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    Acute Leukemia

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    bassamhematol
    This document provides information about leukemia, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It defines leukemia as a group of disorders characterized by the proliferation of abnormal blood cells that accumulate in the bone marrow. The acute leukemias progress rapidly and are fatal if left untreated. AML is the most common acute leukemia in adults and has several risk factors, while ALL is most common in children and has different subtypes classified by the French-American-British system. The prognosis depends on the type of leukemia but many children and some adults can now be cured.

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    Acute Leukemia

    Uploaded by

    bassamhematol
    236 views3 pages
    This document provides information about leukemia, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It defines leukemia as a group of disorders characterized by the proliferation of abnormal blood cells that accumulate in the bone marrow. The acute leukemias progress rapidly and are fatal if left untreated. AML is the most common acute leukemia in adults and has several risk factors, while ALL is most common in children and has different subtypes classified by the French-American-British system. The prognosis depends on the type of leukemia but many children and some adults can now be cured.

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    acute leukemia

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    This document provides information about leukemia, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It defines leukemia as a group of disorders characterized by the proliferation of abnormal blood cells that accumulate in the bone marrow. The acute leukemias progress rapidly and are fatal if left untreated. AML is the most common acute leukemia in adults and has several risk factors, while ALL is most common in children and has different subtypes classified by the French-American-British system. The prognosis depends on the type of leukemia but many children and some adults can now be cured.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    236 views3 pages

    Acute Leukemia

    Uploaded by

    bassamhematol
    This document provides information about leukemia, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It defines leukemia as a group of disorders characterized by the proliferation of abnormal blood cells that accumulate in the bone marrow. The acute leukemias progress rapidly and are fatal if left untreated. AML is the most common acute leukemia in adults and has several risk factors, while ALL is most common in children and has different subtypes classified by the French-American-British system. The prognosis depends on the type of leukemia but many children and some adults can now be cured.

    Copyright:

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    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    LEC.

    1
    Dr. Bassam M. H.

    Leukemia

    Group of disorders characterized by proliferation of abnormal cells which


    accumulate in the bone marrow.

    These cause symptoms by:

    1. Interfere with the production of normal blood cells.


    2. Infiltration of organs.

    Classification

    1. Acute AML,ALL
    2. Chronic CML,CLL

    Definition
    The acute leukemias are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms arising
    from transformation of uncommitted or partially committed
    hematopoietic stem cells

    AL progresses rapidly and is typically fatal within weeks or months if left


    untreated.

    Pathophysiology

    In normal hematopoiesis, the blast is an immature precursor of white


    blood cells; a normal blast will gradually mature into a mature white
    blood cell. However, in AL, a single blast accumulates genetic changes
    which "freeze" the cell in its immature state and prevent differentiation.
    Such a mutation alone does not cause leukemia; however, when such a
    "differentiation arrest" is combined with other mutations which disrupt
    genes controlling proliferation, the result is the uncontrolled growth of an
    immature clone of cells, leading to the clinical entity of AL

    The clinical signs and symptoms of AL result from the fact that, as the
    leukemic clone of cells grows, it tends to displace or interfere with the
    development of normal blood cells in the bone marrow. This leads to
    neutropenia, anemia, and thrombocytopenia

    1
    Signs and symptoms

    1. Infections
    2. anemia
    3. bleeding tendency
    4. bone pain
    5. Enlargement of the spleen
    6. leukemia may be discovered incidentally during a routine blood
    test.

    Investigations and diagnosis


    1. PBF.
    2. Bone marrow aspirate & biopsy.
    3. Cytochemistry
    4. Immunophenotyping of blood or marrow blasts
    5. Bone marrow cytogenetics.

    AML

    Epidemiology of disease

    AML is the most common acute leukemia affecting adults It can occur at
    all ages but has its peak incidence in the seventh decade

    Risk factors for developing AML

    1. "Pre-leukemic" blood disorders such as myelodysplastic or


    myeloproliferative
    2. Exposure to anti-cancer chemotherapy, in particular alkylating
    agents,
    3. Ionizing radiation exposure can increase the risk of AML
    4. Several congenital conditions may increase the risk of leukemia;
    the most common is probably Down syndrome,

    French-American-British classification

    The eight FAB subtypes are

    M0 minimally differentiated acute myeloblastic leukemia

    M1 (acute myeloblastic leukemia, without maturation)

    M2 (acute myeloblastic leukemia, with granulocytic maturation)


    2
    M3 (promyelocytic), or acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)

    M4 (acute myelomonocytic leukemia)

    M4eo (myelomonocytic together with bone marrow eosinophilia)

    M5 acute monoblastic leukemia (M5a) or acute monocytic leukemia


    (M5b)

    M6 (acute erythroid leukemias), including erythroleukemia (M6a) and


    very rare pure erythroid leukemia (M6b)

    M7 (acute megakaryoblastic leukemia)

    Prognosis

    50% of children and young adult may expect long term cure.

    Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)

    ALL is most common in childhood and young adulthood with a peak


    incidence at 4-5 years of age, and another peak in old age.

    The FAB classification

     ALL-L1: small uniform cells


     ALL-L2: large varied cells
     ALL-L3: large varied cells with vacuoles (bubble-like features)

    Prognosis

    The overall cure rate in children is 85%, and about 50% of adults have
    long-term disease-free survival.

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