Chapter 11 Beams and Bending

Chapter 11 Beams and Bending
11.0 Introduction
Shear forces (V or Q) and bending moments (M) are another kind of loading that can be
subjected to a beam. Shear force are forces that perpendicular to the axis of the beam.
The effect of the load is that the beam will tend to deflect downwards or upwards
depending on whether the shear force acts up or down. This effect is called bending,
hence shear forces by acting at right angles to the beam causes a bending moment(M) in
the material. Hence for equilibrium the beam must resist both the shear force and the
bemding momement.
The diagram below show a beam loaded by a shear force P at the end and at any section
cut lateral to the axis for equilibrium there will be a shear force V and a bending couple
of moment M set up in the material across the section.
(a) Stress resultants

x
n
(b)
(c)
Like direct axial forces in bars the shear forces and bending moments are resultants of
stresses distributed over the cross-section of beam hence stresses resultants
10.1 Types of shear loads and beams
Beams are named according to the way they are supported. Loads can be concentrated
forces such as P1, P2 etc., distributed loads that act over a distance shown by letter q.
Such loads are measured by their intensity expressed in N/m or kN/m. If the intensity is
constant, it is said to be uniformly distributed. If the intensity varies linearly from q1 to q2
The diagram show three kinds of beams (a) simple beam has pin or roller supports
(b) Cantilever has one free end and the other built in or fixed (clamped). At the fixed end
the beam neither translate nor rotate
(c) Beam with overhang has simple support the length projects beyond the support, which
is free.
An external turning couple can be applied on the beam shown by the couple of moment
M1
Fig 2 Types of beams (a) simple beam (b) cantilever (c) beam with an overhang
10.2 Finding the resultant shear force and Bending Moment

This requires defining the sign convention when number of loading along its length acts a
beam on.
Shear force: It is assumed to be positive when they act on the left side upwards(a)
Bending moment; It assumed to be positive when the moment tends to cause sagging to
cause clockwise rotation on the left or anticlockwise on the same right and negative when
it tends to cause hogging (b) or counterclockwise to the left
The diagrams below show the sign conventions
The resultant shear at any section is equal to the algebraic sum of all the vertical forces to
one side of the cross section (right or left)
The resultant bending moment is the algebraic sum of moments acting on the left of the
section.
For distributed load is positive when it acts downward and negative acts up
Moment due shear force = V x distance from the section i.e moments are taken about the
section.
Example 1.
A simple beam AB supports two loads, a force P and a couple M0, acting as shown in the
diagram example 1. Find the shear force and bending moment M in the beam at cross
sections located as follows; (a) a small distance to left of middle of the beam
(b) a small distance to the right of the middle of the beam
3P M 0 P M
Find reaction from equations of equilibrium R a Rb o
4 L 4 L
(a)The section will be just after P; Summing forces to the left V=Ra-P
Bending moment let the distance be x from left support Summing moments about the
section M= Rax P(x-l/4).
Repeat for (b)
Example 2
A beam ABC with an overhang supports a uniform load of intensity q =6kN/m and a
concentrated load P=28kN see diagram example 2. Calculate the shear force V and
bending moment M at a cross section D located 5m from the left hand support.
Example 2
First find the reaction using equations of equilibrium Ra=40kN Rb=48 kN

At a distance 5m shear force summation on the left side V= +40-28 -6x5= -18kN
Bending moment= +40x 5 -28 x2 -6 x5x2.5=69kNm.
Take note of the fact that the distributed load acts half way the length considered.
The same results can also be obtained by considering the right hand side.
10 3 Relationship between Load, shear force V, and bending moment

Consider an element loaded by a distributed load of intensity q. The equilibrium forces
are shown
From (a) For equilibrium V-qdx-(V+dV)=0

-dV-qdx=0
dV
q
dx
Returning to the diagram (c) and sum moments about an axis through the left hand face
of the element and perpendicular to the plane of figure. Taking moments as positive when
counterclockwise(on the left)
dx
-M-qdx( ) -(V+dV)dx +M+dM=0
2
Neglecting second order differentials
-Vdx+dM=0
dM
V i.e the rate of change of bending moment with
dx
respect to x is equal to the shear force
10.4 Shear force and Bending Moment Diagrams

It is noted that the shear force and bending moments vary as functions of the distance x
measured along the longitudinal axis. When designing a beam it is desirable to know the
values of V and M at all cross-sections.
A convenient way to provide his information is to draw graphs showing how V and M
vary with x. The horizontal representing the x value, the length of the beam from left 0f
beam and the y-axis representing the value of the shear force or bending moment.
These graphs are called the shear force diagram and bending moment diagram
Example 1. consider the loaded beam shown in the diagram below carrying a
concentrated load P. Draw shear force and bending moment diagram
Solution . First find the reactions from equilibrium
Find values at loading points they may mark points of change of values x=0 V=Ra x=a
V=Ra
For the region a<x<=L V=Ra-P M=Rax-P(x-a) Evaluate again at load points
Example 2
Thediagram below show a simply supported beam uniformly distributed load of intensity
q
Solution find the reactions at supports
The maximum values of V and M are the ones that are used to design because they
represent point at which failure will begin.
For shear force and bending moment which can be a non linear function of x maximum
occurs dM/dx=V=0 ( differential calculus) i.e where shear force is zero
Example 3
Reactions Rb=5.25kN Rc=1.25kN
For 0<=x<4 V=-qx x=0 V=0 x=4 V= -4kN BM M=-qx2/2 x=0 M=0 x=4 M=-8kN.m
For 4<=x<=12 V= -4+5.25=1.25kN x=4 V=1.25kN x=12 V= 1.25kN.
BM= -4x(x-2) +5.25(x-4) x=4 M=-8kN.m x =12 M= +2kNm
For 12<=x<=20 V=1.25 V=+1.25kNm
BM=-4(x-2)+5.25(x-4)-12 x=12 M=+2-12=-10kNm x=20 M=-4(18)+5.25(16)-12=0
10.4 Points of Contraflexture

It is appoint where the curvature of the beam changes sign. Also called the point of
inflexion. It occurs at the point or points where the B.M is zero. I.e. where the BM
changes sign
Example 6 Consider a beam shown below loaded with concentrated loads and u.d.l.s
Additional questions
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS FOR THIN CYLINDERS

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Chapter 11 Beams and Bending

(a) Stress resultants

10.2 Finding the resultant shear force and Bending Moment

First find the reaction using equations of equilibrium Ra=40kN Rb=48 kN

10 3 Relationship between Load, shear force V, and bending moment

From (a) For equilibrium V-qdx-(V+dV)=0

10.4 Shear force and Bending Moment Diagrams

For 4<=x<=12 V= -4+5.25=1.25kN x=4 V=1.25kN x=12 V= 1.25kN.

BM= -4x(x-2) +5.25(x-4) x=4 M=-8kN.m x =12 M= +2kNm

For 12<=x<=20 V=1.25 V=+1.25kNm

BM=-4(x-2)+5.25(x-4)-12 x=12 M=+2-12=-10kNm x=20 M=-4(18)+5.25(16)-12=0

10.4 Points of Contraflexture

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