Ch7 Smart Metering&DSI S

Smart Metering and Demand-Side
Integration
Instructor
Walid Morsi Ibrahim
ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

1 Copyright 2016 Dr. W.G. Morsi Winter 2017
Smart Metering: Definition
o Electricity meters are used to measure
the quantity of electricity supplied to
customers.
o The most common type of meter is an
accumulator meter, which records energy
consumption over time.
o Accumulation meters in consumer
premises are read manually to assess
how much energy has been used within
a billing period.
o Smart meters are more sophisticated
as they have two-way communications
and provide a real-time display of
energy use and pricing information,
dynamic tariffs and facilitate the
automatic control of electrical
appliances.
Smart Meter: Evolution
o Manual reading was widespread prior to the year 2000

o Since 2000, there has been a dramatic increase in the performance of the metering
infrastructure being installed.
o One-way communication of meter energy use data, AMR, has given way to more
advanced two-way communications supporting applications such as varying tariffs,
demand-side bidding and remote connect/disconnect
Conventional and Smart Meter
o Smart meters have two-way communications to a Gateway and/or a Home Area Network
(HAN) controller
o The Gateway provides the bridge between the Smart meters, the Meter Data
Management system and other actors.
Smart Metering
o The Gateway allows the transfer of smart meter data to

energy suppliers, Distribution Network Operators
(DNOs) and other emerging energy service companies.
They may receive meter data through a data management
company or from smart meters directly

Smart Metering: Benefits
Energy suppliers and network All benefit Customer benefits
operator benefits
Lowermeteringcostsandaccuratereadings BettercustomerserviceVariable Energysavingsasaresultofimproved

Short-term pricingschemes information
Limitingcommerciallossesduetoeasier FacilitatingintegrationofDGand Morefrequentandaccuratebilling
detectionoffraudandtheft flexibleloads
ReducingpeakdemandviaDSIprogramsandsoMorereliableenergysupplyand SimplificationofpaymentsforDG
Longer-term reducingcostofpurchasingwholesale reducedcustomercomplaints output
electricityatpeaktime
Betterplanningofgeneration,networkand UsingICTinfrastructuretoremotelyAdditionalpaymentsforwidersystem
maintenance controlDG,rewardconsumersand benefits
lowercostsforutility
Supportingrealtimesystemoperationdownto Facilitatingadoptionofelectric Facilitatingadoptionofhomearea

distributionlevels vehiclesandheatpumps,while automationformorecomfortablelife
minimisingincreaseinpeak whileminimizingenergycost
demand

Smart Meter: Hardware Used

Smart Meter: Communications Infrastructure
and Protocols
o Three main communications interfaces:

o Wide Area Network (WAN)
o Neighborhood Area Network (NAN)
o Home Area Network (HAN)

Smart Meter: Home Area Network (HAN)
o A Home-Area Network (HAN) is an integrated system of smart meter, in-home display, microgeneration, smart
appliances, smart sockets, HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning) facilities and plug-in hybrid/electric
vehiclesWide Area Network (WAN)
o A HAN uses wired or wireless communications and networking protocols to ensure the interoperability of
networked appliances and the interface to a smart meter. It also includes security mechanisms to protect
consumer data and the metering system
o A HAN enables centralized energy management and services as well as providing different facilities for the
convenience and comfort of the household.
o Energy management functions provided by HAN include energy monitoring and display, controlling the HVAC
system and controlling smart appliances and smart plugs. The services provided by HAN for the convenience of
the household can include scheduling and remote operation of household appliances as well as household
security systems
o It is expected that HAN will provide benefits to the utilities through demand response and management and the
management of micro-generation and the charging of electric vehicles

Smart Meter: HAN
o In order to provide demand management functions and demand response, two options are being actively
considered in different countries:
o Use the smart meter as the interface to the suppliers, network operators and other actors
o Use a separate control box which is directly interfaced to the outside world through the NAN andWAN

Smart Meter: Neighborhood Area Network
(NAN)
o The primary function of the Neighborhood Area Network (NAN) is to transfer consumption readings from
smart meters.
o The NAN should also facilitate diagnostic messages, firmware upgrades and real-time or near real-time
messages for the power system support
o It is anticipated that the data volume transferred from a household for simple metering is less than 100 kB per
day and firmware upgrades may require 400 kB of data to be transferred.
o The communication technology used for the NAN is based on the volume of data transfer.
o For example, if ZigBee technology which has a data transfer rate of 250 kb/s is used, then each household
would use the communication link only a fraction of a second per day to transfer energy consumption data to
the data concentrator

Smart Meter: Data Concentrator and Meter
Data Management System
o The data concentrator acts as a relay between the smart meters and the gateway.
o It manages the meters by automatically detecting them, creates and optimizes repeating chains (if required to
establish reliable communication), coordinates the bi-directional delivery of data, and monitors the conditions
of the meters.
o The core of a meter data management system is a database.
o It typically provides services such as data acquisition, validation, adjustment, storage and calculation (for
example, data aggregation), in order to provide refined information for customer service and system operation
purposes such as billing, demand forecasting and demand response.
o Besides the common database functionalities, a meter data management system for smart metering also
provides functions such as remote meter connection/disconnection, power status verification, supply
restoration verification and on-demand reading of remote smart meters.

Smart Metering: Communications Protocols
Protocol Local AMR Remote AMR Smart Metering HAN Estimated Frame Size (Bytes)
TCP/IP Y Y Y 50
IEC 62056 Y Y Y Y 14
SML Y Y Y Y 14
IEC 61334 PLC Y Y 45
EN 13757 M-Bus Y Y Y Y 27
SITRED Y Y Y 45
PRIME Y Y Y 8
Zigbee Smart Y Y 25
Energy
EverBlu Y Y Y
OPERA/UPA Y Y 24
IEC 62056-21 Y Y 22
FLAG
IEC 62056-21 Y Y 45
Euridis
ANSI C12.22 Y Y 64

Smart Metering: Factors for assessment of
Communications Protocols
Criteria Description
Openness Availability of protocol specifications.
Status of controlling body
Interoperability Extent of ability to interact with other standards,
applications and protocols
Scalability/Adaptability Ease with which the protocol can be extended or
changed
Intended function The intended function of the smart meter such as
communicating data to a central entity for billing or
communicating data to a third party for other market
operations
Maturity The stage at which the protocol is in its development
Performance The speed and efficiency with which the protocols
operate
Security Existence of known security vulnerabilities
Demand Side Integration: Definitions
o Demand-Side Management (DSM): utility activities
that influence customer use of electricity. This encompasses
the planning, implementation and monitoring of activities
designed to encourage consumers to change their electricity
usage patterns.
o Demand Response (DR): mechanisms to manage the
demand in response to supply conditions.
o Demand-Side Participation: a set of strategies used in a
competitive electricity market by end-use customers to
contribute to economic, system security and environmental
benefits.

Demand Side Integration: Provided Services
o Load Shifting: is the movement of load between times of day (from on-peak to off-
peak) or seasons.
o Example: a load such as a wet appliance (washing machine) that consumes 1 kW for 2
hours is shifted to off-peak time.

o Valley Filling: is to increase off-peak demand through storing energy.
o Example: in a battery of a plug-in electric vehicle or thermal storage in an electric

storage heater. The main difference between valley filling and load shifting is that valley
filling introduces new loads to off-peak time periods, but load shifting only shifts loads
so the total energy consumption is unchanged.

o Peak Clipping: reduces the peak load demand, especially when demand approaches the
thermal limits of feeders/transformers, or the supply limits of the whole system.
o Is primarily done through direct load control of domestic appliances
o Example: reducing thermostat setting of space heaters or control of electric water heaters
or air-conditioning units. As peak clipping reduces the energy consumed by certain loads (2
kWh of energy is reduced), often consumers have to reduce their comfort.

o Energy Efficiency Improvement: are intended to reduce the overall use of energy.
o Approaches include offering incentives to adopt energy-efficient appliances, lighting, and other end-
uses; or strategies that encourage more efficient electricity use
o Example: the feedback of consumption and cost data to consumers, can lead to a reduction in total
energy consumption. The figure shows the reduction in energy demand when ten 60 W filament lamps
(operating from 18.00 hrs to 22.00 hrs) are replaced by 20 W Compact fluorescent lamps
Incandescent Light Bulb (ILB) Compact Fluorescent Light (CFL)

Demand Side Integration: Implementations

Demand Side Integration: Price-Based
Implementations
o Time of Use (TOU): ToU rates use different unit prices for different time blocks,
usually pre-defined for a 24-hour day. ToU rates reflect the cost of generating and
delivering power during different time periods.

TOU Rates in Ontario

Implementations
o Real-time Pricing (RTP): the electricity price provided by RTP rates typically
fluctuates hourly, reflecting changes in the wholesale electricity price. Customers are
normally notified of RTP prices on a day-ahead or hour-ahead basis.

Implementations
o Critical Peak Pricing (CPP): CPP rates are a hybrid design of the ToU and RTP. The
basic rate structure is ToU. However, the normal peak price is replaced by a much
higher CPP event price under predefined trigger conditions (for example, when system
is suffering from some operational problem or the supply price is very high).

DSI: Price Elasticity Concept
o In price-based systems, the response of demand to price signals determines the DSI performance.
o Price elasticity is a measure used in economics to show the responsiveness, or elasticity, of the quantity
demanded of a good or service to a change in its price. It gives the percentage change in quantity demanded in
response to a 1 per cent change in price (holding constant all the other determinants of demand).
o There are different elasticities in use to evaluate the available amount of the demand-side resources:
o Price elasticity of demand: the percentage of change in demand as a result of a percentage of change in
price (the elasticity should be a negative number)
/

/
Where D is the demand, D is the change in customer demand, P is the price, and P is the change in the
electricity energy price.
o Elasticity of Substitution: is a measure of the percentage change in the ratio of the peak to off-peak
demand as a result of a percentage change in the ratio of the peak to off-peak price.
o Long-term Price Elasticity: is the annual energy consumption response to an average change in energy
price.

Demand Side Integration: Incentive-Based
Implementations
Implementations Description
Direct load control Customers' electrical appliances (e.g. air conditioner, water heater, space heating) are controlled
remotely (for example, shut down or tuned by the controller) by the program operator on short notice
Direct load control programs are primarily offered to residential or small commercial customers
Interruptible/curtailable service Curtailment options integrated into retail tariffs providing a rate discount or bill credit for agreeing to
reduce load during system contingencies
Penalties may be introduced for failing to curtail
Interruptible programs have traditionally been offered only to the large industrial (or commercial)
customers
Demand-side bidding/Buy-back programs Customers offer bids for curtailment based on wholesale electricity market prices
Mainly offered to large customers (for example, one megawatt and over)
For small customers, third parties (for example, aggregators) are needed to aggregate loads and bid in
the market on behalf of them
Emergency demand response programs Provide incentive payments to customers for load reduction during periods when the system is short of
reserve
Capacity market programs Customers offer load curtailment as system capacity to replace conventional generation
Customers typically receive intra-day notice of curtailment events Incentives usually consist of upfront
reservation payments, and penalties for customer failure to curtail
Ancillary services market programs Customers bid load curtailments in ISO /RTO (Independent System Operator/Regional Transmission
Organization) markets as operational reserves
If their bids are accepted, they are paid the market price for committing to be on standby
If their load curtailments are needed, they are called by the ISO/RTO, and will be paid the spot
market energy price
Direct load control Customers' electrical appliances (e.g. air conditioner, water heater, space heating) are controlled
remotely (for example, shut down or tuned by the controller) by the program operator on short notice
Direct load control programs are primarily offered to residential or small commercial customers
Security Existence of known security vulnerabilities

DSI: Hardware Supports
o The essential ICT infrastructure required for DSI can be provided by smart metering.
o In addition, load control switches, controllable thermostats, lighting controls and

adjustable speed drives are required.
o Such equipment receives signals such as alarms or price signals and controls loads
accordingly.

o Load Control Switches:
o A load control switch is an electronic

apparatus which consists of a
communication module and a relay
o It is wired into the control circuit of an air
conditioning system, a water heater or a
piece of thermal comfort equipment.
o The communication module is used to
receive control signals from the DSI
program operator (or a HAN).
o The time that the appliance will remain
disconnected is generally pre-programmed
(through an inbuilt clock).
o Controllable Thermostats:
o This type of apparatus combines a

communication module with a controllable
thermostat, and replaces conventional
thermostats such as those on air
conditioning systems or water heaters.
o The DSI program operator (or a HAN) can
increase or decrease the temperature set
point through the communication module,
changing the functioning of the equipment
and hence the electricity load.

o Example: Consider an apartment having a thermal capacity factor C = 0.4032 kWh/K
and a loss factor L = 0.067 kW/K. The heat required Q, to maintain temperature at
H(t1) is given by [1]:
where the temperature inside the flat changes from H (t0)to H (t1)within time period t0 to
t1 and the outside temperature remains constant at A. Take t1 t0= 1 hr.
If A= 0 C and the apartment has an electric heater, calculate the reduction in energy usage
within an hour if the temperature within the apartment was reduced from 20 C to 19 C
using an automatic thermostat when compared to an hour where temperature is maintained
at 20 C.

o Solution
If temperature is maintained at 20 C
If the temperature was reduced from 20 C to 19 C.
Therefore the reduction of energy consumption for one hour = (1.34-0.9) = 0.44 kW or
0.44 kWh. Note that only part of this reduction would be maintained for a second hour at 19
C.
o Lighting Control:
o Lighting control equipment is used to

manage the energy used by lighting in a
more efficient way.
o Planning programs are used to eliminate or
reduce the light during periods of low
occupancy
o Deactivation or dimming of lighting
according to the natural lighting in the
building

DSI: Hardware Support
o Light Dimmers:
o A light dimmer works by essentially

chopping parts out of the AC voltage. This
allows only parts of the waveform to pass
to the lamp. The brightness of the lamp is
determined by the power transferred to it,
so the more the waveform is chopped, the
more it dims

o Adjustable Speed Drives:
DSI: Hardware Support
o Adjustable Speed Drives (ASDs) allow electric motors driving
pumps, ventilation units and compressors to function over a
continuous speed range.
o Before Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs), cooling tower fans
might have been cycled ON at full power, when a temperature
setting in condenser water of 32C (90F), was reached.
When the water cooled to 28C (82F) the fans were turned
OFF coming back ON when the temperature rose again to
32C (90F). This arrangement uses a great deal of energy and
the frequent cycling causes a great deal of wear on equipment.
o A drive is placed on the fans, which slows the fans down to
perhaps 30Hz to constantly maintain the required condenser
water temperature. The fans speed up or slow down following
demands. On the chart above, if the fan is running at 30Hz,
half of the full speed, assuming no friction losses, the energy
level is 1/8th the HP at full speed.

DSI: Flexibility Delivered by Prosumers from
the Demand Side
o Some customers have installed Distributed Generation (DG)
and energy storage (these are generally referred to Distributed
Energy Resources - DERs) in their premises.
o Such customers not only consume electricity, but also are able
to manage their capacity to supply power to the grid.
o Hence they are also called prosumers.
o The controllability of active power is fundamental for the

commercial integration of prosumers.
o The controllability of reactive power of distributed energy
resources has a great influence on the fault ride-through
capability and the provision of ancillary services.

DSI: Flexibility Delivered by Prosumers from
the Demand Side
o The flexibility provided by prosumers depends on the level of DER penetration, the DER
technologies utilized, and the locations and interfacing technologies of the connection points with
the power network.
o DER connected to low and medium voltage levels will have more opportunities to provide local
network services than generation connected at higher voltage distribution networks

DSI in Ontario: SaveONenergyOnt
Ex: Peaksaver and Peaksaver PLUS
o Residential load control program launched
in 2008 controlling central air
conditioners, pool pumps and hot water
heaters.
o PeaksaverPlus launched in 2011 added an
in home display of electricity use
o Marketed by local electrical utilities
(LDCs) to their customers
o Approximately 100 MW enrolled to date
o Triggered by provincial aggregator based

on IESO conditions (4 hour events, up to
40 hours per year)

DSI in Ontario: FIT and microFIT Programs

DSI in Ontario: FIT and microFIT Programs
Primary and Secondary Distribution Systems
Lily Lake Solar Farm - Peterborough, ON
Ripley-Kincardine, Lake Huron

DSI in Ontario: Feed-in Tariff Program
o The Feed-In Tariff (FIT) Program was developed to encourage and promote greater use of
renewable energy sources including on-shore wind, waterpower, renewable biomass, biogas,
landfill gas and solar photovoltaic (PV) for electricity generating projects in Ontario.
o The fundamental objective of the FIT Program, in conjunction with the Green Energy and Green
Economy Act, 2009 (Ontario) and Ontarios Long-Term Energy Plan, 2013, is to facilitate the
increased development of renewable generating facilities of varying technologies using a
standardized, open and fair process.
o The FIT Program is open to projects with a rated electricity generating capacity greater than 10
kilowatts (kW) and generally up to 500 kW.

DSI in Ontario: Feed-in Tariff Program
o KB Racking, a leading North American solar mounting company, and FIT Solar, a Canadian
developer and implementer of PV solar systems, have recently completed three rooftop solar
installations in Toronto, Ontario.
o The projects are made up of 1169 units of the AeroRack mounting system and amount to over
370kW of clean renewable energy.

DSI in Ontario: Micro Feed-in Tariff Program
o The microFIT Program was launched in 2009 as part of the Ontario governments efforts to
increase renewable energy in the province.
o The program provides homeowners and other eligible participants with the opportunity to
develop a small or micro renewable electricity generation project (10 kilowatts (kW) or less in
size) on their property.

System Support from DSI
o Emergency load shedding has been used in many power systems to maintain the integrity of the
power system in the event of a major disturbance.
o It is triggered by under-frequency relays when the frequency drops under a certain threshold.
o Load shedding is planned by the TSO but is implemented by the DNOs who arrange the tripping
of distribution feeders and choose which feeders are tripped.
o During normal operation, the Transmission System Operator maintains the frequency at the
normal range 60 Hz.

System Support from DSI
o In order to maintain frequency,TSO buys frequency response services.
o When the frequency goes up, high frequency response is used to reduce the power output of the
large generators and hence the frequency.
o A sudden drop in frequency is contained using primary response.
o The system frequency is brought back to normal using secondary response.
o If the frequency continues to drop below 59.95 Hz, generator governors begin to take
autonomous actions otherwise load shedding will occurs by disconnecting loads and hence
reducing the demand.

DSI Support: Ancillary Service Provider
o Ancillary services are the specialty services and functions provided by the electric grid that
facilitate and support the continuous flow of electricity so that supply will continually meet
demand.
o Power system reliability events are fats, infrequent and relatively short


o Loads can be ideal suppliers of ancillary services because:
o Fast response
o Fast deployment
o Redundancy
o Distributed throughout the power system
o Fewer and shorter interruptions than demand reduction or energy market response
o Less storage required
o Less disruption to normal load operations
o Complements energy management and price response
o Only looking for a small percentage of load to respond.

o Example: Spinning Reserve from Residential and Small CommercialThermostats
o Existing Carrier ComfortChoice technology for peak reduction
o Faster than generation for spinning reserve
o Spinning reserve capability ~3x peak reduction
o Significant monitoring in place
Oak Ridge Laboratory

References
1. N. Kushiro, S. Suzuki M. Nakata, Integrated residential gateway controller for home energy
management system. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronicsd, vol. 49, no. 3, pp. 629-636,
2003.
2. S. Young, and R. Stanic, Smart Meter to HAN communications, SmartGrid Australia Intelligent
Networking Working Group, July 2009. [Online], available:
http://smartgridaustralia.com.au/SGA/Documents/IN_Work_Group_SmartMeter_HAN_Comm
s.pdf
3. Ontario Energy Board, Time-of-Use (TOU) prices, Ontario, Canada
[Online].Available:http://www.ontarioenergyboard.ca/oeb/Consumers/Electricity/Electrici
ty%20Prices
4. Ontario Power Authority (2009). Feed-in Tariff program [Online].Available:
http://microfit.powerauthority.on.ca/
5. J. Ekanayake and N. Jenkins, Smart Grid: Technology and applications, Wiley & Sons, New
Jersey, 2012.
6. J. Momoh, Smart Grid: Fundamentals of design and analysis, Wiley & Sons Inc., New Jersey,
2012.
7. SaveONenergy programs, Peaksaver PLUS, Toronto Hydro Corporation, [Online]. Available:
https://www.peaksaver.com/


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Smart Metering and Demand-Side

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

o Manual reading was widespread prior to the year 2000

o The Gateway allows the transfer of smart meter data to

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

Lowermeteringcostsandaccuratereadings BettercustomerserviceVariable Energysavingsasaresultofimproved

Supportingrealtimesystemoperationdownto Facilitatingadoptionofelectric Facilitatingadoptionofhomearea

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

o Three main communications interfaces:

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

IEC 61334 PLC Y Y 45

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

o Example: in a battery of a plug-in electric vehicle or thermal storage in an electric

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

Incandescent Light Bulb (ILB) Compact Fluorescent Light (CFL)

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

o In addition, load control switches, controllable thermostats, lighting controls and

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

o A load control switch is an electronic

o This type of apparatus combines a

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

If the temperature was reduced from 20 C to 19 C.

o Lighting control equipment is used to

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

o A light dimmer works by essentially

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

o The controllability of active power is fundamental for the

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

o Triggered by provincial aggregator based

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

Lily Lake Solar Farm - Peterborough, ON

Ripley-Kincardine, Lake Huron

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

o The system frequency is brought back to normal using secondary response.

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

ELEE 4115U Fundamentals of Smart Grid

o Distributed throughout the power system