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    Compressible Flow: Speed of Sound

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    Manu K Vasudevan
    The document discusses compressible flow and summarizes key concepts related to speed of sound, Mach number, and reference states. It defines the speed of sound as the speed at which small pressure disturbances propagate through a fluid. Mach number is introduced as the ratio of flow velocity to speed of sound. Reference states, including stagnation and sonic states, are defined as important for analyzing compressible flow physics, with properties denoted using subscript notation. Relations between stagnation, critical, and flow properties are derived using conservation equations and isentropic flow assumptions.

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    Compressible Flow: Speed of Sound

    Uploaded by

    Manu K Vasudevan
    31 views3 pages
    The document discusses compressible flow and summarizes key concepts related to speed of sound, Mach number, and reference states. It defines the speed of sound as the speed at which small pressure disturbances propagate through a fluid. Mach number is introduced as the ratio of flow velocity to speed of sound. Reference states, including stagnation and sonic states, are defined as important for analyzing compressible flow physics, with properties denoted using subscript notation. Relations between stagnation, critical, and flow properties are derived using conservation equations and isentropic flow assumptions.

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    The document discusses compressible flow and summarizes key concepts related to speed of sound, Mach number, and reference states. It defines the speed of sound as the speed at which small pressure disturbances propagate through a fluid. Mach number is introduced as the ratio of flow velocity to speed of sound. Reference states, including stagnation and sonic states, are defined as important for analyzing compressible flow physics, with properties denoted using subscript notation. Relations between stagnation, critical, and flow properties are derived using conservation equations and isentropic flow assumptions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    31 views3 pages

    Compressible Flow: Speed of Sound

    Uploaded by

    Manu K Vasudevan
    The document discusses compressible flow and summarizes key concepts related to speed of sound, Mach number, and reference states. It defines the speed of sound as the speed at which small pressure disturbances propagate through a fluid. Mach number is introduced as the ratio of flow velocity to speed of sound. Reference states, including stagnation and sonic states, are defined as important for analyzing compressible flow physics, with properties denoted using subscript notation. Relations between stagnation, critical, and flow properties are derived using conservation equations and isentropic flow assumptions.

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    of 3

    Compressible flow

    Readings: [1] chapter 2

    Speed of sound
    Consider an acoustic wave propagating into quisecent air as shown in figure. The flow properties change
    infintesimal amount and the proess is isentropic. The flow is one dmensional and unsteady and can be
    easily turned into steady by redefining the cordinate system as show in fig(b). In figure (b) the wave
    is stationary and we would see the flow approaching the wave at a speed a and on the left of the wave
    front the flow retreating from the wave at speed of a dV . Transforming cordinate system does not
    affect the thermodynamics properties.

    (a)

    p + dp 2 1 p
    + d dV
    T + dT a T

    (b)

    p + dp 2 1 p
    + d
    a dV
    T + dT a T

    Applying conservation of mass and momentum equations

    Aa = ( + d)A(a dv)
    dV = ad
    p + a2 = (p + dp) + ( + d)(a dv)2
    dp
    a2 =
    d
    Substituting pv = Constant we get

    dp = C1 d
    dp
    = p/
    d
    = RT
    p
    a = RT
    Mach number
    The ratio of local speed of the the fluid to its acoustic speed a, called the Mach number. M 2 is the measure
    energy of directed fluid to the kinetic energy of random molecular motion. M achnumber = a
    of kinetic u

    or u/ RT

    Referece states
    Important physics in the flow can be brought out clearly by the use of refrence states.

    Sonic state
    It is the state where the flow velocity equals velocity of sound. Properties are denoted by , T , p ..

    Stagnation state
    The state where the velocity is zero. Properties are denoted by o , T0 , p0 ... Stagnation state is attained by
    a isentropic decelaration process. This is alocal quantity independent of the process taking place in the
    actual flow under investigation. Using energy equation
    1
    h 0 = h + u2
    2
    u2
    CpT0 = CpT +
    2
    u2
    T0 = T +
    2Cp
    T0 1 2
    =1+ M
    T 2
     
    p0 1 2 1
    = 1+ M
    p 2
      1
    0 1 2 1
    = 1+ M
    2

    The relation between critical and stagnation conditions can be found by equating M=1
    T0 +1
    =
    T 2
     
    p0 + 1 1
    =
    p 2
      1
    0 + 1 1
    =
    2

    Reference state in T-s and p-v diagrams

    References
    [1] Maurice Joseph Zucrow and Joe D Hoffman. Gas dynamics. New York: Wiley, 1976, 1, 1976.
    0
    u2 /2Cp
    1 M <1
    T

    * M =1

    1
    M >1

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