek grapes.

How much wood would a woodchuck chuck

If a woodchuck could chuck wood?
He would chuck, he would, as much as he could,
And chuck as much wood as a woodchuck would
If a woodchuck could chuck wood.

I cannot bear to see a bear

Bear down upon a hare.
When bare of hair he strips the hare,
Right there I cry, "Forbear!"

I can think of six thin things and of six thick things too.

I correctly recollect Rebecca MacGregor's reckoning.

If a Hottentot taught a Hottentot tot

To talk ere the tot could totter,
Ought the Hottenton tot
Be taught to say aught, or naught,
Or what ought to be taught her?
If to hoot and to toot a Hottentot tot
Be taught by her Hottentot tutor,
Ought the tutor get hot
If the Hottentot tot
Hoot and toot at her Hottentot tutor?

If one doctor doctors another doctor, does the doctor who doctors the doctor doctor the doctor
the way the doctor he is doctoring doctors? Or does he doctor the doctor the way the doctor who
doctors doctors?
 585

If Stu chews shoes, should Stu choose the shoes he chews?

I'm not the pheasant plucker,

I'm the pheasant plucker's mate.
I'm only plucking pheasants
'Cause the pheasant plucker's late.

Inchworms itching.

I need not your needles, they're needless to me;

For kneading of noodles, 'twere needless, you see;
But did my neat knickers but need to be kneed,
I then should have need of your needles indeed.

Irish wristwatch.

I saw Esau kissing Kate. I saw Esau, he saw me, and she saw I saw Esau.

I slit the sheet, the sheet I slit, and on the slitted sheet I sit.

Is this your sister's sixth zither, sir?

I thought a thought
But the thought I thought
Was not the thought
I thought I thought.

Knapsack straps.

Kris Kringle carefully crunched on candy canes.

A laurel-crowned clown.

The Leith police dismisseth us.

 586

Lesser leather never weathered wetter weather better.

Lily ladles little Letty's lentil soup.

Listen to the local yokel yodel.

Lovely lemon liniment.

Many an anemone sees an enemy anemone.

The minx mixed a medicinal mixture.

Mixed biscuits.

Mix, Miss, Mix!

Moose noshing much mush.

Mr. See owned a saw.

And Mr. Soar owned a seesaw.
Now See's saw sawed Soar's seesaw
Before Soar saw See,
Which made Soar sore.
Had Soar seen See's saw
Before See sawed Soar's seesaw,
See's saw would not have sawed
Soar's seesaw.
So See's saw sawed Soar's seesaw.
But it was sad to see Soar so sore
Just because See's saw sawed
Soar's seesaw!

My dame hath a lame tame crane,

My dame hath a crane that is lame.

The myth of Miss Muffet.

 587

Nine nice night nurses nursing nicely.

The ochre ogre ogled the poker.

Of all the felt I ever felt,

I never felt a piece of felt
Which felt as fine as that felt felt,
When first I felt that felt hat's felt.

Old oily Ollie oils old oily autos.

Once upon a barren moor

There dwelt a bear, also a boar.
The bear could not bear the boar.
The boar thought the bear a bore.
At last the bear could bear no more
Of that boar that bored him on the moor,
And so one morn he bored the boar -
That boar will bore the bear no more.

One-One was a racehorse;

Two-Two was one, too.
When One-One won one race,
Two-Two won one, too. On mules we find two legs behind
And two we find before.
We stand behind before we find
What those behind be for.

Pacific Lithograph.

Peggy Babcock.

Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.

Did Peter Piper pick a peck of pickled peppers?
If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers,
 588

Where's the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?

Pick a partner and practice passing, for if you pass proficiently, perhaps you'll play
professionally.

Plague-bearing prairie dogs.

A pleasant place to place a plaice is a place where a plaice is pleased to be placed.

Please pay promptly.

Pope Sixtus VI's six texts.

Preshrunk silk shirts.

Pretty Kitty Creighton had a cotton batten cat.

The cotton batten cat was bitten by a rat.
The kitten that was bitten had a button for an eye,
And biting off the button made the cotton batten fly.

A proper cup of coffee from a proper copper coffee pot.

Quick kiss. Quicker kiss.

Red leather, yellow leather.

Red lorry, yellow lorry.

Ruby Rugby's brother bought and brought her back some rubber baby-buggy bumpers.

S
 589

Sam's shop stocks short spotted socks.

Sarah saw a shot-silk sash shop full of shot-silk sashes as the sunshine shone on the side of the
shot-silk sash shop.

The sawingest saw I ever saw saw was the saw I saw saw in Arkansas.

Say this sharply, say this sweetly;

Say this shortly, say this softly;
Say this sixteen times in succession.

Selfish shellfish.

Shelter for six sick scenic sightseers.

She sells seashells on the seashore.

The shells she sells are seashells, I'm sure.

She stood on the balcony inexplicably mimicking him hiccuping, and amicably welcoming him
home.

She was a thistle sifter and sifted thistles through a thistle sieve.

Shredded Swiss cheese.

Shy Shelly says she shall sew sheets.

Silly Sally swiftly shooed seven silly sheep.

The seven silly sheep Silly Sally shooed
Shilly-shallied south.
These sheep shouldn't sleep in a shack;
Sheep should sleep in a shed.

Sinful Caesar sipped his snifter, seized his knees, and sneezed.

The sinking steamer sank.

Sixish. Sixish. Sixish.

 590

Six sharp smart sharks.

Six shimmering sharks sharply striking shins.

Six short slow shepherds.

Six sick slick slim sycamore saplings.

Six slippery snails slid slowly seaward.

Six sticky sucker sticks.

The sixth sick sheik's sixth sheep's sick.

Six twin-screwed steel steam cruisers.

A skunk sat on a stump and thunk the stump stunk, but the stump thunk the skunk stunk.

Sly Sam slurps Sally's soup.

The soldiers should have shooters on their shoulders. Some shun sunshine.

Strange strategic statistics.

Strict strong stringy Stephen Stretch slickly snared six sickly silky snakes.

"Surely Sylvia swims!" shrieked Sammy, surprised.

"Someone should show Sylvia some strokes so she shall not sink."

Sure the ship's shipshape, sir.

Susan shineth shoes and socks;

Socks and shoes shines Susan.
She ceases shining shoes and socks,
For shoes and socks shock Susan.

Swan swam over the sea.

 591

Swim, swan, swim!

Swan swam back again.
Well swum, swan!

That bloke's back bike brake-block broke.

Thieves seize skis.

Three free throws.

Three gray geese in the green grass grazing.

Gray were the geese and green was the grass.

Three twigs twined tightly.

Tim, the thin twin tinsmith.

Toy boat. Toy boat. Toy boat.

A tree toad loved a she-toad

Who lived up in a tree.
He was a two-toed tree toad
But a three-toed toad was she.
The two-toed tree toad tried to win
The three-toed she-toad's heart,
For the two-toed tree toad loved the ground
That the three-toed tree toad trod.
But the two-toed tree toad tried in vain.
He couldn't please her whim.
From her tree toad bower
With her three-toed power
The she-toad vetoed him.

A truly rural frugal ruler's mural.

A tutor who tooted the flute

Tried to tutor two tooters to toot.
Said the two to the tutor:
"Is it harder to toot or
 592

To tutor two tooters to toot?"

Twelve twins twirled twelve twigs.

Two toads, totally tired.

The two-twenty-two train tore through the tunnel.

Unique New York.

Vincent vowed vengence very vehemently.

We surely shall see the sun shine soon.

What noise annoys a noisy oyster? A noisy noise annoys a noisy oyster.

What time does the wristwatch strap shop shut?

When a twister a-twisting will twist him a twist,

For the twisting a twist, he three twines will entwist;
But if one of the twines of the twist do untwist,
The twine that untwisteth untwisteth the twist.

Which switch, Miss, is the right switch for Ipswich, Miss?

Which witch wished which wicked wish?

Which wristwatches are Swiss wristwatches?

While we were walking, we were watching window washers wash Washington's windows with
 593

warm washing water.

Whistle for the thistle sifter.

White eraser? Right away, sir!

You've no need to light a night-light

On a light night like tonight,
For a night-light's light's a slight light,
And tonight's a night that's light.
When a night's light, like tonight's light,
It is really not quite right
To light night-lights with their slight lights
On a light night like tonight.

, .

Words of Appreciation

() gratitude

! Thank you.

! (, ) Thanks.

! Thank you a lot.

! Thanks a lot.
( ,
(=Thanks for nothing. -
!))
 594
! Thank you very much.

! Thank you so much.

! Thank you ever so much. / Thanks (Thank you)

very much indeed.

, ()! Thanks, I (really) appreciate it!

! Tnank you in advance.

! Thank you for your attention.

! Thank you (very much / so much) for your help. /

Thanks for helping me (with something).

! Thank you for the invitation.

! Thank you for the present. It's lovely!

! Thank you for the timely advice.

! Thank you (Thanks) for the delicious dinner.

, . Thank you for coming.

to express ones gratitude / thanks (to somebody)

thank effusively / pour out one's thanks

() ! Its (That's) very kind of you. / Thats very kind of

you. / How good of you!

, ! I cant thank you enough. / I can never thank you

enough. / I can't tell you how grateful I am (for
something).

. I am very much obliged to you.

. I am very grateful / thankful to you.

! You are kindness itself.

Thank you for the pleasure.

!
 595
! ( Oh, you shouldnt have!
/ )

Possible Replies

! (). You're welcome.

( please ,
-
,
)

. You are always welcome. / Any time.

! / ! Not at all. / Thats all right. / Thats really nothing. /

No trouble at all. / No problem.

! Dont mention it.

! The pleasure is all mine.

! It was a real pleasure for me to do it!

, It was the least I could do.

!

( )

:
, , ;
( )
;
, (
);
;
;
( ).

:
 596
;
( ).

25 Volodarskogo St
Saransk
Russia
1 June 2003

Dear Tom,

It was good of you to think of writing to me, and I appreciate it very much.
Thanks for your letter. I was so glad to receive it.
I was delighted to receive your nice letter.
Thank you very much for the letter you sent me.

I've long been intending to write to you, but one thing or another have arisen to prevent me from carrying
out my good intentions. Besides, you know, the longer one postpones writing, the more difficult it is to
begin.

How are you doing? Everything is fine with me. I'm sorry that I haven't written for a while, but I've been
really busy.

In your letter you ask me about

You ask me to tell you a few things about
Well,
As for the
It is great that

How long ?
What ?
Do you think ?
Are you ?
Could you please tell me ?
Please tell me more about it.
I would like very much to hear about
I would be very much obliged because

Do you think you could find time to make inquiries at bookstores in London? If you manage to get it and
send it to me by airmail, I would be most grateful.
I wonder if it would be possible for you to send a copy of the book to me? I would be only too pleased to
send you something in return.

I have been wondering recently how you are getting on and whether things have been improving for you.
Anyway, Id better go now. Ive got loads of homework to do tonight.

I am very eager to hear from you, so please write as soon as you can.
I am looking forward to your early reply. Please write me soon.
I am looking forward to receive your letter.
Hope to hear from you soon.
I hope you will write me again soon.

Best wishes,

Masha
 597

,
,

balance of power

a blessing for us all

closest allies

a safe world

meddling in domestic affairs [interference

(intervention) in internal (home) affairs]

battle experience

the risks are increasing

(-) issues (of)

international terrorists invasion of

to portray white as black

in this case

of late [recently / lately]

for their (his / her / our) own benefit

global and regional security

brute force

decade
 598
diplomatic get-togethers (~receptions)

a discussion forum

in achieving their goals

the worlds sole power centre

to ask awkward questions

the signing of a peace treaty

( = to trade barbs ( = to make biting / caustic / stinging

) remarks)

a meeting

historic turning point

the final plenary meeting

local-level conflicts

( dramatic transformations (radical / fundamental

) change)

() corridors of power

the ruling regimes legitimacy

/ / to tear apart

international law

international relations

the Valdai International Discussion Club

to get in the way of these aims

world leadership and domination

 599
international community

the world order

to be under surveillance [s:'veilns]

national sovereignty ['svrnti]

it is not for nothing that

neo-fascists ['ni:u 'fists]

non-governmental organisations

difficult times

inconvenient regimes

( -) there is little point in (doing something)

( = ) ensuring ( = provision)

unilateral diktat ['diktt]

to disprove the argument

changes in organisation

the intensity of the competition

outright blackmail

relative value

- the founding fathers

to reshape the world

political expediency [ik'spi:dinsi]

political analysts
 600
clear and transparent agreements

order and stability

upheavals ( = shocks)

human rights

legal nihilism ['naiilizm]

to take steps

-. to sacrifice on the altar of (smth.) [':lt]

( / ) despite (its) various shortcomings

issues related to

arbitrary interpretations and biased assessments

contradictions

differing interpretations and deliberate silences

sharp and deep imbalance

checks and balances

the existing system

dubious public

co-organisers

- the victor countries

country and its allies

horrific terrorist attacks

sovereign states
 601
- Taliban and Al-Qaeda ['tlbn nd lka:'i:d]

11 the tragedy of September 11

threat of terrorism

to settle conflicts

historys lessons

Cold War

economic pressure

expert groups

this is not the case

- is above all about

legal norms

events on this scale

I will set out my point of view

I will be happy to answer your questions

"
"

. Here's my passport.
 602
. Here's my visa.

. I'll be staying a week.

. I'm here on holiday.

. I'm here on business.

. I have a bottle of vodka.

? May I bring this in?

? What duty must I pay?

. I'll be staying at a hotel.

. I'll live at my friends.

? Where can I change some money?

. I want to change some dollars.

. I want to change some traveller's cheques.

? What's the exchange rate?

. I need hotel accommodation.

. I need a single room.

. I need a double room.

? Where is the hotel?

? What do you charge for the room per day?

? Does the charge for the room include meals?

. I intend to stay for few days.

? What's my room number?

 603
, ,
Please, have all my bills ready by the time I leave.
.

. I'm leaving tomorrow morning.

. I'm leaving tomorrow afternoon.

. I'm leaving tomorrow evening.

? Where can I find a taxi?

. Take me to the airport.

. Take me to the railway station.

...? May I have a ...?

? Where's the toilet?

. Will you wake me up at 7 a.m.?

101. I am living in room number 101.

. Take my luggage to my room, please.

" "

(). I'm hungry (thirsty).

(). Let's go to a restaurant (cafe).

. Give me the menu, please.

! Bon appetit! / Have a nice meal!

 604
. I want to try some national dish.

, ... Please, give me ...

... I'll have ...

. That's delicious.

. I don't like this.

... I recommend ...

? What will you recommend?

! Health and happiness!

, . Nothing more, thank you.

, . Bring the bill, please.

, . A glass of tea, please.

, . A cup of coffee, please.

... I'd like some...

.... ... juice.

.... ... milk.

... . ... mineral water.

... May I have some ...

() Opening times

( )? What times are you open?

9 6 , We're open from 9 am to 6 pm, Monday to Friday.

.
 605
10 8 , We're open from 10 am to 8 pm, seven days a
. week.

( ) / Are you open on Saturday / Sunday?

?

? What time do you open tomorrow?

? What time do you close?

? What time do you close today?

() Opening times

( )? What times are you open?

9 6 , We're open from 9 am to 6 pm, Monday to Friday.

.

10 8 , We're open from 10 am to 8 pm, seven days a

. week.

( ) / Are you open on Saturday / Sunday?

?

? What time do you open tomorrow?

? What time do you close?

? What time do you close today?

Selecting goods
 606
? Can I help you?

? What can I do for you?

- ? Are you looking for something in particular?

, . I'm just browsing, thanks.

? Could you help me?

, ? Excuse me, could I ask you something?

? How much is this / it?

How much does this / it cost?

? How much are these?

... ? How much is that ... in the window?

. That's cheap.

. That's good value.

. This is amazing value for money.

. That's expensive.

...? Do you sell ...?

(-) ...? Do you have any ...? Have you got any ?

/ Do you have this in large / small?

?

/ Do you have these in a size bigger / smaller, too?

?

/ large / extra large

, . (.) Here you are.

, . Sorry, we don't sell them.

, . Sorry, we don't have any left.

 607
... . I'm looking for ... .

, ...? Could you tell me where the ... is?

...? Where can I find the ...?

. They are over there.

, ? Did you find what you were looking for?

? May I try this on, please?

? Would you like to try it on?

. The fitting room's over there.

/ . It suits you very well.

? What size are you?

- ? Have you got anything cheaper?

? How about one of these?

, . It's not what I'm looking for.

, . Its not quite what I wanted.

? Do you have this item in stock?

, . Sorry, we are out of .

, ? Do you know anywhere else I could try?

? Does it come with a guarantee?

? Would another colour do?

, ? Have you got this in another colour?

? What colour would you like?

. It's a nice colour.

 608
. It comes with a one year guarantee.

? What material are they?

? Do you deliver?

/ / / . I'll take it / this / them.

- ? Anything else?

- ? Would you like anything else? / Anything else? /

Did you want anything else?

, . Please pay at the check-out.

. Ill take this to the check-out for you.

Making payment

? Are you in the queue?

, Next, please! (
Can I help you?)

to jump the queue (BrE) to cut in the line (AmE)

? Do you take credit cards?

-. Enter your PIN.

, . Please wait.

. Remove the card.

. Signature.

Sign, please. , .

? Can I pay by cheque?

. I'll pay in cash.

 609
. I'll pay by card.

, ? Could I have a receipt, please?

? Do you need a bag? Would you like a bag?

, ! / , (,) ! Yes, thank you! / Yes, please!

VAT

? Can I have a tax free bill?

? Shall I giftwrap it?

, , ? ( You dont happen to have any change, do you?

)

. Heres your change.

1 one penny

5, 10, 20, 50 five / ten / twenty / fifty pence five / ten / twenty /
fifty pee ()

1 / 2 one pound / two pounds

/ Returns / exchange and complaints

. I'd like to return this.

. I'd like to change this for a different size.

( / ) I'll take it back to the supermarket and see if I can

, ( / ) . change it.

Do you want to change it or get a refund?

?

( )? Does it fit?

. It doesn't fit.

/ / / / . Its too small / big / wide / tight / expensive.

 610
/ . It's a bit too big / small.

/ I'd like to change it for a larger / smaller size.

.

/ ? Do you have a bigger / smaller size?

. It doesn't work.

? ( , Do you give refunds?

)

You can bring any clothing items back up to three

, weeks after purchase, but you must keep the
. receipt.

? Could I have a refund?

? Could I have a discount?

? Have you got the receipt?

? Could I speak to the manager?

, Signs you might see in a shop

Open

Closed

24 Open 24 hours a day

Special offer

Sale

Clearance sale

Closing down sale

Good value
 611
. Buy two for the price of one.

2, 1 Buy 2 get 1 free

2, 1 Buy 2 get 1 half price

( Deal
)

3 5 3 for 5 pounds

( ) Reduced to clear

Half price

Out to lunch

15 Back in 15 minutes

" "

() . I need a doctor (quickly).

, , . Please, get me a doctor.

. I'm not feeling well.

. It hurts here.

. It does not hurt here.

(). I feel better (worse).

(). I have a headache (stomach-ache).

 612
. I have a high temperature.

. I feel dizzy.

. I have caught a cold.

? What medicine should I take?

- . I've got something in my eye.

. I have a tooth-ache.

? What do I owe you for the call?

? Where does it hurt?

. Open your mouth.

, . Cough, please.

() . Take a (deep) breath.

. Breath out.

. Don't breath.

. Lay down over here.

. I'll give you an injection.