Practical English: Language Summary
Practical English: Language Summary
Practical English: Language Summary
LANGUAGE SUMMARY
Cause and Effect: Linking Words
Conjunctive adverbs: Therefore, Consequently, As a result
You use therefore, consequently, and as a result to introduce a sentence or clause that is a result or
effect of something mentioned in a previous sentence which is the cause.
All these sentences show the effect of or what happened as a result of terrorism in the air and at
airports.
Therefore, when the hijackers flew the planes into the World Trade Center towers, the huge amounts
of burning fuel brought the towers down.
Consequently, passengers now have to remove their shoes when they go through security
checkpoints.
As a result, passengers are allowed to carry only very small amounts of liquids, such as shampoo, on
a flight.
Note: punctuation
Each word or phrase is followed by a comma.
Phrases with prepositions + noun phrases: Because of, Due to, As a result of
You use a noun phrase after because of, due to, and as a result of to show the cause of something. The
clause that follows after the comma shows the effect of this cause.
For example, the distance they had to travel is the cause, and the planes were full of fuel is
the effect.
Because of the distance they had to travel, the planes were full of fuel.
Due to these new security measures, passengers should plan on arriving at the airport earlier than
they did before 9/11.
As a result of these attacks, security at airports increased dramatically.
Due to the fact that
You use a sentence or clause after due to the fact that to show the cause of something.
The clause that follows after the comma shows the effect of this cause.
For example, people have become more concerned about their safety on flights is the cause, and most go
along with the precautions without complaint is the effect.
Due to the fact that people have become more concerned about their safety on flights, most go along
with the precautions without complaint.
Note:
These linking words and phrases are more common in written and formal spoken English.