Materiatopologica17 Asorey

Materia Toplogica
M. Asorey
Arquitectura Topolgica
Architectural topology is the mutation of form, structure, context, and program
into interwoven patterns and complex dynamics topological space differs from
Cartesian space in that it imbricates temporal events-within form. Space then, is no
longer a vacuum within which subjects and objects are contained, space is instead
transformed into an interconnected, dense web of particularities and singularities
better understood as substance or filled space (Stephen Perrela, U. Columbia, NY).
Topology in architecture, involves measure and/or procedure of transformation

of elements from one building to another (Scott Cohen, U. Harvard, MA).
Raybould House
and Garden
Guggenheim Building
(Bilbao)
No tomars el nombre topolgico en vano
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016 was divided, one half

awarded to David J. Thouless, the other half jointly to F.
Duncan M. Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz "for
theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and
topological phases of matter"
Leonard Euler
Problema de los
puentes de
Knisberg
Teorema de Euler
Caracterstica
de Euler
C - A +V = 2
1
4
S2
gR = 2
MATERIA TOPOLGICA
Fases de la materia con parmetro de orden topolgico
Efecto Hall Cuntico
Efecto Hall Cuntico Anmalo. Corrientes de borde
Efecto Hall Cuntico de Spin
Aislantes Topolgicos
Fermiones de Majorana
Cdigo Trico de Kitaev
Semimetales Topolgicos. Fermiones de Weyl.
Arcos de Fermi
Semimetales con puntos nodales
Estabilidad por la robustez que proporciona topologa
Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition

Coleman-Mermin-Wagner theorem:
No hay ruptura de simetra continua en 2D
Goldstone theorem:
Por cada simetra continua rota aparecen
fluctuaciones de un boson sin masa prximas al
vaco (no mass gap). Pero bosones libres sin
masa no existen en 2D.
1
|x y|
0|(x)(y)|0 =
log
2
a
Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition

La no existencia ruptura de simetras continuas
no implica la ausencia se transiciones de fase en
sistemas con simetrias continuas en 2D
Modelo sigma no lineal O(2)
(x) = ei(x)
a2
0|(x)(y)|0 =
|x y|2
spin wave approximation, ....
Haldane gap and Haldane map

Heisenberg spin chain
H = J
s=
1
2
s=1
n=0
Sn Sn+1
Critical: no mass gap

Non-critical: mass gap
Haldane conjecture is based on Haldane map

Haldane map maps Heisenberg spin chain into
an O(3) sigma model
1
I= 2
2g
k
n n +
8
n n n
winding number
1
2
k=1
s=1
k=0
s=
TKKN and Integer Quantum Hall effect
Real Space
Brillouin Zone
Kramers points
Hall Effect in 2D Torus T

e
2
F=kZ
(1 + 2, 2 )
k = eB/2
ik
2 2
(1 + 2, 2 )
i k
2 1
In complex coordinates:(1 , z2=+x2)

z e= x1 (
ix21 , 2 + 2).
1 + ix=
2,
1
B"
B 2 2 #
+ i (
H=
1 + i1 (2 +
2 ) + 2
e B 1 1 )
2mIH = 2 4 + eB(z
z ) 2
zz
2m
Energy levels (degeneracy: |k|)

$
%
2|k|
1
En =
n+
m
2
Hall Effect in 2D Torus T

e
2
F=kZ
k = eB/2
Ground State Eigenfunctions (degeneracy: |k|) :

Holomorphic sections of E(T 2 , "C) #
j /|k|
kz(z +z )/2
j(
(z , +2
z ) =
e
(|k|z , i|k|)
k
i 4
)
1
1
2
0
1
e
im(1 +1 +2 kl ) 4k
(2m+k2 +k2 )2
l
0 (, ) =
e$ |k|l 2 +i2|k|lz
2
1
k
z
/
2
e
e
(8 4 k) 4= m=
l Z+j /|k|
jl = 0, 1, 2 . . . , |k| 1.
Torus
Sphere S2
TKKN and the Bloch bundle

The states with energies below the Fermi level
define a vector bundle over the Brillouin zone torus.
In this bundle there are gauge fields defined by the
Berry phases of the different states
l,l
Aj n ()
l,l
Fn ()
= i
T2
l,l
1 A 2 n
l
l
n j n
l,l
2 A 1 n
TKKN and the Bloch bundle

First Chern class of Bloch bundle
|k|1
i
C1 =
Fnl,l =
4 n=0
2
T
l=0
TKKN formula:
xy
e2
=
Quantization of Hall conductivity
Band structure
Periodic perturbation:
H !! = H ! + V0 sin k 1 sin k 2
Hall effect with boundaries
Hall effect with boundaries
Finite size effects
Edge states and bands structure
Spinless 1D chain
Spinful 1D
2 = 1+1
Impurity
QH
QSH
Boundary Insulators
Boundary interactions Anderson localization
Edge states and Anomalous QH effect

Chern-class on the cylinder is not any more an
integer but the quantization of the Hall
conductivity can be associated to the number of
edge states around the Fermi level which again is
an integer quantum number which only depends
on the number of ocuppied Landau levels
Edge states are chiral, due to the TR violation
introduced by the magnetic field
Can edge states survive without magnetic field?
Proof of principle: QAH insulators

Haldane model and Anomalous QH effect
Haldane model and Anomalous QH effect
cos k bi I + t1
(cos k ai 1 + sin k ai 2 )
REVIEW
i
i
PHYSICAL
NUMBER 18
VOLUME 61,
+ ( 2t2 sin
sin k bi ) 3
H =2t2 cos
geometrical constant
i of order unity, and g is the Lande g
factor for the electrons.
While the particular model presented here is unlikely
to be directly physically realizable, it indicates that, at
least in principle, the QHE can be placed in the wider
context of phenomena associated with broken timereversal invariance, and does not necessarily require
external magnetic fields, but could occur as a consequence of magnetic ordering in a quasi-two-dimensional
system.
This requirement is not fulfilled by the physical system
end o
It
discu
P. Sl
'K
45, 4
2R
= t2 sin = 0
Edge states in Haldane model
Spinless 1D chain
Spinful 1D
2 = 1+1
Impurity
QH
QSH
Spinless 1D chain
Spinful 1D chain
Quantum Spin Hall
2 = 1+1 of Haldane model

4 = 2+2 =
Two copies
2
Impurity
1
S=
2
2D Z2 topological
insulator
QH
QSH (QSH)
QSH = Quantum spin Hall
Spatial separation
is at the heart of both the quantum Hall (QH) and quantum spin
k
A spinless one-dimensional (1D) system (top left) has both right-moving and leftedom. Those two basic degrees of freedom are spatially separated in a QH system
rated Z
by2 the
symbolic equation 2 11. The upper edge has only a right-mover and
insulator
mover. These chiral edge states are robust to disorder: They can go around an impurity
(conserved
TR) a spinful 1D system (top right) has twice as many degrees of
ckscattering.
By contrast,
ss system owing to the twofold spin degeneracy. Those four degrees of freedom are
versal (TR) invariant way in a QSH system (bottom right). The top edge has a righted dot) and a left-mover with spin down (blue cross), and conversely for the lower
Topological Insulators
Normal Insulators
Kane-Mele
Z2 insulator
index
Edge states: 2D
TR-invariant
!/a
!/a
Z2 = Ncross (mod 2) = Invariant

MASTANI School, Pune, India, July 10 2014
Z2 Index
Time reversal matrix
wmn (k) =< um (k)||un (k) >
|un (k) > filled states
wmn (k) = wnm (k)
For TR invariant ka the matrix w(ka ) is antisymmetric

Z2 invariant is defined by
(1) =
! Pf (w(ka ))
a
det w(ka )
= 1
3D Topological Insulators
Four Z2 indices
0 1 2 3
0 =
1
4
ijk
a
a
Ai j Ak
a b
2
f
A
A
A
abc
i
j
k
3
Weak topological insulators
0 = 2n
Weak topological insulators
0 = 2n + 1
Non-trivial TR Bloch bundle
Weyl semimetals (2015)
Weyl semimetals (2016)

Helicoid Riemann surface state
Fermi arcs
(a)
(b)
E
qy
qx
Weyl points
(Berry charges)
Double-helicoid Riemann surface state
(c)
Degeneracy line
(d)
E
qy
qx
M
X
Dirac points
(Z2 monopoles)
D
-D
where q is the su
point projection an
to Weyl point of po
There is one cavea
function on the rig
positive infinity, th
merge into the bu
face dispersion imp
ultraviolet-complet
surface states of som
demonstration of t
in Weyl semimetal
In complex analy
nary part of a mul
function is called a
like configuration t
(compact) or infini
Eq.(1) establishes
the surface dispers
compact Riemann s
acteristic feature: T
contour that is bot
the Weyl point, a f
nomenon of Ferm
can be extended t
MATERIA TOPOLGICA
Fases de la materia con parmetro de orden topolgico
Efecto Hall Cuntico
Efecto Hall Cuntico Anmalo. Corrientes de borde
Efecto Hall Cuntico de Spin
Aislantes Topolgicos
Fermiones de Majorana
Cdigo Trico de Kitaev
Semimetales Topolgicos. Fermiones de Weyl.
Arcos de Fermi
Semimetales con puntos nodales
Estabilidad por la robustez que proporciona topologa

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Materia Toplogica

Topology in architecture, involves measure and/or procedure of transformation

No tomars el nombre topolgico en vano

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016 was divided, one half

Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition

Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition

spin wave approximation, ....

Haldane gap and Haldane map

Critical: no mass gap

Haldane conjecture is based on Haldane map

TKKN and Integer Quantum Hall effect

Hall Effect in 2D Torus T

In complex coordinates:(1 , z2=+x2)

Energy levels (degeneracy: |k|)

Hall Effect in 2D Torus T

Ground State Eigenfunctions (degeneracy: |k|) :

TKKN and the Bloch bundle

TKKN and the Bloch bundle

Quantization of Hall conductivity

Hall effect with boundaries

Hall effect with boundaries

Finite size effects

Edge states and bands structure

Edge states and Anomalous QH effect

Proof of principle: QAH insulators

Haldane model and Anomalous QH effect

Edge states in Haldane model

Quantum Spin Hall

2 = 1+1 of Haldane model

Z2 = Ncross (mod 2) = Invariant

|un (k) > filled states

wmn (k) = wnm (k)

For TR invariant ka the matrix w(ka ) is antisymmetric

Weak topological insulators

Weak topological insulators

Non-trivial TR Bloch bundle

Weyl semimetals (2015)

Weyl semimetals (2016)

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